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Geographical 
 
Information
 
System
 
2
nd 
 
essay:
 
28
‐
02
‐
08
 
Hasan
 
 Jaffal 
 
1.
 
What's
 
GIS? 
 
Geographical 
 
Information
 
System
 
is
 
a
 
system
 
 for 
 
capturing,
 
analyzing,
 
storing
 
and 
 
managing
 
geographically 
 
referenced 
 
data.
 
It 
 
allows
 
users
 
to
 
create
 
interactive
 
queries,
 
analyze
 
and 
 
edit 
 
data
 
and 
 
 present 
 
all 
 
these
 
operations.
 
In
 
essential 
 
GIS
 
is
 
system
 
that 
 
helps
 
to
 
make
 
decisions
 
 for 
 
real 
 
life
 
 problems
 
using
 
a
 
set 
 
of 
 
information
 
linked 
 
by 
 
geographical 
 
areas? 
 
GIS
 
has
 
three
 
views:
 
Database
‐
Map
‐
Model.
 
There
 
is
 
three
 
basic
 
elements
 
of 
 
GIS:
 
Computer 
 
Hardware
‐
Computer 
 
Software
‐
DATA.
 
Hardware
 
can
 
be
 
any 
 
workstation,
 
Software
 
:
 
there
 
are
 
a
 
big
 
variety 
 
of 
 
GIS
 
developed 
 
software,
 
DATA:
 
is
 
the
 
most 
 
important 
 
element 
 
in
 
GIS,
 
data
 
is
 
difficult 
 
to
 
collect,
 
to
 
store,
 
and 
 
to
 
manipulate
 
because
 
large
 
data
 
needed 
 
to
 
solve
 
geographical 
 
 problems.
 
2.
 
Why 
 
GIS? 
 
 All 
 
data
 
are
 
linked 
 
to
 
a
 
geographical 
 
area,
 
so
 
studying
 
needed 
 
data
 
in
 
a
 
location
 
can
 
help
 
to
 
make
 
decisions.
 
Example:
 
if 
 
a
 
company 
 
needs
 
to
 
open
 
a
 
new 
 
branch,
 
it 
 
needs
 
to
 
make
 
the
 
best 
 
choice
 
of 
 
the
 
location
 
 for 
 
opening.
 
3.
 
When
 
GIS? 
 
We
 
use
 
GIS
 
when
 
we
 
need 
 
to
 
analyze
 
some
 
information
 
linked 
 
geographically 
 
by 
 
combining
 
some
 
spatial 
 
data
 
(data
 
linked 
 
to
 
the
 
location).
 
Example:
 
knowing
 
the
 
results
 
and 
 
the
 
way 
 
to
 
comport 
 
in
 
case
 
of 
 
natural 
 
disaster.
 
4.
 
Data
 
in
 
GIS
 
a.
 
Data
 
model:
 
data
 
is
 
represented 
 
by:
 
 point 
‐
line
‐
area
‐
surface.
 
b.
 
Spatial 
 
data
 
model 
 
:
 
Raster 
 
and 
 
Vector 
 
 
Raster:
 
it 
 
consists
 
on
 
representing
 
of 
 
the
 
reality 
 
by 
 
cells,
 
each
 
cell 
 
contains
 
a
 
value.
 
 
Vector:
 
it's
 
like
 
 joining
 
 points;
 
an
 
object 
 
shape
 
is
 
represented 
 
by 
 
a
 
set 
 
of 
 
 points
 
(vertex).
 
The
 
line
 
 joining
 
two
 
vertexes
 
is
 
known
 
as
 
segment.
 
Note
 
that 
 
the
 
conversion
 
Raster 
‐
vector 
 
and 
 
vector 
‐
raster 
 
is
 
 possible,
 
example:
 
adding
 
lines
 
around 
 
the
 
surfaces
 
having
 
the
 
same
 
characteristics
 
in
 
a
 
map
 
(raster 
 
image)
 
taken
 
by 
 
satellite.
 
Note
 
that 
 
the
 
representation
 
by 
 
Raster 
 
is
 
more
 
reliable,
 
but 
 
more
 
expensive
 
than
 
the
 
representation
 
by 
 
vectors.
 
3.
 
Data
 
Capture:
 
data
 
 for 
 
GIS
 
should 
 
be
 
in
 
digital,
 
there's
 
a
 
lot 
 
of 
 
methods
 
to
 
enter 
 
data
 
to
 
GIS
 
system.
 
 
Data
 
on
 
 paper:
 
can
 
be
 
scanned 
 
and 
 
digitalized,
 
when
 
we
 
scan,
 
it 
 
gives
 
a
 
raster 
 
representation
 
that 
 
can
 
be
 
converted 
 
into
 
vector 
 
representation.
 
 
Survey 
 
Data:
 
can
 
be
 
directly 
 
entered 
 
to
 
GIS
 
storage
 
system
 
by 
 
survey 
 
instruments.
 
 
Remotely 
 
sensed 
 
data:
 
can
 
be
 
entered 
 
to
 
GIS
 
storage
 
system,
 
this
 
type
 
of 
 
data
 
can
 
be
 
captured 
 
by 
 
aircrafts
 
and 
 
satellites.
 
Data
 
Modeling:
 
GIS
 
can
 
be
 
used 
 
to
 
depict 
 
two
 
or 
 
three
 
dimensional 
 
characteristics
 
of 
 
a
 
surface.
 
Meta
‐
Data:
 
Data
 
used 
 
to
 
describe
 
data.
 
Geo
‐
code:
 
Is
 
the
 
 process
 
to
 
assign
 
geographical 
 
identifiers
 
to
 
map
 
 features
 
and 
 
other 
 
data
 
records
 
(Street 
 
 for 
 
example).
 
 A
 
simple
 
way 
 
of 
 
geo
‐
coding
 
is
 
the
 
address
 
interpolation,
 
this
 
method 
 
use
 
the
 
data
 
 from
 
a
 
street 
 
GIS
 
where
 
the
 
network 
 
already 
 
mapped 
 
using
 
the
 
geographic
 
coordinate
 
space,
 
each
 
street 
 
address
 
is
 
attributed 
 
with
 
address
 
range.( 
 
house
 
number 
 
10
 
in
 
street 
 
number 
 
9)
 
 
 
Trend 
 
GIS
 
 Applications
 
To
 
 find 
 
the
 
changes
 
in
 
a
 
 place
 
over 
 
time.
 
GIS
 
gives
 
also
 
the
 
ability 
 
to
 
view 
 
the
 
variation
 
of 
 
a
 
location
 
over 
 
time,
 
 for 
 
example
 
to
 
animate
 
a
 
set 
 
of 
 
changes
 
in
 
the
 
vegetation
 
throw 
 
a
 
growing
 
season
 
will 
 
give
 
a
 
clear 
 
idea
 
about 
 
the
 
situation.
 
Layers
 
&
 
Shapefiles
 
Shapefiles
 
:
 
is
 
a
 
data
 
type
 
 for 
 
GIS,
 
it's
 
developed 
 
by 
 
ESRI,
 
shapefile
 
is
 
commonly 
 
referred 
 
to
 
many 
 
 files
 
having
 
the
 
same
 
name
 
and 
 
different 
 
extensions,
 
it's
 
a
 
digital 
 
vector 
 
storage
 
and 
 
it 
 
contains
 
and 
 
describes
 
some
 
geometries
 
(points,
 
 polygons)
 
and 
 
can
 
contain
 
descriptions
 
 for 
 
these
 
items.
 
a.
 
The
 
shape
 
 file
 
(.shp):
 
contains
 
the
 
geometry 
 
in
 
itself.
 
b.
 
The
 
index 
 
 file
 
(.shx):
 
contains
 
an
 
index 
 
to
 
accelerate
 
navigation.
 
c.
 
The
 
attribute
 
 file
 
(.dbf):
 
contains
 
the
 
descriptions
 
of 
 
the
 
geometries,
 
in
 
DBIII
 
 format.
 
Note
 
that 
 
shapefiles
 
contains
 
more
 
optional 
 
 files,
 
especially 
 
 for 
 
indexing.
 
Note
 
that 
 
the
 
shapefiles
 
are
 
generated 
 
by 
 
simple
 
 programs.
 
Layers:
 
GIS
 
stores
 
information
 
about 
 
the
 
world 
 
as
 
a
 
collection
 
of 
 
themed 
 
layers
 
that 
 
can
 
be
 
used 
 
together.
 
 A
 
layer 
 
can
 
be
 
anything
 
that 
 
contains
 
similar 
 
 features
 
such
 
as
 
customers,
 
buildings,
 
streets,
 
lakes,
 
or 
 
 postal 
 
codes.
 
8.
 
Feature
 
Class
 
&
 
Feature
 
Feature:
 
 A
 
geographic
 
 phenomenon
 
that 
 
can
 
be
 
represented 
 
spatially 
 
on
 
a
 
map.
 
Features
 
can
 
be
 
roads,
 
 fire
 
stations,
 
hospitals
 
…
 
Feature
 
Class:
 
Data
 
grouped 
 
according
 
to
 
the
 
rang
 
of 
 
values
 
of 
 
a
 
attribute.
 
9.
 
 Attributes
 
in
 
layers
 
 An
 
attribute
 
is
 
a
 
characteristic
 
of 
 
a
 
geographic
 
 feature
 
and 
 
is
 
described 
 
by 
 
numbers
 
or 
 
text.
 
Examples:
 
the
 
attributes
 
of 
 
a
 
river 
 
might 
 
include
 
its
 
name,
 
length,
 
average
 
depth,
 
etc.
 
Each
 
geographic
 
 feature
 
has
 
one
 
or 
 
more
 
attributes
 
that 
 
identify 
 
what 
 
the
 
 feature
 
is,
 
describe
 
it,
 
or 
 
represent 
 
some
 
magnitude
 
associated 
 
with
 
the
 
 feature.
 
The
 
type
 
of 
 
analysis
 
you
 
do
 
depends
 
 partly 
 
on
 
the
 
type
 
of 
 
attributes
 
you
 
are
 
working
 
with.
 
Types
 
of 
 
attribute
 
values:
 
•
 
Categories
 
•
 
Ranks
 
•
 
Counts
 
•
 
 Amounts
 
•
 
Ratios
 
•
 
Three
 
views
 
of 
 
GIS:
 
a.
 
Database
 
view:
 
GIS
 
is
 
based 
 
on
 
a
 
structured 
 
database
 
that 
 
describes
 
the
 
world 
 
in
 
geographic
 
term
 
(Geo
‐
Database).
 
In
 
geo
‐
database
 
users
 
specify 
 
how 
 
certain
 
 features
 
will 
 
be
 
represented 
 
(roads
 
will 
 
be
 
represented 
 
by 
 
lines
 
 for 
 
example),
 
these
 
 features
 
are
 
collected 
 
into
 
 feature
 
classes
 
in
 
which
 
each
 
collection
 
has
 
a
 
geographical 
 
representation.
 
In
 
addition
 
to
 
the
 
geographical 
 
representation
 
geo
‐
databases
 
contain
 
attributes
 
to
 
describe
 
geographical 
 
objects;
 
many 
 
tables
 
of 
 
attributes
 
may 
 
be
 
linked 
 
to
 
the
 
objects
 
tables
 
using
 
a
 
 field 
 
(key).
 
Geo
‐
Databases
 
contain
 
also
 
Spatial 
 
Relationships
 
such
 
as
 
Topologies
 
and 
 
Networks:
 
•
 
Topologies:
 
are
 
used 
 
to
 
manage
 
common
 
boundaries
 
between
 
 features,
 
define
 
and 
 
enforce
 
data
 
integrity 
 
rules,
 
support 
 
topological 
 
queries
 
and 
 
navigation.
 
•
 
Networks:
 
describe
 
a
 
connected 
 
graph
 
of 
 
GIS
 
objects
 
that 
 
can
 
be
 
traversed.
 
(important 
 
 for 
 
modeling
 
 pathways
 
 for 
 
transportation
 
 for 
 
example).
 
•
 
Map
 
View:
 
or 
 
geo
‐
visualization,
 
is
 
to
 
show 
 
data
 
using
 
maps
 
(interactive
 
maps,
 
3D
 
scenes,
 
time
 
based 
 
maps…),
 
GIS
 
use
 
interactive
 
maps
 
which
 
are
 
a
 
 powerful 
 
way 
 
to
 
let 
 
users
 
interact 
 
with
 
geographical 
 
information.
 
 
•
 
Model 
 
View:
 
or 
 
geo
‐
 processing
 
view 
 
refers
 
to
 
the
 
tools
 
and 
 
 processes
 
to
 
generate
 
derived 
 
datasets,
 
it’s
 
a
 
collection
 
of 
 
data
 
sets
 
and 
 
operators
 
(named 
 
tools)
 
used 
 
on
 
these
 
data
 
sets.
 
 A
 
tool 
 
applies
 
operation
 
on
 
data
 
to
 
get 
 
new 
 
data.
 
Geo
‐
 processing
 
is
 
used 
 
to
 
model 
 
how 
 
data
 
 flows
 
 from
 
one
 
structure
 
to
 
another 
 
to
 
 perform
 
many 
 
common
 
GIS
 
tasks—for 
 
example,
 
to
 
import 
 
data
 
 from
 
numerous
 
 formats,
 
integrate
 
that 
 
data
 
into
 
the
 
GIS,
 
and 
 
 perform
 
a
 
number 
 
of 
 
standard 
 
quality 
 
validation
 
checks
 
against 
 
the
 
imported 
 
data.
 
The
 
ability 
 
to
 
automate
 
and 
 
repeat 
 
such
 
work 
 
 flows
 
is
 
a
 
 powerful 
 
capability 
 
in
 
a
 
GIS.
 
It 
 
is
 
applied 
 
widely 
 
in
 
numerous
 
GIS
 
applications
 
and 
 
scenarios.
 
11.
 
Map
 
Projection
 
and 
 
Coordinate
 
System:
 
In
 
order 
 
to
 
use
 
data
 
stored 
 
in
 
layers,
 
and 
 
to
 
combine
 
layers
 
together 
 
they 
 
should 
 
be
 
in
 
the
 
same
 
map
 
 projection
 
and 
 
coordinate
 
system.
 
Several 
 
issues
 
are
 
involved 
 
in
 
choosing
 
a
 
map
 
 projection
 
and 
 
coordinate
 
system,
 
including
 
where
 
on
 
the
 
globe
 
the
 
area
 
you
 
are
 
mapping
 
is
 
located,
 
how 
 
large
 
the
 
area
 
is,
 
and 
 
whether 
 
you
 
need 
 
 precise
 
measurements
 
of 
 
distance
 
or 
 
areal 
 
extent.
 
a.
 
Map
 
Projection:
 
 A
 
map
 
 projection
 
translates
 
the
 
locations
 
on
 
the
 
globe
 
onto
 
the
 
 flat 
 
surface
 
of 
 
your 
 
map.
 
b.
 
Coordinate
 
System:
 
 A
 
coordinate
 
system
 
specifies
 
the
 
units
 
used 
 
to
 
locate
 
 features
 
in
 
two
‐
dimensional 
 
space
 
and 
 
the
 
origin
 
 point 
 
of 
 
those
 
units.
 
Latitude
 
and 
 
longitude
 
is
 
a
 
coordinate
 
system
 
(often
 
called 
 
the
 
"geographic" 
 
coordinate
 
system).
 
If 
 
you
 
are
 
using
 
an
 
established 
 
GIS
 
database,
 
the
 
data
 
should 
 
already 
 
be
 
in
 
the
 
same
 
coordinate
 
system
 
and 
 
 projection.
 
If 
 
you
 
are
 
collecting
 
data
 
 from
 
various
 
sources,
 
you
 
will 
 
 probably 
 
need 
 
to
 
rectify 
 
different 
 
systems.
 
12.
 
GIS
 
Software
 
There
 
is
 
a
 
lot 
 
of 
 
software
 
to
 
view,
 
edit 
 
and 
 
 process
 
geographic
 
information,
 
a
 
set 
 
is
 
 freeware
 
and 
 
others
 
offered 
 
by 
 
commercial 
 
companies
 
like
 
ESRI
 
and 
 
mapInfo.
 
a.
 
Data
 
Creation:
 
GIS
 
 processing
 
software
 
are
 
used 
 
to
 
convert 
 
normal 
 
data
 
(remotely 
 
sensed,
 
scanned 
 
maps
 
etc…)
 
to
 
digital 
 
 format 
 
that 
 
can
 
be
 
used 
 
by 
 
GIS.
 
b.
 
Geo
‐
Databases:
 
it's
 
a
 
database
 
with
 
extension
 
 for 
 
storing,
 
querying
 
and 
 
manipulating
 
geographical 
 
and 
 
spatial 
 
data.
 
c.
 
Management 
 
and 
 
 Analysis:
 
GIS
 
 Analyze
 
software
 
takes
 
GIS
 
data
 
and 
 
combines
 
it 
 
to
 
be
 
visually 
 
analyzed;
 
it 
 
can
 
output 
 
a
 
map,
 
an
 
image
 
or 
 
a
 
video
 
to
 
communicate
 
and 
 
idea
 
or 
 
a
 
concept 
 
with
 
respect 
 
to
 
a
 
region
 
interest.
 
d.
 
Statistical:
 
these
 
software
 
use
 
data
 
querying
 
to
 
analyze
 
data
 
 for 
 
decision
 
making.
 
e.
 
Readers:
 
interfaces
 
designed 
 
to
 
allow 
 
user 
 
to
 
view 
 
and 
 
query 
 
GIS
‐
managed 
 
data.
 
 f.
 
Web
 
 API:
 
application
 
 programming
 
interface,
 
is
 
a
 
set 
 
of 
 
subroutines
 
designed 
 
to
 
 perform
 
some
 
task,
 
they 
 
are
 
designed 
 
to
 
 prepare
 
data
 
and 
 
send 
 
it 
 
to
 
web
 
browser 
‐
client 
 
of 
 
GIS
 
Server 
‐
commonly 
 
using
 
a
 
scripting
 
language
 
such
 
as
 
 java
 
script.
 
g.
 
Mobile
 
GIS:
 
GIS
 
has
 
many 
 
applications
 
 for 
 
mobile,
 
and 
 
these
 
software
 
communicate
 
with
 
GPS.
 
h.
 
The
 
essentials
 
needed 
 
to
 
run
 
GIS:
 
 
Geographic
 
database
 
to
 
store
 
and 
 
manage
 
all 
 
geographic
 
objects
 
 
 A
 
Web
‐
based 
 
network 
 
 for 
 
distributed 
 
geographic
 
information
 
management 
 
and 
 
sharing
 
 
Desktop
 
and 
 
server 
 
applications
 
 for 
 
•
 
Data
 
compilation
 
•
 
Information
 
query 
 
•
 
Spatial 
 
analysis
 
and 
 
geo
‐
 processing
 
•
 
Cartographic
 
 production
 
•
 
Image
 
visualization
 
and 
 
exploitation
 
•
 
GIS
 
data
 
management 
 
 
Modular 
 
software
 
components
 
(engines)
 
to
 
embed 
 
GIS
 
logic
 
in
 
other 
 
applications
 
and 
 
build 
 
custom
 
applications
 
 
Geographic
 
information
 
services
 
 for 
 
multitier 
 
and 
 
centralized 
 
GIS
 
systems
 
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