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Contents ..................................................................................................................................... 3
Table of Figures ......................................................................................................................... 4
Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 5
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 6
1.1. Problem Identification – The Food Crisis .................................................................. 6
1.1.1. Diminishing Arable Land .................................................................................. 6
1.1.2. Saturation of Productivity .................................................................................. 7
1.2. Solution – GDome ..................................................................................................... 7
1.2.1. Location – Tropical Coastal Region .................................................................. 7
1.2.2. Engineering Goals .............................................................................................. 8
2. Dome .................................................................................................................................. 8
2.1. Structure: .................................................................................................................... 8
2.1.1. Overall structure: ............................................................................................... 8
2.1.2. Building blocks: ................................................................................................. 9
2.1.3. Material: ........................................................................................................... 11
2.1.4. Cost: ................................................................................................................. 11
2.1.5. Why a dome? ................................................................................................... 11
2.1.5.1. Aerodynamics: ................................................................................................. 11
2.1.5.2. No need of extensive supporting structure: ..................................................... 12
2.2. Construction prototype: ........................................................................................... 13
2.3. Algae cultivation: ..................................................................................................... 15
2.3.1. Advantages of algae biofuel............................................................................. 15
2.3.2. Methodology .................................................................................................... 15
2.3.3. Potential Yield ................................................................................................. 15
3. Irrigation: ......................................................................................................................... 16
3.1. Irrigation- Design: .................................................................................................... 16
3.2. Irrigation- Process: ................................................................................................... 19
4. Ventilation........................................................................................................................ 19
4.1. Ventilation- Design: ................................................................................................. 19
4.2. Ventilation- Process: ................................................................................................ 22
5. Crop: ................................................................................................................................ 23
6. External facilities: ............................................................................................................ 26
6.1. Water collection from car tires: ............................................................................... 26
6.2. Power supply:........................................................................................................... 28
7. Application, Weaknesses and Future Direction ............................................................... 28
7.1. Application:.............................................................................................................. 28
7.2. Weaknesses: ............................................................................................................. 29
7.3. Future direction: ....................................................................................................... 29
8. Conclusion: ...................................................................................................................... 29
9. Bibliography .................................................................................................................... 30
Table of Figures
This project aims to solve the problem of world hunger, depleting land and water resource
for agriculture in the future by designing a high-yield and sustainable farming method
tailored to tackle such issues. The long-term performance and economic aspects of various
greenhouse systems were studied and used to formulate a novel greenhouse design which
delivers stable yields, costs little to operate and capable of resisting weather elements.
Consisting of innovative features and cutting-edge engineering technology, our proposed
product, the GDome farming system, will fill the stomachs of hungry people worldwide,
especially in the face of future food and water crisis.
1. Introduction
We believe that a food crisis will occur in the near future. With global warming aggravating
and adversely affecting crop yields, appalling inefficiency in the utilization of natural
resources and over-consumption in developed countries, coupled with an ever burgeoning
global population, the threat of global food scarcity looms near (Brown, 2005). In fact,
between 2002 and 2004, world grain stock has plummeted by 128 million tons, or 31.9%
(United States Department of Agriculture, 2009). In averting this imminent catastrophe, it is
imperative that we develop techniques to deal with current food shortages in developing
countries.
The underlying problems of food shortages are mainly the reduction of arable land and
saturation of productivity of farms (Brown, 2005).
Firstly, the accelerated pace of global warming has pushed temperature beyond the limit of
sustaining agricultural activities. Given the projected temperature increase of 5.2 C for the
next century (Sokolov, et al., 2009), global food production will be significantly affected
because the yield potential of crops depends heavily on attaining the desired temperature
(Lobell & Asner, 2003). Coupled with the effect of concentrated warming
(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001), the amount of arable land in
temperate countries would be significantly reduced due to harsh environment conditions.
More specifically, the bottleneck in today’s agricultural production is the lack of fresh water
and natural fertilizers that will fully realize the yield potential of crops grown. In many
countries, extensive wasteful irrigation has depleted aquifers, significantly reducing crop
yield (Pearce, When the Rivers Run Dry: Water - The Defining Crisis of the Twenty-First
Century, 2006). Coupled with the increasing competition for fresh water from the cities,
many croplands are facing the risk of having their water supply cut off soon (Brown, 2005).
The use of chemical fertilizers has also cultivated a sense of dependency on raising external
inputs for higher yield (Smriga, 2002). With increasingly extensive usage, not only will the
inherent fertility of the soil be lost, the fun of sustainable farming will also be replaced by
the stress of commercial agriculture (Logsdon, 2009).
A viable way of achieving this would be through the implementation of a novel greenhouse.
Presenting to you, GDome – Greenhouse for the futre.
2. Dome
2.1. Structure:
2.1.1. Overall structure:
(3) Dome
(1)
Slope
(2) Water
storage tanks (GIA)
Figure 1: Overview of the dome
A prototype structure that we illustrate above is a 51v geodesic dome consisting of 2885
triangular “blocks”
In rain, rainwater flows gently down the slope surrounding the dome to be collected in
water storage tanks around its perimeter. The water storage tanks around the dome’s
perimeter serve a dual purpose- to store water and provide support for the base of the
dome.
(Mueller, 2009)
Figure 2: Similar measurements of edges in geodesic structure
Although the dimensions of the blocks are similar, they are not identical. There are slight
differences in dimensions of different blocks due to the geometric nature of the geodesic
structure. To overcome this problem, we expect the blocks not to packed together, but
there should be tiny gaps in between blocks to compensate the thermal expansion of the
blocks, as well as to reduce the number of different sized blocks that need to be produced.
Gap
(GIA)
Figure 3: Gaps between building blocks
The hollow interior of some blocks are filled with water. To be specific, the blocks around
the base contain plastic bags in which high-lipid algae strains are grown. We shall come back
to this point later.
Algae bag is
to be put (1)
inside
(2)
(GIA)
Figure 4: Overview of the building blocks
2.1.3. Material:
Acrylic glass is the material of choice for external structures due to its environmental
stability compared to other plastics. Furthermore, it transmits up to 92% of visible light and
gives a reflection of about 4% from each of its surfaces on account of its refractive index of
1.4893 to 1.4899.
These features of acrylic glass make it highly suitable for our project
2.1.4. Cost:
The price of acrylic glass is USD $2.35 per kg, or USD $2700 per cubic metre. Building our
dome will require 15.6 cubic metres of acrylic, thus around USD $42000 is required for the
construction of one dome. Although this seems to be a very steep price, it must be taken
into consideration that after the dome is built, the maintenance costs will be very low.
2.1.5.1. Aerodynamics:
(GIA)
Figure 5: Aerodynamic shape of the dome
A sphere encloses maximum volume with minimal surface area. Since a geodesic dome
is part of a sphere, it hence possesses the same property. With minimal surface area,
geodesic domes have excellent aerodynamic properties and indeed, they have been
proven to be capable of withstanding strong winds and hurricanes with minimal
damage.
(2) (3)
(GIA)
Figure 6: the dome limits the use of supporting structure
The geodesic structure ensures that the weight of the structure is distributed down to the
base of the dome. The forces exerting on other parts of the dome is limited.
The force exerted by the surrounding ground on the dome, along with the resistive forces
provided by the heavy water tanks, holds the base of the dome together.
Blocks near the base of the dome are used to grow algae, which also provide stability.
2. Removal of land
5. Installing the water storage tanks and prepare the base of the dome
(GIA)
Figure 7: Construction Prototype
Potential setbacks:
- Since the dome is located lower than the surround land, there will be sand and soil
sliding down the slope. However, this amount of soil and sand may further hold the
base of the dome together.
- The low location of the dome may make it highly vulnerable to flooding. However, as
we intend to have GDome built in arid places, this danger may be reduced.
Moreover, depending on the geographical features of the place, there may be no
need to locate the dome lower than the surrounding area.
2.3.2. Methodology
The medium in which the algae is grown will be UV-processed seawater with small
amounts of nutrients added. Carbon dioxide produced from the generator powering the
farm will be fed into the photobioreactor. This maximizes the efficiency of the
photobioreactor and allows the algae to grow at the fastest rate. (This also makes the
farm carbon-neutral, since its C02 emissions are reabsorbed back into the system) The
lifespan of the algae grown under these conditions is slightly more than one week, so
the algae will be harvested on a weekly basis.
(1)
(GIA)
Figure 8: Rainwater collection
Rain water incident on the dome as well as the perimeter collection area flows downwards
and is collected inside the water storage tanks.
Isolating layer
(3)
(2)
(GIA)
Figure 9: Regulation of water in the inner patch of the GDome
From the water tanks, the stored water flows along the pipes in the sloping floor, into the
grid inside the central section of the dome. The pipes are made of recycled materials such as
bicycle pipes in order to minimize environmental impact (When the rivers run dry).
The inner patch is isolated from the surrounding land by ETFE to limit the water loss into the
Isolating layer
InnerInner
patch
patch
Outer
patch
(GIA)
Figure 10: Division of land inside the dome
surrounding. The inner patch is meant for more plants that require more water.
The pipers will also run on the ground of the outer patch. The water is used in the outer
patch in the drop-wise manner.
Soil (4)
(3)
(2)
(GIA)
Figure 11: Water absorption into the soil by osmosis
(1) shows the flow of the water down the slope.
(2) shows the flow of water up the capillaries.
(3) shows the flow of water into the soil by osmosis.
The water from the water tank will be allowed to flow in the pipes when the farmers deem
necessary (the moisture of the soil may be monitored by sensors in the ground of the inner
patch).
(1)
(3) (2)
(GIA)
Figure 12: Operation of the irrigation system
(1): water is collected into the water storage tanks once it rains.
(2): water runs down the pipe due to gravitation force (this may be assisted limitedly by
pumps) when the farmers deem necessary.
(3): water used for inner patch is led from the bottom up. Therefore, water is only supplied
just enough for the roots, limit the amount of water tend to be wasted with traditional top-
down watering method. The isolated dome and the most air inside the dome limits the
evaporation of water from the plants. Overall, the amount of water used is limited.
4. Ventilation
(GIA)
Figure 13: The arrangement of the ventilation fan in the dome
One addition to the dome’s construction are ventilation fans. The ventilation fan is built in a
pentagonal block in order to fit into the dome. The fans lie flat on the surface of the wall as
shown in Figure 13 to minimize the dome’s aerodynamic resistance.
Condenser
Evaporator 2
Evaporator 1
Fresh water
(GIA)
Figure 14: Functioning of the ventilating unit
The cooling and ventilation system (a unit of which is shown in Figure 14) is used to
maintain optimal growing conditions for the plants inside our dome. (Paton & Davies, 2006)
(Ryadh, 2006)
Figure 15: Carboard evaporator and polyethene condenser used in the Seawater Greenhouse Project
4.2. Ventilation- Process:
(1) (2)
GIA(2009)
Figure 16: Operation of the ventilating system
(1) The operating fans take in the cool, moist sea breeze in the morning.
The evaporator also ensures that the air taken in is kept moist.
(2) The fans on the opposite side expel hot air. Due to the shape of the geodesic structure,
the air moving on the surface of the dome will be faster than the still air inside the dome. By
Bernoulli’s effect, the pressure outside will be lower than the pressure inside the dome,
leading to air will be drawn out of the dome on the other side.
(1)
(GIA)
Figure 17: The air flow around the dome
On the dome, the fans are spread across its surface, thus being able to harness the wind
from any direction through alternating the direction of rotation of opposing pairs of fans.
5. Crop:
First Cycle
Sorghum,
Millet,
Cassava
(GIA)
Figure 18: First cycle crop
During the first crop cycle, soil is infertile and water is scarce. Hence, the entire GDome will
be used to grow common and resilient crops such as sorghum, millet and cassava. These
crops can thrive in both drought and flood as long as the soil temperature is kept around 20o
C (Carter, et al., 2000) (Doggett, 1995). Crop density has to be kept low to prevent
malnutrition. One possible approach is to plant in radial rows of 0.7m-1m apart using 3 kg of
seeds per acre (black lines in figure 18) (Logsdon, 2009).
After the crops are harvested, the large amount of residue will be buried in the soil to act as
fertilizers for the next cycle.
Second Cycle
Maize,
Squash,
Soybean
Legumes
(GIA)
Figure 19: Plants distribution in the second cycle
:
During the second cycle, fertility of the soil has improved and some water has been
collected in the containers. Hence, the inner patch will be used to grow Three Sister Crops –
maize, squash and soybeans. These crops are of high nutritious value and can complement
the growth of one another. The recommended approach is to plant them in alternating
mounds (Figure 20) with several seeds sowed in each mound. Squash and soybeans will be
planted only after maize has grown 15cm in height (Eames-Sheavly, 1993; Formiga,
Celebrate the Three Sisters: corn, beans and squash, 2009).
(Formiga, Celebrate the Three Sisters: Corn, Beans and Squash)
Figure 20: The “three sisters” crop
Third Cycle
The inner patch will continue to grow Three Sisters Crops.
The outer patch will be switched back to production of sorghum, millet, and cassava.
Nth Cycle
After repeating 2nd and 3rd cycle for 5-7 years, the fertility of the land would have been
improved. It is now able to sustain agricultural activities without external support but
protection from extreme weather conditions is still needed. Hence, we will start planting
Acacia Albida trees which not only offers protection but also enhances productivity of the
crops grown underneath it (U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, 1988). The
purpose of having this plant is to ensure long-term self-sustained fertility of the patch of
land.
A total of 5 Acacia trees will be planted at the junction between the inner and outer patches,
taking the corners and the centre of a square. When fully grown, they would cover most of
the fertile areas (Irvine, 1961). After approximately 4 years of growth, these trees would
have reached the height limit of GDome (Duke, 1997). GDome will then be disassembled
and reconstructed at a neighbouring area to fix the next patch of soil.
Problem Solution
Lack of minerals Conduct a soil test and apply chemical
fertilizers appropriately once before the first
cycle
Excess salinity Completely irrigate the soil with fresh water
once before the first cycle
Abnormal pH Apply lime or sulphur to increase or
decrease pH respectively
6. External facilities:
Water
droplets
Water
Wet sand
container
(GIA)
Figure 21: water collection from car tyres
In areas where car tires pose an environmental threat, (Loxton, 2003) instead of burning
these tires, they can be used to collect water for agricultural use. The hygroscopic structure
of the car tire traps the water vapor in the inside and prevents the water from evaporating
away.
We plan to place many car tires at near the water line. At high tide (preferably at night as
what happen in many regions in Asia), the seawater will soak up the sand around these tires.
During the daylight, the water in the sands will be heated up and evaporate. The water
vapor is trapped inside the car tires and increase the humidity inside the car tires until water
droplets is condensed. The car tires may be painted in white so as to keep the inner surface
of the car tire cool.
With a large number of car tires, we hope that the amount of water collected can be
appreciable.
Potential setback:
- There are concerns over the leaking of toxic materials in the tires to the environment
in the long term for certain types of car tyres, especially in the hot and high salt-
contented condition. We hope that a suitable coating can help preventing such
leaking.
- The car tires need to be cleaned and painted before use, which will pose an
overhead cost.
- The car tires can affect the scenery of the region.
6.2. Power supply:
To operate the ventilation fans and seawater pumps, a supply of electricity is required. This
electricity will be obtained from the combustion of the algae biofuel produced, supported
by an array of solar panels possibly built into the perimeter of the dome. Our self-sustained
power supply contributes towards minimizing environmental impact
We have already targeted a number of potential locations that this farming model should be
implemented. Firstly, coastal regions that a similar concept, the “Seawater Greenhouse” has
already deemed to be suitable, such as Tenerife, the UAE and Oman are good candidates.
Moreover, there are many coastal areas in Asia with unfavorable environmental conditions,
deficient in freshwater, and on top of this, disaster prone, for example, coastal provinces in
Vietnam and Indonesia that were affected recently by the Ketsana typhoon. These types of
disasters wipe out the crops and infrastructure, crippling the local farming economy. In the
future, with extreme weather conditions likely to afflict the coasts in many countries, a
strong and sustainable model for farming will be necessary. The high investment in the
GDome may be insignificant, compared to the cost saving from its extremely long-term
operation which is unaffected by the occurrence of natural disasters.
The food produced in our GDome is not the tastiest, thus demand for it will probably be low
in developed countries. However, with water and arable land becoming more and more
scarce, even the rich may have to change their eating habits towards foods that require less
water for cultivation (For example, 90% of freshwater in Asia is used in agriculture while 50%
of that is used in rice production). One ideal region in which to establish this new mindset is
Asia (Bouman, 2001).
7.2. Weaknesses:
We envision the use of GDomes on a large scale as a means to improve the environmental
conin many areas. After removing the GDomes, the lands would have been made more
fertile to grow other plants. Those plants can preserve the fertility of the soil and improve
the environmental condition of the region.
We do not concern the prospect of raising livestock in the GDome at the moments since
many critics have pointed out that pastoralism has led to the severe decline in world’s food
supply since resources and plants’ products are diverted to livestock’s production.
Nonetheless, grazing and livestock’s’ feces can also fertilize the soil. We may look more into
this aspect in the future.
8. Conclusion:
Our GDome may seem to be expensive and requires a paradigm shift in the mindset of
consumers, producers and governments to be adopted and used widely. But with arable
land being degraded and climate change hastening the process, many scientists are calling
for more sustainable models of agriculture. We believe that our GDome is an answer to
their hopes and wishes.
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