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Fuel Tank To Think Tank 
By Randy Lieber
Growing up, I learned early to go with the best I had until something else better came along. It hasserved me well and I suggest here that it would also serve our country today. There are many polarized groups pushing different agendas on the alternative fuels debate today, butherein I would recommend the proposition sited above; why not use the best resources we have now,until we develop something better? That answer may be different for some in different parts of ourcountry and the world.At this point, hydrogen, cold fusion, solar and other proposed energy sources rank up there with SantaClaus for me. I want to believe, but before we stake all our hopes on these possibilities, shouldn’t weuse the best options we have available now, rather than wait and hope? In economics decision-making, this process is calledsatisficing.It explains the tendency to select the first option that satisfyssome of the priority needs, or to select the option that addresses most of the needs, rather than waitfor the “optimal” solution that does everything. Acceptance of less than the ideal: the principle that inmost cases people and organizations seek to obtain a satisfactory solution for the now, not necessarilythe permanent or perfect one that isn’t known or can’t agreed upon.Below are my findings from researching several sources, including: the Chemistry and AutomotiveEngineering Departments at BYU, the University of Utah, Utah State and Weber State, as well as LosAlamos National Labs NM, the History Channel, the managements of the Utah, Idaho, Arizona andNevada natural gas companies, my own extensive readings, and ownership of CNG vehicles.
CNG
is compressed natural gas. CNG powers more than eight million vehicles on the road today.Unfortunately, only 150,000 of these are in the U.S. The average growth rate in the U.S. shows a 3.7%per annum since 2000, as contrasted with a booming global growth rate of 30.6% perannum. Expanding the numbers of CNG fueling stations and reducing the bureaucracy would allow forthe increase of CNG vehicles on U.S. roads.
ADVANTAGES OF CNG:
1)CNG is SAFER THAN GASOLINE
or diesel fuel according to the head of the University of Utahchemistry department. Natural gas and natural gas vehicles have a stellar safety record which isbased upon two facts:a. The physical properties of natural gas make it safer than most other fuels.b. The fuel systems designed for natural gas vehicles are built to very stringent standards.
Physical Properties
: Natural gas is flammable; otherwise it could not be used as a fuel for internalcombustion and heating. These are the properties of the two fuels:
GASOLINEMETHANE
(natural gas is 90% methane)
Auto-ignition temperature: about 250°C = 482F Auto-ignition temperature:537°C = 998.6FExplosive limits, vol% in air: 1.3 - 7.1% Explosive limits, vol% in air:5 - 15%
Which means that gasoline will ignite at about HALF the temperature that natural gas does AND at 1/4 to HALF othe fuel to air mixture that gasoline would.
When released into the air or mixed with air in an engine, compressed natural gas becomesflammable only when the mixture is between5 and 15 percent natural gas. When the mixture is lessthan 5 percent natural gas (too lean) there is not enough fuel, it doesn't burn. When the mixture ismore than 15 percent natural gas (too rich) there is not enough oxygen to allow it to burn. It also hasan ignition temperature of approximately 1100 degrees F compared togasolineanddiesel fuelwhich both have far lower concentrations of flammability and much lower temperatures of ignition.
In additionnatural gas is lighter than air so it does NOT pool like gasoline when spilled.
Gasoline pools in the immediatearea creating a fire hazard
long after a spill.
 
CNG, unlike gasoline, dissipates into the atmosphere in theevent of an accident, being lighter than air.We know that a fire or explosion needs three components: fuel, oxygen and ignition. A gasolinevehicle already has two of these three components in its tank, fuel and oxygen. Three if you want tocount the electric motor fuel pump that is submerged in the gas tank. Whereas, a CNG vehicle has
 
only one component in its tank, fuel. Hollywood scripts have propane tanks explode at the leastprovocation, which makes for great movie action, but is not true. A CNG tank has up to 3600 psi. Untilthe pressure is reduced enough to allow oxygen access, there cannot be combustion. At the point thatthe pressure is low enough to allow oxygen into the tank, the amount of fuel would be negligible. Thatis why the likelihood of aCNG explosion is fiction; but remember, that’s what you were watching -fiction.Has anyone forgotten theValdez? If that ship had split open with natural gas as its cargo, it wouldhave simply dissipated into the atmosphere rather than pollute the ocean and the coastline of Alaska.Every day tanker trucks travel our roads delivering various types of petroleum products. More thanhalf of that traffic could be eliminated with the use of CNG, reducing the pollution and the risk of lifeand property, if those trucks are involved in an accident. Ever wonder why the stove or furnace in yourhome doesn't burn gasoline instead of natural gas?
Fuel System:
Natural gas vehicles (NGV’s) have all the same standard safety equipment asconventional cars (seat belts, air bags, etc.), yet they are subjected to the samecrash safety tests as well.Because CNG fuel systems operate at pressures in excess of 3000PSI, the fuel tank and associatedplumbing have to be incredibly rugged and strong enough to contain that pressure. Newer tanks areconstructed of polymers and composites that are stronger than steel. Contrast that with standardgasoline and diesel tanks in regular vehicles that are usually made from stamped steel shell halves, just a few sixteenths of an inch thick, that are welded or crimped together. Most new gasoline tanksare plastic. In the event of a traffic accident, the ability of rugged, durable CNG tanks to withstandrupture or puncture far exceeds that of simple stamped steel.But thesafety of natural gas vehicles(NGV’s) doesn’t just stop with the construction of the fuel tank.Most CNG systems have a pressure release device (PRD). In a situation of excessive heat or pressurebuild-up, the PRD will open and release the gas to the atmosphere, and since it is lighter than thesurrounding air, it will rise and dissipate. In the event of a fire, the fuel is safely evacuated from thecar before it ever has a chance to catch fire. Gasoline and diesel vehicles simply can’t do that. Therefore, a CNG leak poses no direct threat to land or water and is safer.
2)
CNG has a 
Distribution System Already in Place
that is 1000 times more extensive than thatused for petroleum products. Mega tanker ships transport oil from the Middle East. Tanker truckstransport 99% of the gasoline and diesel fuel that we consume at the pump. That itself contributesover 22% of price we pay at the pump, not to mention the danger. The transportation costs associatedwith CNG are for the most part, fixed. Natural gas is distributed nationwide through an extensivenetwork of pipelines, which feed electrical generation plants, domestic and industrial heating uses. Thus, the use of natural gas in vehicles is "piggybacking" on many years of infrastructuredevelopment.If natural gas is available where you live, you can also install a natural gas pump to your home orbusiness allowing you to refuel your vehicle in your garage. Many people already do this. No deliveryneeded; natural gas is already being delivered to our homes by underground pipelines. Equipment is$3500 - $4500 and installation is about $500. There is also a $1,000 Federal tax credit and in manystates an addition credit is available to offset the costs. The South Coast Air Quality ManagementDistrict in the Los Angeles basin offers a $2,000 rebate on the purchase of a home CNG refuelingdevice. So depending on how many miles you drive, this could be a great addition. (Google - "FuelMaker") 
3)
 
CNG is a LOW COST FUEL
or it should be . In Utah, as of 2/02/10, CNG is $.93 a gallon statewide;yes, that's 93 cents! In many other states CNG is as high as $3.45 a gallon. Utah, Oklahoma and a fewother states regulate their natural gas. If Utah were not regulated, we also would be paying about 50cents a gallon less than gasoline, which has been where the petroleum companies and profiteers havepegged CNG’s price in many other states. In the past twenty years a few petroleum companies, likeClean Energy, have gone around the country and bought up many of the natural gas suppliers anddistributors, in effect, destroying any competition. Pricing is also muddled by current subsidies.Anyone that has traveled outside of our country has noticed that gasoline prices are $3.00 to $5.00per gallon higher than we pay at the pump here in the USA. The little know secret is that the US hasbeen subsidizing our gasoline prices at about $3.00 per gallon for years. Actually this has been a greatbenefit to our countries economy but if the playing field were leveled you can see that CNG wouldeven be a more obvious choice. Even ethanol receives a $3.00 per gallon subsidy despite its failure asa suitable fuel. (note section 7 below)
 
 The federal government currently allows a $.50 per gallon excise tax credit to all states dispensingCNG for vehicles. From the pricing differences, it’s easy to recognize which states are passing thatmoney on to the consumer. ( as is
 
the case with Questar and Oklahoma Natural Gas ) Also note thatunder the 2005 congressional energy bill which provided these incentives, the 50 cent tax credit isoffset by the same 18 cent tax excise tax which is paid at the pump for gasoline and diesel (until thenCNG, LNG, LPG and other alternative fuels were not subject to paying this “road tax”). So the neteffect is approximately 32 cents per gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE). This credit can also be madeavailable to non-taxpaying entities such as local governments and school districts indirectly.Production, transportation, taxes and profit make up the main elements of petroleum’s price to theconsumer. Unlike petroleum, CNG requires relatively little development, production, refinement ortransportation. In fact, natural gas is often discovered with petroleum and burned off (flared) as anuisance. It’s estimated that the world’s NG that is flared off in one year is equivalent to the totalenergy used in the USA in 4 months. The true odds of drilling are: of ten holes drilled, 2 will yield oil. Three will be dry and the other five willyield natural gas. Most of those over the years have been capped due to inaccessibility and lowdemand.Consider your ECON 101 class. Remember supply and demand effects? If we have a product with anover abundance (high), with a demand that at this point is relatively low; what would you expect theprice to be?
4)
 
REDUCE OUR DEPENDENCE on FOREIGN OIL
 These words are the mission statement for theDOE. In 1969 when the DOE was created our countries oil imports were under 15%. Today, forty yearslater, our oil imports exceed 75%. President Obama said in his inaugural address, “Each day bringsfurther evidence that the ways we use energy strengthens our adversaries and threatens our planet.”
CNG,
on the other hand, is a domestic fuel. About 98% of the natural gas we use comes from righthere in North America. We export about $1.7 billion a day (that’s over $700 billion a year) to pay forforeign oil, adding to our trade deficit and weakening the dollar. By using domestic natural gas, westrengthen both our nation’s security and economy by keeping jobs and revenues at home.Every gallon equivalent of natural gas used in vehicles is one less gallon of petroleum that has to beimported. At the same time those funds we export go to finance people that don’t like us very muchand some that have made it their life’s work to destroy us. WHY not keep that money here, or at leastmost of it?
5)
 
LOWER MAINTENANCE
- Not only is CNG cheaper but also when used in vehicles, the engines last2 to 3 times longer and the oil only needs to be changed every 10,000 miles, unlike gasoline enginesthat require oil be changed every 3,000 miles. Mechanics with Questar (Utah’s natural gas distributor)say that vehicles that use CNG still look new, at 200,000 miles. There are CNG taxis and limos in Utahthat have logged over 1 million miles. They don’t experience the build up of hydrocarbons thatpetroleum vehicles do. That’s because carbon is like sand in an engine increasing wear and shorteningits life. Dedicated CNG vehicles are designed to run only on natural gas but there are also bi-fuelvehicles. They make the best of both worlds and have two separate fueling systems.
6)
 
CNG is a PLENTIFUL & RENEWABLE RESOURCE
Natural gas is made up of 5 gases; mainlymethane, with small quantities of propane,butane,ethaneandpentane.
s
It is found inoil fieldsorisolated innatural gas fields, and incoal beds.
s
It is composed of over 92%methanethat is createdfrom theanaerobic decompositionof organic material and also occurs naturally deep in the earth andthroughout the solar system.
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The Salt Lake County landfill, on 6400 West, powers its buildings,heating, cooling and electricity from the methane that is piped off the landfill. Thus while petroleum isbeing produced at a snails pace at optimal conditions of pressure and temperature within the earth,methane is produced comparatively quickly and easily. The planet’s current reservoirs of knownnatural gas are enough to supply the earth’s energy needs for the next 200 years. According to a June2008 studyby Navigant Consulting, North American has at least a 120-year supply of natural gas –contradicting the notion that America is running out. Canada itself has enough to supply ourcontinents energy needs for the next 50 years according to a Vice President with Nevada gas. Theworld’s largest discovery of NG was made in early 2008 at Rawlins Wyoming. Since then, a similardiscovery has been made in Arkansas. There are at least 22 shale basins located onshore in more than20 states in the U.S. including Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana, West Virginia, Wyoming,Colorado, New Mexico, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York and Michigan. The North Atlantic Ocean,
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