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at are you going to learn?

to discover thePythagorean Theoremto state the formulaof PythagoreanTheorem

Key Terms

•

right triangle

•

square

•

hypotenuse

•

the PythagoreanTheorem

•

the formula of thePythagorean Theorem

55..11

Rayhan is playing on the ground. The ground is wet.His feet leave tracks as shown in Figure 5.1.He moves to the south and then to the east 8 steps and 6 steps respectively. Instepping, he puts his left heel on the tips of his right toes, then his right heel onthe tips of his left toes, and so on.How many steps must he move if he moves straight from start to finish withoutturning? (as shown by the dotted line in the figure above).If one square unit represents one step that Rayhan makes, then his trip can beeasily sketched on a piece of grid paper as follows.

Figure 5.1Figure 5.2

StartFinish

Mathematics for Junior High School Year 8/143

To calculate how many steps Rayhan has to move from his starting point to hisfinishing point, we can use another piece of grid paper as shown in Figure 5.3 below:Now, look at the figure.By counting the number of the square units, what isthe length of

B

?Is

Δ

ABC a right triangle?How many square units are there in the area?

Figure 5.3

the hypotenuse

.other called

the right sides

, and one side opposite the right angle, calledIn a right triangle, the sides consist of two sides perpendicular to eachIn the figure above, the right sides are

AC

and

BC

and the hypotenuse is

AB

.Look at the lengths of the sides in

Δ

ABC in the above figure.Is the hypotenuse of

Δ

ABC the longest side?Next, we will learn how the Pythagorean Theorem was discovered.Look again at Figure 5.3 above.We draw a square of which each side equals

AC

in length (8 units) on a piece of redgrid paper. Can you find the area of this square?Cut out the figure.

BC

Draw a square of which each side equals inlength (6 units) on a piece of blue grid paper andcut it out. Determine the area of this square.

Draw a square of which each side equals

B

in length (10 units) on a piece of yellow gridpaper and cut it out. Can you find the area ofthis square?Attach the three squares on the sides of

Δ

ABC

Figure 5.4

144/Student’s Book – The Pythagorean Theorem

so that our right triangle is in the center with a square built on each sideas shown in Figure 5.4 above.Look carefully at the three squares. Is the sum of the areas of the two small squares thesame as the area of the largest square?

Discuss the following problem.

Draw a right triangle

PQR

on a piece of grid paper of which the length of

PQ

is 3units and the length of

QR

is 4 units. Sides

PQ

and

QR

are perpendicular to eachother.a. Find the length of the hypotenuse in

Δ

PQR

.b. Is the hypotenuse the longest side in

Δ

PQR

?c. Find the areas of the squares of which one side is a right side of

Δ

PQR.

d. Find the area of the square of which one side is the hypotenuse of

Δ

PQR

.e. Write down the relation between questions (c) and (d).From the relation of the areas of the three squares above, we can conclude that

equal to the squared length of the hypotenusein a right triangle, the sum of the squared lengths of the right sides is

The above conclusion is called

the

Pythagorean Theorem

.The Pythagorean Theorem can also be represented in a formula form.Look at Figure 5.5.

Δ

ABC is a right triangle with

∠

C as the right angle.The right sides are

a

and

b

, and the hypotenuse is

c.

These

a

,

b

, and

c

also represent the lengths of thosesides and the hypotenuse. Hence the areas of thesquares built on the sides are

a

2

, b

2

, and

c

2

.Figure 5.5This fact can be stated in

the formula

as follows.

a

2

+ b

2

= c

2

.

In a right triangle with right sides of lengths

a

and

b

and thehypotenuse of length

c

,

Pythagorean Theorem

Mathematics for Junior High School Year 8/145

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