Nursing English

Choudhary Zahid Javid
Department of Foreign Languages, College of Arts, Taif University

One)
(Part
MEDICINE
ENGLISH
FOR
Choudhary Zahid Javid
Students
An Intermediate ESP Course for
of Medicine
ENGLISH
FOR MEDICINE
(Part One)
English for Medicine:1
TALE OF CONTENT!
41
42
44
45
47
Unit"#$ !TOMAC% -----------------------------------------------
Reading Focus: --------------------------------------------------
Vocabulary Focus: ----------------------------------------------- Working Focus:
-------------------------------------------------- Listening Focus:
-------------------------------------------------
33
34
36
39
4
Unit" &$ 'IDNE( -------------------------------------------------
Reading Focus: --------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------- Listening Focus:
-------------------------------------------------
Reading Focus: --------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------- Listening Focus:
-------------------------------------------------
25
26
2!
3
32
---------------------------------------------------
Unit" )$ LI*ER
17
"!
2
22
23
Unit" +$ LUN,! --------------------------------------------------
Reading Focus: --------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------- Listening Focus:
-------------------------------------------------
9
"
"2
"4
"5
Unit" -$ EAR -------------------------------------------------------
Reading Focus: --------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------- Listening Focus:
-------------------------------------------------
1
2
4
6
7
Unit" .$ !'IN ------------------------------------------------------
Reading Focus: --------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------
Listening Focus: -------------------------------------------------
Last but far from the least, my sincere thanks go to all my colleagues at
Department
of Foreign Languages for their valuable support and persistent
encouragement.
I am highly grateful to my respected colleague Dr. Hasan Banna
El!abbala,
"rofessor of #pplied and $heoretical Linguistics, and Dr. %oyn #li,
Director %edical
Education for professional guidance that &as instrumental for the
completion of this book. 'pecial thanks and appreciation are also due to
%r. $imothy "arker, English Language Instructor at Department of Foreign
Languages, &ho proofread the initial draft of this te(tbook and, %r. )asim
*han, Head, of the +omputer 'ection at the +%%', and %r. ,ulkarnain
*hadbai, English Language Instructor at Department of Foreign
Languages &ho both e(tended their valuable computing e(pertise.
/R
EF
AC
E
$his te(tbook is a logical outcome of a comprehensive research pro-ect
carried out at +ollege of %edicine and %edical 'ciences .+%%'/ by its
during 0112 to determine the linguistic needs and preferred learning styles
of its students. $he te(tbook is designed to cater for their specific needs
by considering their culturally driven preferred learning styles. $he
purpose of the book is not to teach medicine but to inculcate the academic
ability in the students to go to read, listen to and3or &atch a te(t, audio or
video on medical topics and understand, e(tract and utili4e the information
&ithin them in an effective and efficient manner.
$o achieve this goal, the book ensures an integrated practice in various
language skills along &ith emphasi4ing the other important language areas
of vocabulary and medical terminology. 5eading passages of moderate
length have been carefully selected focusing on si( different parts of the
human body. # variety of e(ercises is employed in all the units to
familiari4e the students &ith different learning situations and promote
students6 interest and motivation
AC'NO0LED,E
MENT!
I &ish to ackno&ledge my sincere indebtedness to Dr. $alal #bdullah #l
%alki, the former Dean of the +ollege of %edicine and %edical 'ciences at
$aif 7niversity &ho &orked to promote a research oriented atmosphere at
the +ollege that facilitated and encouraged me to accomplish this academic
task. I gratefully ackno&ledge the unstinting and unconditional support of
Dr. $urkey 'aleem #l$hubaiti, +hairman, Department of Foreign
Languages, for any pro-ect that contributes to academic e(cellence and
professional development. I admit that &ithout his encouragement this
&ould not have been possible for me. I &ish to e(press my great
appreciation to Dr. %uhammad #l*hairi, Dean, +ollege of #rts for
#cademic Development, for his constant reassurance and support.
#e#brane$ T1is tissue is
#olecules t1at act as ro%es
&elo' t(e der#is is t(e
o) tissue kno'n as t(e base#ent
series o) elaborately interconnecting (ooks to (old t(e skin toget(er$
"
co#%le* layer
co#%osed o) a and gra%%ling
t(e u%%er or outer layer o) t(e skin+ is a toug(+ 'ater%roo)+ %rotecti,e layer$
-(e
der#is+ or inner layer+ is t(icker t(an t(e e%ider#is and gi,es t(e skin its
strengt( and elasticity$ -(e t'o layers o) t(e skin are anc(ored to one
anot(er by a t(in but
-(e skin is t(e body.s largest organ/t(at o) an a,erage adult #ale 'eig(s
4$5 to 5
kg 0" to "" lb1 and #easures about 2 s2 # 022 s2 )t1 in area$ 3t co,ers t(e
sur)ace o) t(e body at a t(ickness o) 4ust "$4 to 4$ ## 0$6 to $"6 in1$
-(e skin is "6 t(ickest on areas o) t(e body t1at regularly rub against
ob4ects+ suc( as t(e %al#s
o) t(e (ands and t(e soles o) t(e )eet$ &ot( delicate and resilient, t(e
skin constantly rene's itself and (as a re#arkable ability to re%air itsel)
a)ter in4ury$
-(e skin is ma2e up of t3o layers+ t(e e%ider#is and t(e der#is$ -(e
e%ider#is+
%roducts+ and is an i#%ortant sensory organ$ 3t contains ,arious ty%es o)
s%eciali5ed ner,e cells responsi4le for t(e sense o) touc($
inside t(e body )ro# in4ury and )ro# t(e %otentially da#aging ultra,iolet
rays o)
t(e sun$ -(e skin also 1elps regulate body te#%erature+ e*cretes so#e
'aste
(u#an skin$
-(e skin is essential to a %erson.s sur,i,al$ It )or#s a barrier t(at (el%s
%re,ent (ar#)ul #icroorganis#s and c(e#icals )ro# entering t(e body+ and
it also %re,ents t(e loss o) life5sustaining body )luids$ 3t %rotects t(e vital
structures
tec(nically re)ers only to t(e body co,ering o) ,ertebrates 0ani#als t(at
(a,e a
backbone1$ -(e skin (as t(e sa#e basic structure in all ,ertebrates including
)is(+ re%tiles+ birds+ (u#ans+ and ot(er mammals$ -(is article fo6uses
primarily on
-(e ter# skin is 6ommonly use2 to describe t(e body co,ering o) any
ani#al but
"
2
3
4
5
6
7
!
9
"
""
"2
"3
"4
"5
"6
"7
"!
"9
2
2"
22
23
24
25
UNIT .$ T1e !7in
2
d$ s%oil
c$ s(a%e
b$ beauti)y
a$ %rotect
3$ -(e basic )unction o) t(e skin is to our body$
d$ bars
c$ %er#its
b$ allo's
a$ scares
)ro# entering t(e body$
2$ -(e skin in (u#an beings (ar#)ul #icroorganis#s
d$ no
c$ a di,erse
b$ uni)or#
a$ a di))erent
III8 Rea2 t1e passage an2 6ir6le t1e appropriate ans3er8
"$ 6ll ,ertebrates (a,e basic structure o) t(e skin$

it:
it: that: itsef:
t!o a"ers:
this tissue:
that:
"$ Line 7 6
2$ Line 7 7
3$ Line 7 "6
4$ Line 7 "!
5$ Line 7 "9
6$ Line 7 23
7$ Line 7 24
II8 Rea2 t1e passage an2 note 31at t1ese 3or2s9e:pressions
refer to$
3$ W(at are t(e ,arious )unctions o) t(e (u#an skin8
2$ W(at is t(e 'eig(t o) (u#an skin8
"$ W(at is t(e largest organ o) t(e (u#an body8
.8 READIN, FOCU!
I8 efore rea2ing, ans3er t1e follo3ing ;uestions$
o)
and ot(er skin structures+ as 'ell as sensory rece%tors in,ol,ed in t(e sense
touc($
subcutaneous layer+ a layer o) tissue co#%osed o) %rotein )ibers and adi%ose
tissue
0)at1$ 6lt(oug( not %art o) t(e skin itsel)+ t(e subcutaneous layer contains
glands
26
27
2!
29
3
1
"$ -(e subcutaneous layer is anot(er na#e )or t(e base#ent
#e#brane$
1
1
1
1
1
1 9
1
1
1
0
0 0
0 0
0
0 0 0
0
"$
2$
3$
4$
5$
6$
7$
!$
9$
for false statement8
6ll ani#als (a,e backbones$ :u#an beings
are ,ertebrates$
Li)e-sustaining body )luids are e*creted by t(e skin$
-(e skin sa,es t(e ,ital structures o) t(e body )ro# in4uries$ -(e skin is t(e
t(ickest on t(e )ace$
-(e skin beco#es delicate a)ter rubbing against ob4ects$ -(e e%ider#is
and der#is are situated under t(e skin$ -(e der#is gi,es strengt( and
elasticity to t(e skin$
-(e subcutaneous layer is not a %art o) t(e skin$
I*8 Rea2 t1e passage an2 3rite < T= for true statement an2 <
F=
d$ subcutaneous layer
c$ base#ent #e#brane
b$ e%ider#is
a$ der#is
"$ -(e is co#%osed o) %rotein )ibers and adi%ose tissue$
d$ ne*t to
c$ bet'een
b$ abo,e
a$ under
9$ -(e base#ent #e#brane is situated t(e der#is and e%ider#is$
d$ #ore i#%ortant
c$ less i#%ortant
b$ (ea,ier
a$ lig(ter
!$ -(e der#is is t(an t(e e%ider#is$
d$ a'ay )ro#
c$ beside
b$ under
a$ o,er
7$ -(e e%ider#is is situated t(e der#is$
d$ continuously
c$ 'eekly
b$ #ont(ly
a$ annually
6$ -(e skin (as t(e 2uality to rene' itsel) 9 $
d$ does not e))ect
c$ #aintains
b$ lo'ers
a$ raises
5$ -(e skin in (u#an beings body te#%erature$
d$ %ain)ul )or
c$ in4urious to
b$ (ealt(y )or
(u#an body$
4$ ;ltra,iolet rays are
a$ bene)icial )or
t(e de)inition o) t(e skin
4
t(e salient )eatures o) (u#an skin
3
t(e basic structure o) t(e skin
2
i#%ortant )unctions o) t(e skin
"
/aragrap1 num4er
Title
No
in a22ition to, ai2 in, let1al, 6riti6al for, guar2 against, 2isease56ausing,
energy5pro2u6ing, 4ypro2u6t, 6ar4on 2io:i2e5la2en, split into
4
6ir and 'ater are t(e #ost ele#ents )or t(e %resence o) li)e on eart($
4$
5$
ele#ents like 'ater and air$
:u#an (eart ,ery strong tissues$
Li)e cannot be i#agined on ot(er %lanets '(ic( do not (a,e
Various antibiotics treat %atients su))ering )ro# in)ections$
:u#an beings are ,ery di))erent c(anges$
"$
2$
3$
*II8 Complete t1e senten6es 3it1 t1ese e:pressions93or2s from t1e
rea2ing ma7ing ne6essary grammati6al 61anges8
t(ing t(at %re,ents #o,e#ent
to sto% so#et(ing
t(at kee% so#et(ing sa)e )ro# (ar#
unusual
necessary
)ind t(e si5e+ lengt( etc$
Column
to %ass out
Column A
a$ essential b$ barrier
c$ %re,ent d$ e*crete e$ #easure
)$ re#arkable
g$ %rotecti,e
*I8 Mat61 t1ese 3or2s from t1e rea2ing 3it1 t1eir meaning in
Column 8
-8 *OCAULAR( FOCU!
*8 Rea2 t1e passage an2 3rite t1e paragrap1 num4er in t1e spa6e
given
in front of t1e appropriate title8
5
green
air+ gas
'(ite
%us
blue
)at
red
urine
'ater
black
"$ cyan<o
2$ eryt(r<o
3$ leuk<o
4$ #elan<o
5$ c(lor<o
6$ aer<o
7$ (ydr<o
!$ li%<o
9$ %y<o
"$ ur<o
I>8 Mat61 t1e follo3ing roots 3it1 t1eir meanings8
to sto% so#et(ing
unusual
necessary
Column
to %ass out
Column A
)$ re#arkable
g$ %rotecti,e
*III8 Mat61 t1ese 3or2s from t1e rea2ing 3it1 t1eir meaning in
Column 8
6 good doctor a %ro%er #edical (ealt(-care$
6ll )eed t(eir young on #ilk )ro# t(e breast$
7$
!$
)or %re,enting li)e-
-(e %ur%ose o) ad#inistering ,accines is
t(reatening diseases$
6$
6
9$he 'kin
4$
9$he 'kin
3$
9$he 'kin
2$
9$he 'kin
"$
>II8 Rea2 t1e se6on2 paragrap1 an2 3rite 2o3n t1e various
fun6tions
of t1e s7in8

"$
2$
3$
4$
5$
6$
+8 0RITIN, FOCU!
>I8 ,o 4a67 to E:er6ise ) an2 6orre6t t1e false statements on t1e
lines, 4elo38
Meaning
-------------------------------------
-------------------------------------
-------------------------------------
-------------------------------------
-------------------------------------
-------------------------------------
-------------------------------------
-------------------------------------
-------------------------------------
Root
-------------------
-------------------
-------------------
-------------------
-------------------
-------------------
-------------------
-------------------
-------------------
Term
%syc(ology synt(esis cardiac
electrocardiogra%(y gastric
der#atitis der#ato%lasty angiogra%(y
onyc(oto#y
>8 Lo6ate t1e root 3or2 in t1e follo3ing me2i6al terms an2 t1en
3rite
2o3n 31at you t1in7 t1eir meaning mig1t 4e
1
1
1
0
0
0
"$ -(e skin is 'ell-%rotected against in4uries$
2$ -(e 'ounds (eal 2uickly i) only t(e e%ider#is is a))ected$
3$ -(e e%ider#al cells #o,e a'ay )ro# t(e 'ound$
7
I*>8 Listen to t1e passage an2 3rite <T= for true statements an2
<F=
for false statements8
)8 LI!TENIN, FOCU!
!$ 6re t(e nurses record te#%erature care)ully8
7$ =o t(e base#ent #e#brane situated bet'een t(e der#is and t(e
e%ider#is$
6$ 6ll (u#an beings (as t(e skin$
5$ a# study at t(e >??@$
4$ =oes t(e 'eig(t o) t(e (u#an skin is 5 kg8
3$ -(e college does not o%ens at 7: e,ery #orning$
2$ @(e o%erate ten %atients e,ery day$
"$ =o all #a##als (as t(e skin8
>III8 Re3rite t1e follo3ing senten6es$
6$ 9$he 'kin
5$ 9$he 'kin
!
-(e '(ite blood cells enter to consu#e dead+ dying cells etc$
-(e e%ider#al cells )or# a s(eet o) cells o,er t(e 'ound$
-(e )ibroblast is )or#ed t(at enters t(e 'ound$
6 clot is )or#ed to sto% blood )lo'$
-(e scab dro%s o))$
-(e collagen and ot(er #olecules re%air t(e der#is$
-(e blood clot )or#s a scab$
a$
b$ c$ d$ e$ )$
g$
>*8 Listen to t1e passage an2 put t1e senten6es in or2er8
1
1
1
1
0
0 0 0
4$ -(e cells di,ide to )or# t(e layers o) t(e der#is$
5$ 6 clot )or#s to sto% t(e blood i) t(e 'ound is dee%er$
6$ -(e collagen and ot(er #olecules re%air t(e der#is$
7$ -(e scab %eels o)) be)ore t(e restoration o) nor#al skin$
'indo': a #e#brane t(at )ronts t(e inner ear$ Vibrations o) t(e eardru#
#o,e t(e
(a##er$ -(e #otion o) t(e (a##er #o,es t(e an,il '(ic( in turn #o,es
t(e stirru%$ 6s sound ,ibrations %ass )ro# t(e relati,ely large area o) t(e
eardru# t(roug( t(e c(ain o) bones+ '(ic( (a,e a s#aller area+ t1eir )orce
is concentrated$ -(is concentration a#%li)ies+ or increases+ t(e sound 4ust
be)ore it %asses t(roug(
9
2"
22
23
24
25
26
-(e (a##er is %artly em4e22e2 in t(e eardru#+ and t(e stirru% fits into t(e
o,al
t(e #alleus+ or (a##erA t(e incus+ or an,ilA and t(e sta%es+ or stirru%$ -(e
stirru% is
t(e tiniest bone in t(e body+ being smaller t1an a grain o) rice$
-(e eardru# se%arates t(e outer ear )ro# t(e #iddle ear$ 6 narro'
passage3ay
called t(e eustac(ian tube connects t(e #iddle ear to t(e t(roat and t(e back
o) t(e nose$ -(e #iddle ear is a narro'+ air-)illed c(a#ber t1at e*tends
,ertically )or about "5 ## 0about $6 in1 and )or nearly t(e sa#e distance
(ori5ontally$ 3nside t(is c(a#ber is a linked c(ain o) t(ree ossicles+ or ,ery
s#all bones$ &ot( t(e Latin and co##on na#es o) t(ese bones are 2erive2
from t1eir s(a%es$ T1ey are called
lo'er %art o) t(e auricle+ contains #ostly )atty tissues$
liga#ents and #uscles$ It consists largely o) elastic cartilage+ and its s(a%e
(el%s
collect sound 'a,es )ro# t(e air$ -(e earlobe+ or lobule+ 31i61 1angs from
t(e
!
9
"
""
"2
"3
"4
"5
"6
"7
"!
"9
2
-(e outer ear is #ade u% o) t(e auricle or %inna and t(e outer auditory
canal$ -(e
auricle is t(e cur,ed %art o) t(e ear atta61e2 to t(e side o) t(e (ead by
s#all
outer and #iddle ears )unction only )or (earing+ '(ile t(e inner ear also
ser,es t(e
)unctions o) balance and orientation$
but (a,e ot(er structures or organs t1at ser,e si#ilar )unctions$ -(e #ost
co#%le*
and (ig(ly de,elo%ed ears are t(ose o) #a##als$ Like t(e ears o) ot(er
#a##als+ t(e (u#an ear 6onsists of t(ree sections: t(e outer+ #iddle+ and
inner ear$ -(e
backbones+ (a,e ears$ 3n,ertebrate ani#als+ su61 as 4elly)is( and insects+
lack ears
or ani#als 'it(
$Bar is t(e organ o) (earing and balance$ Cnly ,ertebrates+
"
2
3
4
5
6
7
UNIT -$ T1e Ear
"
d$ in,ertebrates
c$ #a##als
b$ birds
a$ ,ertebrates
"$ Delly )is( and insects are $

that:
it: its: !hich: that: their: the":
their:
"$ Line 7 3
2$ Line 7 "
3$ Line 7 "
4$ Line 7 ""
5$ Line 7 "5
6$ Line 7 "!
7$ Line 7 "!
!$ Line 7 25
refer to$
3$ W(at are t(e ,arious %arts o) an ear8
2$ =o all ani#als (a,e ears8
"$ :o' do #a##als listen8
.8 READIN, FOCU!
inner ear+ or labyrint(+ '(ic( contains organs o) bot( (earing and balance$
-(e
t(ree #ain structures o) t(e inner ear are t(e coc(lea+ t(e ,estibule+ and t(e
t(ree se#icircular canals$
-(e c(ain o) bones in t(e #iddle ear lea2s into t(e con,oluted structures o)
t(e
32
3"
32
33
t(e o,al 'indo' and into t(e inner ear$ W(en loud noises %roduce
,iolent
,ibrations+ t'o s#all #uscles+ called t(e tensor ty#%ani and t(e
sta%edius+ contract and li#it t(e #o,e#ent o) t(e ossicles+ t(us %rotecting
t(e #iddle and inner ear )ro# da#age$
27
2!
29
3
-(ese t(ree bones are na#ed according to t(eir s(a%es$
5
-(is %art o) t(e ear (as a co#%le* #ec(anis# o) %rotecting t(e #iddle and
inner ear )ro# da#age$
4
?a##als (a,e e*tre#ely de,elo%ed ears t(at consist o) t(ree sections$
3
-(is %art o) t(e ear is #ainly res%onsible )or (earing and balance
2
-(is %art o) t(e ear gat(ers sound 'a,es )ro# t(e air$
"
/aragrap1
Title
No
""
I*8 Rea2 t1e follo3ing main i2eas an2 mat61 t1em 3it1 t1e relevant
paragrap1s8 0rite t1e num4er of paragrap1 in t1e 4o:8
d$ outer ear
c$ labyrint(
b$ c(ain o) bones
a$ #iddle ear
"$ -(e contains organs o) bot( (earing and balance$
d$ air
c$ eardru#
b$ (a##er
a$ an,il
9$ -(e #otion o) t(e #o,es t(e stirru%$
d$ (a##er
c$ eardru#
b$ o,al 'indo'
a$ stirru%
!$ -(e is a #e#brane t(at )ronts t(e inner ear$
d$ ne,er e,er
c$ ne,er
b$ al'ays
a$ so#eti#es
7$ Latin na#es are deri,ed )ro# t(eir s(a%es$
c$ in t(e #iddle o) d$ in )ront o)
b$ belo'
a$ abo,e
6$ -(e eardru# is t(e outer ear and #iddle ear$
d$ lobule
a$ )atty tissues b$ elastic cartilage c$ liga#ents
5$ -(e earlobe consists o) $
d$ is e#bedded in
c$$ )its into
a$ (angs )ro# b$ is attac(ed to
4$ -(e %inna t(e side o) t(e (ead$
c$ only orientation d$ a+ b E c$
a$ only (earing b$ only balance
3$ -(e )unction o) t(e inner ear is $
d$ 3nsects
c$ ?a##als
b$ 3n,ertebrates
a$ Vertebrates
(a,e (ig(ly de,elo%ed ears$
2$
su61 as, 6onsist of, ?4e@ atta61e2 to, ?4e@ 1ang from,
passage3ay, ?4e@
2erive2 from, ?4e@ smaller t1an, ?4e@ em4e22e2 in, fit into,
lea2 into
"2
synonym from passage
3or2
"$sa#e 0%aragra%(7 "1
2$'ork 0%aragra%(7 "1
3$%arts 0%aragra%(7 "1
*II8 Loo7 at t1e follo3ing 3or2s an2 t1en rea2 t1e relevant
paragrap1s
fin2 t1eir synonyms8
-(e %assage'ay t(e e*a#ination block$
>??@ 6l-:ada (os%ital )or t(e ne*t )i,e years$
6 dictionary usually an encyclo%edia$
5$
6$
7$
!$
'it(out any di))iculty$
-(e arro' t(e 'all$
Fa(d 'as able to all t(e e2ui%#ent t(e leat(er case
-(e c(andelier t(e ceiling$
B,erybody (as to %ass t(roug( t(e to enter t(e #ain
(all$
?ost #edical ter#s Latin and Freek ter#inology$
"$
2$
3$
4$
*I8 Complete t1e senten6es 3it1 t1ese e:pressions93or2s from
t1e
to sto% so#et(ing
unusual
necessary
Column
to %ass out
Column A
)$ re#arkable
g$ %rotecti,e
-8 *OCAULAR( FOCU!
*8 Mat61 t1ese 3or2s from t1e rea2ing 3it1 t1eir meaning in
Column 8
5e6tomy, 5gram, 5grap1, 5grap1y, 5meter, 5metry,
5plasty, 5s6ope, 5s6opy, 5tomy
sinus<o
gestr<o
trac(e<o
%(oto+
%(yc<o+
angio+
dia+
r(ino+
oste<o+
Definition
Me2i6al Term
Rooy
"3
I>8 Rea2 t1e t1ir2 paragrap1 an2 6ir6le all t1e a2Ae6tives8 0rite t1em
2o3n on t1e lines given 4elo38
*III8 Mat61 t1e follo3ing suffi:es to t1e roots provi2e2 to ma7e me2i6al
terms8 0rite 2o3n t1eir meaning as 3ell8
4$consist o) 0%aragra%(7 21
5$,oice 0%aragra%(7 21
6$(a,e 0%aragra%(7 21
7$not 'ide 0%aragra%(7 31
!$roo# 0%aragra%(7 31
9$t(e s#allest 0%aragra%(7 31
small t1in fast 1eavyt1i67 4ig
fle:i4le 6omplete intelligent ;ualifie2 4rig1t
"4
3$ rubber < 'ood
2$ trees < )lo'ers
"$ (u#an skin < lion.s skin
E#am$e: c(ild.s (eart < adult.s (eart
6 c(ild.s (eart beats )aster t(an an adult.s (eart$
senten6es 31i61 ma7e logi6al 6omparisons 4et3een t1e given
items8
t1en 3rite 2o3n
>I8 C1oose t1e appropriate a2Ae6tive from t1e list an2
!$ W(at is t(e )unction o) t(e tensor ty#%ani and sta%edius8
7$ W(at is t(e si5e o) t(e stirru%8
6$ W(at are t(e na#es o) t(e t(ree ossicles8
5$ W(at connects t(e #iddle ear to t(e t(roat8
4$ W(at is t(e s(a%e o) t(e #iddle ear8
3$ W(at are t(e di))erent )unctions o) t(ree sections o) t(e ear8
2$ W(at kind o) ears do t(e #a##als (a,e8
"$ W(o are ,ertebrates8
+8 0RITIN, FOCU!
>8 0rite 2o3n t1e ans3ers to t1e follo3ing ;uestions8
0
2$ =etection o) sound ,ibrations is called (earing$
"5
1
1
"$ @ound is a series o) ,ibrations #o,ing as 'a,es t(roug( solids only$ 0
)8 LI!TENIN, FOCU!
<F=
Ble%(ants are t(e biggest t(an s(ee%$
!$
6ll t(e students e*ce%t 6li is a student at >??@$
7$
:u#an body co,ers by t(e skin$
6$
6re t(ey s%eak Bnglis( at (o#e8
5$
6 co#%uters is )ast t(an ty%e'riter$
4$
-(e e%ider#is is t(in t(an t(e der#is$
3$
=o t(e eardru# se%arate t(e outer ear8
2$
-(e %atient o%erated by =r$ Gi(ad$
"$
>II8 0rite 2o3n t1e 6orre6t versions of t1e follo3ing senten6es8
!$ (eart < kidney
7$ doctor < nurse
6$ ele%(ant < s(ee%
5$ sunlig(t < #oonlig(t
4$ #a##als. ears < ot(er ,ertebrates. ears
"6
H 'a,es t(roug( air 9 ear or ot(er gases+ li2uids+ or solids$
-(e 2ire6tion 9 2ete6tion o) ,ibrations %assing t(roug( t(eH
@o#eti#es sound 'a,es are transferre2 9 transmitte2 to t(e inner earH
H by a met1o2 9 system o) (earing H
Hcalled bone 6ontra6tion 9 6on2u6tion$
Cnly a 6learly 9 relatively s#all %art o) a nor#al %erson.sH$ I
-(e auricles also sele6t 9 1elp locateH
H t(e 2ire6tion 9 2ete6tion o) sound$ I
?any animals 9 mammals+ es%eciallyH
H the ones % those 'it( large ears$$
"$
2$
3$
4$
5$
6$
7$
!$
9$
"$
$
>*8 Listen to t1e passage an2 6ir6le t1e 6orre6t 3or28
1
1
1
1
1
0
0 0
0
0
6ll ani#als can detect ,ibrations %assing t(roug( t(e ground
:u#ans can not (ear ,ibrations %assing t(roug( gases$
@o#e %eo%le (ear t(eir o'n ,oice %artly by bone conduction
:u#ans (ear %ri#arily by detecting airborne sound 'a,es$ -(e auricles
can not (el% locate t(e direction o) sound$
3$
4$
5$
6$
7$
o) bot( lungs (a,e a total sur)ace area o) about 93 s2 # 0about " s2 )t1+
nearly
"
7
cluster o) t(in-'alled sacs+ called t(e al,eoli 0a single sac is called an
al,eolus1$
Fro# 3 #illion to 4 #illion al,eoli are 6ontaine2 in eac( lung$ -(e air
sacs
e,en narro'er tubes called al,eolar ducts$ Bac( al,eolar duct en2s in a
gra%elike
-(e branc(es o) t(e bronc(i e,entually narro' do'n to tubes o) less t(an
"$2 ##
0less t(an $4 in1 in dia#eter$ -(ese tubes+ called t(e bronc(ioles+ 2ivi2e
into
called t(e %leura$ -(e outer layer o) t(e %leura )or#s t(e lining o) t(e c(est
ca,ity$
structure called t(e #ediastinu# 31i61 contains t(e (eart+ trac(ea+
eso%(agus+ and
blood ,essels$ &ot( rig(t and le)t lungs are 6overe2 4y an e*ternal
#e#brane
t(ree lobes: t(e su%erior+ #iddle+ and in)erior$ -(e t'o lungs are separate2
4y a
"4
"5
"6
"7
"!
"9
2
2"
22
23
24
25
26
3n t(e adult (u#an+ eac( lung is 25 to 3 c# 0" to "2 in1 long and
roug(ly
conical$ -(e le)t lung is di,ided into t'o sections or lobes: t(e su%erior and
t(e in)erior$ -(e rig(t lung is some31at larger t(an t(e le)t lung and is
di,ided into
body t(roug( t(e nostrils or t(e #out(+ %assing do'n t(e t(roat to t(e
laryn*+ or
,oice bo*+ and t(en to t(e trac(ea+ or 'ind%i%e$ 3n t(e c(est ca,ity t(e
trac(ea di,ides into t'o branc(es+ called t(e rig(t and le)t bronc(i or t(e
bronc(ial tubes t1at enter t(e lungs$
6ir tra,els to t(e lungs t(roug( a series of air tubes and %assages$ It enters
t(e
9
"
""
"2
"3
all #a##als+ birds+ and re%tiles$ ?ost a#%(ibians and a )e' s%ecies o) )is(
also
(a,e lungs$ 3n (u#ans t(e lungs occu%y a large %ortion o) t(e c(est ca,ity
)ro# t(e collarbone do'n to t(e dia%(rag#+ a 2ome5s1ape2 s(eet o)
#uscle t1at 'alls o)) t(e c(est ca,ity )ro# t(e abdo#inal ca,ity$ 6t birt(
t(e lungs are %ink+ but as a %erson ages+ t1ey beco#e gray and #ottled )ro#
tiny %articles breat(ed in 'it( t(e air$ Fenerally+ %eo%le '(o li,e in cities
and industrial areas (a,e darker lungs t(an t1ose '(o li,e in t(e country$
Lungs are s%ongy organs use2 in breat(ing and res%iration$ Lungs are
%resent in
"
2
3
4
5
6
7
!
UNIT +$ T1e Lungs
"!
d$ lungs
c$ dia%(rag#
b$ c(est ca,ity
a$ collar bone
2$ 6 do#e-s(a%ed s(eet o) #uscles is called 0t(e1 $
d$ a+ b E c$
c$ Re%tiles
b$ &irds
a$ ?a##als
"$ (a,e t(e lungs$

that:
the": those: it: that:
!hich:
!hich:
"$ Line 7 5
2$ Line 7 6
3$ Line 7 !
4$ Line 7 9
5$ Line 7 "3
6$ Line 7 "!
7$ Line 7 29
refer to$
3$ W(at organ o) (u#an body is res%onsible )or breat(ing8
2$ >an 'e breat(e on ot(er %lanets8
"$ >an (u#an beings breat(e in 'ater8
.8 READIN, FOCU!
recei,e t(e blood )ro# t(e arteries and e#%ty into t(e ,eins$ -(e arteries
4oin to
)or# t(e %ul#onary arteries+ and t(e ,eins 4oin to )or# t(e %ul#onary
,eins$ -(ese large blood ,essels connect t(e lungs 'it( t(e (eart$
3n addition to t(e net'ork o) air tubes+ t(e lungs also contain a ,ast net'ork
o) t(e
blood ,essels$ Bac( al,eolus is surroun2e2 4y #any tiny ca%illaries+
31i61
5 ti#es t(e total sur)ace area o) t(e skin$
27
2!
29
3
3"
32
t(e lungs in (u#an beings
5
si5e o) t(e lungs
4
sub-di,isions o) t(e bronc(ial tubes
3
blood su%%ly in t(e lungs
2
air %assage in t(e lungs
"
/aragrap1
Title
No

2$ -(e collarbone consists o) a do#e-s(a%ed s(eet o) #uscles$ 0
"9

1
1
0
"$ 6ll a#%(ibians (a,e lungs$
for false statement8 01i61 line is t1e information lo6ate2B
*8 Rea2 t1e passage an2 3rite < T= for true statement an2 < F=
I*8 Rea2 t1e follo3ing main i2eas an2 mat61 t1em 3it1 t1e relevant
d$ narro' tubes
b$ al,eolar ducts c$ t(in-'alled sacs
a$ gra%es
"$ -(e al,eoli are $
d$ neit(er a nor b
a$ bronc(ioles b$ al,eolar ducts c$ bot( a E b
9$ 6not(er na#e )or t(e bronc(i is 0t(e1 $
d$ bigger t(an a Eb
c$ s#aller t(an a Eb
b$ $4 in
a$ "$2 ##
!$ -(e dia#eter o) t(e bronc(i is $
d$ &ot( lungs
c$ Go Lungs
a$ -(e le)t lung b$ -(e rig(t lung
7$ are co,ered by an e*ternal #e#brane called t(e %leura$
d$ %resses
c$$ connects
b$ co#bines
a$ di,ides
6$ -(e #ediastinu# t'o lungs$
c$ bronc(ial tubes d$ 'ind %i%e
b$ trac(ea
a$ branc(es
5$ 6not(er na#e )or le)t and rig(t bronc(i is 0t(e1 $
d$ (ealt(ier
c$ s#aller
b$ darker
a$ larger
4$ Jeo%le '(o li,e in countryside (a,e lungs t(an t(e %eo%le in
cities$
d$ lungs
c$ s%onge
b$ air
a$ dia%(rag#
$
3$ -(e c(est ca,ity is se%arated )ro# t(e abdo#inal ca,ity by 0t(e1
contain#ent
li,e
di,ided
generally
occu%ation
di,ide
connecti,ely
connected
connect
connection
a2ver4
a2Ae6tive
ver4
noun
?4e@ use2 in, 2ome5s1ape2, a series of , some31at larger, ?4e@ separate2
4y, ?4e@ 6overe2 4y, 2ivi2e into, en2 in,
?4e@ 6ontaine2 in, ?4e@ surroun2e2 4y
2
-(is %assage'ay a beauti)ul la'n$
@o#e cells t'o and #ulti%ly$
?illions o) ne%(rons (u#an kidneys$
-(e uni,ersity ca#%us a 'ell-lit boundary 'all$
Jenicillin co##only t(e treat#ent o) in)ections$
-(e der#is and e%ider#is t(e base#ent #e#brane$
-(e bodies o) ani#als t(at li,e in cold areas usually t(ick (air$
"$
2$
3$
4$
5$
6$
7$
*II8 Complete t1e senten6es 3it1 t1ese e:pressions93or2s from t1e
-8 *OCAULAR( FOCU!
3
$
*I8 Complete t1e ta4le 3it1 appropriate forms of t1e 3or2s given8
Loo7 at t1e e:ample8
"$ Bac( al,eolus recei,es t(e blood )ro# t(e arteries$
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0
-(e lungs beco#e grey as a %erson gro's$
6ir tra,els to a series o) tubes t(roug( t(e lungs$ -(e trac(ea di,ides
into t'o bronc(ial tubes$
-(e rig(t lung is bigger t(an t(e le)t lung$ -(e #ediastinu#
se%arates t(e t'o lungs$
-(e branc(es o) t(e bronc(i are s#aller t(an t(e bronc(ioles$
-(e al,eolar ducts are gra%elike clusters$
3$
4$
5$
6$
7$
!$
9$
"
2$
-y
"
2$
-sis
"
2$
-is#
"
2$
-ia
Definition
Term
!uffi:
2"
8
2efinition as 3ell8
I>8 0rite t3o e:amples ea61 for t1e follo3ing suffi:es8 0rite 2o3n
t1eir

"$ grou% 0%aragra%(7 41

distinct kinds 0%aragra%(7 "1
to take u% 0%aragra%(7 "1 tiny %arts 0%aragra%(7 "1 s%ace 0%aragra%(7 21
subdi,isions 0%aragra%(7 21 gro'n-u% 0%aragra%(7 31 container 0%aragra%(7 31
outer 0%aragra%(7 31
lastly 0%aragra%(7 41
"$
2$
3$
4$
5$
6$
7$
!$
9$
synonym from passage

3or2
*III8 Loo7 at t1e follo3ing 3or2s an2 t1en rea2 t1e relevant
paragrap1s
a)ter-s(ocks$
!$ 6 big eart(2uake is usually )ollo'ed by
22

8
5$ 6ir enters t(e body through the nostrils$

8
4$ %ost amphibians (a,e t(e lungs$

8
3$ :u#an beings breat(e to inhale o(ygen$

8
2$ -(e (eart is located bet&een the lungs$

8
"$ $he lungs are used in breat(ing$
E:ample$ #li co#es to >??@ at 9: by car to take an e*a#$
&ho co#es to >??@ at 9: by car to take an e*a#8
>II8 0rite 015 ;uestions for t1e follo3ing statements8 Ma7e
;uestions
for t1e un2erline2 3or2s8
"2$
""$
"$

7$
!$
9$
+8 0RITIN, FOCU!
>I8 ,o 4a67 to E:er6ise * an2 6orre6t t1e false statements on
t1e lines, 4elo38
>8 Rea2 t1e t1ir2 paragrap1 an2 6ir6le all t1e 6ommon nouns8
0rite
t1em 2o3n on t1e lines given 4elo38
?4e@ use2 in, a series of , some31at larger, ?4e@ separate2
4y,
?4e@ 6overe2 4y, 2ivi2e into, ?4e@ 6ontaine2 in, ?4e@ surroun2e2
4y
23
3$ W(at 'aste %roduct is )or#ed during aerobic res%iration8
2$ W(at is essential )or aerobic res%iration8
"$ W(at is breat(ing8
)8 LI!TENIN, FOCU!
I*>8 Listen to t1e passage an2 ans3er t1e follo3ing ;uestions8

9
"$
2$
3$
4$
5$
6$
7$
!$
>III8 0riting, use t1e follo3ing e:pressions from E:er6ise *II
in your
o3n senten6es8

8
!$ 6ntibiotics are used to treat infections$

8
7$ -(e outer ear collects sound &aves$

8
6$ -(e classes start at 2811$
24

res%iration
b$

breat(ing
a$
>*8 Listen to t1e passage an2 6ount 1o3 many times t1e
follo3ing 3or2s
are use28
$
5$ W(o breat(es about 4 breat(s %er #inute8
4$ :o' #any ti#es an adult nor#ally breat(e8
25
,ein in a radiating %attern$ Cn t(e outside sur)ace o) eac( lobule are s#all
,eins+
ducts+ and arteries t(at carry )luids to and )ro# t(e lobules$ 6s t(e li,er does
its
'ork+ nutrients are collected+ 'astes are re#o,ed+ and c(e#ical substances
are release2 into t(e body t(roug( t(ese ,essels$
i nto t(e (e%atic ,ein+ '(ic( carries blood out o) t(e li,er$ :undreds o)
cubed-
s(a%ed li,er cells+ called t(e (e%atocytes+ are arrange2 aroun2 t(e lobuleKs
central
consists o) t'o #ain lobes+ le)t and rig(t+ 31i61 o,erla% slig(tly$ -(e rig(t
lobe
(as t'o s#aller lobes attac(ed to it+ called t(e 2uadrate and caudate
lobes$ Bac( lobe contains #any t(ousands o) units called t(e lobules t(at
are t(e building blocks o) t(e li,er$ -(e lobules are si*-sided structures eac(
about " ## 0$4 in1
across$ 6 tiny ,ein runs t1roug1 t(e center o) eac( lobule and e,entually
2rains
=es%ite its #any co#%le* )unctions+ t(e li,er is relatively simple in
structure$ 3t
"5
"6
"7
"!
"9
2
2"
22
23
24
25
26
a t t(e to% o) t(e abdo#en+ on t(e rig(t side o) t(e body 4ust belo'
t(e
dia%(rag#/a s(eet o) #uscle tissue t(at se%arates t(e lungs )ro# t(e
abdo#inal organs$ -(e lo'er %art o) t(e rib cage co,ers t(e li,er+ %rotecting
it )ro# in4ury$ 3n
a (ealt(y adult+ t(e li,er 3eig1s a4out "$5 kg 03 lb1 and is about "5 c# 06
in1 t(ick$
-(e (u#an li,er is a dark red-bro'n organ 'it( a so)t+ s%ongy te*ture$ 3t is
lo6ate2
"
""
"2
"3
"4
storing reser,es o) nutrients+ )iltering %oisons and 'astes )ro# t(e
blood+
synt(esi5ing a ,ariety o) %roteins+ and regulating t(e le,els o) #any
c(e#icals )ound in t(e bloodstrea#$ -(e li,er is uni2ue a#ong t(e body.s
,ital organs in t(at it can regenerate+ or gro' back cells t1at (a,e been
destroyed by so#e s(ort-ter# in4ury or disease$ &ut i) t(e li,er is da#aged
re%eatedly o,er a long %eriod o) ti#e+ it #ay undergo irre,ersible c(anges
t(at %er#anently inter)ere 'it( )unction$
$ -(e li,er is t(e largest internal organ o) t(e (u#an body$ -(e li,er+ '(ic(
is %art
o) t(e digesti,e syste#+ %er)or#s #ore t(an 5 di))erent )unctions+ all o)
31i61 are essential to li)e$ 3ts essential )unctions include (el%ing t(e body
to digest )ats+
"
2
3
4
5
6
7
!
9
UNIT )$ T1e Liver
26
d$ resi5e
c$ re%roduce
b$ recycle
a$ redesign
2$ -(e li,er can t(e destroyed cells$
d$ none
c$ bot( a E b
b$ digesti,e syste#
a$ li,er
"$ -(e %er)or#s #ore t(an 5 di))erent )unctions$

!hich:
it: that: it:
!hich: its: that:
it:
"$ Line 7 2
2$ Line 7 7
3$ Line 7 7
4$ Line 7 "3
5$ Line 7 "6
6$ Line 7 24
7$ Line 7 3"
!$ Line 7 32
refer to$
3$ W(at ,ital organ (as t(e ability to regenerate destroyed cells8
2$ W(at is t(e largest ,ital organ in (u#an body8
.8 READIN, FOCU!
"$ W(at are t(e ,ital organs in (u#an body8
-(ese
)ro# t(e digesti,e tract+ '(ere it collects nutrients as )ood is digested$
nutrients are 2elivere2 to t(e li,er )or )urt(er %rocessing or storage$
%ercent o) t(e li,erKs blood su%%ly+ carries t(e blood to t(e li,er t1at (as
tra,eled
;nlike #ost organs+ '(ic( (a,e a single blood su%%ly+ t(e li,er recei,es
t(e blood
)ro# t'o sources$ -(e (e%atic artery deli,ers o*ygen-ric( blood )ro# t(e
(eart+ su%%lying about 25 %ercent o) t(e li,erKs blood$ -(e li,er also
recei,es o*ygen- de%leted blood )ro# t(e (e%atic %ortal ,ein$ -(is ,ein+
'(ic( is t1e sour6e of 75
27
2!
29
3
3"
32
33
li,er structure
4
location o) t(e li,er
3
li,er )unctions
2
blood su%%ly
"
/aragrap1
!u4titles
No
27
I*8 Rea2 t1e follo3ing su4titles an2 mat61 t1em 3it1 t1e relevant
d$ (e%atic ,ein
c$ digesti,e tract
b$ lobules
a$ (e%atic artery
"$ -(e is t(e #a4or source o) blood su%%ly to t(e li,er$
d$ a+ b+ E c$
c$ only arteries
b$ only ducts
a$ only ,eins
9$ carry )luids to and )ro# t(e lobules$
d$ lobe
c$ (e%atic ,ein
b$ lobule
a$ tiny ,ein
!$ -(e carries blood out o) t(e li,er$
d$ dia#eter
c$ circu#)erence
b$ radius
a$ (eig(t
7$ -(e lobules are si*-sided structures (a,ing a o) " ##$
d$ and
c$ yet
b$ t(oug(
a$ because
6$ -(e li,er is relati,ely si#%le in structure its )unctions are co#%le*$
d$ none
c$ dia%(rag#
a$ s%ongy te*ture b$ li,er
5$ 0-(e1 se%arates t(e lungs )ro# t(e abdo#en$
d$ at t(e to% o)
c$ beside
b$ under
a$ belo'
4$ -(e li,er is situated t(e abdo#en$
d$ si#ilar to
b$ unlike
ot(er ,ital organs$
c$ sa#e as
3$ -(e li,er is
a$ like
?4e@ essential to, ?4e@ lo6ate2 at, 3eig1 a4out, ?4e@ relatively
simple, run t1roug1, 2rain into, ?4e@ arrange2
aroun2, ?4e@ release2 into, ?4e@ t1e sour6e of, ?4e@
2elivere2 to
2!
!$ -(e (u#an #ind control and co##and )or all (u#an
acti,ities$
7$ C*ygenated blood all body %arts by t(e arteries$
6$ :u#an digesti,e syste# as co#%ared to ot(er syste#s$
distributed to t(e '(ole city$
5$ Water sustain li)e on eart($
4$ -(e 'ater su%%ly continuously t(e #ain %i%e to
be
3$ 6ll ,eins t(e blood (u#an (eart$
2$ -(e blood '(ole (u#an body to %ro,ide o*ygen$
"$ 6 ne'-born baby 7 to ! lbs$
*I8 Complete t1e senten6es 3it1 t1ese e:pressions93or2s from
t1e
+8 *OCAULAR( FOCU!
!$ -(e (e%atic %ortal ,ein is H
li,er
25L o) li,er.s blood su%%ly$
#ay cause irre,ersible (ar# to t(e
6$ -(e (e%atocytes are H
7$ -(e (e%atic artery is res%onsible )or H
su%%ly
%rotects t(e li,er )ro# in4uries$
9 t(e #a4or source o) li,er.s blood
cubed-s(a%ed cells$
4$ -(e lo'er %art o) t(e rib cage
5$ -(e 2uadrate and caudate lobes are
are %er)or#ed by t(e li,er$
attac(ed to t(e rig(t lobe$
gro' back its cells$
H
"$ 5 di))erent )unctions
2$ -(e li,er can H
3$ Re%eated da#age H
Column
Column A
*8 Mat61 t1e senten6e part in 6olumn A 3it1 its part in 6olumn
8
"
2$
-ist
"
2$
-ics
"
2$
-iatry
"
2$
-iatrics
"
2$
-ian
Definition
Term
!uffi:
29
*III8 0rite t3o e:amples ea61 for t1e follo3ing suffi:es8 0rite 2o3n
t1eir
2efinition as 3ell8
4$ distribute 0%aragra%(7 41
k$ collect 0%aragra%(7 41

reco,erable 0%aragra%(7 "1
4oin 0%aragra%(7 21 sick 0%aragra%(7 21 detac(ed 0%aragra%(7 31 initially
0%aragra%(7 31 anne*ed 0%aragra%(7 31
d$
e$ )$ g$ ($ i$
a$ e*ternal 0%aragra%(7 "1
b$ e*clude 0%aragra%(7 "1
c$ intact 0%aragra%(7 "1
antonym from passage
3or2
paragrap1s
"
2$
-logy
3
2$ W(at is t(e )unction o) t(e lo'er %art o) t(e rib cage8
"$ :o' is t(e li,er di))erent )ro# ot(er ,ital organs8
+8 0RITIN, FOCU!
>I8 0rite 2o3n t1e ans3ers to t1e follo3ing ;uestions8
>8 Rea2 t1e first paragrap1 an2 6ir6le all t1e ver4s8 0rite t1em
(ard
)or#ation
%oison
e*aggerated )ear
narro'
nouris(#ent < de,elo%#ent
sound
c(ild or )oot
disease
#ind
s%eec(
"$ %at(<o
2$ %ed<o
3$ %(as<o
4$ %las<o
5$ %(ob<o
6$ %syc(<o
7$ scler<o
!$ son<o
9$ sten<o
"$ to*ic<o
""$ tro%(<o
I>8 Mat61 t1e follo3ing general roots 3it1 t1eir meanings8
2elivere2 to
3"
3$ send e-#ails to )riends
2$ slee% in t(e a)ternoon
"$ &atch $9 at night
E:ample$ speak 6rabic in class
3 al3ays,9 usually or sel2om s%eak 6rabic in class$
>III8 0rite 2o3n senten6es li7e t1e e:ample using t1e fre;uen6y
a2ver4
t1at 4est suits you88

9

"$
2$
3$
4$
5$
6$
7$
E:er6ise *II in your
>II8 0riting, use t1e follo3ing e:pressions from
o3n senten6es8
5$ W(at are t'o sources o) blood su%%ly to t(e li,er8
4$ W(ere are t(e (e%atocytes situated8
3$ W(at are t(e lobules8
#aintaining glucose le,el in t(e blood
=
digesting li%ids or )ats
>
%roducing %roteins
&
storing ,ita#in su%%lies
6
/aragrap1
Main i2ea
No
32
>*8 Listen to t1e passage an2 mat61 t1e main i2eas to t1e relate2
paragrap188
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0 0 0 0 0
0
"$ Flucose is #ade )ro# glycogen$
2$ >reation o) glycogen is called glycogenesis$
3$ Flycogen is a carbo(ydrate$
4$ 6 yello'is(-bro'n li2uid called salt contains t(e bile$
5$ -(e bile is concentrated in t(e s#all intestine$
6$ -(e albu#in is %roduced in t(e blood$
7$ -(e globin is %roduced in t(e li,er$
)8 LI!TENIN, FOCU!
I*>8 Listen to t1e passage an2 3rite <T= for true statements an2 <F=
!$ take do'n notes during classes
7$ talk to #y teac(ers in t(eir o))ices
6$ absent )ro# classes
5$ co#e to t(e college at !:
4$ eat rice )or break)ast
i nto t(e s%aces bet'een t(e %yra#ids+ )or#ing structures called renal
colu#ns$ 6t
3
3
-(e outer#ost layer o) t(e kidney is called t(e corte*$ &eneat( t(e corte*
lies t(e
#edulla+ an area t1at contains )ro# ! to "! cone-s(a%ed sections kno'n as
%yra#ids '(ic( are )or#ed al#ost entirely o) bundles o) #icrosco%ic
tubules$ -(e ti%s o) t(ese %yra#ids point to3ar2 t(e center o) t(e kidney$
-(e corte* e:ten2s
2"
22
23
24
25
t(e bloodstrea#$ Fortunately+ a (ealt(y kidney can easily rid t(e body o)
t(ese
substances$
6 %ri#ary )unction o) kidneys is t(e re#o,al o) %oisonous 'astes )ro# t(e
blood$
>(ie) a#ong t(ese 'astes are t(e nitrogen-containing co#%ounds urea and
uric acid+ '(ic( result )ro# t(e breakdo'n o) %roteins and nucleic
acids$ Life5 t1reatening illnesses occur '(en too #any o) t1ese 'aste
%roducts a66umulate in
"5
"6
"7
"!
"9
2
called a renal ca%sule '(ic( (el%s %rotect it against trau#a and in)ection$
-(e
conca,e %art o) t(e kidney attac(es to t'o o) t(e body.s crucial blood
,essels/t(e renal artery and t(e renal ,ein/and t(e ureter+ a tubelike
structure t1at carries urine to t(e bladder$
T1ey are situated belo' t(e #iddle o) t(e back+ beneat( t(e li,er on t(e
rig(t and
t(e s%leen on t(e le)t$ Bac( kidney is en6ase2 in a trans%arent+ )ibrous
#e#brane
-(e kidneys lie against t(e rear 'all o) t(e abdo#en+ on eit1er si2e of t(e
s%ine$
!
9
"
""
"2
"3
"4
bladder+ t'o ureters and t(e single uret(ra+ t(e kidneys #ake u% t(e body.s
urinary
syste#$ :u#an beings+ as 'ell as #e#bers o) all ot(er ,ertebrate
s%ecies+ ty%ically (a,e t'o kidneys$
-(e kidneys are %aired organ '(ose )unctions include re#o,ing 'aste
%roducts
)ro# t(e blood and regulating t(e a#ount o) )luid in t(e body$ -(e basic
units o) t(e kidneys are #icrosco%ically t(in structures called t(e ne%(rons
'(ic( )ilter t(e blood and cause 'astes to be re#o,ed in t(e )or# o) urine$
Toget1er 3it1 t(e
"
2
3
4
5
6
7
UNIT &$ T1e 'i2neys
34

the":
it: that: these: that: that: it:
!hich:
"$ Line 7 9
2$ Line 7 ""
3$ Line 7 "3
4$ Line 7 "!
5$ Line 7 22
6$ Line 7 3
7$ Line 7 35
!$ Line 7 39
refer to$
3$ W(at are t(e )unctions o) t(e kidneys8
2$ W(ere are t(e kidneys located in (u#an body8
.8 READIN, FOCU!
"$ W(at (u#an organ rese#bles beans in s(a%e8
glo#erulus$
'(ic( e*tends a narro' ,essel called t(e renal tubule$ -(is tube t'ists and
turns
until it drains into a collecting tubule t(at carries urine to'ard t(e renal
%el,is$ Jart o) t(e renal tubule+ called t(e :enle.s loo%+ beco#es e*tre#ely
narro' e*tending do'n a'ay )ro# t(e &o'#an.s ca%sule and t(en back u%
again in a ; s(a%e$ @urrounding :enle.s loo% and t(e ot(er %arts o) t(e
renal tubule is a net'ork o) t(e ca%illaries 31i61 are forme2 from a s#all
blood ,essel t(at branc(es out )ro# t(e
-(e task o) cleaning+ or )iltering+ t(e blood is %er)or#ed by #illions o)
ne%(rons+
re#arkable structures t(at e*tend bet'een t(e corte* and t(e #edulla$
;nder #agni)ication+ t(e ne%(rons look like tangles o) tiny ,essels or
tubules+ but eac( ne%(ron actually (as an orderly arrange#ent t1at #akes
%ossible )iltration o) 'astes )ro# t(e blood$ -(e %ri#ary structure in t(is
)iltering syste# is t(e glo#erulus+ a net'ork o) e*tre#ely t(in blood
,essels called t(e ca%illaries$ -(e glo#erulus is 6ontaine2 in a cu%like
structure called &o'#an.s ca%sule+ )ro#
27
2!
29
3
3"
32
33
34
35
36
37
3!
39
4
t(e center o) t(e kidney is a ca,ity called t(e renal %el,is$
26
)unction
"
/aragrap1
!u4title
No
35
I*8 Rea2 t1e follo3ing su4titles an2 mat61 t1em 3it1 t1e relevant
d$ :enle.s loo%
a$ &o'#an.s ca%sule b$ collecting tubule c$ renel %el,is
"$ -(e is a u-s(a%ed structure$
d$ 6ll a+ b+ E c
c$ 6 ne%(ron
b$ 6 #edulla
a$ 6 corte*
9$ )ilter0s1 t(e 'astes )ro# t(e blood$
d$ e*ternal
c$ inner
b$ #iddle
a$ internal
!$ -(e corte* is t(e layer o) t(e kidney$
d$ e*ternal
c$ inner
b$ #ild
a$ )atal
7$ 6ccu#ulation o) 'aste %roducts in t(e bloodstrea# causes

diseases$
d$ %roduction
c$ e*cretion
b$ detection
a$ selection
6$ 6 basic )unction o) kidneys is t(e o) %oisonous 'astes$
d$ renal ca%sule
c$ ureter
b$ renal ,ein
a$ renal artery
5$ -(e carries urine to t(e bladder$
d$ ne*t to
c$ in )ront o)
b$ beneat(
a$ abo,e
4$ -(e kidneys are situated t(e s%leen$
d$ all a+ b+ E c
c$ kidneys
b$ ureters E uret(ra
a$ a bladder
3$ ;rinary syste# is co#%rised o) $
d$ kidneys
c$ urine
b$ 'astes
a$ blood
2$ -(e ne%(rons )ilter $
d$ )our
c$ t(ree
b$ t'o
a$ one
"$ :u#an beings (a,e kidneys$
basic structure
5
structure o) t(e ne%(rons
4
location
3
basic units
2
toget1er 3it1, lie against, on eit1er si2e of, ?4e@ en6ase2 in,
a66umulate in, life5t1reatening, point to3ar2, e:ten2 into,
?4e@ 6ontaine2 in, ?4e@ forme2 from
36
yesterday$
3$ -(e #alleus t(e eardru# in (u#an ear$
2$ Fa(d t(e #isc(ie,ous boy '(o broke t(e glass )unnels
"$ =e-o*ygenated blood t(e (eart )or cleaning$
*I8 Complete t1e senten6es 3it1 t1ese e:pressions93or2s from t1e
-8 *OCAULAR( FOCU!
*8 Rea2 t1e last paragrap1 an2 la4el t1e follo3ing 2iagram of a
nep1ron8
"
ger<o
geront<o
"
der#<o
der#at<o
"
2$
cardio
Definition
Term
!uffi:
37
2$
2$
*III8 0rite t3o e:amples ea61 for t1e follo3ing suffi:es8 0rite 2o3n
t1eir
2efinition as 3ell8

synonyms from passage
3or2
a$ unnecessary 0%aragra%(7 "1
b$ cleaning i#%uritie 0%aragra%(7 "1
c$ %laced 0%aragra%(7 21
d$ under 0%aragra%(7 21
e$ causing deat( 0%aragra%(7 31
)$ (a%%en 0%aragra%(7 31
g$ co#%letely 0%aragra%(7 41
($ e*tre#ely s#all 0%aragra%(7 41
i$ done 0%aragra%(7 51
4$ signi)icant 0%aragra%(7 51
paragrap1s
dark-coloured bottles$
!$ -(er#o-sensiti,e #edicines usually
7$ :u#an kidney #illions o) ne%(rons$
6$ -(e eso%(agus t(e sto#ac($
5$ :u#an eyes are situated t(e nose$
9 local a%%lication is used )or se,ere
4$ 6 co#bination o) antibiotics
in)ections$
"
2$
oste<o
"
2$
neur<o
"
(e#<o
(e#at<o
3!
>8 Rea2 t1e t1ir2 paragrap1 an2 6ir6le all t1e prepositions8 0rite t1em
HHHHHH$$
HHHHHH$$$
HHHHHHH
%syc(otic
HHHHHH$$
HHHHHH$$$
HHHHHHH
to*icology
HHHHHH$$
HHHHHH$$$
HHHHHHH

sonogra%(y
HHHHHH$$
HHHHHH$$$
HHHHHHH

(y%ertro%(y
HHHHHH$$
HHHHHH$$$
HHHHHHH

%at(ogenesis
HHHHHH$$
HHHHHH$$$
HHHHHHH

stenosis
HHHHHH$$
HHHHHH$$$
HHHHHHH
sclerosis
$refi#
.meaning/
root
.meaning/
suffi#
.meaning/
'erm
I>8 !plit t1e follo3ing terms into t1eir 2ifferent 3or2s parts$ i8e8 roots,
suffi:es, an2 prefi:es8 0rite t1e meaning for t1e 3or2 parts8
2$
toget1er 3it1, lie against, on eit1er si2e of, ?4e@
en6ase2 in, a66umulate in, life5t1reatening,
point to3ar2,e:ten2 into, ?4e@ 6ontaine2 in,
?4e@ forme2 from
39
>III8 0rite 2o3n t1e 6orre6t versions of t1e follo3ing senten6es8
"$ :e ate (is break)ast at 7: e,ery #orning$

"$
2$
3$
4$
5$
6$
7$
!$
*I in your
from E:er6ise
>II8 0riting, use t1e follo3ing e:pressions
o3n senten6es8
6$ W(at is a &o'#an.s ca%sule8
5$ :o' do t(e ne%(rons look like8
4$ :o' is t(e uric acid %roduced8
3$ W(at is t(e )unction o) a renal ca%sule8
2$ W(at organs constitute body.s urinary syste#8
"$ W(at is a ne%(ron8
+8 0RITIN, FOCU!
>I8 0rite 2o3n t1e ans3ers to t1e follo3ing ;uestions8
4
e:
c:
b:
a:
>*8 Listen to t1e passage an2 3rite 2o3n all t1e 3or2s use2 for
2ifferent
4loo2 vessels8
1
0
7$ :u#an kidneys clean 5 liters o) blood in a day$
1
0
6$ -(e blood lea,es t(e kidneys t(roug( t(e renal ,eins$
1
0
5$ Filtered blood enters t(e glo#erulus t(roug( t(e arteries$
1
0
4$ Jrotein #olecules are %assed t(roug( 'it( a#ino acids$
1
0
3$ 6#ino acids and uric acids are %us(ed out t(roug( t(e ca%illary 'alls$
1
0
2$ -(e ca%illary 'alls o) t(e glo#erulus are 2uite t(in$
1
0
"$ -(e blood enters t(e renal artery t(roug( t(e kidneys$
)8 LI!TENIN, FOCU!
<F=
@lee%lessness cause o)ten eye redness$
6$
=id t(e doctor asks you to eat lig(t )ood8
5$
=o t(e ciliary #uscle )or# t(e ciliary body8
4$
?y )riend buyed a beauti)ul 'atc( last 'eek$
3$
3s t(e eye be a s%(erical structure8
2$
t(e %ylorus and t(e duodenu#$ 6not(er layer o) t(e sto#ac(+ t(e
sub#ucosa+ is
#ade u% o) loose connecti,e tissue in '(ic( are )ound nu#erous blood and
ly#%( ,essels and ner,es o) t(e autono#ic ner,ous syste#$ T1e innermost
layer+ t(e #ucosa+ contains secretory cells$ One type secretes (ydroc(loric
acid 31i61 not
4
"
t(e circular #uscles are #uc( enlarged+ )or#ing t(e eso%(ageal
s%(incter$
>ontraction o) t1is mus6le %re,ents t(e regurgitation o) gastric contents
into t(e eso%(agus$ A similar stru6ture+ t(e %yloric s%(incter+ is foun2 at
t(e 4unction o)
-(e tissues o) t(e sto#ac( include an outer )ibrous coat deri,ed
)ro# t(e
%eritoneu# and+ beneat( t(is+ a coat o) s#oot( #uscle )ibers arranged in
diagonal+ longitudinal+ and circular layers$ At t1e Aun6tion of t(e eso%(agus
and sto#ac(+
"7
"!
"9
2
2"
22
23
24
25
26
to t(e le)t o) t(e #idline$ -(e large+ do#ed end o) t(e sto#ac(+ t(e )undus+
lies in
t(e le)t ,ault o) t(e dia%(rag# '(ereas t(e eso%(agus enters t(e u%%er side
or lesser cur,ature+ a s(ort distance belo' t(e )undus$ -(e region
i##ediately belo' t(e )undus is called t(e body$ -(e u%%er %art o) t(e
sto#ac(+ s%oken o) as t(e cardiac %ortion+ includes t(e )undus and t(e body$
-(e lo'er or t(e %yloric %ortion
cur,es do'n'ard+ )or'ard+ and to t(e rig(t and includes t(e antru# and
%yloric canal$ -(e latter is continuous 'it( t(e u%%er %art o) t(e s#all
intestine+ t(e duodenu#$
3n (u#ans t(e sto#ac( is situate2 in t(e u%%er %art o) t(e abdo#inal ca,ity
#ostly
!
9
"
""
"2
"3
"4
"5
"6
#i*ing o) )ood 'it( digesti,e 4uices and c(annel t(is #aterial t(roug( t(e
sto#ac(
into t(e intestines$ Cnly 'ater+ alco(ol+ and certain drugs see# to be
absorbed )ro# t(e sto#ac( '(ile #ost )ood absor%tion ta7es pla6e in t(e
s#all intestine$
(u#ans+ (a,e a single sto#ac(+ but birds and ru#inants (a,e digesti,e
organs
co#%osed o) t'o or #ore c(a#bers$ -(e outer sur)ace o) t(e sto#ac( is
s#oot(A
t(e inner sur)ace is fol2e2 into nu#erous co#%le* ridges 31i61 assist in
t(e
?ost ani#als+ like
@to#ac( is one o) t(e #a4or organs o) t(e digesti,e syste#$
"
2
3
4
5
6
7
UNIT #$ T1e !toma61
42
3
33
7$ Line 7
!$ Line 7

!hich:
this musce:
a simiar structure: this inner most a"er: one t"$e:
!hich:
these (uices:
!hich:
"$ Line 7 5
2$ Line 7 22
3$ Line 7 23
4$ Line 7 "27
5$ Line 7 2!
6$ Line 7 2!
refer to$
3$ W(at are ulcers8
2$ W(ere is t(e sto#ac( located8
"$ W(ic( syste# is t(e sto#ac( %art o)8
.8 READIN, FOCU!
is re#o,ed$ W(en a %at(ological or %syc(oso#atic condition %re,ents t(e
%ro%er
secretion o) #ucus+ t(e gastric #ucosa beco#es eroded and an ulcer )or#s$
If negle6te2+ t(is ulcer #ay %er)orate t(e gastric 'all and allo' t(e sto#ac(
contents to esca%e into t(e abdo#inal ca,ity+ causing %eritonitis$
-(e tissues o) t(e sto#ac( are digestible by t(e gastric 4uices+ as is #ucus$
;nder
nor#al conditions+ (o'e,er+ t(e #ucous coating is rene'ed more rapi2ly
t1an it
33
34
35
36
37
3!
#ilkA and %er(a%s li%ase 31i61 s%lits )ats to )atty acids and glycerol$ 6 t(ird
ty%e
o) cell secretes #ucus )or t(e %rotection o) t(e sto#ac( )ro# its o'n
%roducts$
'(ic( in t1e presen6e of acid s%lits %roteins to %e%tonesA rennin '(ic(
curdles
only neutrali5es t(e alkaline reaction o) t(e sali,a+ but also renders t(e
gastric
contents distinctly acid and acti,ates t(e gastric digesti,e 4uices$ T1ese
Aui6es are se6rete2 4y a di))erent ty%e o) cell$ -(e en5y#es )ound in gastric
4uice are %e%sin+
27
2!
29
3
3"
32
43

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0 0 0 0 0
0
"$ Ru#inants are like birds and ani#als$
2$ @#all intestine absorbs #ost o) t(e )ood ite#s$
3$ -(e )undus is situated rig(t belo' t(e body$
4$ -(e )undus and t(e body are %arts o) t(e cardiac %ortion$
5$ Jeritoneu# constitutes t(e s#oot( #uscle coat$
6$ -(e inner#ost layer secretes (ydroc(loric acid$
7$ ?ucus is digested by t(e gastric 4uices$
I*8 Rea2 to t1e passage an2 3rite <T= for true statements an2
<F=
for false statements8 01i61 line is t1e information onB
d$ causes
c$ cures
b$ neutrali5es
a$ (eals
"$ 6 %syc(oso#atic condition gastric ulcers$
d$ sa,es
c$ strengt(en
b$ s%oils
a$ (urts
9$ -(e #ucus t(e sto#ac( )ro# its o'n %roducts$
d$ )our
c$ t(ree
b$ t'o
a$ one
!$ -(e #ucosa contains ty%e0s1 o) secretary cells$
d$ in
c$ bet'een
b$ belo'
a$ abo,e
7$ -(e %yloric s%(incter is situated t(e %ylorus and t(e
duodenu#$
d$ %er#itted
c$ accelerated
b$ allo'ed
a$ %ro(ibited
6$ Fastric contents are by t(e eso%(ageal s%(incter to enter t(e
eso%(agus$
d$ 'ider
c$ narro'er
b$ 'ide
a$ narro'
5$ -(e eso%(ageal s%(incter (as a 119o%ening as co#%ared to t(e
eso%(agus$
d$ abo,e
c$ at t(e back o)
b$ in )ront o)
a$ belo'
4$ -(e )undus is situated t(e body$
d$ Gone o) t(e
c$ 6ll
b$ -(e #inority
a$ -(e #a4ority
3$ )ood ite#s is 0are1 absorbed )ro# t(e sto#ac($
d$ si#ilar
c$ unlike
b$ di))erent
a$ like
2$ &irds. sto#ac( is (u#ans.$
c$ #ost i#%ortant d$ uni#%ortant
b$ less i#%ortant
a$ least i#%ortant
"$ @to#ac( is one o) 0t(e1 %art o) t(e digesti,e syste#
?4e@ fol2e2 into, assist in, ta7e pla6e, ?4e@ situate2 in, at t1e
Aun6tion of, ?4e@ foun2 at, ?4e@ se6rete2 4y, in t1e presen6e
of, more rapi2ly t1an,
if
negle6
te2
44
0%aragra%(7 "1
0%aragra%(7 "1 0%aragra%(7 21 0%aragra%(7 21 0%aragra%(7 31 0%aragra%(7 31
0%aragra%(7 41
0%aragra%(7 41
a$ #inor
b$ inner c$ e*it
d$ 'ritten e$ core
)$ acidic g$ s%ecial
($ re#o,ed
antonyms from passage
3or2
*I8 Loo7 at t1e follo3ing 3or2s an2 t1en rea2 t1e relevant
paragrap1s
fin2 t1eir antonyms8
!$ -(e s'eat glands t(e outer layer o) t(e skin$
#edical %rocedures$
7$ -(e (eart o) a c(ild beats an adult (eart$
6$ ?edical sta)) t(e doctors di))erent
5$ + #inor diseases #ay cause )atal results$
4$ -(e inner sur)ace o) t(e sto#ac( #any layers$
3$ -(e #ediastinu# t(e #iddle o) bot( lungs$
2$ >(e#ical reactions s%eed u% en5y#es$
"$ C*ygenation o) t(e blood in t(e lungs$
-8 *OCAULAR( FOCU!
*8 Complete t1e senten6es 3it1 t1ese e:pressions93or2s from t1e
1
0
!$ >one-s(a%ed cells )or# t(e sensory layer$
1)
9
*
7
+
5
4
3
2
1
Defintin
Me2i6al Term
No8
45
!u4 mu6osa$
Fi4rous 6oat$
+8 0RITIN, FOCU!
I>8 Rea2 paragrap1 t1ree an2 3rite s1ort notes on t1e follo3ing$
*III8 Rea2 t1e first an2 se6on2 paragrap1s an2 6ir6le all t1e irregular
ver4s8 0rite t1em 2o3n on t1e lines given 4elo38
ile
form,
ory,
tic,
ous,
otic
5oid,
!uffi:es$
to(3o, circulat3o, asthma
oste3o,
vir3o,
epileptic,
Roots$ neur3o, derm3o,
*II8 Mat61 t1e follo3ing roots an2 suffi:es to ma7e me2i6al terms8
0rite
2o3n t1eir meaning as 3ell8
2elivere2 to
46
"$ trees < in t(e %ark
>I8 0rite 2o3n senten6es 3it1 <t1ere is= or <t1ere are=8 Use
many,
mu61, a little or a fe3 in your ans3er as nee2e28
E#am$e: li)e-sa,ing in4ections < #edical store
$here are many lifesaving in-ections in the medical store.

9
"$
2$
3$
4$
5$
6$
7$
!$
>8 0riting, use t1e follo3ing e:pressions from E:er6ise *II
in your
o3n senten6es8
68 type +$
48 type -$
!e6retary 6ells$
a8 type .$
Mu6osa$
47
We used to %lay )ootball because 'e like it$
!$
W(y don.t s(e 'ant to eat out8
7$
=o t(ere #any %atients in t(e surgical 'ard8
6$
:is %er)or#ance 'as a%%reciate by (is su%er,isor$
5$
-(ird year students ,isited :ada (os%ital e,ery 'eek t(ese days$
4$
3$ -(e %ediatricians are treat sick %eo%le$
2$ =oes (e attend all lectures yesterday8
"$ Water co#%oses o) o*ygen and (ydrogen$

9
>II8 0rite 2o3n t1e 6orre6t versions of t1e follo3ing senten6es8
!$ in)or#ation < on internet
7$ birds < in t(e nest
6$ students < at t(e uni,ersity
5$ 'ater < in t(e %ond
4$ toys < in t(e toy s(o%
3$ #ilk < in t(e cu%
2$ 'indo's < in t(e car
4!
!$ H %eristalsis #o,es t(roug( t(e duodenu#
7$ B,en )ingerlike %ro4ections called #icro,illiH
6$ acids and glycerol %ass t(roug( to t(e$$$
5$ &eneat( t(e ,illis single layer o) cells are
4$ -(e s#all intestine.s )or absor%tion is increasedH$
3$ @tructures called &runner.s glands secrete H$$
2$ Jancreatic 4uice contains t(at break do'n sugarsH
"$ &ile breaks large )at globules into s#all +H
$
I*>8 Listen to t1e passage an2 fill in t1e 4lan7 spa6es8
6$ W(at %asses 8 to t(e ly#%(atic syste#
5$ W(ere can one )ind #icro,illi8
4$ W(at is about $5 to "$5 ## long8
3$ W(at do glands in t(e intestinal 'all secrete8
2$ W(at is does bile do8
"$ W(at do %ancreatic 4uices contain8
)8 LI!TENIN, FOCU!
>III8 Listen to t1e passage an2 ans3er t1e follo3ing ;uestions8

Nursing English

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Nursing English

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Choudhary Zahid Javid

Department of Foreign Languages, College of Arts, Taif University

You might also like