Thc tp mi trng c s

Bi 2: Kho st mt vi thng s cht lng nc & Hng dn s

dng mt s thi!t "# $o nh%nh cc ch& ti'( mi t)*ng
Kt qu th nghim:
a. xc nh tng lng cht rn (T!:
Kh"i lng c"c
#
$
%

$&'.(&)(
g
Kh"i lng c"c * tng lng cht rn
#
+
%
$&'.,$+$ g
Tng lng cht rn # % -.-&+. g
/. xc nh lng cht rn hu01n 2h3 (!:
Kh"i lng gi0 l4c #
$
%

-.')., g
Kh"i lng gi0 l4c * cht rn hu01n 2h3 #
+
% -.').5 g
6ht rn hu01n 2h3 # % -.---+ g
78i T92
$. 6c :9t cht t; nhi<n g=0 ra > ?c:
a. @Ac BCng trDng Bu"t thEi gian lF: #3a lF cc cDn BCng thEng cG lu lng
nAc lAnH :9n t"c IJng ch0 rt mKnh. LD G Mhi nguNn nAc ch0 tO thng nguNn
:1H nG cu"n thPD rt nhi1u thQ nh /3nH tH H xc cRa cc lD8i >ng th;c :9tH :8
m>t B" tK2 cht MhcScc cht n80 c cu"n thPD c3ng IJng nAcH hJa lTn :8D
trDng nAc chD n<n nAc BCng :8D m3a lF cG > ?c rt lAn.
/. @Ac BCng / C nhiUm: @Ac BCng C nhiUm thEng l8 ID cG m>t ha0 nhi1u nguNn
cht thi n8D G thi tr;c ti2 ra m8 cha c xV lWH cht thi G gNm cc cht :C cX
cFng nh hYu cXH cc cht n80 hJa lTn trDng nAc BZ g=0 ra > ?c chD :3ng nAc /
C nhiUm G. [> ?c nhi1u ha0 t t30 thu>c :8D B; C nhiUm cRa cc cht thi \ nXi G.
c. @Ac thi Binh hDKt: @Ac thi Binh hDKt l8 nAc ] qua BV I?ng cRa cDn ngEiH
Mhi c thi ra nG mang thPD m>t lng h2 cht hYu cX hD^c :C cX (nhi1u ha0 t
t30 thu>c :8D nhu c_u Binh hDKt cRa cDn ngEi! :8 t ctH hGa cht MhcHS nhYng
tK2 cht G BZ g=0 ra > ?c chD nAc.
+. [> ?c MhCng th` tXng quan :Ai h8m lng cc cht lX lVng trDng mTu nAc: :a
> ?c MhCng hD8n tD8n l8 ID cc cht rn lX lVng trDng nAc g=0 ra m8 nG cJn /aD
gNm c cc cht hJa tan trDng nAcH nh m>t B" Mim lDKiH 2hi MimH...:8 cc cht Mhc.
6Jn cht rn lX lVng chb /aD gNm nhYng cht MhCng hJa tan trDng nAcH nhng chcng
cFng MhCng tch Mhdi m^t nAc. LD G > ?c :8 cht rn lX lVng trDng nAc MhCng
th` tXng quan :Ai nhau.
(. ["i :Ai nAc c2 I3ng chD m?c ch Binh hDKtH giAi hKn chD 2he2 > ?c t"i a l8
& @Tf. @u > ?c trDng nAc Binh hDKt g & @Tf tha Mhi cDn ngEi BV I?ng BZ nh
h\ng tAi BQc MhdPH :a Mhi > ?c trDng nAc g & @Tf tha trDng nAc G BZ chQa m>t
B" h2 cht g=0 ra > ?cH nhYng h2 cht G BZ nh h\ng tAi cDn ngEi Mhi cDn
ngEi BV I?ng.
Khoa mi trng i hc Lt Trang $
Thc tp mi trng c s
,. @hYng hKn ch :8 ngu0<n nh=n ITn n Bai B": nhYng hKn ch "i :Ai :ic xc
nh T :8 l8 thiu I?ng c? Mh thu9tH ngu0<n nh=n ITn n Bai B" /aD gNm ngu0<n
nh=n chR quan :8 ngu0<n nh=n Mhch quan:
i chR quan: ID thaD tc th;c hin cha cng Mh thu9tH cc I?ng c? th
nghim cha c B0 MhC n Mh"i lng MhCng i nh 1 /8i 0<u c_uHS
i Mhch quan: ID i1u Min nhit >H > jmH giGH Bai cRa m>t B" I?ng c? Mh
thu9tHS.
Bi +: ,c $#nh $ c-ng c.% nc/ ,c $#nh 0%
21
2 3g
21
t)ong $t "4ng
5h6ng 5h5 com5l78on
Kt qu th nghim:
a. xc nh > cQng cRa mTu nAc hN:
Th tch ET! ti"# t$n%
k
$
+.(-
ml
k
+
+.&-
ml
k
(
+.,-
ml
9
+.,-
ml
/. xc > cQng cRa mTu rmng:
Th tch ET! ti"# t$n%
k
$
+.&-
ml
k
+
+.&-
ml
k
(
+.&-
ml
9
+.&-
ml
&' () c*ng c+a m,# n-c h. %
% % -.-$+ /mg0L 1a12
3
4
[=0 l8 nAc m1m.
() c*ng c+a m5# r6ng %
% % -.$+& /mg0L 1a12
3
4
k90 =0 l8 nAc m1m
Khoa mi trng i hc Lt Trang +
Thc tp mi trng c s
78i T92
$. @gu0<n nh=n g=0 ra > cQng cRa nAc: > cQng cRa nAc ID cc iDn Mim lDKi 6a
+*
H
#g
+*
:8 m>t B" Mim lDKi hGa tr nn nh oP
+*
H #n
+*
H r
+*
S. 6hcng hJa lTn :8D trDng
nAc :8 g=0 ra > cQng chD nAc.
7-c c*ng (8c chia thnh 9 :oi :
i @Ac cQng tKm thEi (ha0 cJn g4i l8 > ccng 6ar/Dnat! l8 > cQng cRa nAc ID cc
mu"i car/Dnat (
+
(
0: ! /icar/Dnat (

+
H0: ! cRa cc mu"i calcium :8 cc
magiPBium g=0 n<n. lDKi nAc n80 cG th` xV lW m>t cch IU I8ng Bau Mhui un BCi
nAc.
i @Ac cQng :pnh cVu (ha0 cJn g4i l8 4 cQng 2hi car/Dnat! l8 > cQng cRa nAc ID
cc mu"i (
+
,
;: ! hD^c (

0l
! cRa cc calcium :8 magiPBium g=0 n<n. [> cQng n80
MhCng / 2h hR0 /qng /in 2h2 un BCi nAc.
+. [> cQng tng c>ng /i`u IiUn /qng Xn : mgrl 6a6s
(

tarInPBB % r
+*
(mgrl! x * +.,)' x u6aH mgrlv * ,.$$. x u#gH mgrlv
% (+ x !* (+.,)' x $&! * (,.$$. x $-!
% .-.)+ mgrl 6a6s
(
(. [> cQng tng c>ng /i`u IiUn /qng Xn : 6a6s
(
:
tarInPBB %r
+*
(mgrl! x * +.,)'u6aH mgrlv * ,.$$.u#gH mgrlv
% (+ x ! * (+.,)' x &! * (,.$$. x $-!
% '5.&- mgrl
,. [> cQng tng c>ng /i`u IiUn /qng Xn : 6a6s
(
:
tarInPBB %#
+*
(mgrl! x * +.,')u6aH mgrlv * ,.$$.u#gH mgrlv
% (-.+ x ! * (- x ! * (-.& x ! * (+.,)' x &! * (,.$$. x $-!
% (((.+, mgrl
Bi < : ,c $#nh =: t)ong nc "4ng 5h6ng 5h5 >in?l7)
Kt qu th nghim:
th tch 7a
9
;
9
2
3
ti"# t$n%
k
$
'.& ml
k
+
'.& ml
Khoa mi trng i hc Lt Trang (
Thc tp mi trng c s
k
(
'.5 ml
9 '.&( ml
6Q $ml Iung Ich @a
+

+
s
(
-.-+&@ ti<u t"n trDng qu tranh chujn > tXng Xng
:Ai -.+-- mg Ls.
k90 '.&( ml Iung Ich @a
+

+
s
(
-.-+&@ ti<u t"n trDng qu tranh chujn > tXng
Xng :Ai $.&-5 mg Ls
78i T92
$. w nghpa mCi trEng cRa Ls: 6c Binh :t B"ng trDng nAc cFng rt c_n Dx0 ` B"ng
nh cc Binh :9t tr<n cKn. @u nguNn nAc / C nhiUm n^ng lng Dx0 hJa tan trDng
nAc BZ / cc h2 cht hYu cX g=0 C nhiUm Dx0 hGaH ID G cc Binh :9t B"ng trDng
nAc BZ / thiu h?t Dx0. k90 :ic xc nh Ls trDng nAc rt quan tr4ng ` xc nh
mQc > C nhiUm cRa nguNn nAc.
@hYng 0u t" nh h\ng n Mh nxng hJa tan cRa Dx0 trDng nAc:
i @hit >H > jmHS
i Th;c :9t B"ng trDng nAcH cc cht cn trDng nAcHS
+. @hYng lu W Mhi lT0 mTu ` 2h=n tch Ls: tKn ch MhCng Mh hJa :8D nAc :8 Dx0
trDng nAc thDt ra ngD8i. ka th c_n l0 mTu $ cch cjn th9nH MhCng n<n Mhu0 >ng
mKnh mTu nAcH MhCng n<n Ii chu0`n mju. T"t nht l8 tin h8nh xc nh Ls nga0
tKi chm.
(. 6c cht cn :8 /in 2h2 Mhc 2h?c Mhi xc nh Ls /qng 2hXng 2h2 yinMlPr:
i @itrit (@s
+
i
! :a Mhi G trDng nAc x0 ra 2hn Qng
+@s
+
i
* +n
i
* ,t
*
n
+
* @
+
s
+
*+t
+
s
@
+
s
+
* $r+s
+
* t
+
s +@s
+
i
* +t
*
i

[` lDKi /d @s
+
i
ngEi ta th<m @a@
(H
:a:
@a@
(
* t
*
@
(
t * @a
*
@
(
t * @s
+
i
* ,t
*
@
+
* @
+
s * t
+
s
i t (oP
+*
! H ` lDKi /d oP
+*
ngEi ta th<m 2PrmanganatP
,. tai mTu nAc l0 c3ng m>t thEi i`m :8 : tr \ m>t IJng BCng ` xc nh Ls. #Tu
thQ nht xV lW nga0 Bau Mhi l0H mTu cJn lKi c xR lW ch9m hXn. Z cG B; Mhc /it
:1 Mt qu 2h=n tchH mTu $ BZ chD Mt qu th2 hXn. ka trDng qu tranh I` trDng
MhCng Mh thi BZ cG Dxi trDng MhCng Mh hJa tan :8D nAc.
Bi @ : ,c $#nh nh( cA( o8B hC% hDc "4ng 5h6ng 5h5 Bich)om%t E 0:= F
0h7mic%l :8Bg7n =7m%nd G
Khoa mi trng i hc Lt Trang ,
Thc tp mi trng c s
Kt qu th nghim:
Th tch <#ng <=ch >!; ti"# t$n %
a? ($i @-i m,# n-c h.%
k
$
$.( ml
k
+
$.( ml
k
(
$.( ml
9 $.( ml
A? ($i @-i m,# r6ng : k % $., ml
6sL %
% % (+ (mg s
+
rl!
78i T92
$. w nghpa :ic 2h=n tch 6sL trDng th;c h8nh Mh thu9t mCi trEng: [` gim /At
thEi gian chD qu tranh Dx0 hGa cFng nh txng Mh nxng Dx0 hGaH ngEi ta I3ng
2hXng 2h2 6sL ` xc nh h8m lng cc cht hYu cX cG trDng nAc.
+. @hYng nhGm hYu cX MhCng / Dx0 hGa trDng tPBt 6sL: zNm nhYng h2 cht hYu
cX hiIrDcar/Dn nD :8 hiIrDcar/Dn thXm :a chcng rt MhG / Dx0 hGa
(. {he2 xc nh 6sL / nh h\ng /\i 0u t" cn

0l . 6ch Mhc 2h?c: I3ng

Iung Ich tgs
,
r|g
+
s
,
.
,. kai trJ cRa tgs
,
r|g
+
s
,
trDng tPBt 6sL :
i |g
+
s
,
l8 cht xcc tc chD qu tranh Dx0 hGa cc cht hYu cX cG Mh"i
lng 2h=n tV th2
i tgs
,
l8 cht tKD 2hQc :Ai

0l
TrDng qu tranh th nghim MhCng th` thiu m>t trDng hai cht n80. @u thiu
BZ g=0 Bai B" chD Mt qu D.
Khoa mi trng i hc Lt Trang &
Thc tp mi trng c s
&. zii thch:
a. KhCng cG m^t cRa tgs
,
BZ chD Bai B" =m :a:
+
Hg BZ tc I?ng :Ai

0l
cG trDng nAc. kic n80 BZ l8m gim tc I?ng cRa |g
+
s
,
. LD G c_n 2hi
cG tgs
,
` MhV

0l trDng nAc.
/. KhCng cG m^t cRa |g
+
s
,
BZ l8m Bai B" =m :a : cc cht hYu cX cG Mh"i
lng 2h=n tV th2 MhCng / Dx0 hGa. }u tranh Dxi hGa cc cht hYu cX
n80 BZ MhCng x0 raH ID G trDng nAc BZ cG cc cht cn g=0 cn tr\ trDng
qu tranh th nghim.
c. V I?ng Iung Ich o| ] 2ha MhDng + tu_n trAcH nhng MhCng c
chujn > lKi ` xc nh chnh xc nNng > cRa o| BZ g=0 ra Bai B"
IXngH :a Iung Ich ` l=u BZ cG B; thDt hXi nAcH ID G nNng > cRa
Iung Ich BZ txng l<nH chD n<n nu BV I?ng BZ g=0 Bai B" IXng.
Bi I : ,c $#nh nh( cA( o8B sinh hC% J B:=
Kt qu th nghim:
B:= $o ng%B "4ng mB $o :8Bm7t7)

B:= K L
7sL D trDng & ng80 \ nhit > +-
-
c

7sL % $5$
7sL
&
% $5$i ) % $&+
7sL
+-
&
(rPal! %
( !
; A <
s
B2 B2 @
@

%
($5$ )!
+&-

% -.5-.
78i t92:
$. gii:
~2 I?ng cCng thQc :
+-
&
B:= %
trDng G 7sL
&
+-
7sL th;c hin mTu nAc Hmgrl
7sL
B
7sL cuar mTu Bau & ng80 R \ nhit > +-
-
c mgrl
7sL
/S.
7sL cRa mTu trng Bau & ng80 R \ nhit > +-
-
c Hmgrl
k

SSth` tch mTu nAc Mhi ma lD]ng Hml

k
I
S......th` tch mTu nAc Bau Mhi 2ha lD]ng Hml

B:=
@
2M
K
(+-- $&! +&-
+&

K$.&-
+. zii:
Khoa mi trng i hc Lt Trang 5
Thc tp mi trng c s
"i :Ai th` tch +ml
7sL
&
%%
( !
i C <
s
2 2 &
&

%
(.H$ &H 5! (--
+

%('&
["i :Ai th` tch &ml
B:=
@
K
( !
i C <
s
2 2 &
&

K
(. $H '! (--
&

K+NO
B:=
@
K
( !
i C <
s
2 2 &
&

K
(.H$ -! (--
$-

K2<+
7sL
mTu trng
%
( !
i C <
s
2 2 &
&

%
(.H + .! (--
.H &

% 'H-5
(. 63ng :Ai m>t lDKi nAc thi c_n xc nh 7sLH 6sL tha chcng chD chcng ta
nhYng Mt qu Mhc nhau. ka =0 l8 hai nhu c_u Dx0 hGa Mhc nhauH m>t l8 nhu
c_u chD :i Binh :9tH m>t l8 nhu c_u chD Dx0 hGa cc cht hYu cX ID cc cht Dx0
hGa mKnh:
7sL chb th` hin lng cht hYu cX cG th` / Dx0 hGa nhE :ai trJ cRa :i
Binh :9t.
6sL th` hin tD8n /> cc cht hYu cX cG th` / Dx0 hGa /\i tc nh=n hGa
h4c.
,. #>t mTu nAc thi cG
+-
&
B:= /qng $&- 22m. zi tr M /qng -H+( ng80. t]0 tnh
$&
.
B:= %
Ta cG: 7sL
&
+-
% 7sL
.
+-
( $ P
Mt
! $&- % 7sL
.
+-
( $ P
-H+( x &
!
7sL
.
+-
% $&- r ( $ P
-H+( x &
! % +$)H,( 22m
7sL
.
$&
% 7sL
.
+-
( $ P
MT x t
! % +$)H,( ( $ P
MTx .
! % $&5H., 22m
kAi M
T
% M
+-
x $H-&
T +-
% -H+ x $H-&
$& +-

k90 7sL
.
$&
% $&5H., 22m.
&. #>t mTu nAc thi cG
+-
&
B:= /qng +$- 22m. 6G -H+( .Tnh:
+-
$-
B:= % H
(-
&
B:= %
Ta cG: 7sL
&
+-
% 7sL
$-
+-
( $ P
Mt
!
7sL
$-
+-
% 7sL
&
+-
r ( $ P
Mt
! % +$- r ( $ P
-H+( x &
! % (-'H+ 22m
7sL
&
+-
% 7sL
&
(-
( $ P
MT x t
!
7sL
&
(-
% 7sL
&
+-
r ( $ P
MT x t
! % +$- r ( $ P
MT x &
! % +$5H$'& 22m
kAi M
T
% M
+-
x $H-&
T +-
% -H+ x $H-&
(- +-
Khoa mi trng i hc Lt Trang '
Thc tp mi trng c s
Bi N: ,c $#nh 0lo tP do v 0lo)(% t)ong nc tP nhi'n
Kt qu th nghim:
DhEp (o io<%
9
Q
K -H+ ml
9
2
K -H+ ml
9
+
K -H+ ml
9 -H+ ml
mg 6l aB 6l
+
rml % % -H(&,&.$-
i(
Dhng phFp Gohr%
9
Q
K +H, ml
9
2
K +H+ ml
9
+
K +H+ ml
9 +H(' ml
Dhng phFp >aHans%
9
Q
K 5H- ml
9
2
K 5H+ ml
9
+
K 5H( ml
9 5H$' ml
Bi O : ,c $#nh 5hos5ho)(s v oJ5hos5h%t t)ong nc tP nhi'n
78i t92:
$. Thbnh thDng ngEi ta lKi th<m 2hDB2hat :8D cCng DKn xV lW nAc thi cCng
nghi2 /qng /in 2h2 Binh h4c. ka cc :i Binh :9t trDng qu tranh xV lW nAc thi
/qng /in 2h2 Binh h4c Ji hdi c_n m>t lng nht nh 2hDB2hat ` ti Binh t
/8D mAi nhqm Iu0 tra _0 R B" lng :i Binh :9t c_n thit ` xV lW nguNn nAc
thi G. #^t Mhc {hDB2hat cJn c BV I?ng trDng m>t B" h th"ng nAc c2
cCng c>ng ` Mi`m BDt B; xn mJn Eng "ng :8 cc thit / /qng Mim lDKi. @gD8i
raH cJn cG th` c BV I?ng "i :Ai m>t B" lDKi nAc m1m ` n nh hGa 6a6s
(
+. ; Mhc nhau giYa cc IKng Di2hDB2hatH 2Dl02hDB2hat :8 2hDt2hD hYu cX:
(. L; Dn Mt qu 2h=n tch Di2hDB2hat BZ th2 hXn gi tr th;c trDng mTu nAc
thi Binh hDKt m8 ] c aciI hGa ` ngxn ch^n hDKt >ng cRa :i Mhujn :8 c
lu giY rt nhi1u ng80 trAc Mhi 2h=n tch.
Khoa mi trng i hc Lt Trang .
Thc tp mi trng c s
Bi L: ,c $#nh Rit)og7nJKS7ld%hl v RJR:
+
J
t)ong nc tP nhi'n
Kt qu th nghim:
mg R:
+
J
TU -.& $ $.& +.& (
HK -.-+' -.-&) -.-', -.$(+ -.+,
{hXng tranh Eng chujn cG IKng: | % a * /6
6
x
l8 h8m lng cht nh 2h=n trDng mTu
|
x
l8 gi tr Ki lng | D c
6
x
%
A
a !
I

Ta cG: a %
( )
+ +
+
i i
i i i i i
1 1 n
! 1 1 ! 1


% -0,024

/ %
( )
+ +
i i
i i i i
1 1 n
! 1 ! 1 n


% 0,0765
:90 2hXng tranh Eng chujn cG IKng A= -0,024+ 0,0765 x C
["i :Ai mTu hN: k
mTu
% & ml H k
nh mQc
% +& ml ta D c |
x
% -H-+)
Tha0 :8D 2hXng tranh Eng chujn ta c:
6
x
% ( |
x
a ! r / % ( -H-+) * -H-+,! r -H-'5&% -H5)+. (#!
Dhng trJnh (ng ch#5n:
Khoa mi trng i hc Lt Trang )
Thc tp mi trng c s
78i t92:
$. @hYng IKng n8D cRa nitX thEng x0 ra trDng nAc t; nhi<n l8:
6c IKng nitX thEng cG m^t trDng nAc nitratH nitrtH amDniH :8 cc IKng nitX hYu cXH
cc IKng nitX n80 thEng cG :ai trJ quang tr4ng trDng chu tranh cRa nitX :8 c
quang t=m nhi1u Mhi 2hi 2h=n tch nAc.
+. :ic 2h=n tch nitX trDng nAc cG :ai trJ quang tr4ng :a nitX trDng nAc cG nh
h\ng lAn n Bcc MhdP cRa cDn ngEi Mhi nG c chu0`n hGa th8nh nitrat.tai
IKng h2 cht :C cX chQa nitX cG trDng nAc thi l8 nitrit :8 nitrat. @itrat l8 Bn
2hjm Dx0 hGa cRa amDni (@t
,
*
! Mhi tNn tKi Dx0H thEng g4i qu tranh n80 l8 qu
tranh nitrat hGa. 6Jn nitrit (@s
+
i
! l8 Bn 2hjm trung gian cRa qu tranh nitrat hGaH
nitrit l8 h2 cht MhCng /1n :Yng IU / Dx0 hGa th8nh nitrat (@s
(
i
!. 7\i :a amDni
ti<u th? Dx0 trDng qu tranh nitrat hGa :8 cc :i Binh :9t nAcH rDngH tD I3ng
nitrat l8m thQc xn ` 2ht tri`nH chD n<n nu h8m lng nitX cG trDng nAc thi x
ra BDngH hN qu mQc chD 2he2 BZ g=0 ra hin tng 2hc IngH nu trDng nAc cG
m^t th<m 2hDB2hD :8 cc IKng h2 cht Mhc. Mch thch B; 2ht tri`n nhanh cRa
rDngH r<uH tD l8m /jn nguNn nAc.
(. trDng mCi trEng tha niX MhCng cG nh h\ng lAn n BQc MhdP cRa cDn ngEi :8
mCi trEng nhng Mhi nitX chu0`n hGa th8nh cc IKng Mhc tha cG nh h\ng lAn
n mCi trEng cFng nh BQc MhdP cRa cDn ngEi nh @s
+
i
l8 m>t h2 cht l8
txng B; 2ht tri`n cRa cc : Binh :9t l8m chD nAc cG > ?c :8 g=0 hin tng
2hc IngH ngD8i ra Mhi nhGm n80 Mt h2 :Ai hPmDglD2in trDng mu ngEi g=0
nh h\ng n h th_n Minh cRa tr Pm :8 g=0 /nh ung th. @gD8i ra cJn cG cc
IKng Mhc nh @t
,
,. Mhi x thi amDni :8D trDng nAc tha cc :n 1 mCi trEng B0 ra l8 : tin tng
2hc Ing nAcH hin tng C nhiUm nAc l8m nh h\ng tAi Bcc MhdP cRa cDn
ngEiH g=0 ?c nAcH B? 2ht tri`n mKnh cRa cc Binh :9t /9c th2.
Khoa mi trng i hc Lt Trang $-
Thc tp mi trng c s
Khoa mi trng i hc Lt Trang $$
Thc tp mi trng c s
Khoa mi trng i hc Lt Trang $+