PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

(FIRST AID)
DOLIDIAS Malaysia
No. 21, Jalan P9B/10, Presint 9, 62500 Putrajaya
Tel/Fax 03 8881 1925 . Cellphone 012 635 3070 . www.mainayaq.com
Professionally coordinates by:
Members and Affiliations:
Disediakan oleh;
Kpt. (KRS) Rohaidah Bakar
(1)PENGENALAN
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS
Rawatan sementara waktu yang
diberikan kepada mangsa; sebelum
tibanya bantuan perubatan.
Professionally
coordinates by:
Variasi nama:
First Aid
Bantu Mula
Pertolongan Cemas

Menyelamat nyawa
Mengelak mangsa cedera lebih serius
Mengurangkan kesakitan
Menguruskan pemindahan ke hospital
OBJEKTIF
Professionally
coordinates by:
(1)PENGENALAN
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

Sesuatu situasi kritikal yang
mengancam nyawa
Jika tidak diberi rawatan segera,
kesakitan mangsa menjadi lebih
serius, lebih mudarat dan mungkin
menyebabkan kematian
APA ITU KECEMASAN?
Professionally
coordinates by:
(1)PENGENALAN
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS
Bertanggungjawab
Berjiwa cekal, waras dan tenang
Mengamati prinsip keselamatan diri
Berpengetahuan dan berkeyakinan
Terlatih
CIRI-CIRI SEORANG PENYELAMAT
Professionally
coordinates by:
(1)PENGENALAN
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS
Professionally
coordinates by:
(2)PERALATAN
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

1) Termometer
2) Mangkuk Enamel
3) Ubat Cium
4) Asprin
5) Panadol
6) Ubat Melepuh
7) Kain Pembalut Luka
8) Kain Tekap
9) Kapas
10) Gunting
11) Kain Kapas
12) Pin Semat
13) Elastoplast
14) Ubat Luka
15) Papan Tuap
16) Kain Segitiga
17) Ubat Cuci Mata
18) Pembalut Berelastik
19) Pembalut Pembebat
20) Pembalut Terbuka
21) Adesif Lekat Sendiri
ISI KOTAK FIRST AID
Pembebatan digunakan untuk menutup luka dan
mengawal pendarahan.
(3)PEMBEBATAN
& PEMBALUT
Pembalut dilakukan untuk membantu
pembebatan.

Professionally
coordinates by:
PEMBEBATAN
(3)PEMBEBATAN
& PEMBALUT
Professionally
coordinates by:
Pembalut Tiga Segi
Pembalut Lebar
Pembalut Kecil
Pembalut Gulung
Professionally
coordinates by:
JENIS KAIN PEMBALUT
(3)PEMBEBATAN
& PEMBALUT
Pembalut Tiga Segi
Professionally
coordinates by:
(3)PEMBEBATAN
& PEMBALUT
Professionally
coordinates by:
Lipatan Tiga Segi
(3)PEMBEBATAN
& PEMBALUT
Professionally
coordinates by:
4.IKATAN,
BALUTAN & ANDUH
? Ikatan
? Balutan
? Anduh
IKATAN
Simpul Sila
Professionally
coordinates by:
(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &
ANDUH
Luka Tangan
Luka Dada
Luka Bahu
Luka Peha
Luka Siku
Luka Lengan
Luka Lutut
Luka Jari
JENIS BALUTAN LUKA
Professionally
coordinates by:
(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &
ANDUH
Balutan Luka Tangan
Professionally
coordinates by:
1
2
3 4
(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &
ANDUH
Balutan Luka Tangan
Professionally
coordinates by:
(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &
ANDUH
Balutan Luka Tangan
1 2
3 4
Professionally
coordinates by:
(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &
ANDUH
Luka di bahagian depan
Balutan Luka Dada
Professionally
coordinates by:
(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &
ANDUH
Balutan Luka Dada
Luka di bahagian belakang
Professionally
coordinates by:
(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &
ANDUH
Balutan
Luka Bahu
Professionally
coordinates by:
1
2 3
(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &
ANDUH
Balutan Luka Peha
Professionally
coordinates by:
1
2
3
(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &
ANDUH
Balutan Luka Siku
1
2
1
2
Professionally
coordinates by:
(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &
ANDUH
Balutan Luka Lutut
1
2
3
Professionally
coordinates by:
(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &
ANDUH
Professionally
coordinates by:
Balutan Luka Lengan
1 2
(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &
ANDUH
Balutan Luka Jari
Professionally
coordinates by:
1
2
3
4
(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &
ANDUH

Anduh Besar
Anduh Kecil
Anduh Pergelangan Tangan
Anduh Menaik

JENIS ANDUH
Professionally
coordinates by:
(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &
ANDUH
Professionally
coordinates by:
Anduh Besar
1
2
3
4
(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &
ANDUH
Professionally
coordinates by:
Anduh Menaik
1 2
3
(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &
ANDUH
Professionally
coordinates by:
Pembalut Cincin
(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &
ANDUH
1 2 3
JENIS-JENIS LUKA
Professionally
coordinates by:


1) Luka Terhiris
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
2) Luka Terkoyak

Professionally
coordinates by:
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
3) Luka Tertikam / Tembus
Professionally
coordinates by:
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
4) Luka Lebam
Professionally
coordinates by:
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
5) Luka Kena Tembak
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
CARA MENAHAN DARAH
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
6) Luka Kecil
Professionally
coordinates by:
CARA RAWATAN
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
7) Luka di Perut
Professionally
coordinates by:
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
8) Luka di Dada
Professionally
coordinates by:
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
9) Pendarahan bahagian
dalam Telinga
Professionally
coordinates by:

Di Malaysia terdapat
141 spesis ular, di mana
37 daripadanya adalah
berbisa.

Terbahagi kepada 21
Ular Laut dan 16 Ular
Darat.
4.PATUKAN ULAR
Professionally
coordinates by:
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
1) Sepasang lubang bekas patukkan.
2) Terasa sakit yang amat pada tempat yang kena
patuk.
3) Bengkak dan merah di sekeliling patukkan.
4) Pernafasan yang tercungap-cungap
5) Kemungkinan terhenti pernafasan.
6) Berpeluh dan penglihatan berpinar-pinar.
SIMPTOM / TANDA AWAL
Professionally
coordinates by:
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN

Patukan ular berbisa bergantung kepada
spesis, amaun racun, kedudukan dan
kedalaman patukkan.

Boleh membawa kepada maut.

Mangsa rasa terkejut dan cemas.
BAHAYA
Professionally
coordinates by:
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
SAIZ PATUKAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
KESAN PATUKAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Terkelar, terbakar dan melecur adalah
sama keadaannya.
Perbezaannya hanya dari segi tahap
kecederaan. Kebiasaan terbakar
melibatkan kecederaan yang lebih serius
daripada melecur.
5.TERKELAR, TERBAKAR DAN MELECUR
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
Disebabkan terkena:
Air panas
Minyak panas
Wap panas
MELECUR DAN LEBAM
Simptom:
Kulit melecur dan
kemerahan
Bahagian terbakar
mengelembung dan
bengkak dengan cepat
Sakit yang amat sangat
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
1. Baringkan mangsa di tempat teduh, sejuk dan
selesa.
2. Tanggalkan pakaian dan perhiasan pada
anggota tercedera seperti; kasut, cincin, jam
tangan, dll.
3. Jika serius elakkan beri minuman dan
makanan.
4. Hantar ke hospital jika perlu.
CARA RAWATAN
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
CARA RAWATAN TERBAKAR RINGAN
2
1
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
Renjatan elektrik boleh
menyebabkan maut,
mungkin mereka yang
cuba membantu turut
menemui maut.
6.RENJATAN ELEKTRIK
Professionally
coordinates by:
Matikan suis atau suis utama dan
pastikan elektrik sudah terputus.
Menggunakan penebat untuk
menyelamatkan mangsa:
1. Gunakan galah yang panjang dan kering
2. Kerusi kayu
3. Tikar getah
4. Kain sal (tuala yang kering)
5. Plastik tebal
6. Tali atau tali nylon yang kering
LANGKAH YANG PERLU DIAMBIL
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
CARA MENGALIH BAHAYA
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
Sekiranya mangsa tidak bernafas, pulihkan
pernafasan dari mulut ke mulut.
Jika gagal segera lakukan CPR.
Jika ada kesan terbakar beri rawatan terbakar.
Segerakan mangsa ke hospital.
CARA RAWATAN
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
Kecederaan tulang meliputi patah atau retak.
Kemungkinan kecederaan boleh berlaku
disebabkan pukulan secara langsung atau tidak
langsung, terjatuh dari bangunan yang tinggi,
tarikan otot anggota yang tertindih, tembakan
atau perlanggaran dan sebagainya.
7.PATAH & TERSELIUH
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
Patah tebu Patah kayu muda
JENIS-JENIS PATAH
1 2
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
Patah riuk
Patah melarat
JENIS-JENIS PATAH
3 4
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
Lebam dan bengkak
Anggota tidak dapat digerakkan
Terluka atau berubah bentuk
Tajam/berbonjol pada kulit
Sakit
SIMPTOM
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
BLANKET LIFT: Preparation
Professionally
coordinates by:
CARA RAWATAN
BLANKET LIFT: Rolling On
Professionally
coordinates by:
CARA RAWATAN
BLANKET LIFT: Lifting
Professionally
coordinates by:
CARA RAWATAN
8.TERCEKIK
Professionally
coordinates by:
Professionally
coordinates by:
9.LEMAS DI AIR
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
Lakukan pemeriksaan asas seperti, periksa
pernafasan dan nadi.
Periksa tahap kesedaran, buka salur
pernafasan.
Jika perlu lakukan CPR.
RAWATAN
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
Apa-apa bahan jika
dimasukkan ke dalam
kuantiti yang
mencukupi boleh
mengakibatkan
kemudaratan.

10.KERACUNAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
Mulut makan, minum
Paru-paru sedut gas/asap
Suntikan gigitan, patukan, jarum
Kulit semburan racun perosak
PUNCA KERACUNAN
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
1. Pastikan persekitaran dan diri anda selamat.
2. Alihkan mangsa ke tempat yang selamat.
3. Kesan melecur pada mulut beri minum air atau
susu sedikit demi sedikit.
4. Jika sesak nafas, baringkan ke posisi koma.
5. Jika tidak sedar lakukan primary survey.
RAWATAN
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
Melalui 3 cara:
1. Resusitasi secara hembusan (mulut ke mulut)
2. Resusitasi secara tekanan (kardio-pulmonari)
3. Holger Nielson
TEKNIK-TEKNIK
(6)PEMULIHAN
PERNAFASAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
Holger Neilson
1
(6)PEMULIHAN
PERNAFASAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
2
Holger Neilson
(6)PEMULIHAN
PERNAFASAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
Professionally
coordinates by:
Rescue Breathing
Is a way of breathing air into an unconscious
victim who is not breathing but has a pulse.
CPR (on adults & large children) (see
handout)
Giving chest compressions.
Position the heel of the right hand on the lower half of the
breast bone, right between the nipples.
Position left hand on top of the right hand.
Position shoulders directly over the hands and push straight
down, pushing the breastbone down 1.5 2 inches.
15 chest compressions, then 2 breaths.
After 3 sets of 15 and 2 check for signs of circulation.
RICE Treatment
Rest
For 24 to 72 hrs. Longer rest may be required for severe injuries.
Ice
Apply for 20 min cycles ASAP after injury occurs. Applying cold helps
reduce pain, swelling and inflammation.
Compression
Wrap the injury to reduce swelling. Make sure it is not too tight!
Elevation
Raise the injured part above heart level to reduce swelling and
drain blood and fluid from the area.
AED (Automated External
Defibrillator)
What is an automated external defibrillator
(AED)?
An AED is a device about the size of a laptop
computer that analyzes the heart's rhythm for any
abnormalities and, if necessary, directs the rescuer
to deliver an electrical shock to the victim. This
shock, called defibrillation, may help the heart to
reestablish an effective rhythm of its own.
AED (Automated External
Defibrillator)
How does an AED work?
An AED is easy to operate. It uses voice prompts to
instruct the rescuer. Once the machine is turned on, the
rescuer will be prompted to apply two electrodes
provided with the AED to the victim's chest. Once applied,
the AED will begin to monitor the victim's heart rhythm. If
a "shockable" rhythm is detected, the machine will charge
itself and instruct the rescuer to stand clear of the victim
and to press the shock button.
AED (Automated External
Defibrillator)
AEDs are required to be in most large public
buildings.
Such as malls, schools, and stadiums.
Splints
A material or device used to protect and
immobilize a body part.
A splint should be used only if it can be applied
without hurting the victim.
Two Types of Splints
Soft splints are made from blankets, towels, sheets, or
bandages.
Rigid splints are made from rolled-up newspapers or
boards.
Appling Splints
Attempt to splint the injury in the position you
find it.
Make sure it is not too tight!
On Fractured Bones
Must include the joint above and below the injured
bone.
On Injured Joints
Must include the bone above and below the injured
joint.
Slings
Is a wide piece of cloth looped under an inured
arm for support.
Example: Triangular Bandage
Treatments for Common Injuries
Types Bleeding Wounds
Bruise
Is a wound blood vessels cause bleeding under the
skin.
Incision
Is a cut caused by a sharp-edged object, such a razor,
scissors, broken glass.
Laceration
Is a cut that causes a jagged or irregular tearing of the
skin.
Types Bleeding Wounds
Abrasion
AKA a scrape, is a wound caused by rubbing or scraping away
the skin.
Avulsion
Is a wound in which skin or other body tissue is separated or
completely torn away from the body.
Puncture
Is a wound produced when a pointed instrument or projectile
pierces the skin.
The risk of infection is high with this type of wound.
Controlling Bleeding
What is the procedure for controlling bleeding
that we covered last class?
Shock
Is a dangerous reduction in blood flow to the body
tissues.
Signs of shock includerapid, shallow breathing;
cold, clammy skin; rapid, weak pulse; dizziness;
weakness; and fainting.
What is the treatment for shock that we covered
last class?
Fractures
Is a break or crack in a bone.
Two Types
Open Fracture
There is also a break in the skin.
Closed Fracture
There is no break in the skin.
Treatment
Treat for bleeding and shock, splint the injury, apply
ice.
Dislocations
Is the movement of a bone away from its joint.
Treatment
Splint above and below the dislocated joint, apply a
cold compress.
Never try and set a dislocation!
Sprains and Strains
Sprain is an injury to the ligaments, tendons, and
soft tissue around a joint caused by undue
stretching.
Strain is an overstretching of muscles and/or
tendons.
Treatment Apply the RICE treatment.
Weather Related Injuries
Heat Cramps are painful muscle spasms in the legs and
arms due to excessive fluid loss through sweating.
Treatment have victim rest in a cool, shaded area; drink cool
water; and stretch stiff muscles.
Heat Exhaustion is extreme tiredness due to the bodys
inability to regulate its temperature.
Treatment have victim lie down with feet elevated in a cool,
shaded area; give cool water to drink.
Weather Related Injuries
Heat Stroke is an overheating of the body that is
life-threatening. Sweating ceases, so that the
body cannot regulate its temperature.
Treatment have victim lie in cool, wet towels or
sheets; place ice backs near the neck, armpits, and
groin.
Weather Related Injuries
Frostbite is the freezing of body parts, often the
tissues of the extremities.
Treatment do not attempt rewarming; handle the
affected area carefully and try to keep it warm.
Hypothermia is a reduction of the body
temperature so that it is lower than normal.
Treatment move the victim to a warm environment;
remove any wet clothing; cover their head with
blankets.