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H U M A NR I G H T SW A T C H
Kenya
Ballots to Bullets
Organized Political Violence and Kenya’s Crisis of Governance
 
March 2008 Volume 20, No. 1 (A)
Ballots to Bullets
Organized Political Violence and Kenya's Crisis of Governance
Map of Kenya...........................................................................................................1
 
Summary.................................................................................................................2
 
Methodology...........................................................................................................7
 
Recommendations..................................................................................................8
 
On Accountability....................................................................................................8
 
To the Government of Kenya.........................................................................8
 
To Foreign Governments...............................................................................9
 
On Reforms to Safeguard against Human Rights Violations......................................9
 
To the Government of Kenya.........................................................................9
 
To Foreign Governments..............................................................................10
 
On Displaced Persons............................................................................................10
 
To the Government of Kenya........................................................................10
 
To Donor Governments, UN Agencies, and National and International NGOs10
 
Background: Kenya’s Long-Term Crisis of Governance...........................................11
 
A Century of Land Grievances.................................................................................12
 
Fifty Years of a Temporary Constitution...................................................................15
 
Political Violence and Decades of Impunity.............................................................17
 
Human Rights Violations in the Context of the General Election.............................21
 
The Hijacking of Kenya’s 2007 Presidential Poll......................................................21
 
Use of Excessive Force and Extrajudicial Killings by Police.....................................24
 
The Scale and Impact of Police Shooting................................................................26
 
Massacre in Kisumu...............................................................................................27
 
Police Shootings in Nairobi Slums..........................................................................32
 
 
 
Organized Violence in the Rift Valley......................................................................35
 
Post-Election Violence around Eldoret....................................................................35
 
Political Manipulation of Ethnic Tensions During the Campaign...................36
 
Direct Incitement and Organization..............................................................37
 
The Scale and Impact of Post-Election Violence...........................................39
 
Attempts at Self-Defense and Reprisal Attacks.............................................42
 
Kikuyu Reprisals and Mungiki.................................................................................43
 
Revenge in Naivasha..............................................................................................45
 
Official Response........................................................................................49
 
Tit for Tat in Nakuru................................................................................................49
 
Kalenjin Reprisals........................................................................................51
 
Police Response..........................................................................................52
 
An Endless Cycle of Violence in Molo......................................................................53
 
Chased from Central Province.................................................................................55
 
Police Response..........................................................................................56
 
The Potential Long-Term Impact of Violence: Ethnic Engineering.............................56
 
The Response of the Kenyan Government..............................................................59
 
The Role of the Police.............................................................................................59
 
Allegations of Partiality................................................................................59
 
Police Overstretch..................................................................................................61
 
Restrictions on the Media and Freedom of Assembly..............................................63
 
Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation...........................................................63
 
The Response of International Actors.....................................................................67
 
An Example of ‘The Responsibility to Protect’..........................................................67
 
 Acknowledgments.................................................................................................69
 
 Annex 1: Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation, Agreement establishing aTruth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission........................................................70
 
 Annex 2: Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation, Agreement establishing aCommission of Inquiry on Post-Election Violence...................................................73
 
 Annex 3: Terms of Reference for the Independent Review Committee to investigatethe General Election of 2007..................................................................................76
 
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