FHWA Condensed Superpave

Asphalt Specifications
Lecture Series
SUPERPAVE
Aggregates
Usually refers to a soil that has in some ay
!een processed or sorted"
A##re#ate Si$e %efinitions
&
Nominal Maximum A##re#ate Si$e
'
one si$e lar#er than the first sieve to retain
more than ()*
&
Maximum A##re#ate Si$e
'
one si$e lar#er than nominal ma+imum
si$e
100
100
100
100
90
90
72
72
65
65
48
48
36
36
22
22
15
15
9
9
4
4
100
100
99
99
89
89
72
72
65
65
48
48
36
36
22
22
15
15
9
9
4
4
100 100
0 0
.075 .075 .3 .3 2.36 2.36 4.75 4.75 9.5 9.5 12.5 19.0 12.5 19.0
Percent Passing
Percent Passing
control point
control point
restricted zone
restricted zone
max density line max density line
max max
size size
nom nom
max max
size size
Sieve Size mm! "aised to 0.45 Po#er
Sieve Size mm! "aised to 0.45 Po#er
Superpave A##re#ate ,radation
100 100
0 0
.075 .075 .3 .3 2.36 2.36 12.5 12.5 19.0 19.0
Percent Passing
Percent Passing
Design Aggregate Structure
Design Aggregate Structure
Sieve Size mm! "aised to 0.45 Po#er
Sieve Size mm! "aised to 0.45 Po#er
Superpave -i+ Si$e
%esi#nations
S$%er%ave
S$%er%ave


&om 'ax Size
&om 'ax Size
'ax Size
'ax Size
(esignation
(esignation


mm!
mm!
mm!
mm!


37.5 mm
37.5 mm


37.5
37.5
50
50


25 mm
25 mm


25
25
37.5
37.5


19 mm
19 mm


19
19
25
25


12.5 mm
12.5 mm
12.5
12.5
19
19


9.5 mm
9.5 mm
9.5
9.5
12.5
12.5
Gradations
* Considerations:
- Max. size < 1/2 AC lift thickness
- Larger max size

!ncreases strength

!m"ro#es skid resistance

!ncreases #ol$me and s$rface area of agg
%hich decreases re&$ired AC content

!m"ro#es r$t resistance
!ncreases "ro'lem %ith segregation of "articles
- (maller max size

)ed$ces segregation

)ed$ces road noise

*ecreases tire %ear
Percent Crushed Fragments in
Gravels
&
.uarried materials alays ())* crushed
&
-inimum values depended upon traffic
level and layer /lift0
&
%efined as * mass ith one or more
fractured faces
Percent Crushed Fragments in
Gravels
+, Cr$shed 1++, %ith 2 or More
Cr$shed -aces
Coarse Aggregate Angularity
Criteria
.raffic *e"th from ($rface
Millions of /(ALs < 1++ mm 0 1++
mm
< +.1
< 1
< 1
< 1+
< 1+
< 1++
1++
22/--
32/--
42/--
52/5+
62/6+
1++/1++
1++/1++
--/--
--/--
2+/--
3+/--
5+/42
62/6+
1++/1++
-irst n$m'er denotes , %ith one or more fract$red faces
(econd n$m'er denotes , %ith t%o or more fract$red faces
Asphalt Cements
1ac2#round
History of Specifications
1ac2#round
&
Asphalt
'
Solu!le in petroleum
products
'
,enerally a !y3product of
petroleum distillation
process
'
Can !e naturally
occurrin#
&
4ar
'
Resistant to
petroleum products
'
,enerally !y3product
of co2e /from coal0
production
Penetration 4estin#
&
Sein# machine needle
&
Specified load5 time5 temperature
1++ g
!nitial
7enetration in +.1 mm
After 2 seconds
Penetration Specification
&
Five ,rades
&
6) 3 7)
&
8) 3 9)
&
:7 3 ())
&
(;) 3 (7)
&
;)) 3 <))
%uctility
4ypical Penetration Specifications
7enetration
7enetration
8+ - 2+
8+ - 2+
2++ - 1++
2++ - 1++
-lash 7oint9 C
-lash 7oint9 C
82+
82+
12+
12+
*$ctilit:9 cm
*$ctilit:9 cm
1++
1++
1++
1++
(ol$'ilit:9 ,
(ol$'ilit:9 ,
66.+
66.+
66.+
66.+
)etained 7en.9 , 22
)etained 7en.9 , 22
14
14
*$ctilit:9 cm
*$ctilit:9 cm
;A
;A
1++
1++
Viscosity ,raded Specifications
4ypes of Viscosity 4u!es
As"halt !nstit$te .$'e
<ietf$chs Cross-Arm
.$'e
4a!le ( E+ample


AC 2.2
AC 2.2
AC 8+
AC 8+
=isc9 3+C
=isc9 3+C
22+
22+

2+ 89+++
2+ 89+++

5++
5++
=isc9 112C
=isc9 112C
5+
5+
1++
1++
7enetration
7enetration
2++
2++
2+
2+
=isc9 3+C
=isc9 3+C
<1922+
<1922+
<2+9+++
<2+9+++
*$ctilit:
*$ctilit:
1++
1++
1+
1+
8+
2+
3+
4+
52
1++
12+
12+
2++
1++
7enetration >rades
AC 8+
AC 2+
AC 1+
AC 2
AC 2.2
1++
2+
1+
2
=
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
:
9

3
+
C

?
1
8
+
-
@
Asphalt Cements
;e% ($"er"a#e 7erformance >raded ("ecification
P, Specifications
&
Fundamental properties related to
pavement performance
&
Environmental factors
&
=n3service > construction temperatures
&
Short and lon# term a#in#
Hi#h 4emperature 1ehavior
&
Hi#h in3service temperature
'
%esert climates
'
Summer temperatures
&
Sustained loads
'
Slo movin# truc2s
'
=ntersections
Viscous Liquid
Pavement 1ehavior
/Warm 4emperatures0
&
Permanent deformation /ruttin#0
&
-i+ture is plastic
&
%epends on asphalt source5 additives5 and
a##re#ate properties
Permanent %eformation
-$nction of %arm %eather and traffic
Co$rtes: of -ABA
Lo 4emperature 1ehavior
&
Lo 4emperature
'
Cold climates
'
Winter
&
Rapid Loads
'
Fast movin# truc2s
Elastic Solid
= E
Hoo2e?s La
Pavement 1ehavior
/Lo 4emperatures0
&
4hermal crac2s
'
Stress #enerated !y contraction due to drop in
temperature
'
Crac2 forms hen thermal stresses e+ceed
a!ility of material to relieve stress throu#h
deformation
&
-aterial is !rittle
&
%epends on source of asphalt and a##re#ate
properties
4hermal Crac2in#
Co$rtes: of -ABA
Superpave Asphalt 1inder
Specification
The grading system is based on Climate
7> 38 - 22
Performance
Grade
Average 7-day max
pavement temperature
Min pavement
temperature
Pavement 4emperatures are Calculated
&
Calculated !y Superpave softare
&
Hi#h temperature
'
;) mm !elo the surface of mi+ture
&
Lo temperature
'
at surface of mi+ture
Pave temp = f air temp! depth! latitude"

Concentric C:linder
Concentric Cylinder Rheometers

)
=
M
i
2 )
i
2
L
=
)
)
o
- )
i
%ynamic Shear Rheometer /%SR0
&
Parallel Plate
#hear flo$ varies $ith
gap height and radius
%on-homogeneous flo$

)
C
)
h

)
C
2 M
)
1
S)ort *erm +inder ,ging
&
"olling *)in -ilm .ven
'
Sim$lates aging /rom )ot mixing and constr$ction
Pressure A#in# Vessel
/Lon# 4erm A#in#0
&
Sim$lates aging o/ an as%)alt
0inder /or 7 to 10 years
&
50 gram sam%le is aged /or 20
)o$rs
&
Press$re o/ 21070 2Pa 300 %si!
&
,t 901 100 or 110 3
1endin# 1eam Rheometer
Air 1earin#
Load Cell
%eflection 4ransducer
Fluid 1ath
Computer
%irect 4ension 4est
L
e
L
Load
Stress @ @ P A A
Strain

f
Summary
Fatigue
Cracking
Rutting
RTFO
Short Term Aging
No aging
Construction
4"56
4(S"6
Lo Temp
Cracking
4++"6
4(**6 4(**6
!AV
Long Term Aging
Superpave 1inder
Purchase Specification
Superpave Asphalt 1inder
Specification
.he grading s:stem is 'ased on Climate
7> 38 - 22
7erformance
>rade
A#erage 4-da: max
"a#ement tem"erat$re
Min "a#ement
tem"erat$re
P7 46 P7 52 P7 58 P7 64 P7 70 P7 76 P7 82
?)otational =iscosit:@ )=
90 90 100 100 100 110! 100 110! 110 110!
?-lash 7oint@ -7
46 52 58 64 70 76 82
46 52 58 64 70 76 82
?)DLL!;> .A!; -!LM D=/;@ ?)DLL!;> .A!; -!LM D=/;@ ).-D ).-D Mass Loss Mass Loss < < 1.++ , 1.++ ,
?*irect .ension@ *.
?Eending Eeam )heometer@ EE) 7h:sical Aardening
28
834 840 846 810 816 822 828 834 840 846 816 822 828 834 840 810 816 822 828 834 840 810 816 822 828 834 840 810 816 822 828 834 810 816 822
828 834
A#g 4-da: Max9
o
C
1-da: Min9
o
C
?7)/((F)/ A>!;> =/((/L@ ?7)/((F)/ A>!;> =/((/L@ 7A= 7A=
D)!>!;AL D)!>!;AL
0 1.++ k7a
< 2+++ k7a
0 2.2+ k7a
( < 1++ M7a m 0 +.1++
)e"ort =al$e
0 1.++ ,
2+ Ao$rs9 2.+4 M7a
10 7 4 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 25 22 19 16 13 31 28 25 22 19 16 34 31 28 25 22 19 37 34 31 28 25 40 37 34 31
?*:namic (hear )heometer@ *() >* sin
? Eending Eeam )heometer@ EE) G(H (tiffness I GmH- #al$e
824 830 836 0 86 812 818 824 830 836 86 812 818 824 830 0 86 812 818 824 830 0 86 812 818 824 830 0 86 812 818 824 0 86 812
818 824
824 830 836 0 86 812 818 824 830 836 86 812 818 824 830 0 86 812 818 824 830 0 86 812 818 824 830 0 86 812 818 824 0 86 812
818 824
P
P
er/ormance
er/ormance
7
7
rades
rades
?*:namic (hear )heometer@ *() >*/sin
?*:namic (hear )heometer@ *() >*/sin
< 1 7a
.
s
J
112
o
C
0 21+
o
C
CEC
P7 46 P7 52 P7 58 P7 64 P7 70 P7 76 P7 82
?)otational =iscosit:@ )=
90 90 100 100 100 110! 100 110! 110 110!
?-lash 7oint@ -7
46 52 58 64 70 76 82
46 52 58 64 70 76 82
?)DLL!;> .A!; -!LM D=/;@ ?)DLL!;> .A!; -!LM D=/;@ ).-D ).-D Mass Loss Mass Loss < < 1.++ , 1.++ ,
?*irect .ension@ *.
?Eending Eeam )heometer@ EE) 7h:sical Aardening
28
834 840 846 810 816 822 828 834 840 846 816 822 828 834 840 810 816 822 828 834 840 810 816 822 828 834 840 810 816 822 828 834 810 816 822
828 834
A#g 4-da: Max9
o
C
1-da: Min9
o
C
?7)/((F)/ A>!;> =/((/L@ ?7)/((F)/ A>!;> =/((/L@ 7A= 7A=
D)!>!;AL D)!>!;AL
< 2+++ k7a
0 2.2+ k7a
( < 1++ M7a m 0 +.1++
)e"ort =al$e
0 1.++ ,
2+ Ao$rs9 2.+4 M7a
10 7 4 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 25 22 19 16 13 31 28 25 22 19 16 34 31 28 25 22 19 37 34 31 28 25 40 37 34 31
?*:namic (hear )heometer@ *() >* sin
? Eending Eeam )heometer@ EE) G(H (tiffness I GmH- #al$e
824 830 836 0 86 812 818 824 830 836 86 812 818 824 830 0 86 812 818 824 830 0 86 812 818 824 830 0 86 812 818 824 0 86 812
818 824
824 830 836 0 86 812 818 824 830 836 86 812 818 824 830 0 86 812 818 824 830 0 86 812 818 824 830 0 86 812 818 824 0 86 812
818 824
9o# t)e P7 S%ec :or2s
9o# t)e P7 S%ec :or2s
?*:namic (hear )heometer@ *() >*/sin
?*:namic (hear )heometer@ *() >*/sin
< 1 7a
.
s
J
112
o
C
0 21+
o
C
CEC
58 64
*est *em%erat$re *est *em%erat$re
3)anges 3)anges
S%ec "e;$irement S%ec "e;$irement
"emains 3onstant "emains 3onstant
0 1.++ k7a
P7 58822
P7 58822
P7 52828
P7 64810
P7 64810
P7 58816
P7 58816
< 'any agencies )ave
esta0lis)ed zones
P7 +inder Selection
Summary of Ho to Use
P, Specification
&
%etermine
'
93day ma+ pavement temperatures
'
(3day minimum pavement temperature
&
Use specification ta!les to select test
temperatures
&
%etermine asphalt cement properties
and compare to specification limits
Asphalt Concrete -i+
%esi#n
History
Hot -i+ Asphalt Concrete
/H-A0
-i+ %esi#ns
&
B!CectiveD
'
%evelop an economical !lend of a##re#ates and
asphalt that meet desi#n reEuirements
&
Historical mi+ desi#n methods
'
-arshall
'
Hveem
&
Fe
'
Superpave #yratory
ReEuirements in Common
&
Sufficient asphalt to ensure a dura!le pavement
&
Sufficient sta!ility under traffic loads
&
Sufficient air voids
'
Upper limit to prevent e+cessive environmental
dama#e
'
Loer limit to allo room for initial densification due
to traffic
&
Sufficient or2a!ility
MA)(AALL
M!K
*/(!>;
-arshall -i+ %esi#n
&
%eveloped !y 1ruce -arshall for the
-ississippi Hi#hay %epartment in the late
<)?s
&
WES !e#an to study it in (G6< for WW==
'
Evaluated compaction effort
&
Fo" of !los5 foot desi#n5 etc"
&
%ecided on () l!"" Hammer5 7) !losAside
&
6* voids after traffic
&
=nitial criteria ere esta!lished and
up#raded for increased tire pressures and
loads
-arshall -i+ %esi#n
&
Select and test a##re#ate
&
Select and test asphalt cement
'
Esta!lish mi+in# and compaction
temperatures
&
%evelop trial !lends
'
Heat and mi+ asphalt cement and
a##re#ates
'
Compact specimen /()) mm diameter0
Marshall Design Criteria
Light .raffic Medi$m .raffic Aea#: .raffic
/(AL < 1+
8
1+
8
< /(AL< 1+

/(AL 0 1+
3
Com"action 12 2+ 42
(ta'ilit: ; ?l'.@ 1113 ?42+@ 2115 ?12++@ 5++3 ?15++@
-lo%9 +.22 mm ?+.1 in@ 5 to 15 5 to 13 5 to 18
Air =oids9 , 1 to 2 1 to 2 1 to 2
=oids in Mineral Agg.
?=MA@ =aries %ith aggregate size
Asphalt Concrete -i+
%esi#n
Superpave
Superpave Volumetric -i+
%esi#n
&
,oals
'
Compaction method hich simulates field
'
Accommodates lar#e si$e a##re#ates
'
-easure of compacti!ility
'
A!le to use in field la!s
'
Address dura!ility issues
&
Film thic2ness
&
Environmental
reaction
frame
rotating
'ase
loading
ram
control and data
ac&$isition "anel
mold
height
meas$rement
tilt 'ar
Key Components of Gyratory Compactor
Compaction
Compaction
&
,yratory compactor
'
A+ial and shearin# action
'
(7) mm diameter molds
&
A##re#ate si$e up to <9"7 mm
&
Hei#ht measurement durin# compaction
'
Allos densification durin# compaction to !e
evaluated
1.22
o
)am "ress$re
3++ k7a
= 7
= 7
mm mm
>og 7yrations
>og 7yrations
10
10
100
100
1000
1000
&
&
ini ini
&
&
des des
&
&
max max
Three Points on SGC
Curve
S,C Critical Point Comparison
*,
mm
@ ,
m!
A ,
mm
,
m!
@ 1ul2 -i+ Specific ,ravity from compaction at
F cycles
,
mm
@ -a+" 4heoretical Specific ,ravity
Compare to alloa!le values atD
F
=F=
D *,
mm
H :G*
F
%ES
D *,
mm
H G8*
F
-AI
D *,
mm
H G:*
%esi#n Compaction
& F
des
!ased on
'
avera#e desi#n hi#h air
temp
'
traffic level
& Lo# F
ma+
@ ("() Lo# F
des

& Lo# F
ini
@ )"67 Lo# F
des
= 7
mm
>og 7yrations
10 100 1000
&
ini
&
des
&
max
Superpave 4estin#
&
Specimen hei#hts
&
-i+ture volumetrics
'
Air voids
'
Voids in mineral a##re#ate /V-A0
'
Voids filled ith asphalt /VFA0
'
-i+ture density characteristics
&
%ust proportion
&
-oisture sensitivity
Superpave -i+ %esi#n
& %etermine mi+ properties at F
%esi#n
and compare to
criteria
' Air voids

6* /or G8* ,
mm
0
'
V-A See ta!le
'
VFA See ta!le
' *,
mm
at F
ini
H :G*
' *,
mm
at F
ma+
H G:*
'
%ust proportion )"8 to (";
Superpave -i+ %esi#n
,yratory Compaction Criteria