Two-Stage Compression 1

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Two-Stage Compression
2003 AspenTech. All Rights Reserved.
EA1031.31.05
07 Two-Stage Compression.pdf
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Workshop
This example demonstrates a typical application of the recycle
operation. Feed gas enters the compressor station at 35C (95F) and
1725 kPa (250 psia). The gas is to be delivered at 6900 kPa, and it is to be
compressed in two stages. Each stage consists of a knockout drum, a
compressor, and a cooler. Liquids from each separator are recycled back
to the previous stage, after the pressure has been reduced.
Learning Objectives
Once you have completed this section, you will be able to:
Use the recycle operation in HYSYS
Choose suitable tear locations for recycles
Prerequisites
Before beginning this module you need to know how to add streams and
operations.
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Building the Simulation
Defining the Simulation Basis
For this case, you will be using the Peng Robinson EOS with the
following components: N
2
, CO
2
, C
1
, C
2
, C
3
, i-C
4
, n-C
4
, i-C
5
, n-C
5
, C
6
.
Starting the Simulation
Add a new Material stream with the following values:
In this cell... Enter...
Name To Compression
Temperature, C 35C (95F)
Pressure 1725 kPa (250 psia)
Molar Flow 5000 kgmole/h (11,000 lbmole/hr)
Component Mole Fraction
N2 0.0075
CO2 0.0147
C1 0.5069
C2 0.1451
C3 0.0725
i-C4 0.0652
n-C4 0.0578
i-C5 0.0515
n-C5 0.0431
C6 0.0357
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Build the Simulation without the Recycle Operations
1. Install a Mixer with the following values:
2. Add a Separator with the information shown below:
3. Add a Compressor with the following values:
In this cell... Enter...
Connections
Name Mixer 1
Inlet To Compression
Outlet To LP Sep
Parameters
Pressure Assignment Equalize All
In this cell... Enter...
Connections
Name LP Sep
Inlets To LP Sep
Vapour Outlet LP Sep Vap
Liquid Outlet LP Sep Liq
In this cell... Enter...
Connections
Name Stage 1
Inlet LP Sep Vap
Outlet Stage 1 Out
Energy Stage 1 HP
Parameters
Adiabatic Efficiency 75% (default)
Worksheet
Stage 1 Out, Pressure 3450 kPa (500 psia)
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4. Install a Cooler with the values listed in the following table:
5. Add a Mixer operation to your case.
6. Install a Separator with the following information:
7. Add a Valve with the following information.
In this cell... Enter...
Connections
Name Stage 1 Cooler
Inlet Stage 1 Out
Outlet Cooler 1 Out
Energy Stage 1 Q
Parameters
Pressure Drop 0 kPa
Worksheet
Cooler 1 Out, Temperature 50C (125F)
In this cell... Enter...
Connections
Name Mixer 2
Inlet Cooler 1 Out
Outlet To IS Sep
Parameters
Pressure Assignment Equalize All
In this cell... Enter...
Connections
Name IS Sep
Inlet To IS Sep
Vapour Outlet IS Sep Vap
Liquid Outlet IS Sep Liq
In this cell... Enter...
Connections
Name LetDown 1
Inlet IS Sep Liq
Outlet LD1 Out
Worksheet
LD1 Out, Pressure 1725 kPa (250 psia)
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8. Install a Compressor with the values shown below:
9. Install a Cooler operation to the case.
10. Add a Separator with the following values:
In this cell... Enter...
Connections
Name Stage 2
Inlet IS Sep Vap
Outlet Stage 2 Out
Energy Stage 2 HP
Parameters
Adiabatic Efficiency 75% (default)
Worksheet
Stage 2 Out, Pressure 6900 kPa (1000 psia)
In this cell... Enter...
Connections
Name Stage 2 Cooler
Inlet Stage 2 Out
Outlet Cooler 2 Out
Energy Stage 2 Q
Parameters
Pressure Drop 0 kPa
Worksheet
Cooler 2 Out, Temperature 50C (125F)
In this cell... Enter...
Connections
Name HP Sep
Inlet Cooler 2 Out
Vapour Outlet HP Sep Vap
Liquid Outlet HP Sep Liq
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11. Install a Valve with the following information:
The only operations missing at this point are the Recycles.
Installing the Recycles
A recycle operation is a mathematical unit operation and is installed as
any other. It has an inlet (calculated) stream and an outlet (assumed)
stream. The operation is called/calculated whenever changes to the
inlet stream fall outside of the converged tolerance.
The Recycle installs a theoretical block in the process stream. The feed
into the block is termed the calculated recycle stream, and the product
is the assumed recycle stream. The following steps take place during the
convergence process
HYSYS uses the conditions of the assumed stream (outlet) and
solves the flowsheet up to the calculated stream (inlet).
HYSYS then compares the values of the calculated stream to
those in the assumed stream.
Based on the difference between the values, HYSYS modifies the
values in the calculated stream and passes the modified values to
the assumed stream.
In this cell... Enter...
Connections
Name LetDown 2
Inlet HP Sep Liq
Outlet LD2 Out
Worksheet
LD2 Out, Pressure 3450 kPa (500 psia)
Save your case!
In general, a Recycle
operation is required for
material transfer and not for
thermal recycles.
Always supply a guess or
starting point for the outlet
stream of the Recycle, never
the inlet. A guess close to the
solution will result in a faster
convergence time.
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The calculation process repeats until the values in the calculated
stream match those in the assumed stream within specified
tolerances.
Notice that both LetDown Valve outlets (also the Recycle Inlets) are
known. This will be a good starting point for the Assumed stream (or
guess of the Recycle).
1. Add the first Recycle by double-clicking on the Recycle icon in the
Object Palette.
Connections Page
2. Supply the Name, Feed and Product information as shown in the
figure:
Examine streams LD1 Out and LD2 Out. Can these be used as the guess for
the Recycle outlet?____________________________________________________
LD1 Out LD2 Out
Temperature
Pressure
Flow
Is Composition
Known?
Figure 1
Recycle icon
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Parameters Tab
Tolerance Page
HYSYS allows you to set the convergence criteria or tolerance for each of
the Recycle variables. In addition, the direction of transfer of
information can be set to Forwards or Backwards, or Not Transferred at
all. In general you will want to leave the transfer as Forwards. In this
example, leave everything at the default.
Numerical Page
This page contains the options for the two types of Recycles, Nested and
Simultaneous.
Nested. This type of recycle gets called whenever it is
encountered during calculations. Use this type if you have a
single Recycle or if you have multiple recycles which are not
connected.
Simultaneous. All recycles set at Simultaneous will be called at
the same time. Use this option if your Flowsheet has multiple
inter-connected recycles.
In this case, we will use Nested Recycles.
Figure 2
The smaller the tolerance
value, the tighter the
tolerance. Generally it is a
good idea to start with the
default tolerance until you
have a converged solution
and then tighten the
tolerance.
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Monitor Tab
This page displays convergence information as the calculations are
performed. Any variable that changes between iterations is displayed in
this table. In order to view plots of variables as they change during the
calculation of the recycle, you must select the variables to view on the
Setup page.
Worksheet Tab
The Recycle Worksheet page displays the Inlet and Outlet stream
information. In this instance, notice that the Inlet and Outlet streams
have the same values. This is because before we installed the Recycle,
the Inlet stream was already calculated by HYSYS. When the Recycle was
connected, the known Inlet conditions were automatically passed to the
Outlet stream to serve as the starting guess.
Figure 3
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3. Install the second Recycle with the following information:
The final step to solving the flowsheet is to connect the Recycle Outlets
as Inlets to Mixer1 and Mixer2. Once this is done, the flowsheet will
begin solving.
4. Attach RCY 1 Out as a feed to Mixer 1.
5. Attach RCY 2 Out as a feed to Mixer 2.
Optional
Analyzing the Results
If you saved your case as a template, close the template and open the
saved case.
Examine the convergence process for the Recycles. Open the Recycle
property view and look at the Monitor tab. How many iterations did
each Recycle need to converge.
In this cell... Enter...
Connections
Inlet LD2 Out
Outlet RCY 2 Out
Look at the Worksheet tab for each Recycle. How close are the Inlet and
Outlet stream variables?______________________________________________
Are the vapour fractions identical for the Inlet and
Outlet?______________________________________________________________
Save your case!
Convert your case to a template
and save!
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Advanced Modelling
Because the Recycle operation is a mathematical representation of a
physical process, its location in a simulation is a particularly important
one. The location of the tear stream can often determine success or
failure to converge a recycle.
Choose a Tear Location to Minimize the Number of Recycles
Reducing the number of locations where the iterative process is required
will save on the total convergence time. Choosing the location of the
Recycle will depend on the Flowsheet topology. Attempt to choose a
point such that specifying the assumed stream will define as many
streams downstream as possible. It generally occurs downstream of
gathering points (mixers) and upstream of distribution points (tees,
separators, and columns).
Choose a Tear Location to Minimize the Number of Recycle
Variables
Variables include vapour fraction, temperature, pressure, flow, enthalpy
and composition. Choose the tear stream so that as many variables as
possible are fixed, thus effectively eliminating them as variables and
increasing convergence stability. Good choices for these locations are at
separator inlets, compressor after cooler outlets and trim heater outlets.
RCY 1 RCY 2
Inlet Vf
Outlet Vf
If the vapour fractions are slightly different, tighten the composition
tolerance (change the tolerance from 10.0 to 1.0). Does this make any
difference?__________________________________________________________
A very poor choice of a tear
stream is a stream with an
Adjust operation controlling
one of its variables.
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Choose a Stable Tear Location
The tear locations can be chosen such that fluctuations in the recycle
stream have a minimal effect. For example, by placing the tear in a main
stream, instead of the physical recycle, the effect of fluctuations will be
reduced. The importance of this factor depends on the convergence
algorithm. It is more significant when successive substitution is used.
Exploring the Simulation
Exercise 1: Adding a Recycle
Where should the Recycle be placed in this flowsheet and why?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Figure 4
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Assume that the Feed is fully defined, Shell and Tube Side pressure
drops are known, as well as the Column Feed temperature.
Assume the Feed is completely defined, shell and tube side pressure
drops for E-100 and E-101, and the temperatures of streams 3 and 4 are
known.
Where should the Recycle be placed in this flowsheet and why?____________
Figure 5
Where should the Recycle be placed in this flowsheet and why? _____
Figure 6
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Assume the Feed is completely defined, and the shell and tube side
pressure drop for E-100 are known.
Exercise 2: Compressor Outlet Pressure
After finishing the simulation, your boss provides you with a set of
Compressor Curves for the Stage 2 Compressor which now exists in the
field. Will the existing Compressor be able to achieve the outlet pressure
you want (i.e., 6900 kPa), or will you have to add a third stage of
compression?
Where should the Recycle be placed in this flowsheet and why?_____
Figure 7
Flow, ACT [m3/min (ACFM)] Head [m (ft)] Polytropic Efficiency
30 (1000) 6000 (19670) 74
55 (2000) 5950 (19500) 75
95 (3400) 5800 (19000) 75.25
140 (5000) 5500 (18000) 74.5
175 (6200) 4800 (15700) 72
205 (7300) 3360 (11000) 68
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Challenge
You complain to your boss, Polly Sim that your simulation takes too long
to converge on your computer because of the recycles and use this
opportunity to petition for a new high speed computer. Polly has a look
at your simulation and denies your request on the basis that you can
reduce your convergence time by eliminating one of the recycles in the
simulation. Is your request justified or is Polly correct?
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