R~ewa6~ Ener9y, Vd . 2 N0 . 3 , pp.

223- 231, 1996

C0pyr 19ht 1996 E ~ e ~ 5de nc e L ~
Fr 1~{d ~ 6 ~ 8r1ta1n. A11 r19h~ ~ e 5 ~ d
P 1 1 : 50960--1481 (96)00001--8 0960-1481~6 $1~00+~00
7 E5 7 1 N6 0 F AN ARR0 W- HEAD VER7 1 CAL-
AX15 W1 ND 7 UR8 1 NE M0 DEL
V. H. M0 RC0 5 and 0. M. E. A8DEL- HAFE2
Mecha~ca1 En~n~ef1n9 Depa~ment, A5~ut U~ v ~ f f , A551ut, E9ypt
(Rece1ved 10 June 1995; accepted 20 January 199~
A65traCt---A vert 1c~-a~5 w1nd tur61ne ( VAW7) w1th an ar r 0w- head r 0t 0r
wa5 te5ted 1n the ~60r a t 0r y at w1nd t unn~ 5peed5 0f 16.3, 18.05 and 19.75
m/ 5. 7he p0wer and t 0r 4ue c0eff1~ent5 were ~ud1ed a5 funct10n5 0f t he 61ade
5ect10n ~ect an9u1ar and aer0f0~ 6~de 5ect10n~, t he 6~de a n~e 0 (12, 55
and 90), t he a~ack a n~e ~ (0, 30 and 90), t he 61ade4en9t h rat10 L/L~a~
(0.50, 0.75 and 1.0) and f1na11y the t1p-5peed rat10 U/V. 7he a n~y~5 0f t he
exper1menta1 re5u1~ 5h0wed t hat the p0wer and t 0r 4ue c0eff1~ent5 0f t he
r ect an9u~r 6~de 5ect10n were h19her t han th05e 0f t he aer0f0H 61ade 5ect10n
and t hey 1ncrea5ed w1th a decrea5e 1n t he 6~de a n ~e and the 61ade4en9t h
rat10. 7he y 1ncrea5ed w1th an 1ncrea5e 1n t he at t ack an91e. 7he p0wer
c0eff1~ent 1ncrea5ed t0 a ma ~ mu m v~Ue and t hen decrea5ed a 9~n w1th an
1ncrea5e 1n t he t1p-5peed rat10, wh1~ t he t 0r 4ue c0eff1~ent decrea5ed d1rect1y
w1th an 1ncrea5e 1n t he t1p-5peed rat10. 7he ar r 0w- head w1nd tur61ne per-
f 0r med 6e5t w1th the r e~an9u1ar 6~de 5ect10n w1th a 61ade a n~e 0f 12 ,
6 1 a d ~ n 9 t h rat10 0f 0. 75 and a~ack a n~e 0f 30 . C0pYr19ht 1996 E~e ~e r
5~ence Ltd.
1 N 7 R 0 D U C 7 1 0 N
W1nd tur61ne5 may 6e an attract1ve a1ternat1ve 1n area5 Where f u d 15 u5ua11y expenNve and
w1nd re91me5 are part1cu1ar1y fav0ra61e. 7he5e c0nd1t10n5 are f1k~y 10 0ccur 1n p1ace5 wh1ch
are r em0t e and have weak aut 0n0m0u5 p0wer 5y5mm5.
A vert1ca1-ax15 w1nd tur61ne ( VAW7) ha5 a r 0t 0r wh1ch rev01ve5 a60ut 1~ vert1cN
ax15. C0mpar ed t0 t he m0r e c0nvent10na1 h0r120nta1-ax15 w1nd tur61ne, th15 Nve5 5evera1
advanta9e5, 5uch a5 t he a61f1ty t 0 accept w1nd f r 0m any d1rect10n, t he a65ence 0f 9rav1ty-
1nduced reverNn9 5~e55 at the r 00t 0f t he 61ade5, and t he p0tent1N f 0r p1a~n9 m05t 0f the
heavy p0wer tra1n and p0wer 9enerat1n9 mach1nery at 9r 0und ~ve1 r at her t han at the t 0p
0f the t 0wer [1-N.
7he de vd0pme nt 0f the vert1ca1-a~5 var1a61e 9e0met r y w1nd tur61ne ( VAV6 W7 ) ha5
ext ended 0ver 20 year5, emp10f1n9 the pat ent ed arr0w-head c0nf19urat10n. 1t reduce5 the
61ade 10ad1n9 and 5hed5 the exce55 p0wer at h19h w1nd 5peed5. A5 a re5u1L the pract1ca1
ran9e 0f w1nd 5peed5 15 ext ended 1n the upper w1nd ran9e. 7he t0tM am0unt 0f ener9y
capt ur ed and 9ener a~d 15 1ncrea5ed, thu5 1mpr 0~n9 the 0veraH c05t-eff1~ency 0f the
mach1ne [4- 2 .
223
224 V. H. M0 RC0 5 and 0. M. E. A8 DE~ HAF E2
7he pre5ent w0r k ~ u ~ exper 1ment N~ t he effect 0f r 0t 0r de~9n (61ade 5ect10n5 and
an91e5, at t ack an91e5 and Ma d e 4 e n ~h rat 10~ and t he 0p~at 1n9 c0n~t 10n5 (t1p-5peed rat 10~
0n the p 0 w~ and t he t 0r 4ue c0eff1dent5 0f an a ~0w- he a d VAW7.
~ERF0RMANCE ANALY515
7he t 0 t ~ p0wer 0f a w1nd ~ a m 15 e 4 u ~ t0 t he r at e 0f the ~c0m1n9 ~net 1c ener9y 0f
t h ~ ~ a m
Pw = 0.5P Av ~. (1)
7he me c h a ~ c ~ p0wer pr 0duced 6y t he w1nd t urMne 15 me a 5 u ~d dur1n9 t he expef 1men~
~nd ~ e 4 u ~ t0
P = 2~NrF/60. (2)
7he p0wer c0eff1~ent 0f a w1nd t u r ~ n e 15 def1ned a5 t he me c h a ~ c ~ p0wer def1vered 6y
t hat t u r ~ n e ~ d e d 6y t he t 0 t ~ p0wer ava11aMe ~ the c r 0 ~ e c f 1 0 n ~ ar ea 0f t he w1nd
5Weam 5u6t ended 6y t he w1nd t ur ~ne .
Cp = P/ 0. 5pA V ~. (3)
7he t 0r 4ue c0eff1~ent 15 def1ned a5 t he me c h a ~ c ~ t 0r 4ue def1vered 6y the t u r ~ n e r 0t 0r
~d e d 6y t he ~net 1c ener9y 0f the w1nd ~ a m
~ CQ = C9/ (U/ V). ( 4 )
EXPER1MEN7AL W0RK
7he t e ~ r19 5h0wn 1n F19. 1 c0n~5~ 0f t w0 m~ n pan5, the a ~0w- he a d r 0t 0r w1th 1t5
acce550~e5, and the w1nd tunne1. 7he a ~0w- he a d r 0t 0r 15 made 0f 6eech w00d. 1t c 0 n ~ 5
0f a hu6 (60 mm ~ ~ a m~ e r and 50 mm ~9 h ) w1th t w0 h0r120nt ~ arm5 (170 mm 30
mm 20 mm) c0nnect ed t0 1t. F0ur Made5 w1th ~ a n 9 ~ a r (165 mm 30 mm 10 mm)
0r 5ymm~f 1c ~ aer 0f 0~ ( NACA 0012 w1th L ~ = 165 mm and a ch0r d 0f 30 mm) 5ect10n5
are ~n 9 e d t0 the end5 0f t he arm5. Each 6 ~d e 15 5upp0~ed at a ~n 9 e d p ~ n t ~0 n 9 1~
~n9t h, 6y mean5 0f a 5~ut. Ch a n ~ n 9 t he ~r u t ~n 9 e p0~t 10n 0n the a r m vaf1e5 the Made
a n ~e 0 (12, 55 and 90). 7he ~n 9 e d Made5 and t he 5~ut p051t10n a1~w t he r 0t 0r t0 have
an ~a~0w- head~ c0nf19urat10n. 7he r 0t 0r r0t at e5 a60ut t he vert1ca1 a~5 0f a v~f 1c ~
c ~ u mn t hr 0u9h a 6a11 6eaf 1n9. 7he vert 1c~ ~ 0 ~ mn ~ 0 0 mm ~ 9 h and ~0 mm ~ ~ a m~ e 0
6a5e 15 f1xed t0 t he f100r.
7 0 me a 5 u ~ t he p0wer d ~ e r e d 6y t he r0t 0r, a p0ny 6r ake d y n a n 0 m~ e r pf 1n~p~ 15
u5ed. 7he ~ f f e ~ n c e 6~we e n t he dead w~9ht and t he 5pf1n9 5c~e ~ a ~ n 9 5 pr0duce5 the
t an9ent 1~ f0rce act1n9 0n the pu11ey. ~he r 0t 0r rev01ut10n5 duf1n9 a ~ e ~ n t1me a~e
c0unt ed t0 9et t he r 0t 0r 5peed N. 7he 6 ~ d ~ n 9 t h rat10 L / L ~ ~ vaf1ed ~ 0 m 1.0 t0 0.50,
c 0 ~ p 0 n ~ n 9 t0 6 1 a d ~ n ~ h - t 0 ~ 0 t 0 ~ r a ~ u 5 rat105, L/ R, 0f 0.825 and 0.413, ~5pect 1v~y.
A150, t he h1n9ed Made5 are f1xed t0 t he end5 0f t he arm5 1n t hree p0~t10n5 t0 ~v e t hree
f f e ~nt at t ack an~e5 0, 30 and 90 .
7he 5wept area5 0f t he r 0t 0r f0r t he rect an9u1ar and aer 0f 0~ 61ade 5ect10n5 and f0r a11
an~e5 0f a ~a c k ~ 0 m 0 t0 90 are ~ v e n ~ 7aMe 1 a5 funct10n5 0f the 61ade a n9~ 0 and t he
Ma d ~ n 9 t h rat10 L / L ~ .
An arr0w-head vert1ca1-ax15 w1nd tur61ne m0 d d
I
5pdn9 5ca1e 1 Pu11ey
~ ~ D e a d
60~ ~
A
~ ~ 3 ~ Rect. 61ade
- - - ~ - - Aer0.61ade
5ec. A--A
C01umn
p1an v1ew
/ / / ~ / / 1 / / / / / / / / / / 1 / / ~ / y a 5 e
F19. 1. 7he ~5t f19 (a11 ~ me n ~ 0 ~ ~ mm).
225
7 h e w1nd t unne1 (8 m 500 mmx 500 mm) 15 ma d e 0 f w00d. 1t 15 e4u1pped w1th t hr ee
610wer5 a r r a n9e d 1n par ~1e1. 1t 15 t1Med w1th a 5~a 19h~ne r ne a r 1t5 ex1t 54uar e 5ect10n t 0
06t a1n a un1f 0r m w1nd 5peed. 5f1de 9ate5 ar e u5ed at t he ex1t 5ect10n5 0 f t he 610wer5 t 0
c ha n9e t he w1nd 5peed ~ 0 m 7. 4 t 0 19.75 m/ 5, c0r r e5p0nd1n9 t 0 w1nd p0we r denf1f1e5 0 f 2 4 3
a nd 4622 W/ m 2, r e5pect 1vd~ 7 h e a r r 0 w- h e a d r 0t 0r 15 cent er ed 1n ~ 0 n t 0 f t he w1nd tunne1
ex1t 5ect10n t 0 accept t he w1nd ener 9y. 7 h e u p p e r w1nd 5peed r an9e 0 f 1 ~3 - 1 %7 5 m/ 5 15
u5ed dur1n9 t he exper1ment 5 t 0 ut11~e t he advant a9e5 0 f t he VAV6 W7 .
7a61e 1. 5wept area5 0f the r0t 0r f0r rectan9u1ar and aer0f0f1 61ade
5ect10n5 and f0r a11 an91e5 0f attack fr0m 0 t0 90
L/Lm~x L/R 90 55 12
1.00 0.825 0.1320 0.0854 0.0180
0.75 0.619 0.0990 0.0683 0.0167
0.50 0.413 0.0660 0.0462 0.0130
(2~0x/8 = 0.825).
226 V.H. M0RC05 ~d 0. M. E. A8DE~HAFE2
RE5UL75 AND D15CU5510N
F19ure5 2 and 3 5h0w the var1at10n5 0f C v w1th U/V f0r three d1fferent 6hde an~e5 0f
12, 55 and 90 and tw0 d1fferent 61ade 5ect10n5 #ectan9u1ar and aer0f011) at a c0n~ant
a~ack an~e ~ = 0 and tw0 d1fferent 61ade-~n9th rat105 L/Lm~ 0f 1 and 0.5, re5pect1v~y.
7he f19ure5 5h0w that Cv 1ncrea5e5 t0 a ma ~mum v~ue and then decrea5e5 a9~n w1th an
1ncrea5e 1n U/V. 7he rectan9u1ar 61ade 5ect10n 15 6e~er than the aer0f0f1 61ade 5ect10n,
~x~
,00.
, 0
16 1 ~
-~ ~ ,
~ ~ ~
~ ~
: ~ 1 ~ ~
0 ~ ~ 1 ~
0 ~5 030 ~15 020 ~25
U1V
F~. 2. Var1at10n 0f ~ ~ ~ V ~r ~nt N~e ~N~ and ~cf10n5 ~ = 1 and ~ = 0~.
2~X10
~ Rect. 61Qde ~
16 ~ ~
~ 2 ~ " ~ ~
8 55"

0 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 ~ 5 030 ~ 5 ~20 0.25
U1V
~ 9 . 3. Vadaf 10n 0 f ~ ~ t h ~ V ~ r ~ m Made an~e5 and 5ccE0n5 ( U L ~ = 0 5 0 and ~ = 0 ) ,
An a ~ 0 w~ d ~ 5 a ~ 5 ~ n d mr ~ m0dd 227
6ecau5e 1t ~ve5 a h19her p0wer c0eff1~ent f 0r t he 5ame t1p-5peed rat10, 6ut t he aer0f011
61ade 5ect10n ma y 0per at e at a w1der r an9e 0f t1p-5peed rat105, wh1ch aH0w5 m0r e p e ~
f 0r mance 5ta61f1ty. A150, t he f19ure5 5h0w t hat t he 61ade a n ~ e 0 = 12 15 t he 6e5t, 6ecau5e
1t ~ve5 the h19he~ p0wer c0eff1dent. 7he ma ~ mu m v~ue5 0f Cp r an9e f r 0m 3 10 -4 t0
24 10 -4 ~0r r e5p0nd1n9 t 0 p0wer denf1ty ran9e5 0f 1.4 and 11.1 W/ m 2, re5pect1vdy) and
0ccur 1n a t1p-5peed rat10 r an9e 0f 0. 15~). 20.
F19ure 4 5h0w5 the var1at10n5 0f Cp w1th U/Vf0r t w0 d1fferent 61ade 5ect10n5 ~ect an9u1ar
and aer0f011) and t w0 d1fferent 6 1 a d ~ n 9 t h rat105 L/Lm,x 0f 0.50 and 1.0 at a c0n5t ant
61ade a n ~ e 0 0f 55 and c 0n~a nt a ~a c k a n ~e ~ 0f 90 . 7he f19ure 5h0w5 t hat the var1at10n5
0f C v w1th U/Vhave t he 5ame ~nde nc y a5 th05e 0f F195 2 and 3, a1th0u9h t he a ~a c k a n ~ e
15 chan9ed f r 0m 0 t0 90 . A150, the f19ure 5h0w5 t hat decreaf1n9 the 6 h d ~ n 9 t h rat10
L/Lmax f r 0m 1 t0 0.50 1ncrea5e5 t he p0wer c0eff1~ent 6y a ma ~ mu m v ~u e 0f 65% f0r 1he
rect an9u1ar 61ade 5ect10n.
F19ure 5 5h0w5 t he var1at10n5 0f Cp w1th U V f0r t w0 d1fferent 61ade an~e5 0f 12 and
, 0 x
8
0
_
- - R e c t . 6 1 a d e x ~
. . . . A e r 0 . 6 1 a d e ~
1 1 1 1 ~
~5 0.10 0~5 ~20 025 ~30 ~35
U 1 Y
F1~ Var1at10n 0f Cp w1th U/Vf0r d1fferent 61ade 5ect10n5 and L/L~ax rat105 (0 = 55 and ~ = 90~.
-4
24X10
, ,
~ L1Lm~ x = 0 . 5 ~
0
16 ~ ~ e = 1 2
~12 / / 1 ~ ,
~ /
~ ~
0 1 1 1 ~ 1
0~5 0.10 ~15 0.20 ~25
U1V
~9. 5. V ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ V ~r ~ ~ade an~e5 and ~ ~ 5 ~e~an9U~r 6~de and
~ = 03.
228 V. H. M0 RC0 5 and 0. M. E. A8DEL- HAFE2
3 6 X ~
~ = 3 ~

32 - - - ~ = 0
2~ ~ = 1 ~
2 0 1 ~ 8 ~
/ ~
. t
16 1 /
/

12 / N
/ ~ 55"
/e ~
0 8 1
0
~9. 6. Var1at10n 0f ~ ~ t h
f
~ 0 5 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 ~30
U1V
U/V f0r d1fferent 61ade and attack an91e5 (rectan9u1ar 61ade and
L / ~ a ~ = 1 ) .
90 and t w0 d1fferent 61ade4en9t h rat105 0f 0.50 and 1.0 f 0r t he rect an9u1ar Made 5ect10n
at c0n5t ant at t ack an91e 0f 0 . 1t 15 06v10u5 t hat f0r t he 5ame U/V and 0, t he p0wer
c0eff1dent 1ncrea5e5 6y decrea51n9 t he 61ade- ~n9t h rat10 L/Lm~.
F19ure5 6- 8 5h0w t he var1at10n5 0f Cp w1th U/V f 0r t hree d1fferent 61ade an91e5 and t w0
d1fferent at t ack an91e5 ~ 0f 0 and 30 f0r t he rect an9u1ar Made 5ect10n and t hree d1fferent
61adeAen9th rat105 L/ Lma x 0 f 1, 0.75 and 0.5, re5peCt1Ve~. 7he f19Ure5 5h0W t hat t he p0Wer
C0eff1dent5 at an at t ack an91e 0f 30 are h19her t han th05e W1th an at t ack an91e 0f 0 . 7he
d1fference 6etWeen t he p0Wer C0eff1~ent at t he at t ack an91e 0f 30 and t hat 0f the at t ack
an91e 0f 0 1nCrea5e5 n0t1Cea61y W1th a decrea5e 1n t he Made an91e ~ 0 m 90 t0 12 . F19Ure 7
5h0W5 t hat C v reache5 t he h19he~ vMUe 0f a60Ut 40 x 10 -4 ~0rre5p0nd1n9 t0 a p0Wer
den~t y 0f 18.50 W/ m~ f 0r t he rectan9U1ar Made 5eCt10n at 61ade an91e 0 0f 12 , an at t ack
a n n e 4 0f 30 and a 61adeAen9th rat10 L/Lmax 0f 0.75.
F19Ure 9 5h0W5 t he Var1at10n5 0f t0r4Ue C0eff1dent W1th t 1p~peed rat10 f0r d1fferent Made
and at t ack an91e5 f0r the rectan9U1ar Made 5eCt10n and 61ade- ~n9t h rat10 0f 0.75. 7he
f19Ure 5h0W5 t hat C 0 decrea5e5 W1th an 1nCrea5e 1n U/V and 0. 1t 1nCrea5e5 w1th 1nCrea5e 1n
4. F0r the max1mUm Cp 0f 39 X 10 -4 (F19. 7), t he t 0r 4ue C0eff1dent reache5 233 X 10 -4,
C0rre5p0nd1n9 t0 a t0r4Ue 0f 0.018 J (0r 1.09 J / m~. 7he Var1at10n5 0f C 0 W1th the 0t her
va1Ue5 0f t he par amet er 5 have t he 5ame t endency a5 t he var1at10n5 0f C 0 1n F19. 9.
F0r a11 the exper1ment5, t he effect 0f w1nd 5peed5 0f 16.3, 18.05 and 19.75 m/5 0n the
An a~0w-head vert1ca1~5 w1nd tur~ne m0dd 229
- 4
4 0 X1 0
~ = 3 ~ ~
- - - =~
36
32
28
24
~0 ~
1
~ ~
~ 6
~
~ / ~ ~
/ ~ ~ ~
0 1
0 ~0 5 ~10 ~ 5 0. 20 ~ 2 5 0 3 0
U1
~9. 7. Vadaf10n 0f ~ ~t h ~ V ~r ~ ~ade and attack an~e5 ~ecmn9~ar ~ade and
~ = 0.75).
p0wer and ~r 4ue c0eff1dent5 wa5 ~ 5 ~ f 1 c a m f0r the Made an~e5 0f 90 and 55 , 6ut f0r
the 61ade an~e 0f 12 1t wa5 50mewh~ n0t1ceaMe.
C0NCLU~0N5
7N5 w0rk ~d t0 the f0H0w1n9 c0nduN0n5. (1) 7he p0w~ c0eff1dem 0f 1he ~ a n 9 ~ a r
Made ~cf10n 15 N9her than t h~ 0f the aer0f0f1 Made 5ect10n, ad~n9 t0 t h~ the pr0duct10n
~mp11d~ 0f t he ~ a n 9 Ma r Made ~ct10n5. (11) 7he p0wer c0eff1dent ~cr ea5~ ~y dec reaMn9
the Ma d ~ n ~ h rat10 L/Ln~a~ and the 6Nde anne 0. ~D 7he p0wer c0eff10ent ~cr ea5~ 6y
1ncreaMn9 the a~ack an~e ~. 0 ~ 7he 6e5t r0t0r w1th the M9h~t p0wer c0eff1~ent 15 that
u~n9 the ~ a n 9 Ma r Made ~ct10n, w1th an a~ack anne 0f 30 , 61ade anne 0f 12 and
Ma d ~ n ~ h rat10 0f 0.75 ~) . 7he t0r4ue c0eff10ent decrea5e5 w1th an ~crea5e 1n the t1p-
5peed rat10, 6Nde anne and Ma d ~ n ~ h rat10.1t ~ e a 5 ~ w1th an 1ncrea5e 1n the attack
an~e.
230 V.H. M0RC05 ~d 0. M. E. A8DE~HAFE2
36 X10
32
20
1 6
~= 30" ~
282~ ~ = ~ ~
~
~ ~
/ ~
~ ~ ~
/ ~
~ 2
/ 55" ~
1 1 ~
0 1 1 1 1 1
0 ~0 5 040 0~5 0. 20 ~25 ~30
U1 V
~9. 8. Var1at10n 0f ~ ~t h ~V ~r ~ 61ade and a~ack an~e5 ~n9~ 61ade and
~L~ = 0.5~.
- 4
300X10
~ 0
10C
. . . . *:~f
2
~N e =1

a~ ~
~ ~
~ ~ ~ 41
0~5 0.10 ~5 0.20 0,25 0~0
U1V
F19. 9. Var1at10n 0f CQ w1th U/ V f0r d1fferent 61ade and a~ack an91e5 (rectan9u1ar 61ade and
L/Lma x = 0.75).
An a ~ 0 w~ d ~ c ~ 5 ~ n d mr ~ne m0dd
A
F
L
~ L ~
N
P
r
R
U
~v
V
N0MENCLA7URE
~ 0 ~ e c ~ 0 n ~ area 0f the w1nd ~ a m 5u6~nded 6y ~e w1nd ~ r ~ n e (m~
~ r ~ n e p0w~ c0eff1~e~
t ur ~ne t0r4ue c0eff1~e~
~n9enf1~ ~ e act1n9 0n ~ e p ~ y ( N)
~ a d e ~ n ~ h (m)
ma~mum ~ade 1en~h = ~165 m
~ade-1en~h rat10
r0t0r ~eed ~pm)
m~ h a ~ c ~ p0w~ pr 0du~d 6y ~ e w1nd ~ r ~ n e (W)
w1nd p0w~ ~ ~ e u p ~ a m w1nd c0vef1n9 ~e p r ~ d ~e a 0f ~e r 0 ~r (W)
pu11ey ra~u5 = 0.01 m
~ r ~ n e ~ u 5 (m)
f1~5p~d = ~R (m/5)
f 1 ~ d mf10 = f1p~pee~w1nd ~ d
w1nd ~eed (m/5)
6reek 5ym60~
0 ~ade an~e (de9ree~
p ~r den~ty at the 0perat1n9 c0n~f10n5 (k9/m~
~ ~mck an~e (de9ree5)
~ w1nd tur61ne an9~ar v ~ 0 d ~ ~ad/ ~.
231
REFERENCE5
1. P. J. M~ 0 v e , W1nd ener9y c0nverf10n : recent Pr09re55 and ~ t u r e pr05pect5. 50L
W1nd 7echn0L 4, 3 7 4 9 ( 198~.
2. N. H. ~ p ma n , P. J. Mu 5 ~ 0 v e and 6 . W. P0nf1n ( Ed~, W1nd Ener9yf0r ~e E19ht1e5.
Pe Er P~e 9 f 1 n ~, L0nd0n ( 198~.
3. R. E. W~ 0 n and R. W. 7hr e5heL ~ t r 1 c ~ ener9y f f 0m the w1nd. Mechan1ca1 En91n-
eer1n9, J anuar y, 60-69 ( 198~.
4. 1. P. ~ n e ~ 7he VAW7 and R5 p0wer ~ n def19n. CME, Ap ~ , 34-39 (1987).
5. P. J . Mu5~0ve , 7he var1a61e 9e0met r y vert1ca1 ax15 w1ndm1H. ~t. 5ymp. 0n W1ndEner9y
5y5~m~ 7- 9 5 e p ~ m6 ~ ( 197~.
6. 1. D. May5 and H. Rh0de ~ P r 0 9 ~ w1~ ~ e UK v~f 1c ~ a~5 w1nd ~ r ~ n e p r 0 ~ a mme .
Pr0c. Eur0pean W1nd Ener9y C0nf, Ha m6 u ~ , 22-26 0 ~ 0 6 ~ ( 198~.