Tng hp kin thc Ha hu co lp 11

CaO, t
0
CaO, t
0
askt
ANKAN {PARAFN}
Cng thc chung: C
n
H
2n 2
(n1)
I. Dng phn: Mach Cacbon
II. Danh php:
III. Tnh cht ha hc:
Phan ung th (dy la phan ung dc trung cua Ankan)
C
n
H
2n + 2
+ aX
2
C
n
H
2n + 2-a
X
a
+ HX
Vi du: C
2
H
6
Cl
2
C
2
H
5
Cl HCl
Phan ung cng: khng co phan ung.
Phan ung trung hop: khng phan ung.
Phan ung oxi hoa: C
n
H
2n + 2
+ (
2
1 3 n
)O
2
nCO
2
+ (n + 1)H
2
O
Phan ung phn huy: C
n
H
2n + 2
nC + (n + 1)H
2
Phan ung tach:
Dehidro. C
n
H
2n + 2
C
n
H
2n
+ H
2
Cracking. C
n
H
2n + 2
C
x
H
2x + 2
+ C
y
H
2y
(x + y n, n>3)
IV. Diu ch:
* Phuong phap Wurtst (diu ch ankan mach dai)
2C
n
H
2n + 1
X + 2Na (C
n
H
2n + 1
)
2
+ 2NaX
Vi du: 2C
2
H
5
Cl 2Na C
4
H
10
2NaCl
Nu dung hai loai dn xut halogen khac nhau thi thu hn hop 3 ankan khac nhau
* Phuong phap Dumas (giam mach Cacbon)
RCOONa + NaOH RH + Na
2
CO
3
(RCOO)
2
Ca + NaOH 2RH + CaCO
3
+ Na
2
CO
3
MONOXCLOANKAN
* Cu tao: mach mt vong, chi chua lin kt don.
* Cng thuc chung: C
n
H
2n
(n3).
* Dng phn: s nguyn tu C tao vong, v s nhanh trong vong.
* Danh phap:
* Hoa tinh:
- Phan ung th: tuong tu nhu ankan.
- Phan ung dt chay
C
n
H
2n
+ 3n/2 O
2
nCO
2
+ nH
2
O
- Phan ung cng mo vong:
Xoclopropan co th cng hidro, brom, HBr nhung xiclobutan chi cng hidro.
Xicloankan vong 5, 6 canh tro ln khng co phan ung cng mo vong trong nhung diu kin trn.
* Diu ch: Dehidro va khep vong ankan
ANKEN {OLEFN}
Cng thc chung: C
n
H
2n
(n

2) co mt ni di.
1. Dng phn: mach Cacbon, vi tri ni di, hinh hoc.
2. Danh php:
S chi vi tri nhanh tn nhanh mach chinh an
S chi vi tri nhanh tn nhanh xiclo tn mach chinh an
Tng hp kin thc Ha hu co lp 11
H

, t
0
H

, t
0
H
2
SO
4
, 170
0
CaO, t
0
CaO, t
0
Ni, t
0
ancol
Ni, t
0
3. Tnh cht ha hc:
Phan ung cng (dc trung cua anken)
C
n
H
2n
+ H
2
C
n
H
2n+2
C
n
H
2n
+ X
2
C
n
H
2n
X
2
C
n
H
2n
+ HX C
n
H
2n+1
X (tun theo qui tc Macconhicop)
C
n
H
2n
+ H
2
O C
n
H
2n+1
OH
Vi du: C
2
H
4
H
2
C
2
H
6
C
2
H
4
H
2
O CH
2
- CH
2
-OH (etylen glicol)
OH
Anken co th co phan ung th o cacbon anpha (nhit d khoang 450-500
0
C)
Phan ung trung hop (tng hop polime)
Phan ung oxi hoa (dung nhn bit anken)
Anken lam mt mau thuc tim
C
n
H
2n
+ 2KMnO
4
+ 4H
2
O 3C
n
H
2n
(OH)
2
+ 2MnO
2
+ 2KOH
C
n
H
2n
+
2
3n
O
2
nCO
2
+ nH
2
O
4. Diu ch:
* Tu ancol:
C
n
H
2n+1
OH C
n
H
2n
+ H
2
O
* Cracking ankan
Vi du: C
4
H
10
C
2
H
6
C
2
H
4
* Dehidro ankan: C
2
H
6
C
2
H
4
H
2
* Nhit phn mui (phuong phap Dumas)
RCOONa + NaOH RH + Na
2
CO
3
(RCOO)
2
Ca + NaOH 2RH + CaCO
3
+ Na
2
CO
3
* Di tu dn xut halogen (X la halogen)
R-CHX-CHX-R
`
+ 2Zn R-CHCH-R
`
+ 2ZnX
2
R-CHX-CH
3
+ KOH (d}c) R-CHCH
2
+ KX + H
2
O
[
CH
3
ANKADEN {OLEFN}
Cng thc chung: C
n
H
2n-2
(n3) co hai ni di.
I. Dng phn: mach Cacbon, vi tri ni di, hinh hoc.
II. Danh php:
III. Tnh cht ha hc:
Khng tham gia phan ung th.
Phan ung cng:
* Cng hidro: C
n
H
2n-2
+ 2H
2
C
n
H
2n+2
* Cng halogen (Cl
2
, Br
2
,.): C
n
H
2n-2
+ X
2
C
n
H
2n-2
X
2
C
n
H
2n-2
+ 2X
2
C
n
H
2n-2
X
4
* Cng HX
S chi vi tri nhanh tn nhanh tn mach chinh vi tri ni di en
nA (A)
n
S chi vi tri tn nhanh tn mach chinh vi tri hai ni di dien
Tng hp kin thc Ha hu co lp 11
Al
2
O
3
, 650
0
CuCl/NH
4
Cl
H
2
SO
4
d
Pd/PbCO
3
Pd/PbCO
3
Pd/PbCO3
HgCl
2
, 150
0
HgSO
4
, 80
0
CuCl, NH
4
Cl
Na, t
0
, P
C, 600
0
MgO, Al
2
O
3
, 450
0
Ankadien co th tham gia phan ung cng halogen, HX.o cac vi tri 1,2 (ging anken) hoc 1,4 (khac
anken). O nhit d thp uu tin cng 1, 2, o nhit d cao thi cng 1,4.
Phan ung trung hop:
Vi du: nCH
2
CH-CHCH
2
CH
2
-CHCH-CH
2
Cao Su Bu Na
Phan ung oxi hoa: n
Ankadien cung lam mt mau dung dich thuc tim.
C
n
H
2n-2
+
2
1 3 n
O
2
nCO
2
+ (n-1) H
2
O
IV. Diu ch buta-1, 3-dien:
* Dehidro hoa n-buten va n-butan:
CH
3
-CHCH-CH
3
CH
2
CH-CHCH
2
H
2

* Di tu axetilen:
2C
2
H
2
CH
2
CH-CHCH (vinyl axetilen)
CH
2
CH-CHCH H
2
CH
2
CH-CHCH
2
* Di tu ancol
2C
2
H
5
OH CH
2
CH-CHCH
2
H
2
O H
2
(buta- 1,3 -dien hay con goi la di vinyl))
CH
3
-CH(OH)-CH(OH)-CH
3
CH
2
CH-CHCH
2
ANKN
Cng thuc chung: C
n
H
2n-2
(n2)
I. Dng phn: Mach Cacbon, vi tri ni ba.
II. Danh php:
Tn thng thuong tn gc ankyl axetilen.
III. Tnh cht ha hc:
Phan ung th:
R-C=CH + Ag(NH
3
)
2
]OH R-C=C-Ag (mu vng nht) + 2NH
3
+ H
2
O
Phan ung cng:
` Cng hidro
C
n
H
2n-2
+ H
2
C
n
H
2n
Vi du:
C
2
H
2
H
2
CH
2
CH
2
* Cng axit: C
n
H
2n-2
+ HX C
n
H
2n-1
X
Vi du: CH=CH HCl CH
2
CH-Cl (vinyl clorua)
* Cng halogen
C
n
H
2n-2
+ X
2
C
n
H
2n-2
X
2
C
n
H
2n-2
+ 2X
2
C
n
H
2n-2
X
4
* Cng nuoc:
R- C=CH H
2
O R-C-CH
3
(R khac 0)

O
Phan ung trung hop:
Vi du: C
2
H
2
CH
2
CH-C=CH
C
2
H
2
Phan ung oxi hoa huu han:
S chi vi tri nhanh tn nhanh tn mach chinh vi tri ni ba in
Tng hp kin thc Ha hu co lp 11
H
2
SO
4
d
AlCl
3
Fe
Ankin lam mt mau dd thuc tim.
3C
n
H
2n-2
+ 8KMnO
4
+ 4H
2
O 3C
n
H
2n-4
O
4
+ 8MnO
2
+ 8KOH
Ttrong mi truong axit phan ung xay ra mnh lit hon.
C
2
H
2
2KMnO
4
3H
2
SO
4
2CO
2
2MnSO
4
K
2
SO
4
4H
2
O
C
2
H
2
2KMnO
4
(COOK)
2
2MnO
2
KOH 2H
2
O
Phan ung oxi hoa v han:
C
n
H
2n-2
+
2
1 3 n
O
2
nCO
2
+ (n-1) H
2
O
IV. Diu ch:
* Dng dng axetilen:
* Di tu axetilen
C
2
H
2
+ Na CH=C-Na + H
2
C=CNa + RX CH=C-R + NaX
* Tach HX cua dn xut halogen
R-CHX
2
-CHX
2
-R
`
+ 2Zn R-C=C-R
`
+ 2ZnX
2
R-CHX-CHX-R
`
+ 2KOH R-C=C-R
`
+ 2KX + H
2
O
BENZEN v ANKYLBENZEN
Cng thc tng qut: C
n
H
2n-6
(n6)
I. Dng phn: s nhanh trn vong, vi tri cac nhanh.
II. Danh php:
III. Tnh cht ha hc:
Phan ung th:
Joi Brom (khan).
C
n
H
2n-6
+ Br
2
C
n
H
2n-7
Br + HBr (th o nhn)
Khi co anh sang lam xuc tac thi phan ung th xay ra o nhanh.
* ankylbenzen phan ung nhanh hon.
- Nu trong vong benzen co sn mt nhom th loai I 'dy electron (ankyl, -OH, -NH
2
, -OCH
3
,
halogen) thi nhom nay s dinh huong cho nhom th moi vao vi tri ortho (o) va para (p).
- Nu trong vong benzen co sn mt nhom th loai II 'hut electron (-NO
2
, -COOH, -CN, -COOR,
NH
3
) thi nhom nay s dinh huong cho nhom th moi vao vi tri meta (m).
Joi dung dich HNO
3
dc trong H
2
SO
4
dc (nitro hoa) theo co ch electrophin.
C
n
H
2n-6
+ HONO
2
C
n
H
2n-7
NO
2
+ H
2
O
Joi RX.
C
n
H
2n-6
+ RX C
n
H
2n-7
R+ HX
Phan ung cng (H
2
, Cl
2
)
Luu y: benzen va ankylbenzen khng lam mt mau dung dich Br
2
nhu cac hidrocacbon khng no.
Phan ung oxi hoa:
Benzen va dng dng cua no chay trong kk sinh ra CO
2
, H
2
O va nhiu mui than.
C
n
H
2n-6
+
2
3 3 n
O
2
nCO
2
+ (n - 3) H
2
O
Tac dung voi dung dich KMnO
4
.
Benzen khng tac dung voi dd KMnO
4
, nhung Toluen lai bi oxi hoa o gc -CH
3
khi dun nong voi dd
KMnO
4
tao thanh C
6
H
5
COOK
C
6
H
5
CH
3
2KMnO
4
C
6
H
5
COOK 2MnO
2
KOH H
2
O
IV. Diu ch:
- Dehidro hoa xicloankan
C
n
H
2n
C
n
H
2n-6
+ 3H
2
- Dehidro hoa n-ankan dng thoi khep vong, nho xuc tac va nhit d thich hop.
C
n
H
2n+2

C Pd 300 ,
C
n
H
2n-6
+ 4H
2
S chi vi tri nhanh tn nhanh benzen
Tng hp kin thc Ha hu co lp 11
C, 600
0
P, t
0
, xt
P, t
0
, xt
ZnO, t
0
- Phuong phap tng hop (ki hiu gc hidrocacbon thom la Ar-)
Tng hop Wurt-Fittig
Ar-X + 2Na + X-R Ar-R + 2NaX
Tng hop Friedel-CraIt
Ar-H + X-R Ar-X + HX
V d C
6
H
6
+CH
3
Cl C
6
H
5
CH
3
+ HCl
Ring Benzen: 3C
2
H
2
C
6
H
6
STIREN
(vinyI benzen, phenyI etiIen)
Tnh cht ha hc
Phan ung cng
C
6
H
5
CHCH
2
Br
2
C
6
H
5
CHBr-CH
2
Br
C
6
H
5
CHCH
2
HCl C
6
H
5
CHCl-CH
3
Halogen, hidro halogenua cng vao nhom vinyl o stiren tuong tu nhu anken.
Phan ung dng trung hop
nCHCH
2
- CH-CH
2
-

n
-CH
2
-CHCH-CH-CH
2
-CH
2
-
n
nCH
2
CH-CHCH
2
nCHCH
2
-CH
2
-CHCH-CH
2
-CH-CH
2
-
n
Cao su Buna-S
Phan ung oxi hoa: Stiren lam mt mau dd KMnO
4
o ngay nhit d thuong (bi oxi hoa o nhom
vinyl, con vong benzen vn giu nguyn).
Diu ch:
CH
2
-CH
3
CHCH
2
NAPHTALEN (C
10
H
8
)
Cng thc cu to:
Tnh cht ha hc: Br
Br
2
HBr
NO
2
HONO
2

Tng hp kin thc Ha hu co lp 11
H
2
SO
4
d, 140
0
H

, 170
0
H

, t
0
t
0
t
0
Naphtalen tham gia phan ung th d hon so voi benzen. San phm th vao vi tri alpha la san phm
chinh.
Phan ung cng hidro tetralin decalin, C
10
H
18
2H
2

C Ni 150 ,
3H
2

atm C Ni 35 , 200 ,
Naphtalen khng bi oxi hoa boi KMnO
4
. khi co V
2
O
5
o nhit do thich hop no bi oxi hoa boi oxi kk
thanh anhidrit phtalic.
ANCOL
Cng thc chung: R(OH)
x
I. Dng phn: vi tri nhom OH, mach Cacbon.
II. Danh php:
Tn gc chuc:
Tn thay th:
III. Tnh cht ho hc:
Tac dung voi kim loai kim:
R(OH)
x
+ xNa R(ONa)
x
+ x/2H
2
Phan ung ester hoa (tac dung voi axit)
R(OH)
x
+ R
`
(COOH)
y
R
x
(COO)
xy
R
y
`
+ H
2
O
Phan ung voi ancol (eter hoa)
2C
n
H
2n+1
OH (C
n
H
2n+1
)
2
O + H
2
O
Ete hoa hn hop n ancol khac nhau co th tao thanh ti da n(n 1) ete.
Phan ung tach nuoc:
Qui tc Zai-xep: Nhom OH s uu tin tach ra cung voi H o Cacbon bc cao hon bn canh d tao
thanh lin kt di CC mang nhiu nhom ankyl hon.
C
n
H
2n+1
OH C
n
H
2n
+ H
2
O
Phan ung oxi hoa
* Ancol bc mt bi oxi hoa cho andehyt
R-CH
2
-OH + CuO RCHO + Cu + H
2
O
* Ancol bc hai bi oxi hoa cho xeton
R-CH-R
`
+ CuO R-C-R
`
+ Cu + H
2
O
[
OH O
Ancol bc ba bi oxi hoa o diu kin mnh lit va bi ct dut thanh nhiu san phm.
Phan ung dt chay
C
n
H
2n+1
OH + 3n/2 O
2
nCO
2
+ (n + 1)H
2
O
Phan ung voi Ankin cho ete khng no
R-OH + CH=C-R
`
R-O-CHCH-R
`
(R
`
khc 0)
Nguyn tc chuyn ancol bc I thanh bc hai va nguoc lai: vn dung theo trinh tu qui tc Zai-xep va
Macconhicop.
* Phan ung ring cua ancol da chuc.
Nhung poliancol co 2 nhom OH gn voi 2 nguyn tu cacbon o canh nhau tac dung voi dng (II)
hidroxit cho dung dich mau xanh trong sut.
Ancol (hoc ruou) tn gc hidrocacbon tuong ung ic
Tn hidrocacbon tuong ung s chi vi tri OH ol
Tng hp kin thc Ha hu co lp 11
H
2
SO
4
d
Chung ct phn doan
Khi phn tu ancol co nhom OH gn voi nguyn tu Cacbon co lin kt di thi ancol nay khng
bn, chuyn vi thanh andehyt.
R-CHCH-OH R-CH
2
-CHO
Khi phn tu ancol co hai nhom OH gn voi mt nguyn tu cacbon thi ancol nay khng bn,
chuyn vi thanh andehyt hoc xeton.
R-CH(OH)
2
RCHO + H
2
O
OH
[
R-C-R
`
R-C-R
`
+ H
2
O
[
OH O
Khi phn tu ancol co ba nhom OH gn voi mt nguyn tu cacbon thi ancol nay khng bn,
chuyn vi thanh axit.
OH
[
R-C-OH RCOOH + H
2
O
[
OH
IV. Diu ch: tham khao sach giao khoa lop 11 Ban Tu Nhin
PHENOL v ANCOL THOM
Phenol va ancol thom co cng thuc chung la C
n
H
2n-7
OH
Tnh cht ha hc
Tac dung voi kim loai kim:
C
6
H
5
OH + Na C
6
H
5
ONa + H
2
Tac dung voi dung dich NaOH:
Ruou thom khng tac dung voi dung dich NaOH.
Phenol la axit yu con goi la 'axit phenic nn tac dung voi dd NaOH.
C
6
H
5
OH + NaOH C
6
H
5
ONa + H
2
O
Phenol la axit yu, yu hon H
2
CO
3
va khng lam di mau giy qui.
Pt chung minh tinh axit yu cua phenol:
C
6
H
5
ONa + CO
2
+ H
2
O C
6
H
5
OH + NaHCO
3
Tham gia phan ung th o vong benzen
Phan ung voi dd Br
2
va dd HNO
3
OH Br OH Br
+ 3Br
2
(tua mu trng) + 3HBr
Br
OH
OH NO
2
NO
2
+ 3HONO
2
+ 3H
2
O
NO
2
Phenol tham gia phan ung cng
Tuong tu nhu benzen, phenol cng voi H
2
cho xiclohexanol.
Phenol co th tham gia phan ung trung ngung voi andehyt Iormic tao thanh nhua bakelit.
` Diu ch Phenol
Tach chit tu nhua than da
Tng hp kin thc Ha hu co lp 11
Nhua than da
Cl
2
/Fe H
2
O, P, t
0
Propen, xt 1) O
2
kk 2) H
2
SO
4
Br
2
, khan
CH
3
Br, Na Cl
2
, as
N
a
O
H
,

t
0
,

P
CH
3
Cl
AlCl
3
Ni, t
0
Ni, t
0
Mn
2
Luyn than cc nha than d Phenol
Tng hop phenol tu benzen:
C
6
H
6
C
6
H
5
Cl Phenol
C
6
H
6
C
6
H
5
CH(CH
3
)
2
cumen Phenol + CH
3
COCH
3
` Diu ch ancol thom
Diu ch ancol benzylic tu benzen
C
6
H
6
C
6
H
5
Br toluen C
6
H
5
CH
2
Cl
C
6
H
5
CH
2
OH
ANDEHYT v XETON
A. ANDEHYT
Cng thuc tng quat: R(CHO)
x
I. Danh php:
Tn thng thuong: andehyt tn ngun gc phat sinh
Theo IUPAC: tn thay th cua andehyt gm tn hidro cacbon theo mach chinh al
II. Tnh cht ha hc
Phan ng cng
Cong H
2
R-CHO H
2
R-CH
2
[
OH
Andehyt da chuc
C
n
H
2n+2-2k-x
(CHO)
x
+ (k+x)H
2
C
n
H
2n+2-x
(CH
2
OH)
x
Cong nuoc, hidro xianua
HCHO + HOH H
2
C-OH ( khng bn)
[
OH
R-CHO + HCN R-CH-OH
[
C=N
Phan ng oxi ha
RCHO + O
2
RCOOH
Voi andehyt don chuc
RCHO + 2Ag(NO
3
)
2
]OH RCOONH
4
+ 2Ag + H
2
O + 3NH
3
RCHO + 2Cu(OH)
2
+ NaOH RCOONa + H
2
O + Cu
2
O (mu do gch)
Andehyt rt d bi oxi hoa, lam mt mau dd brom, dd thuc tim va bi oxi hoa thanh axit cacboxylic.
RCHO + Br
2
+ H
2
O RCOOH + 2HBr
5RCHO + 2KMnO
4
+ 3H
2
SO
4
RCOOH + 2MnO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 3H
2
O
Voi andehyt da chuc
R(CHO)
x
+ 2xAg(NO
3
)
2
]OH R(COONH
4
)
x
+ 2xAg + H
2
O +3xNH
3
Tnh cht cua HCHO
Phan ng cng
* Cong nuoc
HCHO + HOH H
2
C-OH ( khng bn)
[
Tng hp kin thc Ha hu co lp 11
Writer:Truong Giang - 12A1 - Tam Vu 2 high school truonggiang1001gmail.com.vn
OH
-
Cu(OH)
2
Cac oxit nito, 600
0
Ag, 600
0
HgSO
4
, 80
0
PdCl
2
, CuCl
2,
, 80
0
Ni, t
0
OH
* Cong ancol etvlic
HCHO + C
2
H
5
OH CH
2
-OC
2
H
5
[
OH
* Cong axitilen
2HCHO + C
2
H
2
CH
2
-C=C-CH
2
[ [
OH OH
` Phan ng trng hp
Nhi hop:
2HCHO CH
2
-CHO
[
OH
Luc hop 6HCHO C
6
H
12
O
6
(glucose)
Phan ng oxi ha
HCHO + 4Ag(NO
3
)
2
]OH (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
+ 4Ag + 2H
2
O + 6NH
3
III. Phuong php diu ch
1. Phuong phap diu ch andehvt don chuc
Oxi hoa ancol bac I
RCH
2
OH + CuO (t
0
) RCHO + Cu + H
2
O
Thuv phan dan xuat halogen
R-CHCH-X + NaOH R-CH
2
-CHO + NaX
R-CH-X + 2NaOH RCHO + 2NaX + H
2
O
[
X
2. iu ch andehvt ring bit.
HCHO
CH
4
O
2
HCHO H
2
O
2CH
3
OH O
2
2HCHO 2H
2
O
CH
3
CHO
CHCH H
2
O CH
3
CHO
CH
2
CH
2
O
2
CH
3
CHO
B. XETON
I. Cng thc: R-C-R
`

O
II. Danh php:
* Tn thay th theo IUPAC gm tn cua hidrocacbon tuong ung cng voi dui on
* Tn gc chuc gm hai gc hidrocacbon dinh voi nhom CO va tu xeton
III. Tnh cht ha hc:
1. Phan ung cong
- Cng hidro cho ancol bc II
R-C-R
`
+ H
2
R-C-R
`

O OH
- Phan ung cng hidro xianua
CN

R-C-R
`
+ HCN R-C-R
`

O OH
Tng hp kin thc Ha hu co lp 11
Writer:Truong Giang - 12A1 - Tam Vu 2 high school truonggiang1001gmail.com.vn
H
2
SO
4
d
CH
3
COOH
Nung
Nung
400
0
Cr
2
O
3
+ Fe
3
O
4
400
0
-Phan ung o gc hidrocacbon
CH
3
-C-CH
3
Br
2
CH
3
-C-CH
2
Br HBr

O O
2. Phan ung oxi hoa.
Khac voi andehyt, xeton tuong di bn voi cac cht oxi hoa, khng bi oxi hoa boi Cu(OH)
2
, nuoc
brom, dd thuc tim o nhit d thuong, khng tham gia phan ung trang guong.
Bi oxi hoa boi dd thuc tim hoc K
2
Cr
2
O
7
voi H
2
SO
4
(khi dun nong), xeton bi ct mach o cac lin kt
voi nhom CO.
IV. Diu ch
Oxi hoa ancol bc II
Hidrat hoa ankin-1
R-C=CH + H
2
O R-C-CH
3

O
Tu mui cua axit huu co
2RCOONa RCOR + Na
2
CO
3
(RCOO)
2
Ca RCOR + CaCO
3
Ring axeton ngoai cac phuong phap trn con co th diu ch:
* Tu ancol etylic
2C
2
H
5
OH H
2
O CH
3
COCH
3
CO
2
4H
2

* Tu axit axetic
2CH
3
COOH CH
3
COCH
3
CO
2
H
2
O
AXIT
Cng thuc chung: R(COOH)
x
I. Danh php:
Theo IUPAC: tn axit mach ho chua khng qua 2 nhom cacboxyl duoc cu tao bng cach dt tu axit
truoc tn cua hidrocacbon tuong ung theo mach chinh cng thm dui -oic
II. Tnh cht ha hc: (chu y n la hoa tri kim loai hoc oxit kim loai, R va R
`
la gc hidrcacbon)
Phan ung nhu mt axit v co thng thuong
Phn li cho H
3
O

trong dung dich (lam giy qui hoa do).

Tac dung voi kim loai hoat dng (dung truoc H trong dy din hoa)
2nRCOOH + 2M 2(RCOO)
n
M + nH
2
Tac dung voi oxit bazo
2nRCOOH + M
2
On 2(RCOO)
n
M + nH
2
O
Tac dung voi bazo mui nuoc
Tac dung voi mui
2RCOOH + CaCO
3
(RCOO)
2
Ca + CO
2
+ H
2
O
RCOOH + Na
2
CO
3
RCOONa + NaHCO
3
2RCOOH + Na
2
CO
3
2RCOONa + CO
2
+ H
2
O
Phan ung voi ancol (este hoa)
RCOOH + HOR
`
RCOOR
`
+ H
2
O
Phan ung cua gc
a. Goc la nguvn tu hidro
Phan ung trang guong
HCOOH + 2Ag(NH
3
)
2
]OH (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
+ 2Ag + 2NH
3
+ H
2
O
Phan ung voi Cu(OH)
2
trong mi truong kim
HCOOH + 2Cu(OH)
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ Cu
2
O + H
2
O
Mau do gach
b. Goc la hidrocacbon no Phan ung th vao cacbon alpha
c. Goc la hidrocacbon khong no
Tng hp kin thc Ha hu co lp 11
Writer:Truong Giang - 12A1 - Tam Vu 2 high school truonggiang1001gmail.com.vn
P
2
O
5
NaOH, t
0
CuO
O
2,
xt
O
2
, Mn
2
Hg
2,
t
0
Phan ung cng Brom
Vi du: CH
2
CH-COOH Br
2
CH
2
-CH-COOH
[ [
Br Br
Phan ung trung hop
nCH
2
CH-COOH -CH
2
-CH -
[
HOOC n
Mt s phan ung khac
Voi ankin tao thanh este khng no
Vi du: CH
3
COOH CHCH CH
3
COOCHCH
2
Luu : HCOOH + CH=CH HCOOCHCH
2
2HCOONa HCHO + Na
2
CO
3
Khi nhit phan muoi cacboxvlat
2RCOONa RCOR
`
+ Na
2
CO
3
RCOO
Ca RCOR
`
+ CaCO
3
RCOO
Phuong trinh dt chay axit no don chuc va mui natri cua axit
C
n
H
2n+1
COOH + (3n+1)/2 O
2
(n+1)CO
2
+ (n+1)H
2
O
2C
n
H
2n+1
COONa + (3n+1) O
2
(2n+1)CO
2
+ (2n+1)H
2
O + Na
2
CO
3
Phan ung tao anhidrit: 2RCOOH R-COC- R + H
2
O

O O
- Anhidrit d bi thuy phn (RCO)
2
O + H
2
O 2RCOOH
- Anhidrit co tinh cht nhu mt axit
III. Diu ch axit axetic
Ln men gim
Oxi hoa andehyt axetic : CH
3
CHO O
2
CH
3
COOH
CH
3
CHO co th diu ch tu axetilen hoc etilen
CHCH H
2
O CH
3
CHO
CH
2
CH
2
O
2
CH
3
CHO
Di tu metanol va cacbon oxit, nho xuc tac thich hop la phuong phap hin dai sx axit axetic
CH
3
OH CO CH
3
COOH
V mt li thuyt axit axetic con co th duoc diu ch:
Tu n-butan: CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
3
5/2 O
2
2CH
3
COOH H
2
O
Tu mui
CH
3
COONa HCl CH
3
COOH NaCl
CH
3
COONH
4
HCl CH
3
COOH NH
4
Cl
Tu dn xut halogen
RCH
2
X RCH
2
OH RCHO RCOOH
Thuy phn ester
RCOOR
`
+ H
2
O RCOOH + R
`
OH