Phn I: TNG QUAN

1.1 Gii thiu v nh my.

Nm 1997 cng ty ng Qung Ngi thnh lp n v thnh vin mang tn
l nh my Bao B vi dy chuyn sn xut bao PP ca i Loan, cng sut 6.000.000
bao/nm.
Sn xut bao PP ca nh my c th trng trong v ngoi nc n nhn,
nh my hot ng mang li hiu qu cho Cng Ty to cng vic n nh cho lao
ng a phng, ng gp mt phn khng nh cho ngn sch tnh nh.
Nm 2003, vi ch trng ca ng v Nh Nc v vic chuyn i doanh
nghip nh nc thnh cng ty c phn, nh my bao b c B Nng Nghip v Pht
Trin Nng Thn ra quyt nh c phn ho, i tn thnh Cng Ty C Phn Bao B
Vit Ph. T , cng ty cng pht trin bn vng v chiu rng v chiu su, a dng
ho v sn phm, nng cao nng sut, ci tin cht lng. n nay, sn phm cng ty
khng nhng cung cp trn tt c cc min t nc m cn xut khu qua cc th trng
ln trn th gii nh: c, B, Nga

Hnh 1. Hnh nh trong sn xut bao b

1.2. TNG QUAN V NGUYN LIU V
SN PHM PP
2.1 GII THIU V PROPYLENE:
Propylen (tn thng thng), c tn quc t l Propen l mt hydrocacbon khng
no, thuc h alken.
- Cng thc phn t: C
3
H
6

- Cng thc cu to:


L ngun nguyn liu chnh sn xut Polypropylene.
Cc ngun thu nhn Propylene chnh:
Ngun nguyn liu chnh sn xut Polypropylene l Propylene. Sn xut
Propylene l lnh vc sn xut quy m ln, c mc tng trng nhanh. Propylene l
nguyn liu cho nhiu sn phm ha du quan trng nhng cho n nay n vn c coi
l sn phm ph hoc sn phm ng hnh ca cc nh my lc du (NMLD) v cc nh
my sn xut Ethylene.
V c bn, ton b lng Propylene s dng cho cng nghip ha cht u c
sn xut t cc NMLD (cracking xc tc) hoc l ng sn phm ca Ethylene trong cc
nh my cracking bng hi nc. Ngoi ra, cn nhng lng Propylene tng i nh
c sn xut bng cc phng php khc nh: Tch Hyrogen khi Propane, phn ng
trao i Etylene Butene, chuyn ho t Methanol (MeOH - UOP/Hydro MTO hay
LurgiMTP).
Trong mt bo co th trng ca tp ch Nghin cu th trng cng nghip ho
cht th gii thng 11-2003, th sn lng Propylene ca th gii khong 72 triu tn
trong : 61% t cracking bng hi nc (t l Propylene:Ethylene l 3,5:10 n 6,5:10);
36% t NMLD; 3% cc qu trnh cn li.

Hnh.2 Cc ngun thu nhn Propylene
2.1.1 Tnh cht vt l
Propylen c cng thc phn t(C
3
H
8
), cng thc cu to CH
2
= CH - CH
3
l thnh
vin n gin th hai trong h Alkene. Propylen l mt cht kh, khng tan trong nc,
trong du m, dung dch Amoni ng cng nh cc cht lng phn cc nh: Ether,
Etanol,Axeton, Fufurol...Do trong phn t c lin kt t, nhng tan tt trong nhiu sn
phm ha du quan trng, v l cht kh d chy n. Propylen cng l nguyn liu khng
mu, khng mi, do ngi ta thng pha thm mercaptan c mi gn ging nh ti
vo thnh phn ca n d dng nhn bit.
Sau y l cc hng s vt l c bn ca Propylen:
Khi lng phn t: 42,08 vC.
p sut ti hn: P
c
= 4.7MPa.
T trng trng thi lng (15
o
C, 760mmHg): 0.51.
T trng trng thi hi (15
o
C,760mmHg): 1.49.
tan (trong nc -50
o
C): 0.61g/m
3
.
nht(20
o
C): 0.3cSt, (ti 20
o
C v 1at 8.35.10
-6
N.s/m
2
).
nht (16,7
o
C):8,34Pa
*
s.
Nhit ti hn: T
c
= 92.3
0
C.
Nhit nng chy: -185.2
o
C(88K).
Nhit si: -47.6
o
C(225.5K).
Nhit chy: 10.94 kcal/kg 25
o
C.
im bc chy: -108
o
C.
Gii hn nng hn hp n vi khng kh: 2.0% 11,7%.
acid: 43(44 in DMSO).
Hng s kh R= 198.
2.1.2 Tnh cht ha hc
Lin kt t ni i ca anken km bn vng nn trong phn ng d b t ra
to thnh lin kt o vi cc nguyn t khc. V th lin kt i C=C l trung tm phn
ng gy ra nhng phn ng ha hc c trng cho anken nh phn ng cng, phn ng
trng hp v phn ng oxi ha.
Phn ng cng Hydro (Hydro ha).
Khi c mt ca cht xc tc Ni, Pt, Pd, cng vi nhit thch hp th Propylen
cng Hidro vo ni i to thnh Propan, phn ng ta nhit:
R
1
R
2
C=CR
3
R
4
+ H
2
R
1
R
2
CH-CHR
3
R
4

CH
2
=CH-CH
3
+H
2
CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
3

Phn ng cng Halogen (Halogen ha).
Clo v Brom d cng hp vi Propylen to thnh dn xut ihalogen khng
mu,do tnh cht lm mt mu dung dch Clo(Brom) nn ngi ta thng dng dung dch
nc Clo(brom) nhn bit anken:
CH
2
=CH-CH
3
+Cl
2
ClCH
2
-CHCl-CH
3
. (1,2 diclopropan).
Phn ng cng Acid v cng nc.
Cng Acid.
Hydrogen halogenua, Acid sunfuric m c...c th cng vo Propylen.
CH
2
=CH-CH
3
+Cl-H
(kh)
CH
3
CHCl - CH
3
.
Phn ng xy ra qua 2 giai on lin tip:
- Phn t H
+
-Cl
-
b phn ct, H
+
tng tc vi lin kt t to thnh cacbocation, cn
Cl
-
tch ra.
- Cacbocation l tiu phn trung gian khng bn, kt hp ngay vi anion Cl
-

to thnh sn phm.
Cng nc(Hidrat ha).
nhit thch hp v c xc tc Acid, Propylen c th cng hp nc:
CH
2
=CH
2
-CH
3
+H-OH CH
3
- CH
2
- CH
2
- OH (Propanol)
x
t,t
o

x
t,t
o

t
o
,xt
Quy tc cng hp tun theo quy tc Mac-cp nhi-cp, (Phn in tch dng ca
tc nhn cng vo cacbon mang nhiu H hn (tc l cacbon bc thp hn), cn phn
mang in tch m ca tc nhn s cng vo cacbon mang t H hn).
Phn ng trng hp.
Propylen c kh nng cng hp nhiu phn t li vi nhau to thnh nhng phn
t mch rt di v c khi lng rt ln trong iu kin nhit , p sut, xc tc thch
hp:
nCH
2
= CH ( - CH - CH - ) n
CH CH
PolyPropylen.
Phn ng trng hp l qu trnh cng hp lin tip nhiu phn t nh ging nhau
hoc tng t nhau to thnh nhng phn t rt ln gi l polymer.
Phn ng Oxi ha.
Propylen cng nh cc Hydrocacbon khc khi chy to thnh CO
2
, H
2
O v ta
nhiu nhit.
2 C
3
H
6
+ 9 O
2
6 CO
2
+ 6H
2
O.
Ngoi ra Propylen cng c kh nng lm mt mu qu tm nh nhng Anken
khc.
3C
3
H
6
+ 2KMnO
4
+ 4H
2
O 3CH
3
-CH(OH)-CH
2
OH + MnO
2
+ 2KOH
2.1.3 Qu trnh pht trin v cc ngun thu nhn chnh
Nhng ngun thu nhn chnh ca propylen t qu trnh cracking (crackinh xc tc
hoc crackinh hi) cc hydrocacbon. Lc u qu trnh ny c thit k sn xut
nhng sn phm khc, propylen ch l sn ph khng mong mun.Qu trnh ny sinh ra
nhiu sn phm ph, hm lng Propylen sinh ra ty thuc ngun nguyn liu v iu
kin phn ng.Ngun nguyn liu chnh l du m v etan. Khi du m tr thnh ngun
nguyn liu chnh th hm lng Propylen sn xut c tng ln. S tiu th tng ln
dn n tng nghim ngt qu trnh cracking xc tc ca nh my lc du, kt qu l
tng lng sn phm Propylen. Propylen thu c t qu trnh crackinh xc tc ca nh
my lc du c lm sch bng qu trnh chng ct loi b Propan v phn khng
tinh khit khc. Propylen loi thng mi ha (xp x 95% propylen) v loi trng hp
(>99,5% Propylen) c tp cht ch yu l Propan. Propylen cng c sn xut bng s
chuyn v gia buten v etylen . Qu trnh ny c a vo nh my lc du hoc phn
xng crackinh hi tng sn phm propylen. Lc u qu trnh ny c pht trin bi
Phillip nhng by gi bn quyn l ca ABB LUMMUS.Ngoi ra Propylen cn c sn
xut bng cch kh hydro ca Propan di tc dng ca xc tc, qu trnh ny c d
on l qu trnh cung cp Propylen chnh Trung ng. Hai qu trnh chnh ang p
dng l qu trnh Catofin trc y c pht trin bi Houdry v gi cp php bi ABB
Lummus v qu trnh Oleflex c cp php bi UOP.Kh thin nhin c th c dng
nh nguyn liu cho qu trnh sn xut PP bng cch thm qu trnh Lugri MTP vo mt
nh my sn xut methanol thng thng.
Nhn chung, v c bn, ton b lng Propylen s dng cho cng nghip ha cht
u c sn xut t cc NMLD (crackinh xc tc) hoc l ng sn phm ca Etylen
trong cc nh my crackinh bng hi. Ngoi ra cn mt lng Propylen tng i nh
c sn xut bng phng php khc nh: Tch Hydro khi Propan, phn ng trao i
Etylen Butene, chuyn ha t Methanol.
2.2 GII THIU V HYDROGENE:
- Cng thc phn t : H
2

- Cng thc cu to : H H
Hydrogen l kh nh nht trong tt c cc kh, c tm thy trong kh quyn vi
nng rt thp, phn ln thu c t cc qu trnh trong nh my lc du (Reforming
xc tc chim khong 70 90 % th tch ), kh thin nhin, than cc, in phn dung
dch


Hnh.3 Phn xng thu hi Hydrogen trong Nh my lc du (PSA)
2.2.1 Tnh cht vt l:
nhit thng, Hydrogen l cht kh khng mu, khng mi, khng v, tan t
trong nc (1,6 mg/l) v cc dung mi hu c, kh nng chy n cao, khng duy tr s
sng v d dng phn ng vi cc cht, hp cht ha hc khc.
Bng 1 : Mt s tnh cht vt l ca Hydrogen
Khi lng phn t, (g/mol) 2,016
Khi lng ring th lng, (g/cm
3
) 0,06986
Khi lng ring th kh, (g/cm
3
) 0,001312
Nhit ngng t, (
o
C) - 252,6
Nhit kt tinh, (
o
C) -259
Nhit ti hn, (
o
C) -230,82
p sut ti hn, (bar) 19,29
Gii hn chy n vi khng kh, (%V) 4,0 75
nht 15
o
C, (cP) 0,00866
2.2.2 (KJ/mol)Tnh cht ha hc
- Tnh bn nhit :
Phn t H
2
c bn nhit ln, nn rt kh phn hy thnh nguyn t. Qu trnh
phn hy thu nhit nhiu.
H
2
2H, H = 435
- Tnh oxy ha :
nhit thng, Hydrogen rt km hot ng nhng khi un nng kt hp c
vi nhiu nguyn t. Khi phn ng vi cht kh mnh nh cc kim loi kim, kim th
th Hydrogen th hin tnh oxy ha.
2Li + H2 2LiH
- Tnh kh :
Phn ng vi Oxy
nhit thng H
2
khng phn ng vi Oxy m bt u phn ng nhit
550
o
C.
2 2 2
2H (K) + O (K) 2H O(K) , H = - 241,82(KJ/mol)
Khi chy vi Oxy nguyn cht lm nhit ngn la ln n 2500
o
C, nn c
ng dng trong cng nghip hn, ct kim loi. Tuy nhin, nu t l thch hp 2:1 th
phn ng trn tr thnh phn ng n rt nguy him.
Phn ng vi kim loi km hot ng (tr cc oxyt kim loi hot
ng t u dy in ho n Al)
2 2
3 4 2 2
CuO H Cu H O;
Fe O 4H 3Fe H O;
+ +
+ +

Phn ng cng
Tham gia cc phn ng Hydrogen ho cc hp cht khng no, tc nhn ngt mch
cc phn ng dy chuyn to chui polymer.c bit, Hydrogen c ngha rt ln trong
cc qu trnh Hydrocracking, Hydrotreatment trong Nh my lc du.
2.2.3 ng dng v sn xut
Hydrogen c tinh khit thng c s dng trong cng nghip sn xut cc
hp cht do, cc polyester v nylon (si tng hp), tng hp NH
3
, HCl, CH
3
OH v cng
nghip hn (kt hp vi oxygen).
Gn y, ngi ta to ra c trng thi mi ca Hydrogen (Hydrogen kim
loi),khi nn di p sut 3 triu atm nhit khong - 270
o
C. Hydrogen kim loi ny
l mt cht rn c dn in - nhit cao v cc tnh cht khc ca kim loi c ng
dng trong cng nghip in t, cc vt liu bn dn.
L nhin liu quan trng trong cc tu v tr, tn la v tng hp ht nhn.Hin
nay trn th gii ang hng n dng lm nhin liu chy cho ng c, pin nhit
in.V nh nn dng bm vo kh cu, phao phc v cho qun s v dn s.
2.3 SN PHM POLYPROPYLEN
2.3.1 Lch s ra i
Vic pht minh ra Polypropylen din ra vo u nhng nm 1950. C nhiu nhm
cng tham gia pht minh ny: Montecatini (c s gp mt ca cc gio s Giulio Natta
ng t gii nobel 1963 vi Karl Ziegler), Nhm Ziegler.
Polypropylen hnh thnh t qu trnh trng hp
(Polymer ha) phi tr vi s c mt ca xc tc Ziegler
Natta. Polypropylen c a ra th trng ln u tin vo
nm 1957 bi cng ty Montecatini, Italia. Ngay sau , n
c sn xut hng lot ti chu u, M v Nht. Theo
dng thi gian pht trin cng sut v cht lng
Polypropylene thng mi ngy cng c ci thin.
2.3.2 c tnhchung
- Tnh bn c hc cao (bn x v bn ko t), kh
cng vng, khng mm do nh PE, khng b ko gin di
do c ch to thnh si. c bit kh nng b x rch d dng khi c mt vt ct
hoc mt vt thng nh.
- Trong sut, bng b mt cao cho kh nng in n cao, nt in r.
- PP khng mu khng mi,khng v, khng c. PP chy sng vi ngn la mu
xanh nht, c dng chy do, c mi chy gn ging mi cao su.
- Chu c nhit cao hn 100
o
C. Tuy nhin nhit hn dn m (thn) bao b
PP (140
o
C) cao so vi PE nn c th gy chy h hng mng ghp cu trc bn ngoi,
nn thng t dng PP lm lp trong cng.
- C tnh cht chng thm O
2
, hi nc, du m v cc kh khc.
2.3.3 Cng dng
Nh c mt s tnh cht u vit hn so vi cc polymer khc nn PP c s dng
ph bin nh:
- Dng lm bao b mt lp cha ng bo qun thc phm, khng yu cu chng
oxy ha mt cch nghim ngt.
- To thnh si, dt thnh bao b ng lng thc, ng cc c s lng ln.
- PP cng c sn xut dng mng ph ngoi i vi mng nhiu lp tng tnh
chng thm kh, hi nc, to kh nng in n cao, v d x rch m bao b (do c to
sn mt vt t) v to bng cao cho bao b.
2.3.4 Phn loi Polypropylen
Polypropylen l mt loi nha nhit do c sn xut bi qu trnh polimer ha
propylene.C nhng tnh cht nhit, vt l, ha hc nh mong mun khi s dng nhit
phng.
Trong cng nghip ngi ta chia Polypropylen thnh cc h ln vi cc tn gi
nh sau:
- HomoPolypropylen (Polypropylen ng th), l kt qu ca qu trnh polymer
ha ch duy nht monomer l Propylen. L loi c s dng rng ri nht trong cc loi
sn phm ca PP. N c sn xut t nhng thit b phn ng khc nhau c s dng xc
tc lin kt cc monomer li vi nhau thnh dng c cu trc khng gian c nh.
HomoPolypropylen l mt h hai pha, v n cha c vng kt tinh c v vng khng
kt tinh c (v nh hnh). Vng khng c kh nng kt tinh bao gm c isotactic PP
v atactic PP. Isotactic.PP c kh nng kt tinh chm trong vng v nh hnh.HPP c
mng tinh th t dy n mng c th hin qua im chy ca n.
- Random CoPolypropylen(Polypropylen ng trng hp) (RCP)l kt qu ca
qu trnh ng polymer ha monomer Propylen vi cc monomer khc. Thng dung
dch kt hp comonomer Ethylene vi t l thp (7 %). a s Copolymer c cu to
khng iu ha, trong mch phn t ca chng c cc mc xch c s (monomer A v B)
khc nhau sp xp mt cch hn n v khng th tch ra cc on mch lp i lp li
mt cch tun hon. ng trng hp c cc ng dng ln trong thc t v n cho php
thay i tnh cht ca cc hp cht cao phn t trong mt gii hn rng. ng trng hp
c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip cao su tng hp.Cc polymer c cu to khng
gian c sn xut trong dy chuyn cc thit b phn ng ni tip, thit b phn ng
th nht l homopolymer v thit b th hai l copolymer.
- A A A A B A B B A -
- Copolypropylen block(Polypropylen ng trng hp khi): Khc vi cc
copolymer thng thng, trong i phn t ca chng cc n v monomer ring bit
lun phin nhau v sp xp khng theo mt trt t trong mch.
- A A A A B B B B B A A -

Hnh 4 .Hnh dng ca Polypropylene trong cng nghip

2.3.5 Cu trc phn t
Polypropylen l mt hp cht cao phn t c cng thc ha hc chung l:

Ba loi cu trc lp th ca polypropylene l atactic polypropylene, syndiotactic
polypropylene, isotactic polypropylene.
- Isotactic polypropylene:
C cc nhm - CH3 cng nm v mt pha mt phng trong cu hnh ng phn
quang hc, dng tinh th. C tnh cht l khng tan c trong heptan si v c nhit
im chy khong 165
o
C.


- Atactic polypropylene: C cc nhm - CH3 sp xp ngu nhin khng theo
mt quy lut no, v nh hnh v kt dnh tt.

- Syndiotactic Polypropylene: C cc nhm CH3 sp xp lun phin trt t
c hai na mt phng.




Ngoi ra, nu s dng xc tc metallocene ngi ta c th tng hp c polymer
khi cha ng thi isotactic v atactic trong mch nh sau:

Hnh 5.Cu trc ca polypropylene khi
2.3.6 Hnh thi hc
Tinh th hc v hin tng a hnh :
Ha hc lp th ca PP ng vai tr quan trng trong vic sp xp c kht ca cc
on mch trong vng kt tinh ca PP. Hnh 5 cho thy cc dng tn x tia X gc rng
(WAXS: wide-angle X-ray scattering) ca iPP, sPP, v aPP. Cu trc phn t iu ha
ca iPP v sPP lm cho cc on mch d dng kt tinh, iu ny to ra s khc nhau
trong tnh i xng ca n v nguyn t gia sPP v iPP.aPP khng c cu trc phn t
iu ha v khng kt tinh. iu ny dn n vic to ra mt vng tn x khuch tn rt
rng.Mch iPP c cu dng xon c trong nguyn t tinh th, nh trong hnh 6. ng
xon c lp li sau 3 mt xch monomer, vi chu k ng nht 0,65nm. S b tr 4 vng
xon c thc hin bi vic quay bn phi hoc bn tri quanh ng tm chnh gia
vi vi nghing khng ph thuc vo hng quay.

Hnh 6. Cc kiu tn x tia X c gc rng ca iPP , sPP , aPP . Min gch minh ho
s tch bit ca phn b tn x tinh th v v nh hnh
Dng tinh th ch yu ca iPP l dng . n v nguyn t ca dng - iPP l n
t, cha c 4 on mch v 12 mt xch monomer vi s sp xp c kht c trng
ca s sp xp xon c. Khi lng ring ca tinh th thng nm trong khong 0,936-
0,946 gm/cm
3
. Cu dng xon ca sPP khc vi iPP, v c chu k ng nht l 0,74 nm.
n v nguyn t ca dng tinh th n nh nht ca sPP l h t phng, cha 4 on
mch v 16 mt xch monomer vi vi s sp xp c kht c trng ca s sp xp xon
c. Khi lng ring ca tinh th l 0,930 gm/cm
3
.
C iPP v sPP u biu hin hin tng a hnh, c xu hng kt tinh thnh dng
tinh th khc ph thuc vo iu kin kt tinh. Trong iPP, dng ch yu l dng . Cc
dng khc bao gm m - , -, v cc dng trung gian. Tt c cc dng tinh th ny u
cha cu dng xon vi khong lp li 0,65 nm, nhng khc nhau trong tnh i xng ca
n v nguyn t, s kt b gia cc mch, v s hn n trong cu trc. Dng trung gian
c hnh thnh trong iu kin ti cht do nhanh, v c nhng tnh cht quan trng,
c bit khi ng dng dng mng v si. Dng trung gian bin i nhanh thnh dng
khi gia nhit. To thnh dng do a vo cc tc nhn c bit v cc ph gia, cc iu
kin kt tinh c bit, kt tinh di gradient nhit c kim sot, v trong mt vi
trng hp kt tinh di ng sut trt. Dng - c t trng nguyn t thp hn, tc
kt tinh cao hn, v im nng chy biu kin thp so vi dng , nguyn nhn mt phn
l do c trng v tinh th ca n.

Hnh 7. Chui vng xon ca isotactic PP
Dng - him thy dng tinh khit trong polymer ng nht thng mi dng
xc tc Ziegler-Natta di iu kin gia cng thng thng. Dng - xut hin trong
phn c khi lng phn t thp, polymer ng nht c to ra t mt vi cht xc tc
ng th (metallocene).Copolymer ngu nhin v polymer ng nht metallocene nhit
kt tinh cao, cc mu c cha nhiu on iu ha khng gian, v polymer ng nht
kt tinh p sut cao.
sPP cng th hin hin tng a hnh. Vic kt tinh ti nhit thp hn c th
dn n cu trc b khuyt tt so vi dng n v nguyn t i xng ph bin.
kt tinh:
kt tinh nm gia 0 i vi cc vt liu hon ton v nh hnh (nh aPP) v 1
i vi cc vt liu kt tinh hon ton. Cng nh vi hu ht cc polymer bn kt tinh,
kt tinh c vai tr quan trng trng vic quyt nh tnh cht ca PP. Mt s tnh cht nh
mun, gii hn chy, kh nng chng oxy v m tng ln khi tng kt tinh. Trong iPP
(v sPP) tnh khng gian nh hng n kt tinh. S phn b tnh khng gian gia cc
dy nh hng khng ch n kt tinh ti nhit phng, m cn nh hng mt phn
tnh cht nng chy (v do nh hng n kt tinh) nhit cao. Vi cht xc
tcng th, cu trc vi m ca mch PP c th bin i lin tc theo hng gim mc
cu trc iso t iPP n aPP ri n sPP tng ng vi s thay i kt tinh ca
isotactic hoc syndiotactic. Vi cc xc tc hin hnh th kt tinh ca sPP thp hn
iPP. Ngoi vic chu nh hng ca tnh khng gian, kt tinh ni chung tng khi gim
khi lng phn t ( linh ng ca mch tng), v tc lm lnh chm t trng thi
nng chy. ng trng hp cng c s dng iu chnh kt tinh ca polymer.
Trong trng hp ny, comonomer l ngun to ra tnh khng iu ha trong mch
PP. Vic a comonomer vo lm gim kt tinh, gim cng bn trong v nhit
nng chy, v tng bn va p.
Hnh thi ht polymer:
Hnh thi ngoi quan ca cc ht bao gm: Hnh dng, kch thc, phn b kch
thc v xp. Kim sot hnh thi ht cng c lin quan n cc cng ngh c s dng
cc ht polymer c trng hp bt i xng trong qu trnh trng hp tip theo. Cc c
trng hnh thi ph thuc mnh vo cht xc tc. Cht xc tc ti to hnh dng ca n
trong polymer nhng c kch thc ln hn v kch thc ny ph thuc vo hot
ng ca n. hot ng ca xc tc c nh gi thng qua lng polymer to ra
trn 1 n v cht xc tc.
Ht polymer c cng hnh dng vi ht xc tc, mc d ng knh ca n ln
hn xp x 20-100 ln. S ln ln ca ht polymer trong sut qu trnh trng hp c
m hnh ha bi nhiu tc gi v trong nhiu ti liu. Trong m hnh nhiu ht
(multigrain), cht xc tc b phn mnh thnh cc vi ht v cc vi ht ny c phn b
bn trong cc ht polymer di tc dng ca cc lc to ra do s ln ln ca cc lp
polymer. Trong cc cht xc tc Ziegler-Natta, s phn mnh xy ra lc lng polymer
to ra rt thp, to ra b mt hot ng ln t lc bt u qu trnh trng hp. S ln ln
ca cc ht polymer l kt qu t s tch lu cc lp ca ht polymer.
2.3.7 Tnh cht nhit ng hc
S nng chy.
im nng chy ca dng iPP b nh hng mnh bi tnh iu ha khng gian.
im nng chy gia tng khi tnh iu ha tng. T
o
m
l im chy cn bng ca tinh th
han ho. Gi tr ca T
o
m
rt nhy vi tnh iu ha khng gian. Tuy nhin, gi tr ny
ca PP 100% isotactic c th khng khc nhiu so vi T
o
m
ca iPP thng mi c tnh
iu ho cao. Mt s ti liu cho rng T
o
m
ca PP c tnh iu ha cao khong 185
188
o
C. Trong iu kin phn tch bnh thng, im nng chy ca cc PP thng mi
khong 160-168
o
C. Vic a vo cc comonomer (ethylene, butene v cc -olefin cao
hn) lm gim im nng chy, v c th lm bin mt im nng chy khi vt liu tr
thnh cao su v nh hnh. Nhit nng chy, H
o
, ca PP 100% tinh th thng nm
trong phm vi 148-209 J/g.
Cng nh vi iP, im nng chy ca sPP c nhy cao vi tnh iu ha khng
gian. Vi cc sPP thng mi vi cc xc tc khc nhau th s khc nhau v T
o
m
ca cc
sPP khng r rng. Tuy nhin, im nng chy quan st c ca sPP nhn chung thp
hn im nng chy ca iPP vi xc tc Ziegler-Natta di iu kin kt tinh thc t khi
c mc iu ha khng gian tng ng. S khc nhau ny thng l 10-15
o
C. Vic
a vo cc comonomer cng gim im nng chy ca sPP.
Nhit ho thu tinh:
Gi tr nhit ho thu tinh Tg ph thuc vo kt tinh ca polymer, KLPT v
cch thc o c s dng. Nhit ho thu tinh thng trong phm vi -13 0
o
C. Cc
phng php k thut khc nh phn tch c ng hc thng nhy hn vi Tg ca iPP.
Qu trnh ng trng hp vi ethylene lm gim Tg. ng trng hp vi butene lm
gim Tg t hn.
2.3.8 Tnh cht ho hc
iPP tan c trong cc hydrocacbon bo v thm c im si cao nhit cao.
sPP tan c trong cc hydrocacbon bo v thm c im si thp hn v nhit thp
hn. aPP th hin tan cao nht trong 3 dng trn. bn ho hc cao ca iPP lm cho
n kh b bin mu v c s dng trong acquy xe t. iPP cn c kh nng khng
nc, bn vi nhiu axit v baz v c mnh. Ging nh cc polyolefin khc l n b tn
cng bi cc tc nhn OXH nh axit sunfuric 98% v axit clohidric 30% nhit cao
( 100
o
C) v axit nitric bc khi (nhit thng).
PP phn ng vi O
2
bng nhiu cch khc nhau, gy ra s t mch v dn, ng
thi gim khi lng phn t. Phn ng ny cng xy ra mnh nhit cao, nh sng.
Mt lng ln cc loi cht n nh c thm vo bo v, ph thuc vo tng ng
dng.
Kh nng phn ng ca PP cng c s dng 1 cch hiu qu. V d nh x l
bng cc peoxit to nha c tnh lu bin cn thit. S hnh thnh ca cc gc t do
dc theo mch polymer, hu ht thng qua cht khi mo peoxit. Mc ch l a cc
nhm chc c cc vo mch polymer. Vic a cc nhm chc c cc vo c th in,
sn hoc dng lm tc nhn lin kt (coupling agent) trong composite nh iPP c gia
c thu tinh, hoc ci thin kh nng chng oxy ha, hoc dng lm cht n nh trong
hp kim polymer. Bc pht trin gn y trong xc tc c kim ng th v ccxc tc
c s dng kim loi chuyn tip a ra trin vng cho qu trnh trng hp trc tip cc
monomer phn cc vi ethylene v propylene.
2.3.9 Tnh cht vt l
Khi lng phn t v a phn tn ca polymer c thit k to ra nhng
c tnh tt nht i vi mi qu trnh gia cng. Cc loi nha c a phn tn hp
cng c sn xut bng nhng xc tc c kim ng th.Nhng xc tc ny cng c th
sn xut iPP vi phn b iu ha khng gian gia cc mch hp v phn c th chit ra
thp. Nhng copolymer ngu nhin dng ethylene v butene nh l cc comonomer.
cng bn trong ca nhng polymer ny thp hn so vi nhng polymer ng nht.
2.4 CHT XC TC
2.4.1 Lch s ra i v pht trin
Xc tc s dng cho qu trnh ny l mt hp cht rn c cu thnh t mt
mui clorua kim loi nhm IV-VII c ho tr chuyn tip (thng l Ti) v cc hp cht
c kim ca nhm I III (thng l alkylaluminium), c pht minh vo u nhng
nm 1950 bi hai gio s Karl Ziegler (c), Giulio Natta (Italya) v ly tn l xc tc
Ziegler-Natta.
Thc ra ch duy nht xc tc Ziegler-Natta c s dng trong cng nghip. Tuy
nhin, cc nghin cu gn y (u nhng nhm 1990) lin quan n xc tc
metallocenes (cation kim loi nm gia hai anion Cyclopentadienyl) ang c y
nhanh tin b. Sn phm Polypropylene ch yu l di dng Polypropylene isotactic.
Trong lch s pht trin, cng vi qu trnh ci tin cng ngh polymer ha, hiu
nng ca cc cht xc tc v h thng xc tc cng tin trin mnh m k t khi pht
minh ra chng.By gi khng cn dng xc tc th h th nht na. V th cc qu trnh
cng ngh sn xut ngy cng n gin v sn phm polymer tt hn.
- Th h th 1, khong gia nhng nm 1960: Hiu sut xc tc cn thp, cn phi
c mt giai on ra polymer trch ly cn xc tc v PolypropylePolypropylene
atactic.
- Th h th 2, t nm 1965 1982, hiu sut tng gp 4 ln v tnh lp th chn
lc ca xc tc c ci thin, loi b c giai on trch ly Polypropylene atactic
nhng vn gi giai on trch ly xc tc. Thnh phn gm TiCl
3
kt hp vi clorua
Diethylaluminium (Al(C
2
H
5
)
2
Cl). Chiu hng cho ra sn phm Polypropylene cao (95
98)% nhng hiu sut ca xc tc vn cn thp (4.000 10.000)g Polypropylene/g xc
tc.
- Th h th 3, a ra nm 1975 bi cng ty Mitsui Montedison: hiu sut c
ci thin hn, cho php loi b trch ly cn xc tc, nhng tnh lp th chn lc hi thp
nn c th cn n giai on trch ly Polypropylene atactic. Thnh phn gm TiCl
4
trn
cht mang MgCl
2
c b sung thm mt ester thm. Chng c s dng vi
Triethylaluminium (Al(C
2
H
5
)
3
) nh l mt xc tc kt hp v mt silane c ci
thin dng th c trng. Hiu sut xc tc (5.000 15.000)g Polypropylene /g xc tc v
khong 92% Polypropylene isotactic th c trng. Hnh dng ca polymer khng u
v s phn loi theo thnh phn (php o ht) cn rt ln xn (tn ti ng thi cc ht
mnh, mn v to ln).
- Th h th 4, a ra nhng nm 1980 bi Mitsui - Montedison v Shell (nhng
cng ty k tip khc, nh Mitsubishi Petrochemical v Sumitomo): khng cn giai on
trch ly Polypropylene atactic na. Thnh phn bao gm cc cu t nh th h 3, nhng
hnh dng (ch yu dng hnh cu) v kch thc ht c iu chnh to iu kin d
dng cho s di chuyn ca n trong thit b phn ng tng si. Hiu sut xc tc rt cao
(20.000 50.000)g Polypropylene/g xc tc, lng Polypropylene isotactic t n (97
98)%. Cc xc tc ny vn hnh tng ng vi Al(C
2
H
5
)
3
v cht bin hnh silane.
Bng 2 : Cc th h xc tc Ziegler Natta, thnh phn, tnh nng, hnh
thi,v yu cu ca qu trnh
Th
h
Thnh phn Hiu sut, kg
PP/g xc tc
*
Ch s
isotactic
Kim
sot
hnh
thi
Yu cu
qu trnh
1
1
-TiCl
3
.0.33AlCl
3
+AlEt
2
Cl 0.8-1.2 90-94 Khng
th
Kh tro v
loi b
phn
atactic
1
2
-TiCl
3
+AlEt
2
Cl 3-5 (10-15) 94-97 C th Kh tro
1
3
TiCl
4
/ester/MgCl
2
+AlR
3
/es
ter
5-10(15-30) 90-95 C th Loi b
phn
atactic
1
4
TiCl
4
/diester/MgCl
2
+AlEt
3
/
silane
10-25(30-60) 95-99 C th Khng cn
1
5
TiCl
4
/diether/MgCl
2

+AlEt
3

25-35(70-
120 )
95-99 C th Khng cn
2.4.2 Cu to, thnh phn ca cht xc tc
Trong cng nghip, xc tc Ziegler-Natta thng c s dng di dng cc ht
nh hnh cu (xem hnh 8).
H xc tc ph bin dng trong cng nghip ch bin polymer l xc tc Ziegler-
Natta gm 2 hp phn chnh:
- Cht xc tc: Halogen ca cc kim loi chuyn tip nhm IV v nhm VIII nh:
TiCl
3
, TiCl
4
, TiCl
2
,Ti(OR)
4
, TiI
4
, VCl
4
, VOCl
3
, VCl
3
, ZrCl
4

- Cht tr xc tc: Hydrid, ankyl, aryl ca cc nguyn t nhm I, IV nh:
Al(C
2
H
5
)
3
, Al(i-C
4
H
9
)
3
, Al(n-C
6
H
13
)
3
, C
4
H
9
Li, (C
2
H
5
)
2
Zn
Hin nay th h th 4 ca xc tc Ziegler-Natta c thnh phn chnh l TiCl
4
dng
vai tr xc tc trn cht mang MgCl
2
, Al(C
2
H
5
)
3
(TEAL) l cht tr xc tc, chng c
phn tn trong du khong v m nhn. Xc tc ny cho hiu sut v chn lc cao.
Bng vic thay i t l cc hp phn xc tc, la chn ch cngngh m ngi ta c
th sn xut cc polymer c cu trc khng gian khc nhau.
Ngi ta s dng Hydrogen tt mch phn ng to ra sn phm c phn b
hp.Trong phn ng polymer to Polypropylene. Ph thuc kh nng nh hngca
nhm metyl, c 3 dng mch PP khc nhau. Bng vic thay i t l cc hpphn xc tc,
la chn ch cng ngh m ngi ta c th sn xut cc polymerc cu trc khng
gian isotactic c gi tr kinh t cao.

Hnh 8.Ht xc tc ZieglerNatta (a) v ht polymer tng ng (b)

Bng 3 : Thnh phn chnh ca cc loi xc tc Ziegler-Natta
Kim loi nhm I III Kim loi chuyn tip Cht thm vo
Al(C
2
H
5
)
3
TiCl
4
H
2

Al(C
2
H
5
)
2
Cl
Al(C
2
H
5
)Cl
2

,, TiCl
3/
cht mang
MgCl
2
O
2
, H
2
O
(i-C4H9)
3
Al VCl
3
, VoCl
3
, V(AcAc)
3
R-OH (Phenol)
(C
2
H
5
)
2
Mg
(C
2
H
5
)
2
Zn
Titanocene
dichlorideTi(OiBu)
4

R
3
N, R
2
O, R
3
P
Aryl esters
(C
2
H
5
)
4
Pb (Mo, Cr, Zr, W, Mn, Ni) HMPA, DMF

Cng thc cu to ca Xc tc Ziegler-Natta th h 2,3 v 4 nh sau:



Hnh 9.Cng thc cu to ca Xc tc Ziegler-Natta th h 2,3 v 4


Hnh 10.Cu trc khng gian -TiCl
4

2.5 L THUYT TRNG HP PROPYLENE
Trng hp l phn ng kt hp mt s ln phn t (monomer) m khng tch ra
cc sn phm ph.Nh vy phn ng xy ra khng c s bin i no v thnh phn
nguyn t ca cht tham gia phn ng.
Trong nhng nm gn y, mt phng php rt ph bin l phng php trng
hp anion phi tr c mt xc tc Ziegler Natta (phng php ny c s dng trong
tng hp cng nghip cc polymer iu ho lp th). in hnh nht l hp cht gm
TiCl
4
v Al(C
2
H
5
)
3
(th h 4). V cc dn xut nhm alkyl c tnh cht nhn in t, Ti l
kim loi chuyn tip c tnh cht cho in t nn chng d dng to lin kt phi tr. Cc
xc tc phc ny khng tan v cu to ca chng cho n nay vn cha c xc nh c
th.
Nhng trn c s nghin cu cu to xc tc phc tan, ngi ta cho rng n l mt
phc lng kim loi, trong nhm alkyl phi tham gia lin kt phi tr (a).
Phn ng theo c ch polymer ha phi tr di xc tc dng bimetallic.
2.5.1 C ch trng hp Propylene




Tc R
p
ca bc ln mch u tin monomer thnh polymer vi xc tc
Ziegler-Natta c biu din bi cng thc:
R
P
= k
P
[C
*
][M]
Trong k
p
l hng s ln mch; [C
*
] l nng ca trung tm hot ng; [
M] l nng ca monomer.
Tc trng hp tng cng thay i theo thi gian. Sau giai on tng tc thng
l s suy gim tc v cui cng l trng thi dng. S gim dn tc thng l do s
thay i nng ca cc v tr hot ng. Tc lc u tng c th l do qu trnh hot
ha lm xut hin cc hot ng trung tm mi. S gim hot tnh, th hin r rng nht
trong xc tc c cht mang, l do s thay i c v s lng v bn cht ha hc ca cc
trung tm.
Tc trng hp chung ca giai on ln mch u tin chu nh hng ca xc
tc v cc iu kin trng hp. Nhng nh hng l do cu trc ho hc v vt l ca
cht xc tc cng nh bn cht ca cht hot ho. Cc tham s quan trng bao gm t l
gia cht xc tc v cht hot ho, v nng ca chng, nng H
2
, nhit , tc
khuy trn. Nhng nh hng ny thay i theo mi trng trng hp; tc l, cht pha
long hoc monomer trong pha lng hay pha kh.
Vic xc nh nng lng hot ho ca phn ng pht trin mch v thi gian
sng trung bnh ca mch polymer khng chc chn.Nng lng hot ho ca phn ng
pht trin mch ca cc xc tc trn c s TiCl
3
l 23 kJ/mol (5.5 kcal /mol). Thi gian
sng trung bnh ca mch polymer vi cc xc tc trn c s TiCl
3
c cc gi tr ca 360-
600 s v 160s ti 70
O
C vi 2 ti liu khc nhau v 5s i vi cc cht xc tc s dng
cht mang MgCl
2
ti 45
O
C.
Mt thi gian ngn sau khi khm ph cht xc tc Ziegler Natta, ngi ta cho
rng s ln mch c thc hin bi s chn monomer vo trong lin kt Ti - C ca cht
xc tc.Lin kt ny c coi l b phn cc, vi phn in tch m thuc v nguyn t
C.
Vi n lc a ra m hnh nhm gii thch hp l s ln mch ca polymer, nhiu
gi thuyt c a ra.Trong cun sch ca Boor ni v xc tc Ziegler Natta, ng
xem xt k lng cc ti liu v ch ra 4 c ch chnh cho pht trin mch. 4 c ch
ny da trn vic m t trung tm ni m s ln mch xy ra:
(1) lin kt kim loi chuyn tip carbon.
(2) lin kt kim loi ca cht hot ho carbon.
(3) trung tm gc.
(4) trung tm anion.
Trong s 4 c ch ny, phn ln cc nghin cu c khuynh hng ng h m hnh
trung tm kim loi chuyn tip - C. S dng xc tc ng th (Cp
2
TiEt
2
) lm m hnh,
Breslow v Newburg cho rng s pht trin mch xy ra ti trung tm lin kt Ti C.
Khng lu sau , Cossee m rng khi nim ny thnh mt c ch phc tp hn cho cc
xc tc c cht mang, trong ng chng minh bng cc tnh ton orbital phn t.
S chn momomer xy ra thng qua bc u tin l s phi tr monomer vi kim
loi chuyn tip to phc t. Vic to phc ny lm lin kt Ti-C yu i, v cui cng
l s chn monomer vo gia cc kim loi chuyn tip v nguyn t C. Bi v 2 v tr ny
khng tng ng trong mng li tinh th ca xc tc nn v tr trng v dy polymer
s trao i v tr. Qa trnh lp i lp li nh vy. Trn c s l thuyt v orbital phn t,
mt s gii thch bn nh lng v c ch ny c a ra trn c s gi thuyt lin
kt kim loi C b yu trong qu trnh hnh thnh phc olefin trong trng hp cc ion
kim loi c t 0-3 electron d (nh trong Ti,V, Cr). C ch ny c gi l c ch n
kim loi; n ch cn s tham gia ca kim loi chuyn tip, vai tr ca hp cht nhm l
to ra trung tm hot ng bng cch ankyl ho nguyn t titan. Tuy nhin hp cht
nhm nhm cng c vai tr trong qu trnh ln mch do thc th chng minh vi cc
alkyl nhm khc nhau s nh hng n tnh nng ca xc tc.

Hnh 11. Propylene phi tr vi titan v sau chn vo mch Ti-polymer
Mt s nh nghin cu tin rng kim loi hot ng (Al) tham gia trc tip trong
vic nh hng cho monomer n, trong trng hp h thng ny c coi l 1 v tr
lng kim loi. Tuy nhin,Boor lp lun thuyt phc rng do kch thc ca
Polypropylene xon nn khng c khng gian ti v tr hot ng cho Al tham gia. V
tr ca Titannium chim gn 0.16 nm
2
(ng knh gn bng 0.45nm)v din tch tit
din ngang ca polypropylene xon khong 0.35 nm
2
(ng knh 0,7nm). V vy Ti v
Al lin kt vi nhau bng cu ni Clo l khng th v do nhm khng tham gia trc
tip vo vic nh hng cho monomer n. Ngi ta ngh rng nh hng khc
nhau ca cc ankyl nhm n vi cu trc ca polymer v trng lng phn t l do cch
m cc ankyl nhm to ra b mt titan chloride. Nhng khc bit trong vi lp th ca
polymer v khi lng phn t c th l do cht hot ho c th to ra cc v tr isotactic
khc nhau.
2.5.2 Vn iu ha lp th v iu ha vng trong s chn monomer
i vi cc -olefin, 1 s vn lin quan n s phi tr v s chn monomer
cn phi c xem xt. Cch m monomer chn vo mch polymer quyt nh vi cu to
ca polymer v v vy quyt nh cc tnh cht ca polymer. C phi nhm methyl trong
propylene nm cui mch hay mt i? Khi kim loi phi tr vi mch polymer th v tr
ca nhm methyl trong phn t propylene so vi v tr phi tr l nh th no, cis hay
trans?
C 2 c ch v vng i vi s chn ca cc - olefin c 2 nguyn t carbon
lin kt i l bc 1 v bc 2. Trong s chn bc 1 th u khng c nhm th (CH
2
) ca
monomer gn vi trung tm titan. Kiu ny cn c gi l chn- 1,2. Trong s chn bc
2 th u c nhm th ca monomer gn vi titanium. Trng hp ny cn c gi l
chn- 2,1.

Cc d liu th nghim cho thy rng khi sn xut polypropylene isotactic th
kiu chn bc 1 chim u th. iu ny c chng minh thng qua vic phn tch nhm
cui v pht hincc nhm isopropyl nm cui mch sau khi chuyn mch bng H
2
.
Tnh chn lc vng (the regioselectivity) ca cc xc tc Ziegler- Natta rt
cao.Polypropylene syndiotactic c th c iu ch bng trng hp propylene nhit
thp v s dng cht xc tc vanai. Trong trng hp ny c ch chn bc 2 xy ra.

i vi s chniu ha khng gian (Stereoregular insertion) c 2 kiu cn xem
xt l s chn kiu cis v kiu trans. Trong trng hp iosotactic v c syndiotactic th xy
ra c ch cis. Cc cu trc ha hc lp th c to ra t phn ng cng cis v trans vo
lin kt i ca ca cis(1-d
1
)v trans-(1-d
1
) propylene to ra polypropylene isotactic
nh sau:

Hnh 12. Qu trnh hnh thnh Polypropylene isotactic
Hai c ch chnh c cho l quyt nh n tnh ho hc lp th ca s chn
monomer vo theo kiu isotactic l cu trc bt i xng ca cc v tr hot ng v
nguyn t cacbon bt i xng ca monomer c chn vo sau cng. Ngi ta chng
minh bng thc nghim rng yu t iu chnh l trung tm hot ng vi cu trc bt
i xng. C ch ny thch hp vi cc xc tc Ziegler-Natta. Trong TiCl
3
mi nguyn
t Ti c 6 nguyn t Clo ti cc nh ca mt bt din quanh. 6 nguyn t Cl ny sau
to phc vng cng, bng cc cp, vi 3 nguyn t Ti khc. iu ny to nn hai cu
trc i hnh nh sau:

Hnh 13. Cu trc i hnh ca xc tc

2.6 Ph gia
L nhng cht c trn thm vi ht PP nguyn sinh nhm to mu sc, tng
bn, tng tui th ca bao b theo yu cu khch hng.
V d: -calpet (CaCO
3
): To mu trng cho si.
-Ht mu: To mu cho si.
- L750: Cht to dai cho si.
CHNGIII: QUY TRNH SN XUT BAO PP
3.1 S quy trnh sn xut


3.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh sn xut
3.2.1 My to mng
Ht
nha pp
nguyn sinh
Ph
gia
Ht pp
ti sinh
My
to mng
My
to si
My
qun si
My
dt
My
ct, may
My in
My
ng kin
Ph
liu
My
ti sinh
Thnh
phm
Hn hp keo c bm chn khng c ht ln bn keo, t y ht PP
c a vo h thng Xilanh-Vitme c ng knh 120mm, Vitme ny c truyn
ng bi ng c khng ng b 3 pha Roto lng sc.
- cng sut: 50KW.
- in p : 220/380V.
- Tc : 01450V/P.
Vic iu chnh tc ng c ny c thc hin bi b Inverter, cng
sut 50KW.
Trn Xilanh c gn 5 vng in tr nhit, cng sut mi vng l 12KW.
Cc vng ny c iu chnh nhit tng dn t 150 300
0
C nhm mch ch nung
chy ht PP.
Ht PP c nung chy v to p sut qua u khun to thnh mng
nha.Mng nha c qua bn nc lm mt, sau n my to si.
3.2.2 My to si
Mng PP c b rng khong 1,5m,dy khong 1mm sau khi lm ngui
c chia thanh 240 si nh h thng dao ct c nh trn bn trc.
Si c b rng khong 6mm, dy 1mm c gia nhit nh bn in c b
mt nh mu ra tng tnh tip xc vi si, ng thi si c ko gin nh h thng 7
lul, vic gia nhit lm cho bn s nh gn con 2,4mm, dy cn 0,07mm. y l kch
thc chun dt c bao p, ng nh lng. Vic phi hp c gia nhit ,
vn tc l ko gin to ra si ch ng kch thc, b mt lng, chu lc cao l mt
khu quan trng nht trong cng ngh ko si, i hi ngi th phi c kinh nghim, c
tay ngh lu nm.
3.2.3 My qun ch
Gm 2 b phn:
- B phn ri ch
Gm 1 trc cam c tin rnh xon v 1 cht cam t trn rnh xon, khi trc cam
quay, cht cam chuyn ng tnh tin theo chiu dc ca trc truyn ng cho b
phn mang mng ch. Truyn ng cho c cu ny l h thng ng c- iu tc VS,
cng sut 2,2KW, tc 1450 vng/pht
- B phn qun ch
L h thng gm 240 Motor lm vic c lp, c tc thay i t 0
11.000V/P. Mi c gn vi 1 ng thp, khi Motor quay ch c qun u n trn
ng nh mng ch ri qua li lin tc.
3.2.4 My dt
My dt trn kiu Yao-ta 800F c thit k dt nhng loi bao dng
trn t nhng vt liu si nh PP, HDPE hay nhng loi si tng hp khc.
3.2.4.1 Nguyn l dt
Gia tm my l khun dt trn c chu vi ng bng chu vi bao cn Dt.
Khong 480 si ch dc c a vo u khp ming khun nh h thng Ty, Go dn.
Mi Ty gn 10 ci Go mang 10 si ch, nhim v ca Ty l nng h nhp nhng cm ch
to khong trng cho Thoi mang ch ngang an vi ch dc.
Si ch ngang c a vo thng qua chuyn ng cao tc ca 4 con thoi
trn vnh dn ch, s an cho car u n vi ch dc to nn bao PP c tnh chu lc
cao, hnh dng p.
Truyn ng chnh cho my Dt l ng c khng ng b 3 pha roto lng
sc, c thng s k thut sau:
- cng sut: 3,7kw.
- in p : 220V/380V Y, A
- Tc : 1450V/P.
3.2.4.2 Thit b ko cng tm dt
Tm Dt dc ko cng u trn theo nguyn l ko b mt thng qua hai li thp
p cao su p chn tm Dt, 2 l cao su c chuyn ng t b ly hp ko tm. Thit b
ko cng ny s quyt nh mt si ngang ca si ca tm vi Dt.


Hnh 14. Thit b ko cng tm dt
3.2.4.3Chiu rng tm Dt(Kh bao)
Kh ca tm Dt ph thuc vo vng khun lp trn my. ng knh trong ca
khun quyt nh ng knh ca ng vi Dt, My Dt Yao-ta 800F c th Dt bao vi
kh t 35cm n 80cm.
3.2.4.4 Mt si dc
Tng s si dc thay i tu thuc vo nhng iu kin cho trc, tuy nhin cc
my Dt cng c trang b cc Lt v L dn ch ph hp vi s lng si dc, thng
thng s lng ch dc thay i t 250 n 670 si(Bn si 2,4m
3.2.4.5Nng sut
My dt Yao-ta 800F c nng sut trung bnh l 70
m
bao/gi.
Khi kh bao cng ln, nng sut cng gim v ngc li.
3.2.5My ct, my may bao PP
y l mt thit b c tnh t ng ha rt cao trong dy chuyn. Cng
nhn vn hnh c nhim v lp t cun vi Dt u vo v u ra ca my l bao PP
c ct ng chiu di yu cu, c may y chc chn v c xp thnh tng kin
ngay ngn.
Nng sut trung bnh ca my l 1500 bao/gi.
Vic nghin cu, kho st nguyn l hot ng ca my Ct, May s c trnh by
k phn sau.
3.2.6 My in
y l cng on nhm mc ch trnh by, m t, qung co cho sn
phm ng trong bao PP.
Ni dung in thng l qung co thng hiu, hng dn s dng, ngy
sn xut, quy nh thi hn dng, m t thnh phn cu to v nhng lu c bit khc.
Tt c nhng yu t trn c trnh by mt cch hp dn, p nh my In ca i
Loan hiu Yao-ta da trn phng php In Flexo (In li).
Theo phng php In Flexo c 2 cch: In gin tip v In trc tip. Phn
ny trnh by c bn phng php In Flexo gin tip m cng ty ang p dng.

Hnh 15.S cu to my in

3.2.6.1 Mng mc
Cha mc in Flexo, y l loi mc chuyn dng in trn cht liu PP,
PE, HDPE, c c im l mau kh, bm dnh kh tt, dung mi khng c hi
(Thng l h Alcohol hay du ha).
3.2.6.2 L ly mc
L l cng (l thp) chuyn ng trn theo chu k trn mng mc mang
mc ln l ch mc.
3.2.6.3 L ch mc
L l mm (cao su) c lp cht vi l ly mc m bo tip xc tt.L ch
mc c tc dng phn b mc u a vo bn in.
M
ng mc
L
ly mc
L
ch mc
L
mang bn in
L
in
Ba
o pp
L
p
3.2.6.4 L mang bn in
Bng In c ch to bng Polymer, Cao su hoc nhm, phn t In c khc li
ln cao.
3.2.6.5 L In
C ng knh 70cm, c ph bi pht Cao su c b mt dy 1cm. Ni dung In
c l mang bn to b mt pht sau c In ln mt bao PP.
3.2.6.6 L p
Kch thc v cu to nh l In, mc ch p cht b mt bao PP v l In
nhn ni dung cn In.
- Cng sut: 3.7KW.
- in p : 220V/380V.
- Tc : 0 2500 V/P.
Nng sut IN : 2000 bao/gi.
S lng mu c th In : t 3 5 mu.
3.2.7 My ng kin
3.2.7.1 My ct kin bng bao Nylon
Dng ct kin di 200 bao, sn phm sau khi in c t ngay ngn trn
my, my t ng bung dy Nylon qun quanh kin bao, sit cht, gt v ct mi dy.
3.2.7.2 My p thy lc
Dng ng kin t 500 bao tr ln, thng dng cho hng xut khu c
s lng nhiu, yu cu kch thc kin bao gn, chnh xc cht Conterner.












CHNG IV: QUY TRNH VN HNH SN XUT
4.1 Quy trnh vn hnh my ko si
4.1.1 Kim tra thit b.
Kim tra tng b phn lm ngui, b phn n, b phn ko, b phn cun
si,kim tra mc nc trong my lm ngui, kim tra b dao ct mng hay b dao ct
si. V sinh sch cc b phn bn nhit, kim tra h thng li g dn si, khi mn qu
phi thay th nu khng hng si lc qun ln trc si cung nh lc xp si.
Kim tra lng du bi trn cho cc pittong, xilanh kh khu vc lm ngui.chnh
ton b h thng nhit v tr s nhit mi trng v h tc my v 0.
4.1.2 Chun b sn xut.
Nhn vt t ph hp vi yu cu ca lnh. Thay i khong cch cc dao chia
mng ph hp vi yu cu sn xut bng cch s dng cc con nm dao ph hp.
4.1.3 Thao tc trong qu trnh sn xut.
- a ton b h thng nhit my n n nhit yu cu, trong thi gian
khong 30 pht nha chy u.
- Cho nguyn liu vo my trn v trn u trong 15 pht, tin hnh tho liu v
cho b phn np liu, sy liu hot ng.
- Sau khi nha chy u ta cho ng c b phn lm ngui, b phn ko si hot
ng vi tc thp. cho vt n hot ng v nng tc ln t t v t n tc yu
cu.
- Khi c mng pp s c n ra v ta dng tay dn mng qua cc trc ln ca
b phn lm ngui. sau khi mng qua cc trc ln xong ta p l ko ko mng v phn
mng ra khi l ko c cun li. khi mng n nh ta nng dao ln chia mng ra
lm hai phn v ct b phn mng trc, dn mng sau khi chia qua cc bn sy v l
ko.
- Bt nhit bn sy v a n nhit yu cu, nng dao chia si ln t t
dao ct u. kim tra v chnh li tc ko t c cht lng si theo yu cu. cho
si vo my qun, kim tra chiu rng si v chiu dy si thng xuyn chnh l kp
thi.
4.2 Quy trnh vn hnh my dt
4.2.1 Kim tra my
H si ngang
- Kim tra thoi: khung thoi c b xc hay khng, nu b xc phi nh giy nhm
hoc thay th.
- Kim tra h thng bnh xe thoi: nu b kt phi thay th
H si dc: kim tra si trn cc trc si nu b t phi ni li
Kim tra h thng bi trn cho cc khung dt v my.
Kim tra cc cy go v c si, kim tra con thoi nm ng v tr cha. Kim tra
hot ng tng b phn ca my.
4.2.2 Chun b sn xut
- Nhn si phi ph hp vi yu cu sn xut
- S dng b bnh rng thay th ph hp vi yu cu sn xut
- S dng khun dt v cng cng ng vi phi ph hp
- Kim tra s si dc, si ngang c ph hp vi quy cch ca lnh sn xut.
4.2.3 Thao tc trong qu trnh vn hnh
- Sau khi chun b v kim tra xong ta tin hnh khi ng my bng cch nhn
nt inch. Sau khi xc nh my chy tt nhn tip nt auto. Tuyt i khng s dng
nt auto khi ng my nhiu ln s lm hng my.
- Cc trng hp gp phi trong qu trnh vn hnh:
Khi t si my s dng li v n sng. Vi si ngang: ta phi tun theo th t:
lun si qua khung thoi, h l ca cng dn si, l ca c cu cng si ngang. Nu lun
ch khng ng theo th t trn s gy sai hng sn phm dt. Vi si dc: khi t si
phi tin hnh ni ngay, khng c b si, khi ni si phi theo th t nh sau:lun si
qua c si, go,khung si v ni si vo ng v tr. Nu lun si sai s hng sn phm v
hng my.Khi b ta si ta s loi b phn ta bng cch gt phn t li v cho my chy
tip.
- Trong qu trnh dt xut hin li phi dng bt lng nh du kcs d kim tra
cng on ct may.
- Cc si b phi cho vo bao, khng c vt b ba bi di gm my s b qun
vo gm my s gy hng my.
- Trong qu trnh my lm vic nu c s c xy ra phi ngng my v bo co cho
k thut x l.
- Trong trng hp bm nht khng hot ng th n xanh trn bng tp l s
sng, phi bo k thut x l.
- Khi nhn si, si phi cho vo bao, vn chuyn v cht cn thn nh nhng khng
c gy va chm mnh trnh ch b dp khi vo my s b t lin tc.
- Cng nhn phi thng xuyn theo di vn hnh.
4.2.4 Giao ca:
V sinh my trc khi giao ca 10 pht, thu dn si b vo ni quy nh,thu dn li
si, trc si cha s dng tr v kho. Tt cng tc ti t vn hnh, ghi s giao ca vn
hnh my,giao nhp sn ph


Hnh 16. Cng nhn ang vn hnh my dt

4.3 Quy trnh vn hnh my ct may t ng
4.3.1 Chun b sn xut
Kim tra du bi trn c my may, x nc ng trn h thng kh nn. Kim tra
xem c vt l di cc dao ct v trn cc bng ti nu c phi ly ra. Kim tra hot
ng ca tng b phn, kim tra v sinh tng b phn ca my, c bit l bn trong my
may ch ri tha trc . Lun ch vo my may a tc my v 0.
4.3.2 Thao tc vn hnh
- Bt cng tc nhit a nhit dao ct ln nhit thch hp, lp cun vi dt ln
gi v lun bng vi dt qua cc trc ln ca my, qua h thng dao ct, phn bao l
qua dao ct mt on 50-100mm.
- Sau khi nhit dao ct t n nhit yu cu, tin hnh nhn nt nng lng
power, motor star, standby, iu chnh nt tc ln t t, nhn nt motor on.
- Kim tra s hot ng ca my tt ta nng tc ln tc yu cu (1200v/p).
- Khi gp s c cn tt my nhn nt emstop, khi t ch my t ng dng, ta nhn
motor off. Sau khi cung cp ch xong ta nhn nt motor on my s chy bnh thng.
- Mt s trng hp khi tt my bng ti chy qua v tr dao ct mt on khng
bng kch bao cn ct, ta tin hnh sa li. Nhn power/on, nhn motor on 90
o
tranfer
ciuter v gi nt ny n khi bao xut hin nhn tip motor off ngng my.
4.3.3 Giao ca
- V sinh my trc 10 pht, ghi s giao ca, giao nhp sn phm.
4.4 Quy trnh vn hnh my in
4.4.1 Chun b sn xut:
V sinh cc con ln, m in (mng cao su), mng mc. S dng mc v canh
chnh bn in ph hp vi yu cu sn xut.canh chnhnh v bao, a tc my v 0.
4.4.2 Thao tc vn hnh
u tin bt cng tc ngun (source), bt cng tc on ca motor bm nht, bt
cng tc on ca motor chnh,bt cng tc on ca b phn iu chnh tc . Sau chnh
tc my tc thp v iu chnh tc t t cho mc bi iu ln bn in ng
thi dng bao hng in th iu chnh mc v bn in. sau khi my chy tt mi nng
tc ln v tin hnh in. khi cn dng my ta c th tt cng tc t hoc c s c
dng my bng cch nhn bn p dng khn cp.
Khi chy my phi thng xuyn kim tra cht lng in. nu c s c phi bo
ngay k thut x l kp thi.
Khi cn ngng my ln lt theo th t: a my v tc 0, tt motor chnh,
motor bm du v cui cng tt ngun in. tt optomat t in.
4.5 Quy trnh kim tra cht lng sn phm.
4.5.1 Thnh phm: l sn phm hon chnh qua cc cng on theo yu cu ca
khch hng.
Bn thnh phm: l sn phm ch thc hin xong mt s cng on chnh nh
qua cng on ko si, dt nhng cha hon chnh.
4.5.2 Quy trnh kim tra.
- Kim tra nguyn liu mua v
- Kim tra bn thnh phm trong qu trnh sn xut
- Kim tra thnh phm cui cng
- Nhp kho sn phm





4.5.3 S quy trnh kim tra cht lng sn phm
-

CHNG V:AN TON PHNG CHNG CHY NX L PH THI V
V SINH MI TRNG
5.1 An ton lao ng v phng chng chy n
An ton lao ng trong nh my ng vai tr quan trng, n nh hng ln n qu
trnh sn xut, sc kho v tnh mng cng nhn cng nh tnh trng my mc, thit b.
V vy nh my phi quan tm ng mc, ph bin rng ri cng nhn v mi ngi
hiu r tm quan trng ca n.Nh my ra nhng ni quy rt cht ch phng.
i vi vn v an ton. Trong tng phn xng, tng loi my mc thit
b u c nhng bng hng dn nhm m bo an ton cho cng nhn khi vn hnh.
Ngoi ra cn c nhng bin bo, khu hiu v an ton lao ng c b tr nhng ni
hp l.
Tng phn xng c son tho cc bn ni quy an ton v bo h lao ng,
ng thi hng dn thao tc, bin php x l khi c s c i vi tng cng nhn.
Phng chy cha chy c xem trng v nh hng n li ch ca cng
ty, ti sn v tnh mng con ngi. mi phng ban, mi khu vc sn xut u c trang
b cng c phng chy cha chy v nhng hng dn c th thun tin s dng v
kp thi x l khi xy ra s c.
5.2. X l ph thi v v sinh mi trng
Trong qu trnh sn xut hnh thnh nn nhng sn phm ph, hoc cc yu t tc
ng xu n mi trng xung quanh, cn x l hoc ti s dng.
Cc loi cht thi ca nh my thng l: nc thi v cc cht gy nhim. v
vy nh my lun c nhng bin php x l ph hp vi yu cu v v sinh mi trng.
KT LUN
Nhm cng c kin thc v tng tnh lin h vi thc t, Ti c
to iu kin thc tp ti nh my Bao b Vit Ph Qung Ngi. Qua thi gian thc
tp Ti hc c rt nhiu kinh nghim thc t m khi trn gh nh trng vn cn b
ng.
Qua tm hiu v nh my ti lm r mt s vn v:
Quy trnh cng ngh ca nh my.
Cu to, nguyn tc hot ng ca cc trang thit b lin quan n
dy chuyn sn xut.
S b tr mt bng, v cch b tr cc trang thit b c cu t chc
ca nh my
Cc k thut hin i lin quan n sn xut bao b.
Qua qu trnh thc tp trong nh my Bao b Vit Ph, Ti xin c mt s kin
ngh nh sau: i vi nh trng cn to iu kin cho sinh vin tm c ni thc tp
sinh vin c thc t nhiu hn.