Q&a Part2

ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE DEPT.
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1171. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF
CIRCUIT BREAKERS USED IN THE
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM?
A) BULK/MINIMUM OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER
B) AIR/AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER
C) VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER
D) SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER.
1172. WHAT ARE THE ANNUAL PM CHECKS
CARRIED OUT IN HV CIRCUIT BREAKERS?
A) CLEANING / LUBRICATING THE
MECHANISM.
B) INSULATION RESISTANCE CHECK.
C) CLOSING AND OPENING TIME CHECK.
D) TESTING OF ALL RELAYS COILS
CONTROL WIRING.
E) TIGHTNESS CHECK OF POWER AND
CONTROL WIRING.
F) SIMULATION TESTING.
117!. E"PLAIN HOW A RELAY IS SECONDARY
IN#ECTION TESTED
THE RATED CURRENT AND VOLTAGE IS
APPLIED TO THE RELAY AND THE PICKUP
/TIME OF OPERATION IS TESTED AT
VARIOUS SET POINTS AND THE TEST
RESULTS ARE COMPARED WITH THE RELAY
CHARACTERISTICS.
117$.
DRAW A SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF .H.T. MOTOR PROTECTION SCHEME.
C/B
CT
CT
PT
M
CTM
RELAY
< V
STAR POINT
TEMP:-
WINDING+
BEARING
HT
D.RELAY
CT
THERMAL O/C
INSTANTANEOUS O/
C
EARTH FAULT
UNDER
VOLTAGE
RELAY
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%12$ &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
117). TRUE/FALSE
A. CT SECONDARY SHOULD NOT BE KEPT
OPENED
B. NUMBER )! DENOTES CIRCUIT BREAKER
C. IP)$ LIGHT FITTING IS USED FOR
OUTDOOR AREA.
D. B! IS A FOOT MOUNTED MOTOR.
A). TRUE
B). FALSE
C). TRUE
D). TRUE
1176. DRAW A GRAPHICAL SYMBOL FOR CT PT
ISOLATOR BREAKER MOTOR
CT
PT
ISOLATOR
BREAKER
MOTOR
M

1177. MENTION DIFFERENT TYPES OF BEARING
USED FOR HV MOTOR
A).ANTI FRICTION BALL AND ROLLER
BEARING
B). #OURNAL BEARING
117*. CAN YOU USE EARTH CONNECTION FOR
GETTING NEUTRAL SUPPLY ? WHY NOT?
NO. WE SHOULD NOT USE EARTH
CONNECTION FOR NEUTRAL SUPPLY
BECAUSE THE LIVE SUPPLY MIGHT RETURN
THROUGH EARTH WIRE IN CASE OF OPEN OR
LOOSE CONNECTION AND CAUSE ACCIDENT.
117+. WHAT ARE THE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS TO
BE TAKEN BEFORE WORKING ON HV
A).THE SUPPLY IS SWITCHED OFF AND
LOCKED AND MEN WORKING CAUTION
BOARD IS FI"ED AND SAFETY PERMIT IS
TAKEN
B).THE PRESENCE OF SUPPLY IS TESTED
WITH LIVE LINE TESTER.
C). THE SYSTEM IS EARTHED.
11*,. WHAT COMMISSION TEST IS MADE FOR HT
CABLE.
A). INSULATION RESISTANCE TEST
B). HIGH POT TEST
11*1. PRACTICAL TEST% CARRY OUT PM ON A
GIVEN HV CIRCUIT BREAKER
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%12) &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
11*2. WHAT ARE THE PROTECTIONS FOR THE
FOR THE FOLLOWING ELECTRICAL
E&UIPMENT-S.?
A. GENERATOR
B. TRANSFORMER
A). GENERATOR
OVER CURRENT / EARTH FAULT /
INSTANTANEOUS RELAY
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
REVERSE POWER RELAY
FIELD FAILURE RELAY
BEARING/WINDING /OIL TEMPERATURE
RELAY
B). TRANSFORMER
OVER CURRENT RELAY
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
BUCHHOL. RELAY
WINDING /OIL TEMPERATURE RELAY
OIL LEVEL/ RELAY
11*!. E"PLAIN HOW PROTECTIVE RELAYS ARE
PRIMARY IN#ECTION TESTED?
THE PRIMARY OF THE CURRENT
TRANSFORMER IS CONNECTED TO THE
PRIMARY IN#ECTION TEST KIT AND THE
CURRENT IS SLOWLY INCREASED. THE PICK
UP /OPERATING CURRENT OF THE RELAY IS
CHECKED.
11*$. WHAT IS SF 6 ? WHERE AND WHY IT IS
USED.
SF 6 SULFUR HE"A FLUORIDE
SF 6 IS USED FOR HIGH VOLTAGE
ELECTRICAL SWITCH GEARS AN
INSULATING AND AS SWITCHING MEDIUM.
11*). WHAT IS MEANT BY )P2,. 1M) ? )P2, DENOTES THE ACCURACY CLASS OF
PROTECTION CLASS CT )0 ERROR AND 2,
TIMES SATURATING CURRENT..
11*6. WHAT IS MEANT BY CT RATIO PT RATIO CT RATIO IS THE RATIO OF THE CURRENT OF
THE CT AT THE RATED PRIMARY AND
CORRESPONDING SECONDARY VOLTAGE.
11*7. WHAT IS THE NORMAL SECONDARY SIDE
CURRENT OF CT /SECONDARY VOLTAGE OF
PT
NORMAL SECONDARY CURRENT OF CT(1 OR
) A
NORMAL SECONDARY VOLTAGE OF PT(1,,
OR 11, V
11**. TRUE/FALSE
A)..DIFFERENTIAL RELAY OPERATES ON
E"TERNAL FAULT
B).UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY IS SET TO
OPERATE AT *,0
C).UNDER FRE&UENCY RELAY IS USED FOR
PROTECTION OF TURBINE
D).)2 IS THE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER FOR
THE THERMAL OVERLOAD RELAY
E).BUCHHOL. RELAY WILL OPERATE ON
LOW OIL LEVEL
A). FALSE
B). TRUE
C). TRUE
D). FALSE
E). TRUE
11*+. WHAT IS MEANT BY DY11 OF A
TRANSFORMER
DY 11 DENOTES THE VECTOR GROUP
CONNECTION OF A TRANSFORMER D(DELTA
Y(STAR 11 O CLOCK POSITION OF HV AND
LV VECTORS WITH HOUR HANDLING LV AND
MINUTE HANDLE HV
11+,. PRACTICAL TEST
TEST A LT MOTOR THERMAL PROTECTION
RELAY
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%126 &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
11+1. CAN YOU FIND OUT WHETHER A MOTOR IS
CONNECTED IN STAR OR DELTA FROM A
TERMINAL CONNECTION. HOW
THE TERMINAL BO" CONNECTION IS
CHECKED AND THE CONNECTION STRIP IS
SEEN. VERTICAL STRIP CONNECTION MEANS
DELTA AND HORI.ONTAL CONNECTION
MEANS STAR CONNECTION.
11+2. WHAT ARE THE ANNUAL PM CHECKS TO BE
MADE ON LT MOTOR
CLEAN /REPLACE THE LUBRICATION AND
OVERHAUL
CLEAN THE BODY TERMINALS ETC.
TIGHTNESS CHECK OF POWER AND
CONTROL WIRING
CHECK IR. VALUE OF MOTOR POWER AND
CONTROL CABLE.
11+!. WHAT SHOULD BE THE NORMAL VALUE OF
A BATTERY CHARGE SPECIFIC GRAVITY
OF LEAD ACID BATTERY
NORMAL BATTERY VOLTAGE.12V
SPECIFIC GRAVITY 112,,
11+$. TRUE/ FALSE
A).CARBON BRUSH IS USED IN ! PHASE
S&UIRREL CAGE MOTOR
B).THE CELL VOLTAGE OF A GOOD CELL IS
1.17 V
C).REVOLUTION OF A $ POLE 6, CYCLES
MOTOR IS 1*,, RPM
D).NUMBER 27 INDICATES UNDER
VOLTAGE RELAY
E). VACUUM IS USED IN CIRCUIT BREAKERS
A). FALSE
B). FALSE
C). TRUE
D). TRUE
E). TRUE
11+). HOW WILL YOU CHECK THE CONDITION OF
BEARING
THE BEARING IS CHECKED BY USING SHOCK
PULSE METER AND ALSO BY HEARING THE
NOISE AND CHECKING THE VIBRATION
GREEN RANGE IN THE SHOCK PULSE METER
INDICATES GOOD BEARING
11+6. WHAT ARE THE PROTECTIONS PROVIDED
FOR A HT MOTOR
A). OVER LOAD THERMAL RELAY
B).POSITIVE /NEGATIVE PHASE
INSTANTANEOUS RELAY
C). EARTH FAULT RELAY
D). UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY
E).WINDING /BEARING TEMPERATURE
RELAY FOR LARGE MOTORS.
11+7. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF CHOKE IN A
TUBE LIGHTING FI"TURE
THE CHOKE IS USED TO INITIATE A HIGH
VOLTAGE SURGE DURING STARTING THE
TUBE LIGHT AND TO LIMIT THE CURRENT
AFTER STARTS GLOWING.
11+*. HOW THE POWER AND EARTH CABLE IS
TERMINATED IN A MOTOR
THE POWER AND CONTROL CABLE IS
NORMALLY TERMINATED USING CABLE
GLANDS AND ALSO BY USING CABLE
TERMINATION #OINTS.
11++. WIRE A DOL. STARTER AND TEST. PRACTICAL TEST.
12,,. WHAT ARE THE PROTECTIONS PROVIDED
FOR THE FOLLOWING E&UIPMENT-S
A). H.T. MOTOR
B). L.T. MOTOR
A). H.T. MOTOR
OVER CURRENT RELAY
UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY
EARTH FAULT RELAY
INSTANTANEOUS RELAY
B) L.T. MOTOR
THERMAL OVER CURRENT RELAY
EARTH FAULT RELAY
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
12,1. TRUE/FALSE
A).FUSE IS PROVIDED FOR SHORT CIRCUIT
PROTECTION
B).TRANSFORMER OIL TEMPERATURE SET
TO TRIP AT 11, (C
C).SILICA GEL IS REPLACED WHEN COLOR
IS PINK
D).NUMBER 2* IS USED FOR UNDER
VOLTAGE RELAY
E).REVERSE POWER RELAY IS USED FOR
MOTOR PROTECTION
A). TRUE
B). TRUE
C). TRUE
D) .FALSE
E). FALSE
12,2. WHAT IS MEAN BY BDV OF TRANSFORMER
OIL. WHAT IS BDV VALUE OF GOOD OIL
BDV(THE TRANSFORMER OIL IS TESTED AND
WITHSTAND /BREAKDOWN VALUE OF THE
VOLTAGE IS CHECKED TO FIND OUT THE
&UALITY OF OIL
GOOD OIL SHOULD WITHSTAND 2) KV AT 2.)
MM TEST GAP
12,!. WHY AND WHERE A SHUNT IS USED IN
MEASUREMENT
SHUNT IS USED TO MEASURE HIGH VALUE
OF DC CURRENT AS THE HIGH VALUE OF DC
CURRENT CANNOT BE MEASURED WITH
ORDINARY INSTRUMENT.
12,$. HOW WILL YOU CALIBRATE AN AMMETER RATED CURRENT PASSES THROUGH
AMMETER USING A STANDARD METER. IN
SERIES WITH THE METER READING ARE
NOTED AND POSITIVE /NEGATIVE ERROR IS
FOUND OUT AND METER IS AD#USTED.
12,). WILL THE BUCHHOL. RELAY INDICATE
LOW LEVEL IN CASE OF LEAK. IF THE
ANSWER IS YES HOW?
YES .LOW OIL LEVEL WILL BE INDICATED
BY THE BUCHHOL. RELAY AS THE BOTTOM
FLOAT OF THE RELAY WILL OPERATE ON
LOW LEVEL AND GIVE OUT ALARM.
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%12* &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
12,6.
DRAW THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF A .L.T. MOTOR THERMAL PROTECTION RELAY
R-S-T + N
HRC FUSE
M
T
H

/

O
L
c
c
12,7. WHAT IS NORMAL VOLTAGE AND TIME
SETTING FOR UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY
UNDER VOLTAGE SETTING% *,0 AND 1 OR 2
SECOND TIME DELAY
12,*. FIND OUT PICK UP AND DROP OUT VALUES
OF A GIVEN AU". RELAY
12,+. HOW WILL YOU FIND AN EARTH FAULT IN
WIRING
THE EARTH FAULT IN WIRING IS FOUND BY
INSULATION RESISTANCE TESTING WITH
MEGGER. LOW OR .ERO IR VALUE
INDICATES EARTH FAULT
121,. FOR WHAT PURPOSE TRANSFORMER OIL IS
USED IN THE CIRCUIT BREAKER
THE OIL IN THE CIRCUIT BREAKER IS USED
FOR INSULATION PURPOSE AND FOR
OPENING /CLEARING THE FAULT
1211. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF SPACE HEATER
PROVIDED IN A MOTOR. HOW IS IT
CONTROLLED
THE SPACE HEATER IS USED TO PREVENT
CONDENSATION OF MOISTURE INSIDE THE
MOTOR WINDING. THE SPACE HEATER IS
SWITCHED ON AND OFF AUTOMATICALLY
WHENEVER THE MOTOR IS SWITCHED ON
AND OFF
1212. HOW WILL YOU TEST THE INSULATION
VALUE OF MOTOR. WHAT SHOULD BE THE
MINIMUM VALUE
THE INSULATION VALUE IS TESTED WITH
THE INSULATION TESTER CALLED MEGGER
AND THE MINIMUM VALUE SHOULD BE 1.,
MEGA OHM FOR EVERY KV 21 MEGA OHM..
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%12+ &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
121!. TRUE/FALSE
A).INVERTOR SUPPLY WILL FAIL WHEN
MAIN SUPPLY FAILS.
B).DISCHARGE AFTER MEGGER TESTING
BEFORE TOUCHING THE MEGGER
C).TRANSFORMER OIL IS USED IN VACUUM
BREAKER
D).$ CORE CABLE IS USED FOR HT SUPPLY
E).CT IS USED FOR MEASURING CURRENT
FLOW
A). FALSE
B). TRUE
C). FALSE
D). FALSE
E). TRUE
121$. WHY A CAPACITOR IS USED IN TUBE LIGHT
FITTING.
THE CAPACITOR IS MAINLY USED IN TUBE
LIGHT FITTING FOR POWER FACTOR
IMPROVEMENT.
121). WHAT IS THE COLOR FOR ON OFF TRIP
INDICATION LAMPS.
ON ( RED
OFF ( GREEN
TRIP ( YELLOW
1216. WHAT LUBRICANTS ARE USED FOR HT
MOTOR BEARING
MULTI PURPOSE GRADE 2 OR ! GREASE
1217. PRACTICAL TEST.
CARRY OUT .P.M. ON .L.T.MOTOR
CARRY OUT P.M ON L.T MOTOR
121*.
DRAW A CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF TUBE LIGHT FITTING
TUBE LIGHT
CAPACITOR
STARTER
CHOKE
P
N
121+. HOW WILL YOU CHANGE THE DIRECTION
OF ROTATION OF ! PHASE MOTOR
THE DIRECTION OF ROTATION OF ! PHASE
MOTOR IS CHANGED BY CHANGING ANY OF
TWO PHASES.
122,. WHAT IS THE PM CHECKS MADE ON LEAD
ACID BATTERY
A).CLEAN APPLY VASELINE
B).RECORD THE VOLTAGE SPECIFIC
GRAVITY TEMPERATURE OF ALL CELLS
C).CHECK THE LEVEL OF ELECTROLYTE AND
TOP UP
D).CHARGE IF NECESSARY AND RECORD THE
CURRENT
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%1!, &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1221. TRUE/FALSE
A).SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GOOD LEAD ACID
CELL IS 1.17,
B).THE ! RD PIN IN A PLUG IS CONNECTED
TO EARTH
C) .PT IS USED TO MEASURE THE CURRENT
D).CARBON BRUSH IS USED IN THE
UNIVERSAL MOTOR
E). $36 IS A $ CORE LT CABLE
A).(FALSE
B).(TRUE
C).(FALSE
D).(TRUE
E).(TRUE
1222. E"PAND KW PF RPM H. HP KW ( KILOWATT
PF ( POWER FACTOR
RPM ( REVALUATION PER MINUTE
HP ( HORSE POWER
H. ( HERT.
122!. WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE CAUSES FOR
TRIPPING OF LT MOTOR
A). OVERLOAD
B). UNDER VOLTAGE
C). EARTH FAULT
D). SINGLE PHASING
122$. HOW WILL YOU CONNECT A PORTABLE
TOOL
THE PORTABLE TOOL IS TO BE CONNECTED
USING ! PIN PLUG AND HEAVY DUTY
FLE"IBLE ! CORE CABLE
122). WHAT ARE THE COLOR S OF THE CORE IN
POWER CABLE
RED YELLOW BLUE. BLACK
1226. PRACTICAL TEST
WIRE A TUBE LIGHT FITTING AND TEST
1227. HOW DO YOU MEASURE EARTH
RESISTANCE OF A SYSTEM
RESISTANCE OF THE EARTH ELECTRODE
AND OF EARTH CONTINUITY TO
ELECTRICAL E&UIPMENT MAY BE
MEASURED BY ANY ONE OF THE
FOLLOWING METHODS
1).BY VOLTMETER AND AMMETER METHOD
USING DIRECT CURRENT SOURCE
2). BY PORTABLE MEGGER EARTH TESTER
!). BY AN EARTH LOOP TESTER(SOURCE AC
122*. WHAT IS POLARI.ATION INDE" OF AN
E&UIPMENT .HOW DO YOU DETERMINE
WHAT SHOULD BE THE VALUE OF AN
E&UIPMENT HAVING CLASS B INSULATION
POLARI.ATION INDE" IS THE MEASURING
OF DRYNESS OF ELECTRICAL E&UIPMENT
INSULATION. IT IS THE RATIO OF
INSULATION RESISTANCE READING TAKEN
AFTER 1, MINUTES TO THE READING TAKEN
AFTER 1 MINUTE FROM THE INSTANCE OF
STARTING OF MEGGER. FOR CLASS B
INSULATION THE VALUE IS 2.)
122+. WHAT IS MEANT BY LOAD FACTOR AND
WHAT IS DIVERSITY FACTOR
LOAD FACTOR IS A RATIO OF ACTUAL
ENERGY CONSUMPTION TO THE
CONSUMPTION IF THE PEAK LOAD HAD
CONTINUED THROUGH OUT THE PERIOD OF
A DAY A MONTH OR A YEAR AS THE CASE
MAY BE. IT HELPS TO KNOW HOW
EFFECTIVELY THE AVAILABLE PLANT
CAPACITY IS ACTUALLY UTILI.ED.
DIVERSITY FACTOR 1 MA"IMUM DEMAND
FOR THE WHOLE INSTALLATION/SUM OF
MA"IMUM DEMAND OF EACH GROUP
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%1!1 &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
12!,. WHAT IS AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE
REGULATOR .E"PLAIN
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR IS A
DEVICE WHICH MAINTAINS THE MACHINE
TERMINAL VOLTAGE AT SET VALUE UNDER
VARIED LOAD CONDITIONS AND AS
WARRANTED BY THE SYSTEM DEMAND.
THE SENSING UNIT OF THE AVR RECEIVES
THE FEED BACK SIGNAL FROM PT OUTPUT
AND CT OUTPUT 4FOR CURRENT
COMPENSATION)WHICH ARE COMPARED
WITH REFERENCE SET VALUE IN THE
COMPARATOR. THE ERROR SIGNAL IS
AMPLIFIED AND FED TO ACTUATING UNIT
WHICH GIVES BUCK AND BOOST FIELDS OF
THE E"CITOR. THE E"ECUTOR OUTPUT
CHANGES ACCORDINGLY AND HENCE
E"CITATION OF MAIN GENERATOR TO GIVE
A CONSTANT OUTPUT VOLTAGE.
12!1. WHY IS A DC ARC DIFFICULT TO
E"TINGUISH
THERE IS NO CURRENT .ERO IN DC CIRCUITS
AS IN THE CASE OF AC CIRCUITS. DUE TO
THIS WHEN DC IS PASSING THROUGH A
CIRCUIT WILL BE BROKEN AND THE ARC
WILL TEND TO PERSIST PARTICULARLY IN
HIGHLY INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT DUE TO
INDUCTIVE PHENOMOMINAN.5THE ARC IS
MAINTAINED EVEN THOUGH THE CONTACTS
ARE SEVERAL CM APART. THE ARC IONI.ES
AIR WHICH BECOMES A CONDUCTOR. HENCE
DC ARC IS DIFFICULT TO E"TINGUISH.
12!2. WHAT ARE ARC CHUTES IN CIRCUIT
BREAKER
ARC CHUTES ARE PROVIDED IN CBS TO
E"TINGUISH THE ARC IN CIRCUIT BREAKERS
IN WHICH THE ARC PATH IS DEFLECTED AND
BLOWN UP.
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
12!!. WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF LOW IR. VALUE
OF ELECTRICAL E&UIPMENT-S SUCH AS
MOTORS AND HOW WILL YOU IMPROVE IT
LOW INSULATION RESISTANCE IS THE
RESULT OF %(
1).ABSORPTION OF MOISTURE AND
DEPOSITION OF CONDUCTING DUST
2).FAILURE OF INSULATION DUE TO
THERMAL FATIGUE AND PHYSICAL
DAMAGE
STEPS TO IMPROVE IR. VALUE%
DO NOT ALLOW DUSTS TO ACCUMULATE
AS THIS WILL ABSORB AND RETAIN
MOISTURE WHICH WILL LEADS TO
LEAKAGE AND BREAKDOWN. KEEP
CLEAN THE WINDING FROM DIRT OIL
AND GREECE.
TO AVOID DAMPNESS OF WINDING KEEP
SPACE HEATERS IN SERVICE WHEN
MOTORS ARE NOT IN SERVICE.
AVOID WATER ENTRY FROM E"POSED
ATMOSPHERE.
ENSURE GASKETS FOR COVERS FOR
MOTOR TERMINAL BO"ES STARTERS
ETC. ARE INTACT AND GOOD CONDITION.
INSULATION RESISTANCE CAN BE
IMPROVED BY %
A).DRIVING OUT MOISTURE BY HEATING IN
OVEN AND CLEANING DUST OIL AND
GREASE. HEATING TO BE CONTINUED
FOR SEVERAL HOURS UNTIL ALL
MOISTURE TO BE DRIVEN OUT.
B).BY REPAIRING THE DAMAGED
INSULATORS
12!$. IF A MOTOR IS REPORTED TO BE GETTING
VERY HOT WHAT INVESTIGATION YOU
WILL DO?
1).CHECK ACTUAL TEMPERATURE AT HOST
SPOT
2). LOOK FOR BURN OUT SMELL AND SMOKE.
!).CHECK LOAD CURRENT IN ALL PHASES
ARE BALANCED AND WITHIN RATED
VALUE. CHECK VOLTAGE IN ! PHASES.
$).CHECK FOR ANY MECHANICAL RUBBING
AND FREE MOVEMENT OF ROTOR. CHECK
AIR GAP UNIFORMLY
)).CHECK THAT VENTILATING DUCTS ARE
NOT CLOGGED AND FAN COOLING IS
OKAY.
6).IF EVERYTHING IS OKAY IT MAY BE
WINDING INTERNAL FAULT. CHECK
WINDING IR. VALUE AND RESISTANCE.
7).ALSO CHECK FOR MECHANICAL
ALIGNMENT VIBRATION AND CHECK
BEARING LUBRICATION.
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%1!! &'A(PART2.DOC
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QUESTIONS ANSWERS
12!). WHAT ARE THE STANDARD SYMBOLS USED
FOR DESCRIBING DIFFERENT METHOD OF
COOLING OF TRANSFORMERS.
SYMBOLS
AN AB ON OB OW OFN OFB OFW SFW.
A 1 AIR COOLING FOR DRY TYPE
TRANSFORMERS
N 1 NATURAL COOLING BY CONVECTION
CURRENT ONLY
O 1 OIL IMMERSED
W 1 WATER COOLED
F 1 FORCED OIL CIRCULATING PUMP
S 1 SYNTHETIC LI&UID USED INSTEAD OF
OIL.
12!6. WHAT ARE THE PROTECTIONS FOR GENERATOR TRANSFORMER
A).EXTERNAL ABNORMALS
1). OVERLOADS
2). SYSTEM FAULTS
!). OVER VOLTAGE
$). REDUCED SYSTEM FREE&UENCY
B). INTERNAL FAULTS
1). DIFFRENTIAL PROTECTION
2). EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
!). OVERCURRENT OVER LOAD PROTRCTION
$). WINDING TEMPERATURE HIGH
)). OIL TEMPERATURE HIGH
6). GAS OIL RELAY 4BUCHLO.)
R X B
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%1!$ &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
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QUESTIONS ANSWERS
12!7. WHAT IS GAS PROTECTION IN A
TRANSFORMER AND HOW DOES A GAS
RELAY OPERATE
ANY INTERNAL FAULT IN A TRANSFORMER
IS ALMOST INVARIABLY ACCOMPANIED BY
EVOLUTION OF GAS. THE HEAT PRODUCED
DECOMPOSES THE OIL AND LIBERATE THE
GAS. THE RATE OF GAS FORMATION IS IN
PROPORTION TO THE AMOUNT OF HEAT
PRODUCED.
THE GAS RELAY FUNCTION BY MAKING USE
OF THE GAS LIBERATED INSIDE THE
TRANSFORMER. FOR SLOW FORMATION OF
GAS THE RELAY TOP FLOAT IS ACTUATED
FOR ALARM DUE TO GRADUAL COLLECTION
OF GAS ON TOP 6PORTION OF GAS RELAY.
THE LOWER FLOAT WHICH IS IN DIRECTLY
IN PATH OF CONNECTING PIPE TO
CONSERVATOR OPERATES ON SURGE WHEN
LARGE EVOLUTION OF GAS DUE TO SEVERE
INTERNAL FAULT. THIS FLOAT CONTACT
GIVE TRIP AND ISOLATE THE
TRANSFORMER.
12!*. CAN A CT SECONDARY BE LEFT OPEN
WHILE IN SERVICE (WHY
CT SECONDARY SHOULD NOT BE LEFT OPEN.
CT IS DESIGNED TO OPERATE ON LOW FLU"
DENSITY. WHEN SECONDARY IS OPEN THE
MAGNETIC FLU" IS SOLELY DETERMINED
BY PRIMARY CURRENT. AT HIGHER
PRIMARY CURRENT THE CORE IS PUSHED TO
THE SATURATION LEVEL AND HEATING AND
AT THE SAME TIME VOLTAGE ACROSS OPEN
SECONDARY IS VERY HIGH WHICH IS
DANGEROUS TO LIFE.
12!+. LIST OUT THE TEST YOU WILL CARRY OUT
ON A TRANSFORMER OIL IN SERVICE AS
PART OF SCHEDULED MAINTENANCE
1). NEUTRALI.ATION VALUE 4 TOTAL
ACIDITY) (,.,! MG/ KOH
2). ELECTRICAL STRENGTH 4BDV ) (MIN. !,
KV
!). DI ELECTRIC DISSIPATION FACTOR
4 TAN ) ( ,.,,)
$).RESISTIVITY (IN OHM CM AT +, DEG C
)). WATER CONTENT (MA". ), PPM
12$,. ANSWER YES OR NO
DOES THE RESISTANCE OF A CONDUCTOR
INCREASES WITH LENGTH.
DOES THE RESISTANCE OF A CONDUCTOR
INCREASES WITH DIAMETER
DOES INDUCTIVE IMPEDANCE DECREASES
WITH FRE&UENCY
YES
NO
YES
12$1. HOW MUCH POWER FACTOR DOES A DC
CIRCUIT HAVE
WHAT FRE&UENCY ON LV SIDE OF 22, /11,
V1,,, VA TRANSFORMER IF HV SIDE IS
CONNECTED TO A 6, H. SUPPLY
UNITY 4 ONE)
SAME AS HV SIDE (6, H.
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%1!) &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
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QUESTIONS ANSWERS
12$2.
IF TWO LAMPS OF 1,,,W 2), V ARE CONNECTED IN SERIES AND GIVEN 2), V SUPPLY
WHAT WILL BE THE READING OF A WATT METER CONNECTED TO READ TOTAL POWER.
1W 1 W
WATTMETER
!
"

#

$
%
c
%
&
'
(
(
)*
POWER IS 7 V2 SINCE LAMPS ARE CONNECTED IN SERIES VOLTAGE ACROSS EACH LAMP
IS REDUCED TO HALF POWER OF EACH REDUCED BY 1/$ TIMES.
TOTAL POWER BY BOTH LAMPS 1/$31,,, 2 1/$ 3 1,,,1),, W
12$!. WHAT ARE THE CONDITIONS FOR
PARALLELING TWO ALTERNATORS
1). FRE&UENCY OF INCOMING ALTERNATOR
SHOULD BE SAME AS RUNNING MACHINE.
2). VOLTAGE OF INCOMING ALTERNATOR
SHOULD BE SAME AS RUNNING MACHINE.
!). PHASE SE&UENCE OF BOTH MACHINE
SHOULD BE SAME.
$). AT THE INSTANT OF PARALLELING
PHASE ANGLE BETWEEN TWO VOLTAGES
OF SAME PHASE IS ,
12$$. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
SINGLE PHASE AND ! PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR.
SINGLE PHASE MOTOR.
1). RUNS ON SINGLE PHASE ONLY. FOR
STARTING A SEPARATE SPLIT WINDING
4STARTING WINDING ) TO SHIFT
MAGNETIC FIELD BY +, ELECTRICAL
DEGREES TO PRODUCE TOR&UE.
2). PRODUCES LOW STARTING TO&UE WHICH
CAN BE INCREASED BY PROVIDING
CAPACITANCE IN SERIES WITH STARTING
WINDING.
THREE PHASE MOTORS
1). RUNS ON THREE PHASE SUPPLY WHICH
PRODUCES ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
AND HENCE SELF STARTING
2). PRODUCES HIGH STARTING TOR&UE.
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
12$). WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY THE TERM HRC
FUSE
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE
HRC FUSE PROTECTION AND THERMAL O/L
PROTECTION OF AN E&UIPMENT.
HRC FUSE IS HIGH REPUTING CAPACITY
FUSE.
FUSE PROTECTION IS PROVIDED TO THE
E&UIPMENT TO CLEAR THE FAULT SUCH AS
SHORT CIRCUIT AND EARTH FAULT
&UICKLY TO PREVENT E"CESSIVE DAMAGE
TO THE E&UIPMENT AND SUPPLY SYSTEM.
OVERLOAD PROTECTION IS PROVIDED TO
THE E&UIPMENT TO ISOLATE THE
E&UIPMENT IF IT CONTINUE TO TAKE IN
E"CESS OF ITS RATED CURRENT. THERMAL
O/L CAN NOT CLEAR THE FAULT IN THE
SYSTEM
WHERE IT IS RE&UIRED THE E&UIPMENT TO
BE PROTECTED ONLY BY O/C RELAYS AS IN
THE CASE OF MEDIUM VOLTAGE SYSTEM
AND HIGH VOLTAGE SYSTEM TIME AND
INSTANTANEOUS OVER CURRENT RELAYS
ARE PROVIDED.
12$6. WHY SF 6 IS USED IN !*, KV SWITCH GEAR SF 6 GAS HAS VERY HIGH DI ELECTRIC
STRENGTH (! TIMES THAT OF AIR ( .
SF 6 GAS HAS E"CELLENT ARC &UENCHING
DURING TRIPPING OF CIRCUIT BREAKER.
AFTER ARC &UENCHING THE DECOMPOSED
SF 6 GAS COOLS DOWN AND IT RECOMBINES
ALMOST COMPLETELY TO ATTAIN BACK
FULL DI ELECTRIC STRENGTH IN SHORT
TIME.
12$7. LIST OUT PROTECTION PROVIDED FOR
LARGE POWER TRANSFORMER OF *, MVA
RATING.
ELECTRICAL PROTECTION%
1). OVER CURRENT PROTECTION
2). DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
!). EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
$). RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
GAS PROTECTION
1). BUCHHOL. RELAY PROTECTION
2). PRESSURE RELAY PROTECTION
PROTECTION AGAINST TEMPERATURE RISE
1). WINDING TEMPERATURE R ( ALARM AND
TRIP
2). OIL TEMPERATURE( ALARM AND TRIP
FIRE SYSTEM(FIRE PROTECTION.
12$*. WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF MEGGER
TESTER
MEGGER TEST IS USED TO CHECK THE
INSULATION RESISTANCE OF ELECTRICAL
APPARATUS WITH RESPECT TO GROUND OR
BETWEEN TWO ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS
SEPARATED FROM EACH BY INSULATING
MEDIUM .IT CAN ALSO BE USED TO CHECK
SUPPLY VOLTAGE IF IT IS PROVIDED WITH
VOLTAGE RANGE BY SELECTING IT TO A
VOLTAGE RANGE.
12$+. HOW DO YOU CHANGE DIRECTION OF
ROTATION OF SINGLE PHASE MOTOR
DIRECTION OF ROTATION OF SINGLE PHASE
MOTOR CAN BE REVERSED BY
INTERCHANGING RUNNING WINDING OR
AU"ILIARY / STARTING WINDING LEADS.
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
12),. WHAT ARE THE CHECKS TO BE CARRIED
OUT ON MOTORS DURING ANNUAL
MAINTENANCE.
1) GENERAL CLEANING OF PARTS LIKE FAN
FAN COVER COOLING FINS END COVER
ETC.
2) CHECKING OF CABLE BO". CABLE
TERMINATION FOR DISCOLORATION
INSULATION FAILURE OVERHEATING
AND TIGHTENING
!).INSULATION VALUE SURGE TEST AND
RESISTANCE OF WINDING AND POWER
CABLE
$) FOUNDATION BOLTS AND EARTH
CONNECTIONS.
)) CHECKING OF LUBRICATION AND
LUBRICATION OF BEARINGS.
6) CHECKING OF CONTROL AND
PROTECTION COMPONENTS
7) CHECKING OF LOAD CURRENT IN ALL
PHASES.4 STARTING AND RUNNING
CURRENTS)
*) P.F TEST INCAS OF H.V. MOTORS
+) RTD CHECKS AND SURGE DIVERTER
CHECKS
1,) CHECKING CORRESPONDING
CONTACTORS AND BREAKERS.
11) TESTING OF RELATED PROTECTIVE
RELAYS
12) SPACE HEATER OHM VALUE AND
INSULATION SUPPLY AND FUNCTION.
12)1. WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF MOTOR
GENERATOR AND TRANSFORMER
MOTOR CONVERTS ELECTRIC POWER INTO
MECHANICAL POWER. GENERATOR
CONVERTS MECHANICAL POWER IN TO
ELECTRICAL POWER. TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMS THE AC ELECTRICAL ENERGY
FROM ONE VOLTAGE LEVEL TO ANOTHER
VOLTAGE LEVEL IN THE OPTIMUM
ECONOMICAL CONDITION FOR
TRANSPORTING ENERGY FROM ONE PLACE
TO ANOTHER PLACE IN A SAFE WAY AND
FOR USE.
12)2. WHAT ARE THE TOOLS YOU HAVE TO USE
FOR ELECTRICAL WORK.
1).SCREW DRIVER(SLOTTED HEADS OF
VARIOUS SI.ES AND SET.
2).PHILIPS SCREW DRIVER OF VARIOUS SI.ES
AND SET
!).COMBINATION PLIERS
$).MULTI GRIP PLIERS
)).WIRE STRIPPER WIRE CUTTER AND
CRIMPING TOOL
6) .SOCKET SPANNER SET
7). OPEN WRENCHES OF VARIOUS SET
*). KNIFE WITH PLASTIC HANDLE
+). MULTI METER
1,). MEGGER INSULATION TESTER
11). CLIP ON TONG TESTER
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%1!* &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
12)!. WHAT POINTS TO BE CHECKED TO FIND
OUT THAT A LEAD ACID BATTERY IS IN
CHARGED STATE.
1).CELL VOLTAGE% USING A BATTERY CELL
VOLTMETER CHECK CELL VOLTAGE
ACROSS TERMINALS. IT SHOULD BE 2.2, (
2.2) VOLTS.
2).SPECIFIC GRAVITY 4 DENSITY ) %USING
HYDROMETER CHECK THE SPECIFIC
GRAVITY. IT SHOULD BE 12,, 2( 1, AT 2,
3 C WHILE TAKING SPECIFIC GRAVITY
ALWAYS TAKE TEMPERATURE OF CELL
USING AN THERMOMETER. CORRECT THE
SPECIFIC GRAVITY TO 2, 3C AND CHECK
THE CORRECTION FACTOR I.E. ,.,,,7 PER
3 C FOR EACH DEGREE VARIATION IN
TEMPERATURE FROM 2, DEG .C
12)$. GIVE LIST OF STANDARD ACCESSORIES
FITTED FOR A LARGE POWER
TRANSFORMER
1). OIL CONSERVATOR WITH LEVEL GAUGE
2). PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICE
!). RADIATORS WITH COOLING FAN AND OR
PUMP
$). THERMOMETERS FOR WINDING AND OIL
TEMPERATURE
)) .DEHYDRATING BREATHER
6). GAS RELAY 4BUCHHOL. RELAY)
7). DRAIN AND SAMPLING VALVES
*). H.V. ' LV BUSHINGS
+). TAP CHANGER UNIT
1,).OIL PITS AND FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
11).FIRE BARRIER BETWEEN TRANSFORMER
BANKS.
12)). LIST OUT REASONS WHEN A ! PHASE
INDUCTION MOTOR FAILS TO START.
1). SUPPLY NOT AVAILABLE
2).BLOWN FUSES DAMAGED CABLE
TERMINATION IN TERMINAL BO"
MOTOR WINDING GROUNDED OR OPEN
CIRCUITED(CHECK IR. VALUE AND
RESISTANCE.
!). OVERLOAD RELAY OPERATED(CHECK
AND RESET
$).ROTOR IS #AMMED /DRIVEN LOAD IS
#AMMED(CHECK SHAFT BY ROTATING BY
HAND IF POSSIBLE.
)).CONTROL PROBLEM (CHECK AND
RECTIFY.
12)6. LIST OUT SAFETY ITEMS YOU SHOULD USE
WHILE YOU ARE ON DUTY
1). SAFETY SHOE
2). SAFETY HELMET
!) .HAND GLOVES
$). GOGGLE WHILE WORKING ON GRINDERS
ETC.
)). EAR PLUG WHEN WORKING IN NOISY
AREA
6). PROPER DRESS.
12)7. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A
CIRCUIT BREAKER AND AN ISOLATOR
THE CIRCUIT BREAKER COULD BE
SWITCHED ON AND OFF ON LOAD AND
CLEAR OUT ANY FAULT IN THE SYSTEM.
THE ISOLATOR SHOULD NOT BE CLOSED OR
OPENED ON FULL LOAD AND IT CAN NOT
PROVIDE ANY FAULT CLEARING INCAS OF
SHORT CIRCUIT OR GROUND FAULT.
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%1!+ &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
12)*. WHAT ARE THE ARC CHUTES IN A CIRCUIT
BREAKER.
ARC CHUTE IS A DEVICE DESIGNED IN SUCH
A WAY THAT IT WILL SPREAD THE
SPARKING FOR EASY &UENCHING AND IT IS
WELL PROTECTED BY ASPECTS FOR HEAT
ISOLATOR FROM OTHER PARTS.
IN AC AIR CIRCUIT BREAKERS THE ARC
CHUTE IS LENGTHENED COOLED AND SPLIT
SO AS TO INCREASE THE RESISTANCE OF
THE ARC. THE RAPID INCREASE IN THE ARC
RESISTANCE CAUSES THE REDUCTION IN
THE FAULT CURRENT AND THE FAULT
CURRENT DOES NOT REACH THE
PROSPECTIVE HIGH VALUE. THE ARC
E"TINCTION PROCESS IS BY CURRENT
.EROS IN THE AC WAVE. THE VOLTAGE
DROP ACROSS THE ARC GOES ON
INCREASING WITH INCREASE IN THE ARC
RESISTANCE AND AT CURRENT .ERO. WHEN
THE RECOVERY VOLTAGE ACROSS THE
CONTACT IS LESS THAN THE ARC VOLTAGE
THE ARC GETS E"TINGUISHED. THE ENERGY
IN THE SYSTEM INDUCTANCE AT CURRENT
.ERO IS .ERO. HENCE THE ARC
INTERRUPTION IS EASIER.
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%1$, &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
12)+.
A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER IS RATED 1,,, VA $,, / 1,,V. IF CURRENT IN $,, V SIDE IS
1 A HOW MUCH WOULD BE THE CURRENT IN LOW VOLTAGE SIDE. .IF YOU CONNECT THE
$,, V SIDE WINDING OF THE TRANSFORMER TO A 2,, V AC SOURCE WHAT WOULD
APPRO"IMATELY BE THE VOLTAGE IN LOW VOLTAGE WINDING
+ V
! V
1 V
V ! , -
I ,1 A
1 VA TRANSFORMER
V1/V2 1 $,,/1,, 1 $
I2 1 KI1
1 $31
1 $A
V2 1 1/K V1
1 1/$3$,,
1 1,,V
1 1/$32,,
1 ),V
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%1$1 &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
126,.
DRAW THE SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF AN ACROSS THE LINE MAGNETIC STARTER FOR A !
PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR.
M
T
H

/

O
L
R S
T
K
K
+./1!
START
STOP
K
1261.
DRAW THE CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF THREE IDENTICAL SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
WITH SUBTRACTIVE POLARITIES BANKED IN WYE(DELTA HIGH VOLTAGE SIDE IN WYE
AND LOW VOLTAGE SIDE IN DELTA AND INDICATE THE PROPER POLARITY MARKING.
WYE - DELTA
+
+
+
+
+
+
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1262. A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER HAS 22,
TURNS ON ITS PRIMARY WINDING AND 11,
TURNS IN THE SECONDARY WINDING $$, V
IS IMPRESSED IN THE PRIMARY
WINDING WHAT WOULD BE THE VOLTAGE
IN THE SECONDARY. NEGLECTING
IMPEDANCE DROP.
N1 1 22,/ N2 1 11,
V1 1 $$,/ V2 1 ?
V1/V2 1 N1/N2
V2 1 V13N2/N1
1 $$,311,/22,
1 22,
126!. WHAT IS AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE
REGULATOR AND WHAT IS ITS FUNCTION
THE AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR IS
AN AUTOMATIC CLOSE LOOP CONTROLLER
WHICH USES A SIGNAL PROPORTIONAL TO
THE GENERATOR TERMINAL VOLTAGE AND
COMPARE IT WITH A STEADY VOLTAGE
REFERENCE.. THE DIFFERENCE OR ERROR
VOLTAGE OBTAINED IS THEN USED TO
CONTROL THE E"CITOR OUT PUT.
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%1$! &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
126$. E"PLAIN THE AVR IF THE LOAD ON THE GENERATOR
CHANGES THE GENERATOR TERMINAL
VOLTAGE ALSO CHANGES INCREASING THE
ERROR SIGNAL. THE ERROR IS AMPLIFIED BY
THE REGULATOR AND IS USED TO INCREASE
OR REDUCE THE E"CITATION. AS
NECESSARY TO BRING BACK THE VOLTAGE
TO ORIGINAL VALUE. THE NEED FOR A
RAPID STABLE RESPONSE FOLLOWING OF
SUCH CHANGES IS OF PARAMOUNT
IMPORTANCE AND SINCE CONTROL SYSTEM
USING SUCH HIGHLY STEADY STATE GAINS
CHANGES WOULD RAPIDLY WOULD BECOME
UN STABLE SPECIAL SIGNAL NET WORKS
ARE INCLUDED.. THESE CONSISTS OF PHASE
ADVANCE AND PHASE LAG CIRCUITS WHICH
HAVE AD#USTABLE TIME CONSTANTS.
ALLOWING ACCURATE TIMING OF VOLTAGE
RESPONSE. TOGETHER THESE CIRCUITS
ACTS AS NOTCHED FILTER REDUCING GAIN
AT GENERATOR ELECTOR MECHANICAL
OSCILLATION FRE&UENCY WHILE
PERMITTING THE HIGH GAINS NECESSARY
FOR ACCURATE VOLTAGE CONTROL. THE
SETTING OF THE TIME CONSTANT IS OF
GREAT IMPORTANCE AS TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM DYNAMIC STABILITY IS SENSITIVE
TO AVR SETTING. FOR THIS REASON
SOPHISTICATED ANALYTICAL TECHNI&UE
HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED AND APPLIED IN
ORDER TO OBTAIN OPTIMAL
PERFORMANCE.. THE AVR ACCEPTS THE
TERMINAL VOLTAGE SIGNAL VIA ITS OWN
INTERPOSING VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER..
THE VOLTAGE SIGNAL IS THEN RECTIFIED
AND FILTERED BEFORE BEING COMPARED
WITH THE REFERENCE VOLTAGE .PROVISION
IS MADE FOR THE OPERATOR TO CHANGE
THE REFERENCE VOLTAGE TO SYSTEM
RE&UIREMENTS.
IN ADDITION TO BASIC VOLTAGE CONTROL
RE&UIREMENT THE AVR INCLUDES
CONTROL LOOP WHICH PERFORM OTHER
VITAL TASKS. THESE ARE CONTROLLERS
FOR THE MVAR LIMITED OVER FLU"ING
LIMITER SUPPRESSION OF GENERATOR
FIELD AFTER FAULT AVR COMPONENT
FAILURE.
126). NAME THE FOLLOWING RELAYS
A). 2)
B). 27
C). $6
D). $+
E). )1
F). )+
G). *6
H). *7
A). 2) ( SYNCHRONI.ATION RELAY
B). 27 ( UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY
C). $6 ( NEGATIVE PHASE SE&UENCE
RELAY
D). $+ ( THERMAL OVERLOAD RELAY
E). )1 ( TIME OVER CURRENT RELAY
F). )+ ( OVER VOLTAGE RELAY
G). *6 ( LOCKOUT RELAY
H). *7 (DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%1$$ &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1266. FOR A 7.2 KV 1$), KW ! PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR WHAT PROTECTION WOULD YOU
E"PECT.. E"PLAIN AGAINST EACH TYPE OF
FAULT.
LARGE MOTORS NEED PROTECTION
AGAINST VARIOUS ABNORMAL
CONDITIONS .SEVERAL TYPE OF
PROTECTIVE RELAYS ARE DEVELOPED TO
SUIT VARIOUS APPLICATIONS.. THESE
RELAYS SENSE THE ABNORMAL
CONDITIONS AND TRIP CIRCUIT OF MOTOR
CIRCUIT BREAKER THE PROTECTION
PROVIDED FOR LARGE ! PHASE MOTORS
TAKE IN TO ACCOUNT OVERLOADS SHORT
CIRCUITS AND IN SOME SPECIALTY
DEVELOPED RELAYS FOR MOTOR
PROTECTION.. PROTECTION AGAINST
UNBALANCED LOAD IS ALSO
INCORPORATED. LARGE MOTORS ARE
PROVIDED WITH PROTECTION AGAINST THE
FOLLOWING.
1).FAULT IN WINDING AND ASSOCIATED
CIRCUITS
2).REDUCTION OR LOSS OF SUPPLY
VOLTAGE
!). E"CESSIVE OVERLOADS
$). PHASE UNBALANCE AND SINGLE
PHASING
)). PHASE REVERSAL
6). SWITCHING OVER VOLTAGE.
1267. WHAT ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF
OVERLOAD PROTECTION RELAYS
THE OVERLOAD PROTECTION DEVICES CAN
BE GROUPED AS
1).THOSE WHICH RESPOND TO MOTOR
CURRENT(BI METAL RELAYS ELECTRO
MAGNETIC RELAYS STATIC RELAYS.
THESE RELAYS OPEN THE CONTROL
CIRCUIT OF THE MAIN CONTACTOR OR
CLOSE THE TRIP OF THE CIRCUIT
BREAKER.
2). THOSE WHICH RESPOND TO WINDING
TEMPERATURE. RTD THERMISTORS
SUCH DEVICES ARE EMBEDDED IN SLOTS
AND SERVE TO SUPERVISE THE WINDING
TEMPERATURE AND TRIP THE SWITCH
DEVICE.
!). THE CURRENT SENSING OVERLOAD
PROTECTION DEVICES CAN SERVE THE
FOLLOWING ABNORMAL CONDITIONS%
DEVICES
A). OVER LOADS
B). UNDER VOLTAGE
C). LOCKED ROTOR STALLING
D). HEAVY STARTING
E.) CONTINUOS OVERLOADS
F)) HEAVY BREAKING.
126*. WHAT ARE ALL THE ABNORMAL CONTAINS
WHICH CAN BE SENSED BY EMBEDDED
THERMAL DEVICES 4RT.)
1).TEMPERATURE RISE DUE TO HIGHER
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
2).TEMPERATURE RISE DUE TO FAILURE OF
COOLING
!).TEMPERATURE RISE DUE TO OTHER
CAUSES.
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%1$) &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
126+. WHAT IS 8RUPTURING CAPACITY- OF A
CIRCUIT BREAKER
THE RUPTURING CAPACITY OF A CIRCUIT
BREAKER IS THE SHORT CIRCUIT CLEARING
CAPABILITY UNDER SPECIFIED CONDITIONS
OF RECOVERY VOLTAGE AND POWER
FRE&UENCY.
127,. WHAT ARE ALL THE TESTS CARRIED OUT
ON A SAMPLE OF TRANSFORMER OIL
1).DI ELECTRIC STRENGTH TEST WHICH
SHOULD NOT BE LESS THAN !, KV FOR .6+
KV SYSTEM AND NOT LESS THAN 2! KV
FOR 1!.* KV SYSTEM.
2).WATER CONTENT IN PPM MUST BE
ANALY.ED AND SHOULD NOT E"CEED !)
PPM.
!).ACIDITY SHOULD BE CHECKED AND
SHOULD NOT ALLOW TO E"CEED ,.2 MG
KOH /G BY ANY MEANS.
$).THE GAS CONTENT ANALYSIS WILL BE OF
GREAT HELP TO DISCOVER ANY
PROBLEMS IN TRANSFORMER WINDINGS
INSULATION OR SPACING.
1271. WHAT ARE THE ND TESTS ON
TRANSFORMER.
1). MEGGER TEST
THE INSULATION RESISTANCE BETWEEN
HV WINDING AND GROUND BETWEEN LV
WINDING AND GROUND AND HV. LV
WINDINGS MUST BE DONE
2). WINDING RESISTANCE TEST
!). TURNS RATIO TEST
$). POWER FACTOR AND TAN 7 TEST
)). E"CITATION CURRENT TEST.
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1272.
DRAW A SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF STAR DELTA STARTER.
ANSWER%(
T1
T"
T/ T!
T+
T0
L1 L! L/
F1-F!-F/
K
M
S
1 M
+1
T 1
T !
T /
T +
T " T 0
STOP START
S
1 M
1 M
1 M
S
! M
1 M ! M
S
T
+1
L 1 L ! T
127!. WHAT IS NEGATIVE SE&UENCE CURRENT
RELAY
THE NEGATIVE SE&UENCE CURRENT RELAY
PROTECTS THE GENERATOR FROM
OVERHEATING DUE TO THE UN BALANCED
LOADS OR OPEN CONDUCTORS OR BLOWN
FUSES ON A SINGLE PHASE ONLY.
GENERATORS ARE PARTICULARLY
SUSCEPTIBLE TO OVERHEATING DUE TO
PRESENCE OF NEGATIVE SE&UENCE
CURRENTS. THIS CURRENT WILL INDUCE
HIGH FRE&UENCY COMPONENTS OF
CURRENT IN THE ROTOR AND THERE BY
INCREASE THE SO CALLED SKIN EFFECTS.
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
127$. WHAT ARE THE E"TERNAL
ABNORMALITIES CONSIDERED FOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
1). OVERLOADS
2). SYSTEM FAULTS
!). OVER VOLTAGE
$). REDUCED SYSTEM FRE&UENCY
127). WHAT ARE THE INTERNAL
ABNORMALITIES CONSIDERED FOR
INTERNAL PROTECTION OF GENERATOR
TRANSFORMER.
1). DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
2). EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
!). OVER CURRENT OVERLOAD PROTECTION
$). WINDING TEMPERATURE HIGH
)). OIL TEMPERATURE6 HIGH
6). GAS /OIL RELAY
1276. LIST OUT TESTS YOU WILL CARRY OUT ON
A TRANSFORMER OIL IN SERVICE AS PART
OF A SCHEDULED MAINTENANCE
OIL SAMPLING FOR
1).DI ELECTRIC TEST
2).ACIDITY TEST
!).WATER CONTENT IN PPM
$).GAS CONTENT
)).POWER FACTOR TEST
6).SURFACE INTERFACIAL 4DYNES /CM )
TEST 4IFT )
1277. A ! PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR IS RATED
22, V 1, A,.* PF WHAT IS THE POWER
RATING.
P 1 ! VI COS.
1 ! 22, 1, ,.*
1 !,$*.$ WATTS.
127*.
IN THE CIRCUIT SHOWN BELOW SOLVE FOR TOTAL RESISTANCE AND TOTAL CURRENT.
1V
$
2 c
3
1 456
0 456 + 456
1 456 0 456
+ 456
I
R 9: 1 1,31,/1,21, 1) ;<=
R :> 1 636/626 1 ! ;<=
R >? 1 $3$/ $2$ 1 2 ;<=
R @;@9A 1 )2!22 1 1, ;<=
I @;@9A 1 1,,/1, 1 1, A.
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%1$* &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
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QUESTIONS ANSWERS
127+. WHAT WILL BE THE EFFECT OF
GENERATOR WHEN THE E"CITATION
CURRENT INCREASED IN THE FOLLOWING
CASES.
1. CONNECTED TO THE SYSTEM
2. ISOLATED FROM THE SYSTEM
1).IF THE GENERATOR IS CONNECTED TO
THE GRID SYSTEM THIS WOULD RESULT
IN INCREASE IN MVAR FLOW TO THE
GRID ACCOMPANIED BY
CORRESPONDING VARIATIONS IN THE
STATOR GRID POWER FACTOR AND
GENERATOR TERMINAL VOLTAGE.
4 ASSUMING E"CITATION ON MANUAL
CONTROL) MW FLOW TO THE GRID
REMAIN CONSTANT.
2).IF THE GENERATOR IS ISOLATED FROM
THE GRID THIS WOULD RESULT IN
DIRECT INCREASE OF GENERATOR
TERMINAL VOLTAGE ACCOMPANIED BY
VARIATIONS IN OTHER PARAMETERS
DEPENDING ON THE NATURE OF THE
LOAD SUPPLIED BY THE GENERATOR. MW
AND MVAR FLOW FROM GENERATOR
WOULD REMAIN SUBSTANTIALLY THE
SAME FOR ORDINARY LOADS.
12*,. WHAT WILL BE THE EFFECT ON THE
GENERATOR WHEN STEAM INPUT
INCREASES FOR THE FOLLOWING CASES.
1). CONNECTED TO THE LOAD
2). ISOLATED FROM THE SYSTEM.
IF THE GENERATOR IS CONNECTED TO
THEGRID SYSTEM THIS WOULD RESULT
IN
1).INCREASED FLOW OF MW TO THE GRID
ACCOMPANIED BY CORRESPONDING
VARIATIONS IN STATOR CURRENT
POWER FACTOR MVAR FLOW AND
TERMINAL VOLTAGE.4 ASSUMING THE
E"CITATION ON MANUAL CONTROL)
2).IF THE GENERATOR IS ISOLATED FROM
GRID THIS WOULD RESULT IN THE
DIRECT INCREASE OF SUPPLY
FRE&UENCY AND SLIGHT VARIATIONS IN
OTHER PARAMETERS DEPENDING ON
NATURE OF THE LOADS SUPPLIED BY THE
GENERATOR.
12*1. WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF E"CITATION
POLARITY CONNECTION IS
INTERCHANGED.
NO CHANGE OR EFFECT ON THE
GENERATOR.
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%1$+ &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
12*2. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT
CLASSIFICATION OF INSULATING
MATERIAL ON THERMAL BASIS.
1). CLASS 8%OB ARE MATERIALS OR
COMBINATION OF MATERIAL SUCH AS
COTTON SILK AND PAPER SUITABLY
IMPREGNATED .MA"IMUM
TEMPERATURE CAPACITY IS +, 3 C.
2). CLASS 8A 8 INSULATION-S ARE MATERIAL
SUCH AS COTTON SILK AND PAPER WITH
SUITABLE IMPREGNATION OR IMMERSED
IN DI ELECTRIC .MA"IMUM
TEMPERATURE CAPACITY IS 1,) 3 C
!). CLASS B INSULATION-S ARE MATERIALS
OR COMBINATION OF MATERIALS OF
MICA FIBER ASBESTOS WITH SUITABLE
BONDING. MA"IMUM TEMPERATURE
CAPACITY IS 1!, 3C
$). CLASS 8FB INSULATION-S ARE MATERIALS
OR COMBINATION OF MICA FIBER
ASBESTOS WITH SUITABLE BONDING
WHICH CAN WITHSTAND TEMPERATURE
BY ACCEPTED TEST OPERATING AT 1))
3C.
)). CLASS H INSULATION-S ARE MATERIALS
SUCH AS SILICON ELASTOMER MICA
GLASS FIBER ASBESTOS ETC. WITH
BONDING WHICH CAN OPERATE AT 1*,
3C.
12*!. WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY BURDEN OF CT
AND PT
BURDEN AS APPLIED TO PT S AND CT S
REFERS TO THE MA"IMUM LOAD IN VOLT(
AMPS 4VA) WHICH MAY BE APPLIED ACROSS
THE SECONDARY TERMINAL S WITHOUT
THE RATIOS AND THE PHASE ANGLE ERRORS
E"CEEDING THE LIMITS BURDEN DEPENDS
ON NUMBER OF INSTRUMENTS OR RELAYS
CONNECTED AND THEIR RATINGS. TYPICAL
VALUE FOR AMMETERS AND VOLTMETERS
IS $ TO * VA AND FOR RELAYS IS FROM 2 TO
1, VA.
12*$. WHAT ARE THE STANDARD SYMBOLS USED
FOR DESCRIBING THE DIFFERENT
METHODS OF COOLING OF TRANSFORMER
AN AB ON OB OW OFN OFB OFW SFW.
A 1 AIR COOLING FOR DRY TYPE
TRANSFORMERS
N 1 NATURAL COOLING BY CONVECTION
CURRENT ONLY
B 1 AIR BLAST COOLING
O 1 WATER COOLED
F 1 FORCED OIL CIRCULATING PUMP
S 1 SYNTHETIC LI&UID USED INSTEAD OF
OIL
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%1), &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
12*).
REFERRING TO THE FIGURE BELOW FIND
A). THE CURRENT THROUGH EACH BRANCH . B) THE LINE CURRENT
C )POWER FACTOR D) THE POWER CONSUMED.
AC
I R
I L
I C
R , /" 456
X) , !" 456
Xc , " 456
A). THE CURRENT THROUGH THE BRANCH
IR 1 2),/!) 1 7.1$! A
I 1 2),/2#2) 1 ( #1, A
IC 1 2),/( #), 1 2 #)A
B). THE LINE CURRENT IS
I 1 IR2IL 2 IC
I27.1$! ( #1, 2#)
I 1 7.1$!(#)A
I 1 *.72 (!) A
C). POWER FACTOR IS
PF 1 COS !) 1 ,.*1+ 4LAGGING)
D). POWER CONSUMED
P 1 V 3 I COS. 7
P 1 2),3*.723,.*1+
P 1 1.7*).) WATTS

NOTE P 1 IR 3IR3R
P 1 7.1$!37.1$!3!)
P 1 1.7*).). WATTS
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%1)1 &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
12*6.
E"PLAIN THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE FOLLOWING CONNECTIONS AND E"PLAIN
THEIR FUNCTION
M
R
S
T
$7
S R T
M
R
S
T
27
R S T
A. THIS IS A ! PHASE MOTOR DIRECT ON LINE STARTING CIRCUIT FOR LV MOTOR. THE
THERMAL RELAY IN THE MOTOR CIRCUIT IS NOT RATED TO WITHSTAND THE STARTING
CURRENT FOR THE DURATION OF MOTOR STARTING ALSO THE RELAY
CHARACTERISTIC IS SUCH THAT IT WOULD TRIP THE MOTOR BEFORE MOTOR HAS
REACHED ITS RATED NO LOAD SPEED.
IN SUCH SITUATION AN AU"ILIARY CONTACTOR IS USED ACROSS THE THERMAL RELAY
TO BY PASS THE RELAY DURING STARTING PERIOD. THIS AU"ILIARY CONTACTOR IS
OPERATED BY A TIMER AND IS OPENED AUTOMATICALLY AFTER STARTING PERIOD.
THEN BY PLACING THE THERMAL RELAY IN THE CIRCUIT FOR MOTOR OVERLOAD
PROTECTION.
B. THIS IS A ! PHASE MOTOR CIRCUIT FOR RUNNING THE MOTOR BOTH ON FORWARD AND
REVERSE DIRECTION .THE AU"ILIARY CONTACTOR REVERSES THE PHASE SE&UENCE
AND HENCE THE MOTOR RUNS IN THE REVERSE DIRECTION.
THIS IS A COMMON CIRCUIT EMPLOYED FOR OPERATING VALVES 4 MOV).THIS ACTION
IS TECHNICALLY TERMED 8PLUGGING.B
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
12*7.
FIND THE CIRCUIT CURRENT AND P.D ACROSS R11) .
. 456
+ 456
+ 456
1 456
1" 456 11 #
A).
$ OHM AND $ OHM IN SERIES 1 * OHM
* OHM IN PARALLEL WITH * OHM $ OHM
SO THE RESULTANT RESISTANCE OF FIRST CIRCUIT 1 $ OHM
B).
1, OHM AND 1) OHM IN PARALLEL 1 1,31)/1,21)16 OHM
TOTAL RESISTANCE 1$ OHM 26 OHM 1, OHM
TOTAL CIRCUIT CURRENT 1 11,/1,111 A
PD ACROSS 1) OHM RESISTOR 4OR 1, OHM RESISTOR) 1 1136 1 66 V
12**.
DRAW A SKETCH SHOWING THE WAYS OF CONNECTING A GROUND FAULT RELAY IN
TRANSFORMER NEUTRAL.
E/F
N
TRANSFORMER
R
S
T
THE ABOVE IS THE MOST COMMONLY USED SCHEMES. THERE ARE SEVERAL OTHER
SCHEMES FOR GROUND FAULT CONNECTION.
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%1)! &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
12*+.
DRAW A SKETCH SHOWING 2 DIFFERENT WAYS OF CONNECTING A GROUND FAULT
RELAY.
1.GROUND FAULT RELAY COMNNECTION
R
S
T
E/F O/C
E/F ( EARTH FAULT RELAY
O/C ( O VER CURRENT RELAY
2.PHASE BALANCE CONNECTION
12+,. WHICH RELAY DETECT THE FOLLOWING
CONDITIONS IN A GENERATOR
1). UN BALANCED LOADING
2). MOTORING CONDITIONS
1).UN BALANCED LOADING IN A
GENERATOR IS DETECTED BY NEGATIVE
PHASE SE&UENCE RELAY.
2). MOTORING CONDITION IS DETECTED BY
REVERSE POWER RELAY.
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%1)$ &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
12+1. IS IT POSSIBLE TO RUN TWO
TRANSFORMERS IN PARALLEL ?. IF YES
WHAT ARE THE CONDITIONS.
YES .IT IS POSSIBLE TO RUN TWO
TRANSFORMERS IN PARALLEL IF THE
FOLLOWING CONDITIONS ARE SATISFIED
IN ORDER TO AVOID TRANSIENT
CURRENT.
1).CONNECTION SYMBOLS 4VECTOR
GROUPS) SHOULD BE THE SAME NUMBER.
.TERMINALS OF THE SAME DESIGNATION
MUST BE CONNECTED ON BOTH HIGH
VOLTAGE AND LOW VOLTAGE SIDE.
2).THE RATIO SHOULD BE AS SIMILAR AS
POSSIBLE. THE SAME RATED VOLTAGE
ON THE HIGH VOLTAGE AND ON LOW
VOLTAGE SIDE.
!).THEY SHOULD HAVE APPRO"IMATELY
SAME IMPEDANCE VOLTAGE. MA"IMUM
PERMISSIBLE DISCREPANCY IS 2( 1, 0 .IN
THE EVENT OF LARGE DIFFERENCES AN
INDUCTANCE 4REACTOR) CAN BE
CONNECTED AHEAD OF THE
TRANSFORMER WITH THE LOWER
IMPEDANCE VOLTAGE.
$).THEY SHOULD HAVE RATED OUTPUT
RATIO SMALLER THAN !%1
12+2.
DRAW A ! LINE DIAGRAM OF GENERATOR TRANSFORMER AND UNIT TRANSFORMER.
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%1)) &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
12+!.
A SINGLE PHASE ), KVA TRANSFORMER 22,,/22, V HAS AN IRON LOSS OF !,, W AT 6, H..
THE RESISTANCE OF ITS HIGH AND LOW VOLTAGE WINDINGS ARE ,.,,) AND ,.)
RESPECTIVELY. CALCULATE THE INPUT TO THE TRANSFORMER WHEN IT IS DELIVERING
FULL LOAD TO A CIRCUIT HAVING A POWER FACTOR OF *, 0 LAGGING.
I 4RATED) 1 ),31,,,/22,,122.727
R1 1,.,) OHM R21,.,,) OHM
R2-1 ,.,,)3422,,/22,)
2
1 ,.) OHM
IRON LOSS 1 !,,W
COPPER LOSS 1 I3I 3RT
1 422.727322.727)34,.)2,.))
1 )16 W
TOTAL LOSSES 1 !,, 2)16 1 *16 W
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
12+$.
SHOW HOW TWO SINGLE PHASE WATT METERS ARE CONNECTED TO MEASURE POWER IN
! PHASE WIRE SYSTEM
W 1W12W2
12+). WHY IMPEDANCE ARE INSERTED IN
EARTHLING LEADS.
IMPEDANCE-S ARE SOME TIMES INSERTED
IN EARTHLING LEADS TO LIMIT THE
MAGNITUDE OF FAULT CURRENT.
12+6.
DESCRIBE THE NEUTRAL EARTHLING OF A TURBO (GENERATOR
NEUTRAL EARTHING OF TURBO GENERATOR
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
12+7. WHY IS EARTHING RE&UIRED 1).IT PROTECTS THE LIFE AND PROPERTY IN
THE EVENT OF ),/6, H. FAULTS 4SHORT
CIRCUIT) AND TRANSIENT PHENOMENA
4LIGHTNING OR SWITCHING OPERATION)
2).IT FACILITATES PROTECTION OF
ELECTRICAL E&UIPMENT
!).INCASE OF SINGLE EARTH FAULT
CONDITION IT REDUCES THE OVER
VOLTAGE STRESSES ON THE OTHER TWO
PHASES E"PERIENCED IN THE ISOLATED
SYSTEM. IT ALSO ALLEVIATES THE
ARCING PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH
THAT FAULT IN THE ISOLATED SYSTEM.
12+*. SHOW HOW MANY CELLS RE&UIRED TO
MAINTAIN 12,V DC AT THE TIME WHEN ),,
A ARE BEING DRAWN BY THE CIRCUIT.
CELL VOLTAGE ON LOAD IS 2.2 V DC AND
INTERNAL RESISTANCE IS ,.,,,$ OHM
/CELL
VOLTAGE DROP PER CELL 1 ),,3,.,,,$
1 ,.2 VOLTS
CELL VOLTAGE AT FULL LOAD 1 V,(VD
1 2.2 ( ,.2
1 2VOLTS
NUMBER OF CELLS RE&UIRED 1 12, / 2 1 6,
CELLS.
12++. HOW MANY TYPES ARE THERE TO CHARGE
THE BATTERIES
TWO TYPES
1). FLOAT CHARGE 4SLOW CHARGE)
2). BOOST CHARGE 4 &UICK CHARGE)
1!,,. E"PLAIN FLOAT CHARGE SLOW CHARGING OR FLOAT CHARGING
METHOD IS PREFERRED METHOD. A THUMB
RULE FOR DECIDING THE RATE OF FLOAT
CHARGE IS ONE AMPERE PER POSITIVE
PLATE PER CELL. THUS PROPER CHARGING
RATE FOR COMMERCIAL 12 V 11 PLATE
BATTERY WOULD BE 6 AMPERES. THE
SOURCE OF CHARGING A LEAD ACID
BATTERY HAVE A RATED VOLTAGE OF 2.)
VOLTS PER CELL. THE STARTING CHARGING
CURRENT IS AS ABOVE. THE FINISHING
CHARGING CURRENT IS VERY LOW OF
ORDER OF 1 AMPERE.
AS THE BATTERY APPROACHES FULL
CHARGE IT STARTS BUBBLING FREELY. THE
PLASTIC CAP OF EACH CELL SHOULD BE
KEPT LOOSE. THE CHARGING PROCESS IS
STOPPED AFTER ! SUCCESSIVE HOURLY
READINGS OF HYDROMETER SHOW NO
INCREASE IN THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY.
,1 E"PLAIN BOOST CHARGE IN BOOST CHARGE OR &UICK CHARGING
METHOD THE BATTERY IS GIVEN HIGH
CHARGING CURRENT FOR A SHORT
DURATION OF TIME. THE CURRENT SHOULD
NEVER E"CEED HALF THE AMPERE HOUR
RATING OF THE BATTERY.
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%1)* &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
,2 BRIEFLY E"PLAIN OVERLOAD PROTECTION
FOR GENERATOR
THIS IS NOT GENERALLY PROVIDE FOR
CONTINUOS SUPERVISED MACHINES BUT ON
LARGE MACHINE RESISTANCE
THERMOMETERS OR THERMOS COUPLES
ARE EMBEDDED IN THE STATOR WINDING.
1!,1. BRIEFLY E"PLAIN OVER VOLTAGE
PROTECTION FOR GENERATOR
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF OVER VOLTAGE .
AGAINST THEM THE GENERATOR SHOULD
HAVE THE APPROPRIATE PROTECTION.
PROTECTION
1).TRANSIENT OVER VOLTAGE ARE
LIGHTNING AND SWITCHING SURGES.
THE GENERATOR IS PROTECTED FROM
THESE BY USING AN ARRESTOR.
2).SUSTAINED OVER VOLTAGE IS
GENERALLY CONTROLLED BY HIGH
SPEED VOLTAGE REGULATOR. OVER
VOLTAGE RELAY IS SOMETIMES
NECESSARY TO TAKE CARE OF THE
DEFECTIVE OPERATION OF THE VOLTAGE
REGULATOR.
1!,2. BRIEFLY E"PLAIN OVER SPEED
PROTECTION FOR GENERATOR
ALTHOUGH THE GOVERNOR IS DESIGNED TO
PREVENT OVER SPEED A FURTHER
CENTRIFUGAL SWITCH IS ARRANGED TO
CLOSE THE STEAM VALVE IN CASE OF THE
SPEED REACHES 11, 0 OF ITS RATED SPEED.
1!,!. BRIEFLY E"PLAIN REVERSE POWER
PROTECTION RELAY FOR GENERATOR
IT IS TO PROTECT THE GENERATOR BY
PREVENTING THE GENERATOR RUN AS A
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR WHICH CAN CAUSE
DANGEROUS CONDITION FOR THE PRIME
MOVER IN THE EVENT OF PRIME MOVER
FAILURE. DONE BY REVERSE POWER RELAY
1!,$. BRIEFLY E"PLAIN LOSS OF FIELD
PROTECTION RELAY FOR GENERATOR
THIS IS TO PREVENT THE GENERATOR TO
RUN AS AN INDUCTION GENERATOR
.ALTHOUGH THIS CONDITION CAN BE
TOLERATED FOR A SHORT TIME IT CAN
HOWEVER INCREASE THE HEATING OF THE
ROTOR DUE TO THE SLIP FRE&UENCY
CURRENT WHICH FLOWS.
1!,). BRIEFLY E"PLAIN NEGATIVE PHASE
SE&UENCE PROTECTION RELAY FOR
GENERATOR
TO PROTECT THE GENERATOR AGAINST
UNBALANCED LOADING WHICH RESULTS IN
THE PRODUCTION OF N.P.S. CURRENTS
WHICH HAS A PHASE ROTATION IN THE
OPPOSITE OF THE NORMAL PHASE
ROTATION PRODUCING A MAGNETIC FIELD
WHICH INDUCES CURRENT IN THE ROTOR AT
TWICE THE SYSTEM FRE&UENCY. THIS
CAUSES A CONSIDERABLE HEATING IN THE
ROTOR AND COULD CAUSE DAMAGE IF
ALLOWED TO PERSIST.
IT SHOULD BE NOTED THAT THE N.P.S.
RELAY CAN PROVIDE A
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%1)+ &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1!,6. BRIEFLY E"PLAIN OVER FLU"ING
PROTECTION RELAY
THIS IS TO PROVIDE PROTECTION FOR THE
GENERATOR TRANSFORMER AND UNIT AU".
TRANSFORMER AGAINST OVER E"CITATION
WHICH MAY CAUSE THERMAL STRESSES
UNLESS THEY ARE SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED
FOR SUCH CONDITION. THIS CONDITION
MAY ARISE AS A RESULT OF DEVIATION IN
FRE&UENCY POWER FACTOR AND
VOLTAGE OUT SIDE THEIR LIMIT.
1!,7. WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF A TRIP
CIRCUIT AND LOCKOUT SUPERVISION
THE TRIP CIRCUITS E"TENDS BEYOND THE
RELAY ENCLOSURE AND PASSES THROUGH
COMPONENTS SUCH AS FUSE RELAY
CONTACTS AU"ILIARY SWITCHES AND SO
ON. AND IN THE CASE THROUGH A
CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF CIRCUIT
WIRING WITH INTERMEDIATE TERMINAL
BOARDS. THESE COMPLICATIONS COUPLED
WITH IMPORTANCE OF THE CIRCUIT HAVE
DIRECTED ATTENTION TO ITS SUPERVISION
TO KEEP IT ALWAYS IN TACT AND ON
ALERT TO RESPOND TO ANY TRIP SIGNAL
INITIATED BY ANY ONE OF THE PROTECTIVE
RELAY.
1!,*. FOR DELTA ( STAR TRANSFORMER ),, KVA
72,,/$*, FIND THE LINE CURRENT FOR
BOTH SIDES.
FOR DELTA WINDING
I LINE 1 ),,31,,,/1.7!237.231,,, 1
$,.,+A
I PHASE 1 $,.,+/1.7!2 1 2!.1$* A
FOR STAR WINDING
I LINE 1 I PHASE 1 ),, 3 1,,,/1.7!2 3$*,
1 6,1.$ A
1!,+. A 7.) KW $ POLE S&UIRREL CAGE
INDUCTION MOTOR IS RUNNING AT FULL
LOAD AT !.) 0 SLIP .THE SUPPLY
FRE&UENCY IS 6, H.. WHAT IS THE
TOR&UE AVAILABLE AT THE SHAFT.
SYNCHRONOUS SPEED AT 6, H. $ POLE 1
12,36,/$ 1 1*,, RPM
SPEED OF MOTOR AT !.)0 SLIP 1
41 ( ,.,!))31*,, 1 17!7 RPM
POWER 4WATTS)TOR&UE 4NW(M) 3
ANGULAR VELOCITY 4RAD/SEC)
SO TOR&UE 7),,/2317!7/6, 1 $1.2! NW(M
TOR&UE AT MOTOR SHAFT 1 $1.2! NW(M
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%16, &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1!1,. IN 12, V CONTROL AND INDICATING
SUPPLY SYSTEM IN WHICH !, V ) W
INDICATING LAMP IS BEING USED IN
SERIES WITH FI"ED RESISTANCE CAN A !,
V 2 W LAMP BE USED AND IF IT IS USED
WHAT WILL HAPPEN
A). WITH A !, V ) WATTS LAMP IN SEIRIES
WITH A FI"ED RESISTANCE ACROSS A
12, V SUPPLY
LAMPLAMP RESISTANCE 1 !, 3!,/) 1
1*, OHM
LAMP CURRENT RATED 1 )/!, 1 1/6 A
VALUE OF FI"ED RESISTANCE IN SERIES
WITH ) WATT LAMP TO LIMIT THE
CURRENT TO 1/6 A 1 R1 12, /1/6 ( 1*, 1
)$, OHM
B). WITH A !, V 2 WATTS LAMP IN SERIES
WITH )$, OHM ACROSS 12, V%
LAMP RESISTANCE 1 !,3!, /2 1 $),
OHM
LAMP CURRENT 4RATED) 1 2/!, 1 1/1)
A 1 ,.,67 A
ACTUAL CURRENT THROUGH LAMP 1
12,/4)$,2)$,) 1 ,.1212 A
APPRO"IMATELY DOUBLE THE RATED
CURRENT WILL PASS AND THE LAMP
WILL FUSE.
1!11. SHOW HOW CAPACITORS CAN BE
CONNECTED TO IMPROVE THE POWER
FACTOR IT IS DESIRED TO INSTALL A
CAPACITOR BANK TO OBTAIN 2,, KVA
4LEADING) ON 6,, V SYSTEM AT A
FRE&UENCY OF ), H.. IF EACH ELEMENT
HAS A CAPACITY OF 1 MICRO FARAD HOW
MANY WILL BE NEEDED.
FOR A CIRCUIT WITH CAPACITOR% V 11/C
C 1 I/V1V3I/V3V
SO C 1 V3I/V.V.
WHERE V16,, V
VI1 2,,31,,,VA
1 2336,
SO C1 2,, 31,,,/6,, 36,, 3233),
C 1 176*.! F
SO 176+ ELEMENTS EACH OF 1 F ARE
RE&UIRED.
1!12. WHAT IS MEAN BY BASIC INSULATION
LEVEL
BASIC INSULATION LEVEL 4BIL) IS DEFINED
AS THE COMBINATION OF VOLTAGE
VALUES 4POWER FRE&UENCY AND
IMPULSE) WHICH CHARACTERI.ES THE
INSULATION OF THE APPARATUS WITH
REGARD TO ITS CAPABILITY TO
WITHSTAND DI ELECTRIC STRESSES.
THERE ARE TWO TEST VALUES WHICH
DETERMINE INSULATION LEVEL.
A). DC IMPULSE WITHSTAND VALUE.
B). AC POWER FRE&UENCY WITHSTAND
VALUE.
1!1!. WHAT IS INSULATION CO ORDINATION. INSULATION CO ORDINATION MEANS STEPS
TAKEN TO CORRELATE THE STRENGTH OF
DIFFERENT ELECTRICAL APPARATUS TO
PREVENT THEIR BEING DAMAGED BY OVER
VOLTAGE AND TO LOCALI.E FLASH OVER
AND THIS IS TO ACHIEVE RELIABILITY OF
SUPPLY.
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1!1$. E"PLAIN LIGHTNING ARRESTORS AND
SURGE DIVERTS IN A GRID NETWORK.
IN A GRID NETWORK OVER HEAD LINES
SWITCH GEARS AND TRANSFORMERS ARE
SUB#ECTED TO OVER VOLTAGE WHICH MAY
BE CAUSED BY LIGHTNING OR SWITCHING.
THEN THE WEAKEST LINK IN THE SYSTEM
BREAKS DOWN. IN ORDER TO HAVE
CONTINUITY OF SUPPLY TO PROTECT THE
SYSTEM AGAINST OVER VOLTAGE
LIGHTNING ARRESTORS OR SURGE DIVERTS
ARE INSTALLED WHICH WILL BY PASS THE
SURGE SAFELY TO EARTH. THE
BREAKDOWN OF LIGHTNING ARRESTORS
SHOULD BE CAREFULLY CHOSEN IN SUCH A
WAY THEY ARE LOWER THAN THAT OF
OVERHEAD LINE INSULATORS SWITCH
GEARS AND TRANSFORMERS BUT MUCH
HIGHER THAN NORMAL OPERATING
VOLTAGE..
1!1). WHAT IS THE INSULATION LEVEL OF
SURGE DIVERTS COMPARED TO OTHER
E&UIPMENT IN THE NET WORK.
IN A NET WORK SURGE DIVERTS SHOULD
HAVE THE LOWEST INSULATION FOLLOWED
SUSPENSION INSULATORS ISOLATING
SWITCHES CIRCUIT BREAKERS AND
FINALLY THE TRANSFORMER WHICH
SHOULD HAVE THE HIGHEST LEVEL SINCE
THEY ARE THE COSTLIEST.
1!16. WHAT IS THE GENERAL PRINCIPLE TO
DETERMINE THE INSULATION LEVEL
THE GENERAL PRINCIPLE TO CO ORDINATE
AND GRADE THE INSULATION LEVELS OF
VARIOUS E&UIPMENT-S IS % GREATER THE
COST OF THE E&UIPMENT AND THE MORE
ITS VULNERABILITY THE HIGHER SHOULD
BE ITS INSULATION TO REDUCE THE RISK OF
FAILURE.
1!17. A DIRECT ON LINE STARTING HV MOTOR
HAS A FULL LOAD CURRENT OF 1,, A AND
IMPEDANCE 1, 0. WHAT SETTING WOULD
YOU SUGGEST FOR INSTANTANEOUS
OVERCORRECT PROTECTION IF THE
CURRENT IS SI" TIMES FULL LOAD
CURRENT
IMPEDANCE AT 1, 0 SUGGESTS THAT !
PHASE SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT IS ABOUT
1, 31,, 1,,, A .THIS TYPE OF SPECIFICATION
IS UN USUAL FOR A MOTOR CIRCUIT SO IT IS
UN CLEAR.
ANY HOW FOR STARTING CURRENT OF 6,,
A THE MINIMUM SETTING FOR
INSTANTANEOUS RELAY TO AVOID
TRIPPING SHOULD BE 2 36,, 1*), A.
DEPENDING THE ASYMMETRY DURING
TRANSIENT STARTING AND THE INHERENT
TIME DELAY OF THE RELAY THE SETTING
MAY HAVE TO BE FURTHER INCREASED
STILL KEEPING BELOW 1,,,A.
1!1*. WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY CT POLARITY. CT POLARITY IS THE MARKING OF
INSTANTANEOUS CURRENT DIRECTION IN
SECONDARY WINDING WITH REFERENCE TO
PRIMARY WINDING CURRENT DIRECTION AT
A PARTICULAR INSTANT IS GENERALLY
MARKED 2 ( OR A1 A2. A1 A2.
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1!1+. E"PLAIN THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CT POLARITY WITH THE HELP OF DIAGRAM
IF THE CT POLARITY OF ANY ONE OF THE ABOVE ! CT S- IS REVERSED THEN EVEN
UNDER BALANCE LOAD CONDITIONS APPRO"IMATELY DOUBLE THE PHASE CURRENT
WILL CIRCULATE THROUGH E/F RELAY RESULTING IN SPURIOUS TRIPPING OF THE
CIRCUIT. 4 ASSUME S1 AND S2 ARE WRONGLY MARKED BY THE MANUFACTURER.)
1!2,. HOW DOES DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
SCHEME WORK.
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION SCHEME IS
BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE THAT CURRENT
TO AN E&UIPMENT CAN BE BALANCED
AGAINST CURRENT OUTPUT. IF RATIOS ON
BOTH SIDES CAN BE SELECTED
APPROPRIATELY.
THIS BALANCE IS UP SET WHEN THERE IS A
FAULT INTERNALLY IN THE E&UIPMENT AS
THE CURRENT INPUT IS NO LONGER E&UAL
TO THE CURRENT OUT PUT. UNDER THESE
CONDITIONS THE RELAY OPERATING COIL
PICKS UP AND TRIPS THE CB CS.
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%16! &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1!21. WITH THE HELP OF A SKETCH E"PLAIN DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION.

WHEN IDENTICAL CT-S WITH CORRECT POLARITIES ARE CONNECTED AS SHOWN ABOVE
THERE IS NO CURRENT IN THE OPERATING COILS OF THE RELAY. IF AND WHEN AN
INTERNAL FAULT DEVELOPS IN THE GENERATOR THE PRIMARY CURRENTS ON THE BOTH
ENDS OF THE STATOR WINDING WILL NOT BE THE SAME AND SO A CIRCULATING
CURRENT WILL BE FORCED THROUGH THE OPERATING COIL OF THE RELAY AND THE
RELAY OPERATORS.
1!22. WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
FOLLOWING FOR A CIRCUIT BREAKER AS
PER I.E.C. STANDARD.
A. RATED VOLTAGE
RATED VOLTAGE% THE RATED VOLTAGE OF
THE CIRCUIT BREAKER INDICATES THE
UPPER LIMIT OF THE HIGHEST VOLTAGE OF
THE SYSTEMS FOR WHICH THE CIRCUIT
BREAKER IS INTENDED.
1!2!. WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
A. RATED INSULATION LEVEL
RATED INSULATION LEVEL% THE VALUES OF
THE 8 IMPULSE WITHSTAND VOLTAGE 8AND
THE POWER FRE&UENCY WITHSTAND
VOLTAGEB WHICH TOGETHER
CHARACTERI.E THE INSULATION OF THE
CIRCUIT BREAKER WITH REGARD TO ITS
ABILITY TO WITHSTAND THE ELECTRICAL
STRESSES.
1!2$. WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
A. RATED SHORT CIRCUIT BREAKING
CURRENT
RATED SHORT CIRCUIT BREAKING
CURRENT% THE RATED SHORT CIRCUIT
BREAKING CURRENT IS THE HIGHEST SHORT
CIRCUIT CURRENT WHICH THE CIRCUIT
BREAKER SHALL BE CAPABLE OF BREAKING
UNDER THE CONDITION OF USE SPECIFIED
FOR THE CIRCUIT BREAKER.
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1!2). WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
A. RATED SHORT CIRCUIT MAKING
CURRENT.
RATED SHORT CIRCUIT MAKING CURRENT%
THE VALUE OF MA"IMUM PEAK CURRENT
THAT A CIRCUIT BREAKER IS CAPABLE OF
MAKING AT A STATED VOLTAGE UNDER
PRESCRIBED CONDITIONS OF USE AND
BEHAVIOR. THIS SHALL BE 2.) TIMES THE
RMS. VALUE OF THE AC COMPONENT OF ITS
RATED SHORT CIRCUIT BREAKING
CURRENT.
1!26. DESCRIBE THE FUNCTION AND
APPLICATION OF LOSS OF E"CITATION
RELAY
THE FUNCTION OF THIS RELAY IS TO
DETECT THE FAILURE OF DC FIELD
E"CITATION IN A SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE.
WHEN THE DC E"CITATION TO THE FIELD IS
LOST IN A LOADED SYNCHRONOUS
GENERATOR THE GENERATOR WILL DRAW
HEAVY REACTIVE CURRENT FROM THE
GRID. TO PROVIDE FOR NECESSARY
MINIMUM ROTOR E"CITATION RE&UIRED
FOR GENERATING THE MW LEAD IN THIS
CONDITION THE GENERATOR RUNS AS AN
8INDUCTION GENERATOR.B
THIS SUDDEN FLOW OF HUGE REACTIVE
POWER IN THE REVERSE DIRECTION IS BEST
DETECTED BY A SPECIALLY DESIGNED 8OFF
SET MHO RELAY 8 CONNECTED TO THE
GENERATOR TERMINALS
1!27. DRAW A ! LINE DIAGRAM SHOWING WHERE THE LOSS E"CITATION RELAY IS CONNECTED
IN THE GENERATOR.
$
$ 2 c
A
B
C
Impedance Relay
G89%PT &'(()* :;<46
=9>8<(4&=9? VT7
$ c F=8)3
F$=)'<8
<8)$*
G89%PT S'(()*
& 1 & !
& 1 & !
R
! (LINE SKETCH SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE RELAYS.
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1!2*. DESCRIBE THE FUNCTION OF IMPEDANCE RELAY
A).FIELD FAILURE PROTECTION. B).IMPEDANCE RELAY
THE FUNCTION OF THIS RELAY IS TO MONITOR THE IMPEDANCE OR THE ADMITTANCE OF
THE CIRCUIT IN WHICH IT IS CONNECTED.
THE SUDDEN CHANGE OF THE IMPEDANCE OF THE NETWORK UNDER FAULTED
CONDITIONS IS DETECTED AND THE RELAY IS ACTIVATED.
FOR A GENERATOR 8MHO TYPEB IMPEDANCE RELAYS ARE CONNECTED AT THE
GENERATOR TERMINALS TO PROVIDE PROTECTION AGAINST SUSTAINED E"TERNAL
FAULTS ON THE GRID SYSTEM. IN CASE OF THE UN COLORED FAULT IN THE E"TERNAL
GRID SYSTEM THESE RELAYS WILL ISOLATE THE GENERATOR FROM THE GRID AFTER A
PRESET TIME DELAY.
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1!2+. REFERRING TO THE FIGURE BELOW FIND
A). THE CURRENT THROUGH EACH BRANCH
B). THE TOTAL CURRENT
C). THE POWER FACTOR OF THE CIRCUIT
E112,V R11) OHM "11! OHM R21 7 OHM "21$ OHM
AC
I
I 1
I !
R1
R!
X1
X!
I1A 1 12,3)/4) 3)2!3!) 1 17.6$7 A
I1B 1 (2,3!/)3)2!3! 1 ( 1,. )**A
I2A 1 12,37/7372$3$ 1 12.+2!A
I2B 1 212,3$/7372$3$ 1 7.!*) A
A), CURRENT THROUGH EACH BRANCH ARE
I1 1 4I1A3I1A2I1B3I1B) 1 2,.)*A
I2 1 I2A3I2A2I2B3I2B) 1 1$.**A
B, THE TOTAL CURRENT IS
IA 1I 1A2I2A 1 !,.)7 A
IB 1 I1B2I2B 1 ( !.2, A
I 1 4IA3IA2IB3IB) 1 !,.7$A
C, THE POWER FACTOR OF THE CIRCUIT IS
PF 1 IA/I 1 !,.)7/!,.7$ 1 ,.++$) 4LAG)
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1!!,. A LOAD OF 1, KVA OF INDUCTION MOTORS
ON THE ! PHASE 2,* V 6, H. POWER
SUPPLY TO SHOP IS BALANCED AND IS
OPERATING AT A POWER FACTOR OF *,0..
IT IS DESIRED TO BRING THE POWER
FACTOR TO +,0 LAGGING BY MEANS OF A
DELTA CONNECTED BANK OF CAPACITORS.
CALCULATE THE TOTAL REACTIVE KVA OF
CAPACITORS RE&UIRED IN THIS BANK.
ACTIVE POWER OF LOAD 1 1,3,.* 1 * KW
REACTIVE POWER OF LOAD 1 41,31,(*) 1 6
KVAR
AT ,.+ PF WITH * KW LOAD %
TOTAL KVA 1 */,.+ 1 *.+ KVA
REACTIVE POWER 1 4*.+3*.+(*3*) 1 !.*7)
KVAR
SO THE REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION
RE&UIRED IS
KVAR 1 6(!.*7) 1 2.12) KVAR
TOTAL REACTIVE KVA OF THE CAPACITORS
1 2.12) KVA.
1!!1. E"PLAIN THE ADVANTAGE OF HAVING A
ROTATING FIELD SYSTEM RATHER THAN A
ROTATING ARMATURE SYSTEM IN THE
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE.
IN A SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE THE FIELD
SYSTEM CONSIST OF A SIMPLE DC WINDING
FOR FIELD E"CITATION. THE INSULATION
OF THE FIELD WINDING IS ALMOST ALWAYS
FOR ABOUT ),, V DC OR LESS. THE
E"CITATION CURRENT IS OF THE ORDER OF
1,,, ( 2,,, A.
IN CONTRAST TO THE ABOVE THE
ARMATURE WINDING IS A ! PHASE AC
WINDING RATED FOR ABOUT ),,, ( 1,,,, A
OF CURRENT AND 11 ( 1) KV OF THE
VOLTAGE.
SO HAVING THE FIELD SYSTEM ON THE
ROTOR OF THE MACHINE MAKES THE
ROTATING SYSTEM OF THE MACHINE MUCH
LIGHTER. ALSO TRANSMISSION OF THE
ROTOR POWER THROUGH THE 8BRUSH GEAR
8BECOMES MANY TIMES EASIER.
THE COST OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
WOULD BE SEVERAL TIMES MORE IF THE
ARMATURE IS LOCATED IN THE ROTATING
SYSTEM AND IT MAY BE ALMOST
IMPOSSIBLE TO DESIGN A MODERN HUGE
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE WITH ROTATING
ARMATURE.
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1!!2. E"PLAIN THE DIFFERENT E"CITATION
SYSTEM FOR LARGE SYNCHRONOUS
MACHINES.
A). SEPARATELY E"CITED GENERATORS
THE DC POWER RE&UIRED FOR THE
FIELD E"CITATION ON THE ROTOR IS
OBTAINED THROUGH ANB E"CITATION
POWER TRANSFORMERB CONNECTED
ACROSS THE GENERATOR TERMINALS.
THE AC POWER IS CONVERTED TO DC
THROUGH A ! PHASE BRIDGE RECTIFIER
ARRANGEMENT AND FED TO THE ROTOR
FIELD THROUGH BRUSH GEAR SLIP RING
ASSEMBLY. NECESSARY CONTROL AND
REGULATION OF THE E"CITATION IS
ACHIEVED THROUGH 8GATE CONTROL 8
OF THE THYRISTORS IN THE THREE
PHASE RECTIFIER BRIDGE.
B). SELF E"CITED GENERATORS 4 PMG)
A PERMANENT MAGNET AC GENERATOR
OF SMALL CAPACITY WITH ROTATING
MAGNET IS MOUNTED AT ONE END OF
THE GENERATOR ROTOR. THE AC POWER
OUTPUT OF THE PMG IS CONVERTED TO
DC THROUGH A 8THYRISTOR BRIDGE
RECTIFIER 8 AND THE DC OUTPUT IS
SUPPLIED TO THE STATIONERY FIELD OF
THE 8MAIN E"CITORB LOCATED NE"T TO
THE PMG ON THE SAME GENERATOR
ROTOR.
1). IF THE MAIN E"CITOR IS A DC MACHINE
THE DC OUTPUT FROM THE
COMMUTATOR IS COLLECTED AND
SUPPLIED TO THE 8GENERATOR ROTOR
FIELDB THROUGH A FIELD CIRCUIT
BREAKER VIA SLIP RING BRUSH GEAR
ASSEMBLY ON THE ROTOR.
2). WHAT IF THE MAIN E"CITOR IS AN AC
MACHINE THE AC POWER OUTPUT FROM
THE ROTATING ARMATURE IS
CONNECTED TO A 8! PHASE DIODE
RECTIFIER BRIDGEB MOUNTED ON A
8ROTATING FLYWHEEL 8 NE"T TO THE
MAIN E"CITOR. THE DC OUTPUT THEN IS
DIRECTLY FED TO THE ROTOR FIELD
.THIS IS CALLED 8BRUSH LESS
E"CITATION.B
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1!!!. E"PLAIN WHY SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR SHOULD BE PROVIDED WITH AN
AU"ILIARY WINDING ON THE STATOR.
AU"ILIARY WINDING ON THE STATOR OF A
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR IS
RE&UIRED FOR THE PURPOSE OF 8SELF
STARTING 8 OF THE MOTOR. ANY 1 PHASE
MOTOR BY ITSELF IS NOT SELF STARTING
.THIS AU"ILIARY WINDING PHYSICALLY
DISPLACED FROM THE MAIN WINDING ON
THE STATOR HAS HIGH RESISTANCE AND
LOW INDUCTANCE. SO THAT THE TWO
FLU"ES PRODUCED BY THE MAIN AND
AU"ILIARY WINDING ARE OUT OF PHASE
AND COMBINEDLY DEVELOP STARTING
TOR&UE. AFTER STARTING THE WINDING
MAY BE ISOLATED USING A CENTRIFUGAL
SWITCH.
1!!$. WHY GROUNDING IS RE&UIRED . GROUNDING OF NEUTRAL IN A ! PHASE
SYSTEM OR ONE CONDUCTOR IN A SINGLE
PHASE SYSTEM WOULD FACILITATE
DETECTION OF GROUND FAULTS ON THE
SYSTEM WHILE IN SERVICE.
1!!). WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF GROUNDING SOLID GROUNDING IS A DIRECT
CONNECTION BETWEEN THE GROUND AND
THE SYSTEM. WITHOUT INCLUDING ANY
RESISTANCE IN BETWEEN INTENTIONALLY.
RESISTANCE GROUNDING IS DELIBERATE
INCLUSION OF PRE DESIGNED RESISTANCE
IN THE ABOVE GROUND CONNECTION. THIS
WOULD LIMIT THE CURRENT FLOWING IN
THE SYSTEM DURING ANY GROUND FAULT.
AT THE SAME TIME MAKING IT POSSIBLE TO
DETECT THE FAULT.. THE RESULTANT
VOLTAGE ACROSS THE INSULATION DURING
THE GROUND FAULT WILL DEPEND ON THE
MAGNITUDE OF THIS GROUNDING
RESISTANCE.
1!!6. WHY AN AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE
REGULATOR IS RE&UIRED IN GENERATOR
WHERE AS IT ALWAYS RUNS WITH
CONSTANT SPEED.
THE 8 TERMINAL VOLTAGEB OF GENERATOR
WILL VARY WITH VARIATIONS IN STATOR
CURRENT BECAUSE OF THE SYNCHRONOUS
IMPEDANCE DROP IN THE STATOR EVEN IF
THE GENERATED E.M.F BEHIND THE
SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE IS MAINTAINED
CONSTANT BY CONSTANT SPEED AND
E"CITATION.
SO TO MAINTAIN CONSTANT VOLTAGE AT
THE GENERATOR TERMINALS
IRRESPECTIVE OF STATOR CURRENT THE
GENERATED E.M.F. IS TO BE
CORRESPONDINGLY VARIED BY
REGULATING THE E"CITATION CURRENT
THROUGH AN 8AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE
REGULATOR.B
1!!7. AN INDUCTION MOTOR WHEN CONNECTED
TO $$, V 6, H. RUNS AT 1*,, RPM. WHAT
WILL BE ITS SPEED WHEN CONNECTED TO
$*, V ), H. ?.
AT ), H. FRE&UENCY THE MOTOR SHOULD
RUN AT ABOUT 1),, RPM 4 SYNCHRONOUS
SPEED OF $ POLE MACHINE )
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%17, &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1!!*. DRAW A SKETCH FOR DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION OF DELTA ( WYE TWO WINDING
TRANSFORMER AND E"PLAIN THE CT CONNECTIONS.
R!
R1 R/
A
B
C
&1
&1
&1
&!
&!
&!
&1
&1
&1
&!
&!
&!
I$
I2
Ic
MAIN TRANSFORMER
DIFFRENTIAL RELAY
OPERATING COIL
DIFFRENTIAL PROTECTION RELAY
CT CONNECTIONS:
1).ON EITHER SIDE OF THE MAIN TRANSFORMER IDENTICAL CT CS WITH CORRECT
POLARITIES SHALL BE CONNECTED AS SHOWN ABOVE.
2). THE CT CS ON THE PRIMARY SIDE ARE STAR CONNECTED WHILE THOSE ON THE
SECONDARY SIDE ARE DELTA CONNECTED. TO COMPENSATE FOR PHASE SHIFTS IN
THE MAIN TRANSFORMER OWING TO DELTA (STAR TRANSFORMATION.
!). THE STAR DELTA GROUPING OF CT S ON EITHER SIDE MUST E"ACTLY MATCH WITH
THAT OF MAIN TRANSFORMER SO THAT THE CT SECONDARY CURRENTS AT THE
RELAY IN EACH PHASE FROM EITHER SIDE ARE E"ACTLY IN PHASE WITH EACH OTHER.
CT S MUST BE SO CHOSEN TO MATCH WITH THAT OF THE TRANSFORMER RATIO SO THAT
THE ABOVE CURRENTS ARE NOT ONLY IN PHASE BUT ALSO E&UAL IN MAGNITUDE
DURING UN FAULTED OPERATION..
D;@E% IN PRACTICE IT IS MORE CONVENIENT TO ACHIEVE THE ABOVE OB#ECTIVE BY USING
8INTERPOSING CT SB IN THE SECONDARY CIRCUIT OF MAIN CTS. IN SUCH CASES THE MAIN
CT S ARE SIMPLY STAR CONNECTED ON EITHER SIDE.
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1!!+. WHY TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL
RELAYS ARE NORMALLY PROVIDED WITH
SECOND HARMONIC RESTRAINING
ELEMENT.
THE INITIAL 8IN RUSH 8CURRENT WHEN A
TRANSFORMER IS ENERGI.ED FROM ONE
SIDE IS NON SINUSOIDAL. SECOND
HARMONIC IS THE MOST PRE DOMINANT IN
THIS CURRENT.
DURING INITIAL CHARGING OF A
TRANSFORMER THE DIFFERENTIAL
PROTECTIVE RELAY WOULD BE ACTIVATED
BY THE IN RUSH CURRENT. IF THERE IS NO
SUITABLE 8RE STRAINT 8 PROVIDED IN THE
RELAY .SO TO AVERT THIS SPURIOUS
OPERATION OF THE RELAY A 8SECOND
HARMONIC RESTRAINTB IS INCORPORATED
IN THE RELAY.
SECOND HARMONIC IS IN SIGNIFICANT IN
ANY CURRENT OTHER THAN
TRANSFORMERS IN RUSH CURRENT. SO THIS
8RESTRAINT FEATURE 8 IN THE RELAY
WOULD NOT BE AN IMPEDIMENT FOR THE
RELAY OPERATION UNDER ANY OTHER
CIRCUMSTANCES.
1!$,. WHAT IS MEAN BY INTERFACIAL TENSION
FOR THE TRANSFORMER OIL
THIS WOULD INDICATE THE FLUIDITY OF
OIL AND ITS CIRCULATING ABILITY. THE
VALUES GENERALLY SHOULD NOT BE LESS
THAN 21 DYNES /CM BY ASTM D(+71.
1!$1. WHAT IS THE LIMIT OF ACIDITY IN
TRANSFORMER OIL
INCREASED ACIDITY IN OIL WILL AFFECT
THE INSULATION OF WINDINGS AND ALSO
RESULT IN THE DETERIORATION OF
DIELECTRIC .THIS SHOULD NOT BE MORE
THAN ,.2 MG KOH/G WHEN TESTED BY ASTM
D(1)!!.
1!$2. WHAT IS THE COLOR OF TRANSFORMER
OIL
NORMALLY THE COLOR OF TRANSFORMER
OIL IS CLEAR.
1!$!. WHAT IS THE LIMIT OF WATER CONTENT
IN TRANSFORMER OIL
TRANSFORMER OIL ARE HYGROSCOPIC AND
THE CONTENT OF MOISTURE IN OIL AFFECTS
DIRECTLY ITS DIELECTRIC STRENGTH.. THE
LIMIT IS ABOUT !, PPM WHEN TESTED BY
ASTM D(1)!!.
ASTM1 AMERICAN STANDARD OF TESTING
MATERIALS
1!$$. WHAT IS A REFRIGERANT IN A REFRIGERATING SYSTEM FLUID WHICH
ABSORBS HEAT INSIDE THE CABINET AND
RELEASES IT OUTSIDE ARE CALLED
REFRIGERANT. THESE FLUIDS IN THEIR
LI&UID FORM ABSORBS HEAT IN THE
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM AND CHANGE IN
TO VAPOR. AS THEY RELEASE HEAT THEY
CHANGE BACK TO LI&UID.
1!$). WHAT REFRIGERANT IS USUALLY USED IN
REFRIGERATORS
IN A WINDOW TYPE AIR CONDITIONERS
FREON R 22 4MONO CHLORO FLURO DORO
METHANE ( CCL2F2 ) IS USED.
1!$6. WHAT REFRIGERANT IS USUALLY USED IN
REFRIGERATORS
R (12 4DICHLORODIFLUROMETHANE (CHCLF2
IS USED
1!$7. WHAT IS MA"IMUM CURRENT DRAWN BY
A 1.) TON WINDOW AC UNIT AT 22, V
MA"IMUM CURRENT DRAWN IS 1) A.
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1!$*. WHAT IS THERMOSTAT THERMOSTAT IS A CONTROL ELEMENT
WHICH IS USED FOR MEASURING AND
CONTROLLING TEMPERATURE. IT IS A
CONTROLLING ELEMENT WHICH GIVE
DIRECT RESPONSE TO THE CHANGE IN
TEMPERATURE.
1!$+. WHAT PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE IS TO
BE DONE ON WINDOW AC UNITS TO
SUSTAIN PERFORMANCE.
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE ON AC UNITS%
E"TERNAL SERVICE
1). MONTHLY/&UARTERLY CLEANING OF AIR
FILTER /REPLACEMENT OF FILTERS
2). ANNUAL CLEANING OF EVAPORATOR
CONDENSER FAN BLADES FAN MOTOR
COMPRESSOR MOTOR AND CASING.
CONDENSE AND EVAPORATOR UNITS
ARE TO BE CLEANED WITH STEAM
/WATER #ET TO REMOVE LINT AND DIRT.
!). CHECKING OF ALL WIRING HEALTHINESS
AND CONTROLS
$). CHECKING OF MOTOR AND SAFETY
DEVICES.
)). CHECKING OF COMPRESSOR NOISE.
6). CHECKING OF REFRIGERANT LEAK
RECTIFY AND ADD REFRIGERANT IF
RE&UIRED.
7). CHECKING OF THERMOSTAT CONTROLS.
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%17! &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1!),. DRAW A REFRIGERATION CIRCUIT OF WINDOW AC UNIT
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1!)1. DRAW A WINDOW AC UNIT ELECTRICAL CONTROL CIRCUIT AND INDICATE ALL PARTS.

SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1!)2. WHAT ARE THE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS TO
BE TAKEN WHEN USING O"YGEN
ACETYLENE E&UIPMENT.
1).GREASE AND OIL MUST NEVER BE USED
NEAR O"YGEN CYLINDERS AS THIS
WOULD CAUSE E"PLOSION AND FIRE.
2).CYLINDERS SHOULD BE SECURED AND
ALWAYS BE IN VERTICAL POSITION AND
ACETYLENE REGULATOR PRESSURE
NEVER BE ALLOWED TO E"CEED 1) PSIG.
NEVER OPEN ACETYLENE VALVE MORE
THAN ONE TURN.
!).NEVER LIFT CYLINDERS BY THEIR
VALVES AND CYLINDER VALVES SHOULD
BE CLOSED BEFORE MOVING
$).INSPECT REGULATOR BEFORE
INSTALLING ON CYLINDER .TIGHTEN
SECURELY USING WRENCH.
)).CHECK FOR ANY LEAK IN #OINTS HOSES
AND OTHER PARTS.
6). NEVER ALLOW TO LET THE TORCH
FLAME COME TO CONTACT WITH
CYLINDER/REGULATOR.
7).KEEP FIRE FIGHTING E&UIPMENT UNIT
NEAR BY BEFORE START WELDING.
1!)!. LIST OUT METHODS OF LOCATING
REFRIGERANT LEAKS IN AC SYSTEM
1). PRESSURE TESTING USING INERT GAS
LIKE NITROGEN AND NOTING DOWN
PRESSURE DROP.
2). WATER SOAP SOLUTION (APPLYING
OVER SUSPECTED LEAKY POINTS.
!). HALIDE TORCH DETECTOR
$). ELECTRONIC LEAK DETECTOR.
1!)$. WHAT ARE THE MA#OR CLASSIFICATION OF
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
BASED ON ARRANGEMENT
1). UNIT SYSTEM
2). CENTRALI.ED SYSTEM
BASED ON COOLING MEDIA
1). WATER
2). AIR
BASED ON OPERATING CYCLE
1). VAPOR COMPRESSION
2). VAPOR ABSORPTION
1!)). WHAT ARE THE MA#OR COMPONENTS OF
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
1). COMPRESSOR
2). CONDENSER
!). EVAPORATOR
$). E"PANSION DEVICE
)). DRIVES
6). CONTROLS
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1!)6. DESCRIBE THE FUNCTION OF THE EACH OF
THE FOLLOWING
1. EVAPORATOR
2. CONDENSER
!. UN LOADER
$. E"PANSION VALVE
). STRAINER
1). EVAPORATOR/
IT ABSORBS THE LATENT HEAT OF THE
SUBSTANCE TO BE COOLED
2). CONDENSER%
IT COOLS A HOT GAS AND CONVERT IT IN
TO LI&UID AT THE SAME PRESSURE.
!). UN LOADER
IT CONTROLS THE COOLING CAPACITY
OF THE SYSTEM
$). E"PANSION VALVE%
IT CONTROLS THE FLOW OF THE
REFRIGERANT AND REDUCE ITS
PRESSURE.
)). STRAINER%
IT REMOVES THE SOLID PARTICLE AND
IN SOME CASE LIKE LI&UID LINE
FILTER ABSORPTION OF MOISTURE ALSO.
1!)7. LIST OUT REFRIGERANT IN USE AND THE
APPLICATION OF EACH
1). AMMONIA
ICE MAKING AND COLD STORAGE
SYSTEM
2). CARBONDIO"IDE%
PRODUCTION OF VERY LOW
TEMPERATURE
!). HALOGENATED HYDRA CARBON%
COMMERCIAL AND PROCESS INDUSTRIES
1!)*. LIST OUT THE STEPS RE&UIRED TO
CHARGE THE REFRIGERANT.
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF CHARGING
FIRST CHARGING AND REGULAR CHARGING.
FIRST CHARGING %DONE DURING INITIAL
COMMISSIONING OF THE SYSTEM.
PROCEDURE.
1).EVACUATE AND TEST THE SYSTEM
2). LEAK TEST AND ATTEND THE LEAK
!).DEHYDRATE USING GASEOUS
REFRIGERANT
$).CONNECT PRESSURE GAUGES TO SUCTION
AND DELIVERY OF THE COMPRESSOR
UNIT
)).CONNECT THE FLE"IBLE HOSE OF THE
REFRIGERANT CYLINDER TO THE
CHARGING VALVE 4BETWEEN
E"PANSION DEVICE AND THE RECEIVER)
6).MOMENTARILY BYPASS THE LOW
SUCTION PRESSURE TRIP AND START THE
COMPRESSOR THEN NORMALI.E THE
PROTECTION AFTER A WHILE.
7).AFTER ENSURING THE &UANTITY OF THE
REFRIGERANT CHARGED CLOSE THE
CHARGING VALVE AND DISCONNECT THE
HOSE AND PRESSURE GAUGE.
*).OBSERVE THE COOLING EFFECT AND
PRESSURE READING( GAS AND LI&UID
REGULAR CHARGING:
FOLLOW STEPS NO% $ AND STEP NO %*
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1!)+. HOW COULD THE GAS LEAKS BE DETECTED IN THE HALOGENATED REFRIGERANT
WHICH ARE NORMALLY USED IN MANY
APPLICATIONS GAS LEAK IS DETECTED BY
ANY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING METHODS.
IN EACH CASE THE .ONES OF #OINT
GASKETS VALVES ARE CHECKED.
IDENTIFICATION OF LEAK IN EACH CASE IS
AS FOLLOWS.
1). SOAP SOLUTION %
SIMPLE FOR APPRECIABLE LEAK.
BUBBLING OF GAS
2). HALIDE TORCH %FAIRLY ACCURATE%
CHANGES OF COLOR FROM NON
LUMINOUS TO BLUISH GREEN
!). ELECTRONIC LEAK DETECTOR.
ACCURATE FOR VERY MINUTE LEAK.
ALARMING /PRODUCE BEEPING SOUND.
1!6,. WHAT IS ACID TEST AND ITS
SIGNIFICANCE-S
ACID TEST IS TO KNOW THE ACID CONTENT
OF COMPRESSOR OIL BY NEUTRALI.ING IT
WITH AN ALKALI.
THE SIGNIFICANCE IS THAT ACID PRODUCTS
OF OIL ATTACK THE INSULATION AND
CAUSE DAMAGE. THIS WILL LEAD TO
COMPRESSOR MOTOR FAILURE IN DUE
COURSE.. HENCE THE DETECTION OF
ACIDITY IS IMPORTANT.
1!61. WHAT IS THE MAIN PROBLEM IN THE
DOMESTIC TYPE REFRIGERATOR AND HOW
TO SOLVE IT
FROSTING% FORMATION OF ICE IN THE
FREE.ER COMPARTMENT. SOLUTION TO
THIS PROBLEM IS INTRODUCTION OF TIMER
FOR CUTTING OUT /IN THE COMPRESSOR
SUPPLY OR SWITCH OFF THE REFRIGERATOR
AND CLEAN IT. NOW A DAYS AUTOMATIC
DEFROSTING FACILITY IS PROVIDED IN THE
DOMESTIC REFRIGERATORS.
1!62. LIST OUT THE TOOLS AND E&UIPMENT
RE&UIRED TO PERFORM YOUR TASK AS AC
TECHNICIAN
SPECIAL TOOLS BESIDES NORMAL TOOLS
ARE 1. REFRIGERANT CHARGING MANIFOLD
PORTABLE VACUUM PUMP
PORTABLE WELDING SET
SOFT TUBE WORKING KIT
ACIDITY TESTING KIT
LEAK DETECTOR
TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY METERS
CLAMP ON AMPERE METER
INSULATION TESTER
GENERAL TOOLS%
SPANNER SET
GRIP PLIERS AND PIPE WRENCH
SCREW DRIVER SET
HACKSAW
CHISEL HAMMER ETC.
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1!6!. WHAT ARE THE PREVENTIVE
MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES ON A SINGLE
PACKAGE UNIT
SINGLE PACKAGE UNIT
NORMALLY NEEDS LIMITED ATTENTION
ONLY
YEARLY PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
COVERING CLEANING OF THE UNIT AIR
FILTER FAN BLADES AND EVAPORATOR
UNITS
IR. VALUE OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS AND
MOTORS
INTERLOCK CHECKS
VIBRATION CHECKS.
1!6$. WHAT ARE THE PREVENTIVE
MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES ON A
CENTRALI.ED UNIT
BROADLY IN TO CHECKS AND PM
ACTIVITIES
CHECKS% DAILY WEEKLY MONTHLY
OIL LEVEL OF THE COMPRESSOR
SUCTION /DELIVERY PRESSURE OF THE
COMPRESSOR
INLET /OUTLET COOLING WATER PUMP
ROOM TEMPERATURE
HUMIDITY READING.
PM ACTIVITIES
EVERY ! MONTHS IN ADDITION TO DAILY
CHECKS
HUMIDITY MEASUREMENT
LUBRICATION
REFRIGERATION LEVEL
EVERY 6 MONTH
IN ADDITION TO ! MONTH ACTIVITIES
LOADING /UNLOADING CHECKS
GAS LEAK TEST
1!6). WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF AIR(
CONDITIONING SYSTEMS RE&UIRED FOR A
POWER AND DESALINATION PLANT
1). INDIVIDUAL ROOM AIR CONDITIONERS
THAT GIVE HEATING AND COOLING TO
SPECIFIC AREAS LIKE OFFICES SMALL
SWITCH GEAR ROOMS ETC.
2). CENTRAL PLANT SYSTEM CONSISTING OF
LI&UID CHILLIER 4CENTRIFUGAL
CHILLIER) UNITS AND FAN COIL UNITS
(CCB
!). CENTRAL PLANT SYSTEM CONSISTING OF
WATER COOLED CONDENSING UNITS
AND AIR HANDLING UNITS AND
ASSOCIATED DUCTING FOR START UP
SF6 AND DESAL SWITCH GEAR ROOMS.
$). AIR WASHER UNIT SYSTEM CONSISTING
OF WATER SPRAY TYPE AIR WASHER
UNIT AND SUPPLY AIR FAN 4HIGH
TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY
) (TURBINE HALL.
)). SINGLE PACKAGE COOLING UNIT WITH
ASSOCIATED AIR DUCT SYSTEM WITH
COOLING AND HEATING BY MAIN
TEMPERATURE CONTROL PANEL
INSTALLED IN M/C ROOM CO2 PLANT
SWITCH GEAR ROOM COMPUTER ROOM.
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1!66. GIVE SOME TYPES REFRIGERANTS USED AT
YOUR PLANT
1).R(11 1TRICHLOROMONOFLOROMETHANE 4
CCL!F) USED FOR CCB IN CENTRIFUGAL
CHILLERS
2).R(121DICHLORDIOFLUROMETHANE
4CHCLF 2)
!).R(22 MONOCHLORODIFLUROMETHANE
4CHCL2F2)USED FOR SSB AND WINDOW
AC ETC.
$).R(),, A.ETROPIC MI"TURE OF 7!.*0 OF R(
12 AND 26.20 OF R(1)2 A USED FOR
COMPUTER ROOM AIR CONDITIONERS.
1!67. WHAT IS HUMIDITY HUMIDITY IS THE TERM TO INDICATE THE
PRESENCE OF MOISTURE OR WATER VAPOR
IN THE AIR. RELATIVE HUMIDITY IS THE
RATIO OF MASS OF WATER VAPOR IN THE
GIVEN SAMPLE OF AIR TO THE AMOUNT OF
MASS OF WATER VAPOR THE AIR WOULD
HOLD IT TOTALLY SATURATED AT THE
TEMPERATURE OF SAMPLE.
1!6*. HOW HUMIDITY IS CONTROLLED AND
WHAT IS THE COMFORT LEVEL FOR
HUMIDITY.
THE PURPOSE OF HUMIDITY CONTROL IS TO
KEEP THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF AIR
CONDITIONED ROOMS AT A SATISFACTORY
LEVEL. HUMIDITY CONTROLS OPERATE
DURING PERIODS OF WINTER HEATING
SEASON TO ADD MOISTURE TO THE AIR TO
KEEP THE HUMIDITY CONSTANT. IN
SUMMER HUMIDITY CONTROLS OPERATE TO
REMOVE THE MOISTURE FROM THE AIR BY
CONTROLLING THE AIR FLOW OVER
EVAPORATORS BY BYPASSING AIR FLOW
THROUGH SOLENOID VALVES AND
DAMPERS.
COMFORTABLE CONDITION RESULT FROM
DESIRABLE COMBINATION OF
TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY AND AIR
MOVEMENT. THE RANGE OF HUMIDITY IS $,
TO ), 0 WITH TEMPERATURE IN RANGE OF
6* TO 72 DEG.F. MOST COMFORTABLE TO
HUMAN BODY.
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%1*, &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1!6+. WHAT ARE THE SAFETY RULES TO BE
OBSERVED IN HANDLING FREON
NITROGEN O"YGEN AND ACETYLENE
CYLINDERS
1). COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS SHALL BE
PROPERLY MARKED /COLOR CODED TO
KNOW THE CYLINDER CONTENT.
2). CYLINDERS SHALL BE HANDLED WITH
CARE NEVER LAY FLAT AND ROLL NOR
LIFT BY THE VALVE OR VALVE CAP.
CYLINDERS SHOULD NOT BE DROPPED OR
#OLTED WHEN BEING MOVED OR
TRANSFERRED. USE APPROVED PUSH
/CART TROLLEY.
!). CYLINDERS SHOULD ALWAYS BE STORED
IN UPRIGHT POSITION AND MUST
ALWAYS BE FASTENED WHEN IN USE OR
BEING TRANSITED OR BEING STORED.
$). CYLINDERS SHOULD NOT BE E"POSED TO
DIRECT SUNLIGHT OR STORED IN A HIGH
TEMPERATURE AREA TO PREVENT
RUPTURE OR E"PLOSION. STORE
CYLINDER IN A SHADED AND WELL
VENTILATED AREA.
)). CYLINDER VALVE CAPS SHALL ALWAYS
BE SCREWED PROPERLY E"CEPT WHEN
IN ACTUAL USE. NEVER TEMPER THE
VALVES SAFETY PLUGS OR PACKING
NUTS.
6). NEVER USE OIL OR GREASE ON CYLINDER
VALVES
7). DO NOT USE CYLINDERS WITHOUT
REGULATORS
*). DO NOT STRIKE ELECTRIC ARC ON
CYLINDERS.
+). NEVER LEAVE COMPRESSED CYLINDERS
WHILE FILLING.
PRECAUTIONS%
1). NEVER CHARGE GAS ON SUCTION SIDE OF
THE SYSTEM
2). DO NOT TOUCH LI&UID REFRIGERANT
FROST BY HAND AS THIS MAY BURN
YOUR HAND.
!). WHILE CHARGING GAS USE HAND
GLOVES AND SAFETY GOGGLES.
1!7,. WHAT YOU WILL DO IN CASE THE AC IS
NOT WORKING
CHECK POWER SUPPLY FUSE THERMOSTAT
SELECTOR SWITCH
1!71. WHAT YOU WILL DO IN CASE THE AC IS
NOT COOLING
GAS LEAKAGE %( CHECK AND FILL
CONDENSER CHOKING %( CLEAN
FAN MOTOR DEFECTIVE %( REPLACE
FILTERS CHECKING %( CLEAN
COMPRESSOR4 COMPRESSION NOT
EFFECTIVE) %( REPLACE COMPRESSOR
THERMOSTAT FAULTY %( REPLACE.
1!72. WHAT YOU WILL DO IN CASE THE AC IS
SHORT CYCLING. AC RUNS ON AND OFF
THERMOSTAT FAULTY(REPLACE
1!7!. WHAT YOU WILL DO IN CASE WHEN
STARTED GIVES HUMMING SOUND AND
NOT STARTING
CAPACITOR DEFECTIVE(REPLACE LOW
VOLTAGE
1!7$. WHAT YOU WILL DO IN CASE THE AC AIR
FLOW IS LOW.
FILTERS CHOKE(ICE FORMATION( CLEAN
FILTERS
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%1*1 &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1!7). WHAT YOU WILL DO IN CASE THE AC I IS
FORMING ICE ON EVAPORATOR COIL
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE IS LOW GAS
MINOR LEAK LESS GAS(REPAIR THE LEAK
AND FILL
1!76. WHAT YOU WILL DO IN CASE COMPRESSOR
TRIPS ON OVERLOAD
CONDENSER CHOKE(CLEAN FAN MOTOR
FAULTY AND HIGH AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
.REPLACE FAN CHECK FOR ANY HOT AIR
CIRCULATION AND AVOID
1!77. WHAT YOU WILL DO IF COMPRESSOR TRIPS
AND DOES NOT RESTART IN 2, TO !,
MINUTES
TRIPPING ON INTERNAL O/L PROTECTION
ON OVER LOAD CONDENSER CHOKES(
CLEAN
FAN MOTOR NOT ENOUGH SPEED(
DEFECTIVE REPLACE
HOT AIR RE CIRCULATION ON CONDENSER(
HIGH AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (SHIFT AC TO
NEW LOCATION.
1!7*. WHAT YOU WILL DO IF THERE IS A
RATTLING SOUND FROM COMPRESSOR
INTERNAL HELICAL BEARING BROKEN(
REPLACE COMPRESSOR.
1!7+. WHAT YOU WILL DO IN CASE IF THERE IS A
#ERK NOISE AT STARTING AND STOPPING
COMPRESSION FOUNDATION RUBBER PADS
BROKEN A(REPLACE
1!*,. WHILE TRYING TO START THE
COMPRESSOR FUSE BLOWS. WHAT IS THE
REASON
COMPRESSOR IS DEFECTIVE .REPLACE IT
1!*1. AC WORKING WITH NORMAL NOISE. AFTER
SOME TIME NOT COOLING.
HIGH AMBIENT TEMPERATURE /HOT AIR RE
CIRCULATION(CHANGE LOCATION.
1!*2. WHAT IS ACID TEST AND WHY IS IT
NECESSARY IN AIR CONDITIONING
SYSTEM.
DUE TO OVERHEATING /BURNING OF MOTOR
WINDING CAUSE THE REFRIGERANT TO
BREAK DOWN AND IF MOISTURE IS PRESENT
HYDROCHLORIC AND HYDROFLUORIC ACID
IS FORMING. OIL IN THIS CONDITION WILL
BE ACIDIC. THE ACID WILL CAUSE THE
INSULATION OF MOTOR WINDING TO
DETERIORATE AND WILL EVENTUALLY
MOTOR WINDING WILL HAVE SHORT
CIRCUIT AND BE BURNT OUT. TO AVOID
THIS TO OCCUR PERIODIC ACID TEST IS TO
BE CARRIED OUT IN THE SYSTEM.
ACID TEST IS TO CHECK AND MEASURE THE
&UANTITY OF THE ACID PRESENT IN THE
SYSTEM AND TO CHECK THE HARMFUL
LEVEL.
1!*!. E"PLAIN HOW HALIDE LEAK DETECTORS
ARE USED TO DETECT LEAK
HALIDE TORCH ALCOHOL PROPANE
ACETYLENE AND MOST OTHER TORCH
BURNT WITH COLORLESS FLAME WITH A
STRIP OF COPPER ON THE FLAME. HOWEVER
IF EVEN THE TINNIEST &UANTITY OF
HALOGEN REFRIGERANT 4R(12R(22R(11
AND R(),,) IS BROUGHT IN TO CONTACT
WITH THIS HEATED COPPER THE FLAME
WILL IMMEDIATELY TURN IN TO LIGHT
GREEN COLOR. THIS PRINCIPLE IS USED IN
HALIDE TORCHES TO DETECT REFRIGERANT
LEAK.
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%1*2 &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1!*$. E"PLAIN HOW YOU DETECT LEAK WITH
THE HELP OF ELECTRONIC LEAK
DETECTOR.
ELECTRONIC LEAK DETECTOR BASED ON
THE PRINCIPLE OF DIELECTRIC
DIFFERENCES OF GASES (WHEN THE
DETECTING PROBE PASSED OVER SURFACES
SUSPECTED OF LEAKING NO MATTER HOW
TINY THE HALOGENEATED REFRIGERANT IS
DRAWN IN TO PROBE. THE LEAK GAS WILL
THEN GIVE OUT A HIGH PITCH SOUND OR A
LIGHT BECAUSE THE NEW GAS CHANGES
THE RESISTANCE IN THE CIRCUIT.
HOW TO USE% E"PLORE THE TUBE ON THE
SUSPECTED LEAKING AREAS. HALIDE
TORCH FLAME WILL CHANGE COLOR WHILE
ELECTRONIC DETECTOR WILL GIVE SOUND.
1!*). LIST OUT VARIOUS TYPES OF CONTROL
ELEMENTS USED IN AIR CONDITIONING
SYSTEM AND INDICATE THE FUNCTION OF
EACH
1).TEMPERATURE CONTROL DEVICE
HEATING/COOLING THERMOSTAT AND
LIMIT SWITCHES
2).CONTROL RELAYS(STARTERS O/L RELAYS
4MAGNETIC AND THERMAL)
!).WATER LEVEL CONTROL DEVICES(
FLOATS MERCURY CONTACTS
$).DAMPER CONTROL(PNEUMATIC AND
ELECTRONIC ACTUATORS
)).HUMIDITY CONTROL(HUMIDISTATS
6).REFRIGERANT CONTROL DEVICE(
AUTOMATIC E"TENSION VALVE
THERMOSTATIC E"PANSION VALVE
CAPILLARY TUBE.
7).PRESSURE SWITCHES( HIGH AND LOW (OIL
AND GAS
*).SAFETY VALVE(SPRING LOADED AND
RUPTURE TYPE
+).FUSIBLE PLUGS( FOR ACTUATING FIRE
DAMPERS
1!*6. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF
COMPRESSORS USED IN AIR CONDITIONING
SYSTEM AND REFRIGERATION E&UIPMENT.
1). RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
HERMETIC SEMI HERMETIC WATER
COOLED SYSTEM ACS (WINDOW AIR
CONDITIONERS
2). ROTARY COMPRESSORS(WINDOW AIR
CONDITIONERS
!). SCREW TYPE COMPRESSORS(MEDIUM
SI.E UNITS
$). CENTRIFUGAL TYPE COMPRESSOR(
SINGLE STAGE AND MULTI STAGE
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%1*! &'A(PART2.DOC
SL.
NO
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1!*7. LIST OUT THE PROBLEMS FACED IN
DOMESTIC REFRIGERATORS
1). UNIT RUNS OUT E"CESSIVELY%
POOR DOOR SEAL FRE&UENT DOOR
OPENING INTERIOR LIGHTS WORK
CONTINUOUSLY HIGH AMBIENT
TEMPERATURE INSUFFICIENT AIR
CIRCULATION FAULTY THERMOSTAT
UNDERCHARGED OR PARTIALLY
RESTRICTED SYSTEM FROSTING ON THE
EVAPORATOR. STORING HOT FOOD.
2). SUCTION LINE FROSTED%
FROSTING EVAPORATOR
OVERCHARGING EVAPORATOR COIL TOO
SMALL.
!). E"CESSIVE MOISTURE%
DOOR SEAL DEFECTIVE HIGH HUMIDITY
IS PRESENT.
$). DIFFICULTY IN ICE FORMATION%
INCORRECT THERMOSTAT FROSTING
EVAPORATOR LOW CHARGED OVER
CHARGED.
)). LOW REFRIGERATION CAPACITY%
CLOGGED STRAINER E"PANSION VALVE
FROSTED COOLING COIL THERMOSTAT
SETTING DEFECTIVE GAS LEAKAGE.
6). COMPRESSOR CYCLE O/L PROTECTOR%
VOLTAGE LEVEL IS LOW O/L DEFECTIVE
MOTOR WINDING GROUNDED LOOSE
CONNECTION HIGH DISCHARGE OF
FREON DUE TO HIGH AMBIENT
TEMPERATURE NON COND. GASSES
SYSTEM OVERCHARGED UNIT.
7).NOT WORKING%
POWER FAILURE DUE TO FUSE
THERMOSTAT TIMER ETC.
*). UNIT HUMS AND SHUTS OFF%
LOW VOLTAGE IN OPERATIVE RELAY.
C.E.M.D. PAGE NO%1*$ &'A(PART2.DOC

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ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE DEPT.

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