Chemical Bond II

Ionic Bonding

Ionic bonds

are formed by one atom

transferring electrons

to another atom to form

ions

Ions

areatoms, or groups of atoms, which have lost or gained electrons.2.

The atom

losing electrons

forms a

positive ion (a cation)

and is usually a

metal

. The overallcharge on the ion is positive due to excess positive nuclear charge (protons do NOT change inchemical reactions).3.

The atom

gaining electrons

forms a

negative ion (an anion)

and is usually a

non-metallicelement

. The overall charge on the ion is negative because of the gain, and therefore excess, of negative electrons.4.

Ions of opposite charge will attract one another, thus creating an ionic bond.5.

The examples below combining a metal from Groups 1 (Alkali Metals), or 2, with a non-metalfrom Group 6 or Group 7 (The Halogens)

Example:A Group 1 metal + a Group 7 non-metal

In terms of electron arrangement, thesodium donates its outer electron to achlorine atom forming a single positivesodium ion and a single negative chlorideion.2.

The valencies of Na and Cl are both 1, thatis, the numerical charge on the ions. NaF,KBr, LiI etc. will all be electronicallysimilar.3.

The atoms have become stable ions,because electronically, sodium becomeslike neon and chlorine like argon.

A Group 2 metal + a Group 7 non-metal

In terms of electron arrangement, themagnesium donates its two outer electronsto two chlorine atoms forming a doublepositive magnesium ion and two singlenegative chloride ions.2.

The atoms have become stable ions,because electronically, magnesiumbecomes like neon and chlorine like argon.3.

NOTE

you can draw two separate chlorideions, but in these examples a numbersubscript has been used, as in ordinarychemical formula. The valency of Mg is 2and chlorine 1, ie the numerical charges of the ions. BeF

, MgBr

, CaCl

or CaI

etc.will all be electronically similar.

A Group 2 metal + a Group 6 non-metal

In terms of electron arrangement, oneMagnesium atom donates its two outerelectrons to one oxygen atom.2.

This results in a double positive magnesiumion to one double negative oxide ion.3.

All the ions have the stable electronicstructures 2.8.8 (argon like) or 2.8 (neonlike). the valency of both calcium andoxygen is 2.MgO, MgS, or CaS will be similarelectronically (S and O both in Group 6)

Predicting The Formula for IonicCompound

Element that combine

ElementX fromChargeof theionElementY fromChargeof theionFormula of the ioniccompound

GroupIGroupVGroupIGroupVIGroupIGroupVIIGroupIIGroupVGroupIIGroupVIGroupIIGroupVIIGroupIIIGroupVGroupIIIGroupVIGroupIIIGroupVIIExample 1Example 2Example 3