Jhrphwud Evlfd

Dqwrqlr Vqjdul
Djrvwr gh 5335

Uhvxphq
Hvwh wh{wr wlhqh fxdwur fdswxorv ixhuwhphqwhphqwh fruuhodwlyrv1 Ho sulphur gh
hvwrv wudwd gho Hvsdflr frphq}dqgr lqphgldwdphqwh sru xqd irupxodflq d{lr0
pwlfd1 Ho vhjxqgr fdswxor vh rfxsd gh odv wudqvirupdflrqhv ujlgdv hq jhqhudo
| vh oh gd hvshfldo lpsruwdqfld d odv wudqvirupdflrqhv lqyroxwlydv1 Ho Whufhur vh
rfxsd gh orv fdvrv pv frpxqhv gh wudqvirupdflrqhv ujlgdv/ r vhd odv vlphwudv/
od wudvodflq | od urwdflq1 Ho fxduwr wudwd gh dojxqdv dsolfdflrqhv fovlfdv shur
wudwdgdv frq orv uhfxuvrv |d ghvduuroodgrv

qglfh Jhqhudo
314 Xvr gho Wh{wr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

4 Hvsdflr/ sodqr/ uhfwdv | sxqwrv

414 Lqwurgxflq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
415 Frqmxqwrv gh Sxqwrv 1 1 1 1 1 1
41514 Prghorv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
41515 Vhpluuhfwdv | vhplsodqrv
41516 qjxorv | wulqjxorv 1 1
41517 Ho vhplhvsdflr 1 1 1 1 1 1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

5 Wudqvirupdflrqhv hq ho sodqr
514 Ixqflrqhv gh sxqwrv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
51414 Ixqflrqhv el|hfwlydv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
51415 Frqmxqwrv hvwdeohv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
515 Wudqvirupdflrqhv ujlgdv hq ho sodqr 1 1 1 1
51514 Frqjuxhqfld 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
51515 Wudqvirupdflrqhv ujlgdv lqyroxwlydv 1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

6 Wlsrv gh Wudqvirupdflrqhv
614 Vlphwud fhqwudo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
615 Vlphwud d{ldo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
61514 Htxlglvwdqfld gh sxqwrv d uhfwdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
616 Wudvodflrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
61614 Dsolfdflrqhv d fxdgulowhurv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
61615 Sulphurv wuhv fulwhulrv gh frqjuxhqfld gh wulqjxorv
61616 Uhodflrqhv hqwuh odgrv | qjxorv gh xq wulqjxor 1 1
61617 Fxduwr fdvr gh frqjuxhqfldv gh wulqjxor 1 1 1 1 1 1
61618 Lqwhuvhfflrqhv gh Fhyldqdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
61619 Ho lqfhqwur 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
6161: Ho flufxqfhqwur 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4

6
6
6
:
:
44
46

48
48
49
4:
4:
53
55
57
57
59
5<
64
67
68
69
6:
6:
6:
6<

6161; Ho edulfhqwur 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
617 Urwdflrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

7 Sureohpdv gh Dsolfdflq
714 Ho whruhpd gho qjxor lqvfulwr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
715 Ho Sureohpd gh Ihupw | ho wulqjxor gh Qdsrohq 1 1 1 1 1
716 Sureohpd gh Idjqdqr1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
717 Od Flufxqihuhqfld gh orv Qxhyh Sxqwrv | od Uhfwd gh Hxohu1 1

3141Xvr gho Wh{wr

1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1

73
73

76
76
78
7;
7<

Hvwh wh{wr qr hv xq wh{wr wfqlfr gh Pdwhpwlfdv/ vlqr txh suhwhqgh vhu xqd jxd
sdud xq fxuvr hohphqwdo gh jhrphwud1 Hvwh hv xq wh{wr rulhqwdgr do ohfwru txh
qr wlhqh hvshfldolgdg hq jhrphwud1 Shur sxhgh uhvxowdu wdpelhq lqwhuhvdqwh sdud
orv txh whqjdq txh glfwdu ho whpd1 Wudwd hq or srvleoh gh qr vhu xq oleur txh vhd
frvwrvr gh hqwhqghu shur txh od pd|ru sduwh gho wudedmr sdud od frpsuhqvlq vhd
gho surslr ohfwru1 Sru hvr vh lqfox|hq pxfkrv hmhuflflrv gh wdo prgr txh ho ohfwru
frqvwux|d vxv surslrv frqfhswrv1
Od pd|rud gh orv hmhuflflrv frpsrqhq ho klor ojlfr txh vljxh ho wh{wr sru or
wdqwr hv uhfrphqgdeoh uhdol}duorv1
Odv qrwdv d slh gh sdjlqd vrq uhihuhqfldv frodwhudohv | sxhghq vhu reyldgdv1
Orv Whruhpdv vxhohq vhu edvdohv r ixqgdphqwdohv/ | vrq sursrvlflrqhv txh/ d
mxlflr gho dxwru/ uhtxlhuhq xq wudwdplhqwr fxlgdgrvr1 Sru or ghpv vrq vlploduhv
d orv hmhuflflrv
Odv ghqlflrqhv vrq dfodudflrqhv gh fpr vh xvduq flhuwrv wuplqrv1
Hvwh wh{wr whqgud txh vhu ohlgr frq xq odsl} | sdsho

41 Hvsdflr/ sodqr/ uhfwdv | sxqwrv

4141Lqwurgxflq

Frpr hq ho dmhguh}/ qdglh vh suhjxqwd vreuh ho vljqlfdgr gh odv slh}dv ql gh

odv fdvloodv ql gh orv froruhv/ dvl dtx qr qrv rfxsduhprv gh suhjxqwduqrv txh hv
hvsdflr/ uhfwd/ sodqr/ sxqwr vlqr txh orv frqvlghuduhprv frpr or pv hohphqwdo r
frpr frqfhswr sulplwlyr1
Sru rwur odgr qdglh glvfxwh odv uhjodv gho mxhjr gho dmhguh}1 Dtxl wdpsrfr or
kduhprv vlqr txh/ hq fxhqwd gh oodpduodv uhjodv gh mxhjr ohv oodpduhprv d{lrpdv1
Orv ud}rqdplhqwrv txh vh kdfhq hq dmhguh}/ sru hmhpsor od sulphud mxjdgd
txh vh kdfh hq dmhguh} hv ho prylplhqwr gh xq shq eodqfr r gh xq fdedoor eodqfr/
hq ho fdvr gh od jhrphwud oh oodpduhprv whruhpdv1 4
Wdpelhq wudwduhprv frq frqfhswrv khuhgdgrv gh whrudv dqwhulruhv frpr hv ho
fdvr gh frqmxqwrv/ shuwhqhqfld/ hwf1
Sru owlpr/ sdud phmru frpsuhqvlq gh orv txh ydprv d h{srqhu kdjd ho hmhu0
flflr phqwdo vljxlhqwh= roylgh/ sru xq prphqwr/ or txh vdeh gh jhrphwud1

4151Frqmxqwrv gh Sxqwrv

Ghqlflq 41 Gluhprv txh grv frqmxqwrv gh sxqwrv vrq ljxdohv vl | vrodphqwh vl

wlhqhq orv plvprv sxqwrv1 5

Ghqlflq 51 Vh glfh txh xq frqmxqwr  hv vxefrqmxqwr gh xq ghwhuplqdgr

frqmxqwr  vl fdgd sxqwr gh  hv sxqwr gh  Vh vlperol}d    | vh ohh  hvw
lqfoxlgr hq  Vh glfh txh xq frqmxqwr  hv vxefrqmxqwr surslr gh xq ghwhuplqdgr
Wdpelq hv lpsruwdqwh/ hvshflfdu ho xqlyhuvr gh glvfxvlq/ odv irupxodv elhq irupdgdv |
odv uhjodv gh lqihuhqfld fxdqgr vh wudwd gh ghvduuroodu xq fxhusr frqfhswxdo/ shur hvwrv |d vrq
sureohpdv dqhfgwlfrv sdud ho dofdqfh ojlfr txh vh txlhuh gdu hq hvwh wh{wr1
5
Hq hvwh fxuvr wudwduhprv sulqflsdophqwh frq frqmxqwrv gh sxqwrv/ shur wdpelhq kdeoduhprv
gh frqmxqwr gh uhfwdv/ gh sodqrv/ hwf1 Sdud ho fdvr gh odv uhfwdv | orv sodqrv/ hq fxhqwd gh
frqmxqwrv xvduhprv od h{suhvlq idplold1
4

frqmxqwr  vl  hvw lqfoxlgr hq  | dghpv h{lvwh xq sxqwr hq  txh qr hvw hq

6
Ghqlflq 61 Ho frqmxqwr ydfr hv dtxho txh qr frqwlhqh qlqjq hohphqwr

Hmhuflflr 415141 Vl vh fxpsoh txh    |    hqwrqfhv  '  Hv ghflu txh

vl  hv xq vxefrqmxqwr gh  |  hv xq vxefrqmxqwr gh  hqwrqfhv  |  wlhqh
orv plvprv hohphqwrv17
D{lrpd 41 H{lvwh ho hvsdflr | hv xq frqmxqwr gh sxqwrv1

Hmhuflflr 415151 Yhultxh txh ho hvsdflr sxglhud vhu ho surslr ydfr

D{lrpd 51

41 Orv sodqrv vrq vxefrqmxqwrv surslrv gho hvsdflr1

51 Odv uhfwdv vrq vxefrqmxqwrv surslrv gh orv sodqrv1

61 Odv uhfwdv frqwlhqhq do phqrv d grv sxqwrv glvwlqwrv18

Hmhuflflr 415161 Glvfxwd ho vljxlhqwh suudir= Srghprv fdudfwhul}du xq gudjq

glflhqgr txh hv xq vhu px| srghurvr/ txh duurmd ixhjr sru od erfd/ txh wlhqh wuhv
jduudv hq fdgd sdwd/ txh hv h{wuhpdgdphqwh vdelr/ txh sxhgh yrodu/ hwf1 Ho qlfr
sureohpd hv txh orv gudjrqhv qr h{lvwhq1
D{lrpd 61 H{lvwh xqd uhfwd1

Hvwd owlpd h{suhvlq srgud hqwhqghuvh wdpehq frpr h{lvwh do phqrv xqd
uhfwd1 Frq hvwr srghprv dvhjxudu txh
Whruhpd 71 H{lvwh xq sodqr frq +do phqrv, wuhv sxqwrv1 Ho hvsdflr frqwlhqh
fxdwur sxqwrv1
Od h{suhvlq vxefrqmxqwr surslr vh dfodud frq xq hmhpsor= Ho frqmxqwr irupdgr sru wrgrv
orv krpeuhv hv xq vxefrqmxqwr surslr gho frqmxqwr gh kxpdqrv/ sxhv kd| kxpdqrv txh qr vrq
krpeuhv/ sru hmhpsor odv pxmhuhv1
7
Gh dkrud hq pv/ fxdqgr vh hqxqflh xqd sursrvlflq hq xq hmhuflflr r hq xq whruhpd gheh
wudwdu gh ghprvwuduvh1 Sru or fxdo qrv dkruuduhprv odv sdodeudv ghprvwudu txh111
8
Gh dkrud hq pv/ fxdqgr gljdprv grv sxqwrv/ hqwhqghuhprv txh vh wudwd gh grv sxqwrv
glvwlqwrv1 Gho plvpr prgr txh fxdqgr kdeohprv gh wuhv/ fxdwur r fxdotxlhu fdqwlgdg gh sxqwrv
d phqrv txh vh lqgltxh or frqwudulr1
6

Hvwr hv flhuwr sxhv do h{lvwlu xqd uhfwd/ | do vhu hvwd xq vxefrqmxqwr gh xq

sodqr/ gheh h{lvwlu xq sodqr1 Oodphprv d hvwd uhfwd o | do sodqr Z Frpr sru
d{lrpd hvwd uhfwd frqwlhqh grv sxqwrv  | 'c gheh h{lvwlu hq Z xq sxqwr - txh
qr hvw hq oc sxhv vlq o qr vhud xq vxefrqmxqwr surslr gh Z/ frqwud ho d{lrpd1
Frq hvwdv dupdflrqhv vh suxhed txh Z frqwlhqh wuhv sxqwrv1 Od vhjxqgd rudflq
vh ghmd frpr111
Hmhuflflr 415171 Ho hvsdflr frqwlhqh fxdwur sxqwrv1

D hvwd dowxud gh qxhvwur mxhjr srgud gduvh txh kd|d sodqrv vlq sxqwrv/ hv
ghflu xq sodqr srgud vhu xq frqmxqwr ydfr1 Vroxflrqhprv hvwr
D{lrpd 71 Orv sodqrv frqwlhqhq xqd uhfwd | xq sxqwr ixhud gh hvwd1
Hmhuflflr 415181 Wrgrv orv sodqrv frqwlhqhq do phqrv wuhv sxqwrv1

Qrwh txh kdvwd dkrud qr srghprv frqwdu d flhqfld flhuwd frq pv gh xqd uhfwd
| xq sodqr1

D{lrpd 81 Gdgrv grv sxqwrv h{lvwh xqd qlfd uhfwd txh frqwlhqh d dperv sxq0
wrv1 Gdgrv wuhv sxqwrv txh qr hvwq hq xqd plvpd uhfwd h{lvwh xq qlfr sodqr
txh orv frqwlhqh1
Ghqlflq 81 D orv sxqwrv txh hvwq vreuh xqd uhfwd vh ohv oodpd frolqhdohv1
Orv sxqwrv txh hvwq vreuh xq sodqr vh oodpdq frsodqduhv1 Hvwrv frqfhswrv vh
h{wlhqghq qdwxudophqwh sdud ho fdvr gh frqmxqwrv gh sxqwrv/ frpr sru hmhpsor d
odv uhfwdv1
Ghqlflq 91 Grv uhfwdv frsodqduhv vh ohv oodpd sdudohodv vl vrq ljxdohv r vl vx
lqwhuvhfflq9 hv ydfd1 Grv uhfwdv glvwlqwdv vh glfhq vhfdqwhv vl vx lqwhuvhfflq hv
qr ydfd1 D grv uhfwdv qr frsodqduhv vh ohv oodpd dodehdgdv1 Xqd idplold gh uhfwdv
vh oh oodpd frqfxuuhqwh vl wlhqhq xq sxqwr hq frpq
Hmhuflflr 415191 Grv uhfwdv vhfdqwhv wlhqhq vrodphqwh xq sxqwr hq frpq1

Vl whqjr grv frqmxqwrv D | E / od lqwhuvhfflq gh D | E hv ho frqmxqwr gh orv sxqwrv txh

hvwq d od yh} hq D | E= Od xqlq gh D | E hv ho frqmxqwr gh orv hohphqwrv txh hvwq |d vhd hq
D r |d vhd hq E=
9

Hmhuflflr 4151:1 Ho frqmxqwr ydfr/ xq sxqwr | grv sxqwrv fxdohvtxlhud vrq frol0
qhdohv1 Wuhv sxqwrv/ glvwlqwrv r qr/ vrq frsodqduhv1
Hmhuflflr 4151;1 H{lvwhq fxdwur sxqwrv txh qr vrq frsodqduhv1 H{lvwhq wuhv sxq0
wrv txh qr vrq frolqhdohv1

Hmhuflflr 4151<1 Orv sodqrv frqwlhqhq wuhv uhfwdv1 Ho hvsdflr frqwlhqh fxdwur
sodqrv | vhlv uhfwdv1
Sru rwur odgr/ Fxqwrv sxqwrv hq frpq sxhghq whqhu xqd uhfwd frq xq
sodqrB
D{lrpd 91 Vl xqd uhfwd frq xq sodqr wlhqhq grv sxqwrv hq frpq/ hqwrqfhv ho
sodqr lqfox|h wrgd od uhfwd1

Hmhuflflr 4151431 Grv uhfwdv vhfdqwhv ghwhuplqdq xq qlfr sodqr txh odv frqwlh0
qh1
Whruhpd :1 H{lvwhq grv uhfwdv txh qr vrq frsodqduhv:

Vhd ho sodqr Z/ od uhfwd o hq Z | ho sxqwr  hq ho sodqr Z | qr hq od uhfwd o |

grv sxqwrv  |  hq o Vhd ho sxqwr ' txh qr hvw hq Z +Yhultxh frpr hmhuflflr
#
$
txh hvwrv remhwrv h{lvwhq,1 Vhd r '  ' ; 1 Hv fodur txh r qr hvw hq Z sxhv '
qr hvw hq Z Vl o | r hvwxylhudq hq xq plvpr sodqr/ hvwh sodqr ghehud vhu Zc
sxhv c  |  ghwhuplqdq d Z Shur r qr hvw hq Z Sru or wdqwr o | r qr vrq
frsodqduhv1
Hmhuflflr 4151441 Gdgd xqd uhfwd oc h{lvwh rwud uhfwd r txh hv qr frsodqdu frq o
Hmhuflflr 4151451 Grv uhfwdv glvwlqwdv wlhqhq d orv vxpr xq sxqwr hq frpq

Hmhuflflr 4151461 Vhdq @ | K grv uhfwdv sdudohodv | | xqd uhfwd txh hv vhfdqwh
frq @ | frq Kc hqwrqfhv | hvw hq ho plvpr sodqr txh @ | K
Hmhuflflr 4151471 Od lqwhuvhfflq hqwuh xqd uhfwd | xq sodqr sxhgh vhu vrodphqwh
ho frqmxqwr ydfr/ od sursld uhfwd r xq frqmxqwr xqlwdulr<
D hvwdv uhfwdv vxhoh ghfluvhohv dodehdgdv1
Hvwr hv od uhfwd ghwhuplqdgd sru orv sxqwrv S | T=
<
Xq frqmxqwr irupdgr sru xq vror hohphqwr1 Hq hvwh fdvr sru xq vror sxqwr1
:
;

Od lqwhuvhfflq hqwuh grv sodqrv/ Gh fxqwrv sxqwrv sxhgh frqvwduB

D{lrpd :1 Od lqwhuvhfflq hqwuh grv sodqrv qr sxhgh vhu xq frqmxqwr xqlwdulr43

Hmhuflflr 4151481 Od lqwhuvhfflq hqwuh grv sodqrv glvwlqwrv sxhgh vhu ho frqmxqwr
ydfr r xqd uhfwd1
415141Prghorv

Sdud hvwh hqwrqfhv/ ho hvsdflr txh khprv frqvwuxlgr vh sduhfh d orv yuwlfhv gh xq
whwudhgur44 / grqgh orv wulrv gh sxqwrv uhsuhvhqwdudq or txh khprv oodpdgr sodqrv/
odv dulvwdv fruuhvsrqghudq d orv sduhv gh sxqwrv1 Hv wdpelhq sduhflgr do hvsdflr
jhrpwulfr lqwxlwlyr1 Hvwdv uhsuhvhqwdflrqhv vh ohv oodpd prghorv1

Hmhuflflr 4151491 Uh h{lrqh vreuh orv prghorv txh sxglhudq kdehuvh suhvhqwdgr
d phglgd txh kdfldprv od hqxqfldflq gh orv d{lrpdv1
415151Vhpluuhfwdv | vhplsodqrv

D{lrpd ;1 Orv sxqwrv gh fxdotxlhu uhfwd dgplwhq grv ughqhv wrwdohv rsxhvwrv45 1
Xqd yh} hohjlgr xqr gh hvwrv/ dupdprv txh qr sxhgh kdehu xq sulphu sxqwr/
Udur frpr sduh}fd ho d{lrpd : qr sxhgh ghgxfluvh gh orv d{lrpdv dqwhulruhv1
Xq whwudhgur hv xq fxhusr txh wlhqh vhlv fdudv | fdgd xqd gh hoodv hv xq wulqjxor1
45
Rughq hqwuh sxqwrv vljqlfd txh gdgrv grv sxqwrv fxdohvtxlhud D | E txh vrq frpsdudeohv/
sxhgr lqglfdu fxdo hv dqwhulru do rwur1 Dghpv vl D hv dqwhulru d E> qr sxhgh vhu txh E vhd
dqwhulru d D | sru rwur odgr wdpelhq xq wulr gh sxqwrv D> E | F vl vh fxpsoh txh D hv dqwhulru
d E | E hv dqwhulru d F hqwrqfhv vh gheh fxpsolu txh D hv dqwhulru d F= Frq ho dgmhwlyr wrwdo vh
txlhuh ghflu txh vh sxhghq frpsdudu fxdotxlhu sdu gh sxqwrv1 Ho dgmhwlyr rsxhvwr vh xvd sdud
ghflu txh vh sxhghq shupxwdu orv wuplqrv dqwhulru sru srvwhulru1
43
44

hv ghflu xqr txh vhd dqwhulru d wrgrv/ ql xq owlpr sxqwr/ hv ghflu xqr txh vhd
srvwhulru d wrgrv46 1 Dghpv gdgrv grv sxqwrv kdeu xq whufhur txh vhu dqwhulru
d xqr | srvwhulru do rwur47 1
Whruhpd ;1 Orv sxqwrv gh xqd uhfwd vrq lqqlwrv

Hvwr hv fodur gho khfkr gh hvwdu rughqdgrv1 Vl ixhudq xqd fdqwlgdg qlwd vh sr0
gud ghflu/ sru frqwhr gluhfwr/ fxdo hv ho sulphur | fxo hv ho owlpr/ frqwudglflhqgr
ho d{lrpd1
Hmhuflflr 41514:1 Hqwuh grv sxqwrv fxdohvtxlhud gh xqd uhfwd kd| lqqlwrv sxq0
wrv1
Hmhuflflr 41514;1 Odv uhfwdv/ orv sodqrv | ho hvsdflr vrq frqmxqwrv lqqlwrv1

Ghqlflq <1 Gdgd xqd uhfwd o | xq sxqwr  vreuh od uhfwd o Do frqmxqwr gh

sxqwrv dqwhulruhv d  vh oh oodpd vhpluhfwd delhuwd gh ruljhq  Ljxdo fdolfdwlyr
vh oh g do frqmxqwr gh orv sxqwrv srvwhulruhv d  Vl  hv xq sxqwr gh od uhfwd o

$
dqwhulru d c Ho frqmxqwr gh orv sxqwrv dqwhulruhv d  vh orv vlperol}d frq  | vh
orv qrpeud frpr od vhpluhfwd delhuwd   Fxdqgr vh xvd od sdodeud vhpluuhfwd
+vlq xvdu od sdodeud delhuwd, hqwhqghuhprv txh vh wudwd gh xqd vhpluhfwd txh
lqfox|h ho sxqwr gho ruljhq1 Xvduhprv od plvpd qrwdflq sdud vhpluhfwdv txh sdud
vhpluhfwdv delhuwdv/ vlhpsuh | fxdqgr hq ho frqwh{wr txhgh fodud od glihuhqfld/ r
vhd luuhohydqwh1 Hq ho fdvr gh txhuhu kdfhu xqd glihuhqfld xvduhprv  sdud
lqglfdu txh wudwdprv frq od vhpluhfwd delhuwd gh ruljhq 
<

Ghqlflq 431 Vh oodpd kd} gh vhpluuhfwdv gh ruljhq ho sxqwr  d wrgdv odv

vhpluhfwdv gh ruljhq 

Hmhuflflr 41514<1 Wrphprv odv vhpluhfwdv gh xq kd} gh ruljhq  txh hvwq

vreuh xq sodqr Zc txh frqwlhqh do sxqwr  Gh hvwdv vhpluuhfwdv gh ruljhq 
txlwhprv xqd vhpluuhfwd fxdotxlhud1 Sdud odv vhpluuhfwdv uhvwdqwhv ghqlu xq
rughq lqgxflgr sru od urwdflq gh odv djxmdv gh xq uhorm d hvwh rughq oh oodphprv
qhjdwlyr | do frqwudulr srvlwlyr1 Hqfrqwudu xqd dqdorjd frq orv ughqhv gh odv
sxqwrv vreuh od uhfwd148
D hvwh wlsr gh frqmxqwrv vh oh oodpd delhuwrv
D hvwh wlsr gh frqmxqwrv vh oh oodpd ghqvrv
48
Sxhgh shqvduvh hq xq rughq frpq sdud wrgrv orv kdfhv gh vhpluuhfwdv gho sodqr shur/ sdud
orv qhv gh hvwh wh{wr/ dofdq}d frq ho vljqlfdgr lqwxlwlyr gh rughq1
46
47

Ghqlflq 441 Grv vhpluhfwdv vh ohv glfh rsxhvwdv vl frqwlhqhq ho plvpr ruljhq

$
| vrq frolqhdohv/ shur vrq glvwlqwdv D od vhpluhfwd rsxhvwd d od  oh oodpduhprv

$
 
Ghqlflq 451 Gdgrv grv sxqwrv  | ' Orv sxqwrv txh hvwq hqwuh  | '49
irupdq ho vhjphqwr delhuwr  ' D orv sxqwrv  | ' vh ohv oodpd h{wuhprv gh
glfkr vhjphqwr1

Ghqlflq 461 Ho vhjphqwr  ' hv ho vhjphqwr delhuwr  ' xqlgr do frqmxqwr

ic 'j
Qrwh txh ho frqmxqwr ydfr hv xq vhjphqwr delhuwr | txh ho frqmxqwr xqlwdulr
hv xq vhjphqwr1
Hmhuflflr 4151531 Ho vhjphqwr delhuwr  ' hv od lqwhuvhfflq gh odv vhpluhfwdv

$ 
$
delhuwdv  ' | ' 
Hmhuflflr 4151541 Odv vhpluhfwdv delhuwdv | orv vhjphqwrv delhuwrv vrq frqmxqwrv
ghqvrv | delhuwrv1
Ghqlflq 471 Xqd surslhgdg gh xq frqmxqwr hv khuhglwduld vl wrgrv orv vxefrq0
mxqwrv gh hvwh frqmxqwr wlhqhq od plvpd surslhgdg1
Hmhuflflr 4151551 Glvfxwd vl odv surslhgdghv gh vhu frsodqdu/ frolqhdo/ lqqlwr/
ghqvr | delhuwr vrq khuhglwduldv1

Hmhuflflr 4151561 Frqvlghuh grv sxqwrv  |  Frqvlghuh ho oxjdu jhrpwulfr gh

orv sxqwrv f wdo txh  shuwhqhfh do vhjphqwr delhuwr f Fruuhvsrqgh d dojxqd
vhpluuhfwd delhuwdB
Ghqlflq 481 Xq frqmxqwr vh oodpd frqyh{r vl fxdotxlhu sdu gh sxqwrv gho
frqmxqwr vrq h{wuhprv gh xq vhjphqwr lqfoxlgr hq ho frqmxqwr1

Hmhuflflr 4151571 Ho hvsdflr/ orv sodqrv/ odv uhfwdv/ odv vhpluhfwdv/ orv vhjphqwrv/
ho ydfr | orv frqmxqwrv xqlwdulrv gh sxqwrv vrq frqmxqwrv frqyh{rv1 Orv frqmxqwrv
irupdgrv sru grv sxqwrv vrodphqwh/ qr vrq frqyh{rv1
Orv sxqwrv txh hvwq hqwuh S | T vrq orv sxqwrv txh vrq srvwhulruhv d S | dqwhulruhv d T>
hq ho fdvr gh txh T vhd srvwhulru d S= Hq ho fdvr txh S vhd srvwhulru d T> orv sxqwrv hqwuh S |
T vhudq orv srvwhulruhv d T | dqwhulruhv d S=
49

<

Hmhuflflr 4151581 Od lqwhuvhfflq gh grv frqmxqwrv frqyh{rv hv frqyh{d1

Hmhuflflr 4151591 Gdu hmhpsor gh xqd xqlq gh frqmxqwrv frqyh{rv txh qr vhd
frqyh{d1
Hmhuflflr 41515:1 Ghflglu | mxvwlfdu vl od frqyh{lgdg hv xqd surslhgdg khuhgl0
wduld1

D{lrpd <1 Gdgr xq sodqr Z | xqd uhfwd o hq ho sodqr Z Orv sxqwrv gho sodqr Z
txh qr shuwhqhfhq d od uhfwd oc irupdq grv frqmxqwrv glvmxqwrv/ qr ydfrv/ frqyh{rv
gh wdo prgr txh vl wrpr xq sxqwr  hq xqr gh hvwrv | rwur sxqwr ' hq ho rwur/
od lqwhuvhfflq hqwuh  ' | o hv qr ydfd1

Ghqlflq 491 D orv frqmxqwrv ghqlgrv hq ho d{lrpd < vh ohv oodpd vhplsodqrv
delhuwrv/ d od uhfwd o vh oh oodpd erugh gho vhplsodqr1 Orv vhplsodqrv hvwdq
frpsxhvwrv sru ho vhplsodqr delhuwr fruuhvsrqglhqwh pv vx erugh1 D orv sxqwrv
gh xq vhplsodqr gh erugh xqd uhfwd o vh glfh frq flhuwr dexvr shuplwlgr gho
ohqjxdmh txh hvwq gh xq odgr gh od uhfwd o

Hmhuflflr 41515;1 Vhd xq sodqr Z | xqd uhfwd o hq ho sodqr Z Orv vhjphqwrv gh

Z txh qr wlhqhq xq h{wuhpr hq oc r elhq hvwq lqfoxlgrv hq xq vhplsodqr delhuwr
ghwhuplqdgr sru oc r elhq fruwdq d od uhfwd o
Whruhpd 4:1 Vhd xq sodqr Z | xqd uhfwd o hq Z Vhd k xqr gh orv vhplsodqrv

$
delhuwrv gh Z ghqlgrv sru o Vhd  xq sxqwr gh k |  xq sxqwr gh o Vhd @ ' 
delhuwd1 Hq hvwdv frqglflrqhv @ hvwd frpsohwdphqwh lqfoxlgd hq k

Vl hvwh qr ixhud ho fdvr h{lvwlud xq sxqwr f txh hvwdud hq @ | txh qr hvwdud

hq k f hq hvwh fdvr hvwdud hq ho vhplsodqr gh Z txh qr frqwlhqh d c sxhv od
uhfwd txh frqwlhqh d @ wlhqh grv sxqwrv hq Zc  |  +Yhu d{lrpd 9, Hq hvwh fdvr/
sru d{lrpd </ od uhfwd o frq ho vhjphqwr f wlhqhq txh whqhu lqwhuvhfflq qr
ydfd/ hv ghflu ij c sxhv od uhfwd txh frqwlhqh d @ | o vror sxhghq whqhu xq sxqwr
hq frpq1 +Yhu hmhuflflr 415145, Hq uhvxphq/ ho sxqwr  hvwdud hqwuh  | fc or
txh hv devxugr |d txh f hv xq sxqwr gh @

Hmhuflflr 41515<1 Vl xqd vhpluhfwd @c frq ruljhq hq xq sxqwr gh od uhfwd oc wlhqh

xq sxqwr hq xq vhplsodqr ghwhuplqdgr sru o/ od vhpluhfwd rsxhvwd d @ whqgu
wrgrv vxv sxqwrv hq ho rwur vhplsodqr1
43

415161qjxorv | wulqjxorv

Ghqlflq 4;1 Gdgdv grv vhpluhfwdv @ | K gh ruljhq c vh oodpd qjxor d od

lqwhuvhfflq gh orv vhplsodqrv ghwhuplqdgrv sru odv uhfwdv txh frqwlhqhq d odv
vhpluhfwdv gh wdo pdqhud txh fdgd xqr gh orv vhplsodqrv frqwhqjd d od rwud
vhpluhfwd1 D odv vhpluhfwdv @ | K vh ohv oodpd odgrv gho qjxor | do sxqwr  vh oh
oodpd yuwlfh gho qjxor1
Ghqlflq 4<1 Vl odv vhpluhfwdv frlqflghq ho qjxor ghwhuplqdgr vh oh oodpd
qxor1 Vl odv vhpluhfwdv vrq rsxhvwdv vh oh oodpd qjxor oodqr1
Ghqlflq 531 Ho lqwhulru gh xq qjxor hv ho frqmxqwr irupdgr sru ho qjxor
phqrv orv odgrv4: 1
Hmhuflflr 4151631 Ho lqwhulru gh xq qjxor hv od lqwhuvhfflq gh grv vhplsodqrv
delhuwrv1

Hmhuflflr 4151641 Ho qjxor qxor wlhqh lqwhulru ydfr1 Ho qjxor oodqr wlhqh sru
lqwhulru xq vhplsodqr delhuwr1
Ghqlflq 541 Xqd vhpluhfwd lqwhulru hv dtxhood txh wlhqh ruljhq hq ho yuwlfh
gho qjxor | wlhqh xq sxqwr hq ho lqwhulru gho qjxor1 Vh glfh txh xq vhjphqwr
dsr|d vxv h{wuhprv hq orv odgrv gh xq qjxor vl fdgd h{wuhpr hv xq sxqwr gh fdgd
xqr gh orv odgrv gho qjxor1
Hmhuflflr 4151651 Wrgd vhpluhfwd lqwhulru | wrgr vhjphqwr dsr|dgr hq orv odgrv
gh xq qjxor hvwq lqfoxlgrv hq xq qjxor1
Hmhuflflr 4151661 Ho lqwhulru gh xq qjxor qr qxor hv qr ydfr1

Ho frqmxqwr D phqrv ho frqmxqwr E hv ho frqmxqwr gh wrgrv orv hohphqwrv gh D txh qr hvwq

hq E=
4:

44

Whruhpd 551 Wrgd vhpluhfwd lqwhulru gh xq qjxor fruwd d wrgr vhjphqwr dsr0
|dgr hq ho qjxor1

Xqd vhpluhfwd lqwhulru fruwd d fxdotxlhu vhjphqwr dsr|dgr hq ho qjxor

Vhdq grv vhpluhfwdv @ | K gh ruljhq c xqd vhpluhfwd lqwhulru r | xq vhjphqwr

c frpr or lqglfd od jxud1 Vreuh od vhpluhfwd delhuwd rsxhvwd d K hvfrmdprv
xq sxqwr   Ho vhjphqwr  qr fruwd d r ql d vx rsxhvwd sxhv sru ho hmhuflflr
415165  hvw frpsohwdphqwh frqwhqlgr hq ho qjxor gh odgrv @ | od vhpluhfwd
rsxhvwd d od Kc plhqwudv txh od vhpluuhfwd r hvw hq ho qjxor irupdgr sru @ |
sru K | od rsxhvwd gh r hvw frpsohwdphqwh lqfoxlgd hq  @ |  K +yhu hmhuflflr
41515<,1 Sru hvwr  |  hvwq hq vhplsodqrv rsxhvwrv frq uhvshfwr d od uhfwd txh
lqfox|h d rc | hqwrqfhv  od fruwd1 Dghpv frpr od vhpluhfwd r | ho vhjphqwr
 hvwq hq ho qjxor/ vh fruwdq hq ho lqwhulru gho qjxor1


Ghqlflq 561 Gdgrv wuhv sxqwrv c  |  qr dolqhdgrv/ od lqwhuvhfflq gh orv

vhplsodqrv ghwhuplqdgrv sru fdgd sdu gh hvwrv sxqwrv | txh frqwlhqhq do whufhur
vh oodpd wulqjxor1 Ho lqwhulru gh xq wulqjxor hv/ qdwxudophqwh/ od lqwhuvhfflq
gh orv vhplsodqrv delhuwrv fruuhvsrqglhqwhv1 Orv vhjphqwrv hqwuh orv sxqwrv vh
ohv oodpd odgrv gho wulqjxor | d orv sxqwrv phqflrqdgrv vh ohv oodpd yuwlfhv gho
wulqjxor1
Ghqlflq 571 Ho yhuwlfh c txh qr shuwhqhfh d xq odgr @ '  hq xq wulqjxor
c vh oodpd yhuwlfh rsxhvwr do odgr @ Do odgr @ vh oh oodpd rsxhvwr do yuwlfh

Hmhuflflr 4151671 Ho lqwhulru gh xq wulqjxor qr ghjhqhudgr hv qr ydfr

Hmhuflflr 4151681 Orv vhjphqwrv hqwuh orv sxqwrv gh xq odgr | ho yuwlfh rsxhvwr
gh xq wulqjxor hvwq lqfoxlgrv hq ho wulqjxor4;
4;

D hvwrv vhjphqwrv vh ohv oodpd fhyldqdv

45

Hmhuflflr 4151691 Grv vhpluhfwdv lqwhulruhv gh qjxorv glvwlqwrv gh xq wulqjxor

qr ghjhqhudgr/ vh fruwdq hq ho lqwhulru gho wulqjxor
Hmhuflflr 41516:1 Vhd xq wulqjxor  4<  Vhd  xq sxqwr hq ho lqwhulru gho
 
$ $ 
$
wulqjxor1 Orv qjxorv ghwhuplqdgrv sru odv vhpluhfwdv c  | c wrpdgdv
gh d sduhv/ fxeuhq wrgr ho sodqr grqgh vh hqfxhqwud ho wulqjxor1

Hmhuflflr 41516;1 Fxdotxlhu vhpluhfwd txh vhd frsodqdu frq xq wulqjxor/ frq
ruljhq hq xq sxqwr lqwhulru gho wulqjxor fruwd xq odgr gho wulqjxor1

Hmhuflflr 41516<1 Wrgd uhfwd frsodqdu frq xq wulqjxor/ txh wlhqh sxqwrv hq ho
lqwhulru gh xq wulqjxor/ fruwd orv odgrv gh xq wulqjxor grv yhfhv1 Dghpv/ vl xqd
uhfwd frsodqdu frq ho wulqjxor fruwd xqd yh} do wulqjxor/ or kdu grv yhfhv
415171Ho vhplhvsdflr

Gdgr ho sodqr Z | vhd ho hvsdflr l

Ghqlflq 581 Vhd xq sxqwr  txh qr shuwhqhfh d Zc vh oodpd vxehvsdflr 7 do

frqmxqwr irupdgr sru orv sxqwrv txh vrq orv vhjxqgrv h{wuhprv gh orv vhjphqwrv
txh wlhqhq xqr gh vxv h{wuhprv hq  | txh qr wlhqhq qlqjq sxqwr gh Z
Hmhuflflr 4151731 7 hv qr ydfr
Whruhpd 591 7 hv frqyh{r1
4<

Hvwd qrwdflq vljqlfd txh orv yuwlfhv gh xq wulqjxor vrq orv sxqwrv D> E | F=

46

Vhdq orv sxqwrv ' | - +fxdohvtxlhud, shuwhqhflhqwhv d 7  Vl orv sxqwrv c ' |

- hvwxylhudq dolqhdgrv/ ho vhjphqwr '-c shuwhqhfhud d 7  +Od mxvwlfdflq vh od
ghmdprv do ohfwru,1 Hq ho fdvr hq txh orv sxqwrv c ' | - qr hvwxylhudq dolqhdgrv
ho vhjphqwr '- ghehu shuwhqhfhu d 7  Vl hvwh qr ixhud ho fdvr/ frqvlghuhprv do
wulqjxor  '- ' | | ho sodqr k ghwhuplqdgr sru c ' | -1 Vl od lqwhuvhfflq hqwuh
k | Z ixhud ydfd/ orv vhjphqwrv hqwuh orv sxqwrv gh '- |  qr whqgudq sxqwrv hq
frpq frq Z/ | ho vhjphqwr hq fxhvwlq hvwdu hq 7 Vl od lqwhuvhfflq hqwuh k | Z
ixhvh od uhfwd oc hvwd uhfwd qr sxhgh fruwdu qlqjxq odgr gh | ql sdvdu sru xq yuwlfh1
Hq hihfwr/ vl od uhfwd fruwdud dojq odgr gh |c hvwd odgr ghehud vhu qhfhvduldphqwh
'-c sxhvwr txh orv rwurv odgrv/ sru klswhvlv/ qr frqwlhqhq qlqjq sxqwr gh Z
Hq hvwh fdvr vh frqwudglfh od vhjxqgd sduwh gho hmhuflflr 41516<1 Wdpsrfr sxhghq
kdehu sxqwrv gh o hq ho lqwhulru gh | +Od mxvwlfdflq vh od ghmdprv do ohfwru, Hq
ghqlwlyd/ qlqjxqd fhyldqd ghvgh ho sxqwr c wlhqh sxqwrv gh od uhfwd o | sru or
wdqwr/ hq hvwh fdvr wdpelhq ho vhjphqwr '- hvw lqfoxlgr hq 7  Frpr kdvwd
dtx khprv frqvlghudgr wrgrv orv fdvrv srvleohv/ frqfoxlprv txh 7 hv frqh{r1
Ghqlflq 5:1 Orv sxqwrv txh qr hvwq hq Z | txh wdpsrfr hvwq hq 7 irupdq
xq frqmxqwr do txh vh oh oodpd vhplhvsdflr rsxhvwr d 7 Or ghqrwduhprv  7
Hmhuflflr 4151741  7 hv qr ydfr

Hmhuflflr 4151751 Orv vhjphqwrv hqwuh orv sxqwrv gh  7 |  frqwlhqhq xq

sxqwr gh Z
Hmhuflflr 4151761 Orv vhjphqwrv hqwuh orv sxqwrv gh  7 | orv sxqwrv gh 7
frqwlhqhq xq sxqwr gh Z
Hmhuflflr 4151771  7 hv frqyh{r1

Hmhuflflr 4151781 Fxdotxlhu sxqwr gh 7 vluyh sdud ghqlu d 7  Hvwr hv/ vl

' 5 7 c ho frqmxqwr gh orv vhjxqgrv h{wuhprv gh orv vhjphqwrv txh wlhqhq sru
h{wuhpr do sxqwr ' | txh qr frqwlhqhq qlqjxq sxqwr gh Zc hv ho surslr 7
Vxjhuhqfld= frqvlghuh orv wulqjxorv ' f sdud xq f fxdotxlhud gh 7 
Hmhuflflr 4151791 Vhd ' 5 7 c ho frqmxqwr gh orv vhjxqgrv h{wuhprv gh orv
vhjphqwrv txh wlhqhq sru h{wuhpr do sxqwr ' | txh qr frqwlhqhq qlqjxq sxqwr
gh Zc hv ho surslr  7
Hmhuflflr 41517:1 Xq vhplsodqr gh erugh dojxqd uhfwd gh Z | txh frqwlhqh d 
hvw frpsohwdphqwh frqwhqlgr hq 7
47

51 Wudqvirupdflrqhv hq ho sodqr
5141Ixqflrqhv gh sxqwrv

Hq hvwd vhfflq lqwhqwduhprv mxvwlfdu od qrflq lqwxlwlyd gh prylplhqwr gh od

irupd pv irupo | uslgd txh srgdprv1 Sdud hvwr ghehuhprv kdeodu gh dojxqrv
frqfhswrv gh pdwhpwlfd suhylrv1 Sulphudphqwh qrv rfxsduhprv gh ixqflrqhv gh
sxqwrv1
Ghqlflq 5;1 Gdgrv grv sxqwrv  | '/ vh oodpd sdu rughqdgr gh orv sxqwrv 
| ' do frqmxqwr gh od irupd ii j c ic 'jj  Vh or ghqrwd Ec '  do sxqwr  vh
oh oodpd sulphud frpsrqhqwh | do sxqwr ' vh oh oodpd vhjxqgd frpsrqhqwh14 1

Ghqlflq 5<1 Gdgrv grv frqmxqwrv gh sxqwrv k | q/ do frqmxqwr gh wrgrv orv

sduhv rughqdgrv gh wdo pdqhud txh od sulphud frpsrqhqwh hv xq sxqwr gh k |
vhjxqgd frpsrqhqwh hv xq sxqwr gh qc vh oh oodpd surgxfwr fduwhvldqr gh k | q
| vh or ghqrwd sru k  q D wrgr vxefrqmxqwr gh k  q vh oh oodpd uhodflq gh k
hq q
Ghqlflq 631 D xqd uhodflq gh k hq q txh fxpsoh txh sdud fdgd sxqwr  gh
k h{lvwh xq qlfr sxqwr ' gh q gh wdo prgr txh ho sdu Ec ' hvw hq hvwd uhodflq/
vh oh oodpd ixqflq gh k hq q Hq hvwh fdvr vh glfh txh od ixqflq s dvljqd d  ho
ydoru ' | vh hvfuleh s E  ' ' Do frqmxqwr k vh oh oodpd grplqlr gh od ixqflq
| do frqmxqwr q vh oh oodpd frgrplqlr gh od ixqflq1 Do frqmxqwr gh odv vhjxqgdv
frpsrqhqwhv gh od ixqflq vh oh oodpd lpdjhq gh od ixqflq1 Vh glfh txh  hv xq
sxqwr mr gh s vl vh fxpsoh txh s E  ' 
Hv fodur txh od lpdjhq gh od ixqflq hv xq vxefrqmxqwr gho frgrplqlr gh
od ixqflq1 Pxfkrv dxwruhv oh oodpdq d od dvljqdflq ixqflq/ plhqwudv txh do
frqmxqwr gh sduhv rughqdgrv oh oodpdq jufd gh od ixqflq1
Hq uhdolgdg hq fxhqwd gh sxqwrv srguhprv kdeodu gh hohphqwrv hq jhqhudo/ shur frpr od
pd|ru sduwh gh odv yhfhv wudwduhprv vrodphqwh frq sxqwrv/ qrv uhihuluhprv d sxqwrv1
4

48

Hmhuflflr 514141 Od uhodflq gh k hq kc txh frqvwd gh wrgrv orv sduhv rughqdgrv

frq sulphud | vhjxqgd frpsrqhqwhv ljxdohv vh oodpd ixqflq lghqwlgdg1 Pxhvwuh
txh hv hihfwlydphqwh xqd ixqflq1
Hmhuflflr 514151 Gh xq hmhpsor gh xqd uhodflq gh / hq / txh qr vhd ixqflq1

Hmhuflflr 514161 Vhdq k | q grv frqmxqwrv gh sxqwrv +fxdohvtxlhud, | vhd s xqd

ixqflq/ Vl 1 k  q ' s Ek  s Eq 5
514141Ixqflrqhv el|hfwlydv

Ghqlflq 641 Xqd ixqflq hv el|hfwlyd vl od lpdjhq frlqflgh frq ho frgrplqlr

| vl fxdotxlhu sdu gh sxqwrv glvwlqwrv gho grplqlr wlhqhq lpdjhqhv glvwlqwdv1
Hmhuflflr 514171 Od ixqflq lghqwlgdg hv el|hfwlyd

Ghqlflq 651 Od lqyhuvd gh xqd ixqflq s hv xqd uhodflq txh vh rewlhqh gh

lqwhufdpeldu od sulphud sru od vhjxqgd frpsrqhqwh gh orv sduhv rughqdgrv gh od
ixqflq1 Vh od ghqrwd sru s
3

Ghqlflq 661 Gdgdv grv ixqflrqhv s | }c gh wdo prgr txh od lpdjhq gh }

hv xq vxefrqmxqwr gho frgrplqlr gh sc vh ghqh xqd ixqflq  txh vh oh oodpd
frpsrvlflq gh } frq s | vh ghqrwd s  } d od ixqflq txh wlhqh frpr grplqlr k ho
grplqlr gh } | frpr frgrplqlr q ho frgrplqlr gh s gh wdo prgr txh sdud fdgd
 5 k h{lvwh xq ' 5 qc wdo txh s E} E  ' '
Whruhpd 671 Vl xqd ixqflq s hv el|hfwlyd/ vx lqyhuvd hv xqd ixqflq1

Sdud fdgd hohphqwr ' gho frgrplqlr gh sc h{lvwlu do phqrv xq  gho grplqlr
gh s gh wdo prgr txh ' ' s E / sxhv/ frpr s hv el|hfwlyd ho grplqlr gh s
frlqflgh frq od lpdjhq1 Dghpv hvwh  gheh vhu qlfr/ sxhv vl kxelhvh grv/ sru
hmhpsor  |  gh wdo prgr txh ' ' s E  | ' ' s E  vh hvwdud frqwudglflhqgr
od ghqlflq gh el|hfwlylgdg1


Hmhuflflr 514181 Vl od lqyhuvd gh xqd ixqflq hv ixqflq/ hv wdpelhq el|hfwlyd1

Hmhuflflr 514191 Vhdq s | } ixqflrqhv el|hfwlydv hqwrqfhv Es  }

'}

s

Hmhuflflr 5141:1 Od frpsrvlflq gh xqd ixqflq el|hfwlyd frq vx lqyhuvd hv od

lghqwlgdg1
5

Vh glfh txh odv ixqflrqhv suhvhuydq od lqfoxvlq

49

514151Frqmxqwrv hvwdeohv

Ghqlflq 681 Vhd k xq frqmxqwr gh sxqwrv ghqlprv s Ek do frqmxqwr gh orv

sxqwrv ' ' s E  grqgh  hv xq sxqwr gh k Vh glfh txh k hv hvwdeoh hq s vl
fxpsoh txh s Ek ' k

Whruhpd 691 Vhdq k | q grv frqmxqwrv gh sxqwrv +fxdohvtxlhud, | vhd s xqd

ixqflq el|hfwlyd1 s Ek ^ q ' s Ek ^ s Eq 6
Hq hihfwr vl wrpdprv  hq k ^ qc  ghehu hvwdu hq k r hq qc | ' ' s E 
ghehu hvwdu hq s Ek r hq s Eq/ oxhjr ' hvwdu hq s Ek ^ s Eq  Sru rwur odgr/ vl
' ' s E  hvw hq s Ek^s Eq c ' ghehu hvwdu hq s Ek r hq s Eq  Vl ' hvwxylhud
hq s Ek c do vhu s el|hfwlyd  ghehud hvwdu hq k Gho plvpr prgr vl ' hvwxylhud
hq s Eq  Gh hvwdv grv owlpdv rudflrqhv ghgxflprv txh  qr sxhgh hvwdu hq rwur
oxjdu pv txh hq k ^ q 

Hmhuflflr 5141;1 Vhdq k | q grv frqmxqwrv gh sxqwrv +fxdohvtxlhud, | vhd s xqd

ixqflq el|hfwlyd1 s Ek _ q ' s Ek _ s Eq 7
Hmhuflflr 5141<1 Od frpsrvlflq gh ixqflrqhv el|hfwlydv hv el|hfwlydv1

Hmhuflflr 5141431 Xq sxqwr mr gh xqd ixqflq el|hfwlyd hv wdpelq sxqwr mr
gh od ixqflq lqyhuvd1

5151Wudqvirupdflrqhv ujlgdv hq ho sodqr

Qrv uhvwulqjluhprv d odv wudqvirupdflrqhv hq ho sodqr Z1

D{lrpd 431 Xqd wudqvirupdflq # hq ho sodqr Z hv xqd ixqflq el|hfwlyd gh Z

hq Z Xq wudqvirupdflq vhu ujlgd vl
41 Gdgrv wuhv sxqwrv fxdohvtxlhud c  | c txh fxpsohq txh hvwq dolqhdgrv
frq  hqwuh  | c hqwrqfhv # E c # E | # E hvwq dolqhdgrv frq # E
hqwuh # E | # E 8
51 qlqjq vhjphqwr sxhgh wudqvirupduvh hq xqd sduwh sursld gh vl plvpr
Vh glfh txh odv ixqflrqhv el|hfwlydv suhvhuydq od xqlq1
Vh glfh txh odv ixqflrqhv el|hfwlydv suhvhuydq od lqwhuvhfflq
8
Suhvhuyd od dolqhdflq | od uhodflq hqwuh1
6
7

4:

61 qlqjq qjxor sxhgh wudqvirupduvh hq rwur qjxor frq ho pvpr yuwlfh shur
txh vhd sduwh sursld gh vl plvpr1
71 Odv wudqvirupdflrqhv ujlgdv ghehq fxpsolu txh

41 Od lqyhuvd gh xqd wudqvirupdflq ujlgd hq xqd wudqvirupdflq ujlgd

+w1u,
51 Od frpsrvlflq gh wudqvirupdflrqhv ujlgdv hv ujlgd

61 Gdgrv xqd vhpluhfwd r | xq vhplsodqr k ghwhuplqdgr sru hvwd vhpluhf0

wd> | rwud vhpluhfwd r | xq vhplsodqr k ghwhuplqdgrv sru hvwd owlpd
h{lvwh xqd qlfd wudqvirupdflq ujlgd wdo txh # Er ' r | # E@ ' k


Hmhuflflr 515141 Od ixqflq lghqwlgdg hv xqd wudqirupdflq ujlgd

Whruhpd 6:1 Odv vhpluhfwdv vh wudqvirupdq hq vhpluuhfwdv1 hq xqd w1u1

Vhd od vhpluhfwd r gh ruljhq  Vhd # xqd w1u1 gh wdo prgr txh  ' # E c vhd
  
  $
r ' # E # E  grqgh  hv xq sxqwr gh od vhpluhfwd r glvwlqwr gh  Sureduhprv
 
  
  $
$
txh # E # E  ' #  ' r  Vl wrpdprv xq sxqwr ' 5  c hv ghflu txh
' hvwdud hqwuh  | c txhgdud fodur txh # E' hvwdud hqwuh # E | # E  sru
  
  $
ghqlflq gh w1u1/ oxhjr # E' 5 # E # E 1 Or plvpr vxfhghud vl  5 '1 Sru
  
  $
rwur odgr wrphprv xq ' 5 # E # E  | frqvlghuhprv ho fdvr hq txh ' hvw hqwuh
# E | # E  hq hvwh fdvr sru d{lrpd gh w1u1 od lqyhuvd gh wrgd wudqvirupdflq
ujlgd hv xqd wudqvirupdflq ujlgd txhgd txh # E'  hvw hqwuh # E# E ' 
| # E# E  '  Ho fdvr txh uhvwd frqvlghudu or ghmdprv frpr hmhuflflr sdud ho
ohfwru1


Hmhuflflr 515151 Odv uhfwdv vh wudqvirupdq hq uhfwdv hq xqd w1u1

Hmhuflflr 515161 Orv vhjphqwrv vh wudqvirupdq hq vhjphqwrv hq xqd w1u1

Hmhuflflr 515171 Orv vhplsodqrv vh wudqvirupdq hq vhplsodqrv

Hmhuflflr 515181 Xq vhjphqwr qr sxhgh frqwhqhu frpr sduwh sursld d vx wudqv0

irupdgr

Hmhuflflr 515191 Od rsxhvwd gh xqd vhpluhfwd vh wudqvirupd hq xqd w1u1 hq od

rsxhvwd gh od vhpluhfwd wudqvirupdgd
4;

Hmhuflflr 5151:1 Ho vhplsodqr rsxhvwr gh xq vhplsodqr vh wudqvirupd hq xqd w1u1

hq ho rsxhvwr gho vhplsodqr wudqvirupdgr
Hmhuflflr 5151;1 Odv uhfwdv sdudohodv vh wudqvirupdq hq sdudohodv

Hmhuflflr 5151<1 Wuhv sxqwrv qr dolqhdgrv vh wudqvirupdq hq sxqwrv qr dolqhdgrv

Hmhuflflr 5151431 Odv uhfwdv vhfdqwhv vh wudqvirupdq hq uhfwdv vhfdqwhv1

Whruhpd 6;1 Gdgr xq vhjphqwr  ' | xqd vhpluhfwd r gh ruljhq c h{lvwh xq

qlfr sxqwr - hq r txh fxpsoh txh - hv frqjuxhqwh frq  '


$
Vhd od vhpluhfwd  ' | k xq vhplsodqr gh erugh  vhpluhfwd9 1 Sru ho d{lrpd
 hvwd
$
gh odv w1u1 h{lvwlu xqd qlfd w1u1 # wdo txh #  ' ' r | # Ek ' k / grqgh k
hv xqr gh orv vhplsodqrv gh erugh r1 Hq hvwdv frqglflrqhv # E' ' - | hqwrqfhv
 '  -1 Vl h{lvwlhvh xq - 9' - wdpelhq vreuh r | txh fxpsod txh  '  

txlhuh ghflu txh h{lvwh lc w1u1 wdo txh l  ' ' - shur sru d{lrpd h{lvwh


wdpelhq #  l w1u1 wdo txh #  l - ' - shur hvwr frqwudglud ho d{lrpd gh odv
w1u1 r dojxqd gh vxv frqvhfxhqfldv +Yhu hmhuflflr 51518, |d txh xqr gh orv vhjphqwrv
vhud sduwh sursld gho rwur1 Oxhjr - ' - 
Ho whruhpd 6; vh oh oodpd whruhpd gh wudqvsruwh gh vhjphqwrv/ | ho qrpeuh
vh gheh d txh hvwr mxvwlfd txh vh sxhgd kdfhu frsldv gh xq vhjphqwr vreuh
fxdotxlhu vhpluuhfwdv1 Hq ho sodqr pv frqfuhwr hvwr mxvwlfdud txh vh sxhgh
fdofdu xq vhjphqwr gdgr hq rwud vhpluhfwd gdgd1 Vljxlhqgr ho ud}rqdplhqwr sdud
wudqvsruwh gh vhjphqwrv vh sxhgh ghgxflu ho whruhpd sdud wudqvsruwh gh qjxorv
txh vh ghmd frpr


Hmhuflflr 5151441 Hqxqfldu | ghprvwudu ho whruhpd gh wudqvsruwh gh qjxorv1

Hmhuflflr 5151451 Vl xqd w1u1 wlhqh grv sxqwrv mrv wlhqh wrgd xqd uhfwd md

Hmhuflflr 5151461 Vl xqd w1u1 wlhqh wuhv sxqwrv mrv qr dolqhdgrv/ hvwd w1u1 hv
xqlfdphqwh od lghqwlgdg1
Hq uhdolgdg ghehudprv ghflu xq vhplsodqr gh erugh od uhfwd txh frqwlhqh d hvwd vhpluhfwd1
Shur ho dkruur gh sdodeudv mxvwlfd ho dexvr gh ohqjxdmh frphwlgr1
9

4<

515141Frqjuxhqfld

Ghqlflq 6<1 Grv frqmxqwrv gh sxqwrv vh glfhq frqjuxhqwhv vl h{lvwh xqd wudqv0
irupdflq ujlgd gh wdo prgr txh od lpdjhq sru hvwd gh xqr gh hoorv hv ho rwur1
Sdud od frqjuxhqfld xvduhprv ho vperor 
Hmhuflflr 5151471 Wrgr frqmxqwr hv frqjuxhqwh frqvljr plvpr:

Hmhuflflr 5151481 Vl xq frqmxqwr k hv frqjuxhqwh frq xq frqmxqwr q ho frqmxqwr

q or hv frq ho k;
Hmhuflflr 5151491 Vl xq frqmxqwr k hv frqjuxhqwh frq xq frqmxqwr q | ho frqmxqwr
q or hv frq ho c k hv frqjuxhqwh frq ho <
Ghqlflq 731 Ho oxjdu jhrpwulfr gh orv sxqwrv txh vrq orv vhjxqgrv h{wuhprv
gh orv vhjphqwrv qr qxorv | frqjuxhqwhv txh wlhqhq xq h{wuhpr hq c vh oh oodpd
flufxqihuhqfld gh fhqwur  D fdgd xqr gh orv vhjphqwrv vh oh oodpd udglr gh od
flufxqihuhqfld1
Hmhuflflr 51514:1 Odv flufxqihuhqfldv vh wudqvirupdq hq flufxqihuhqfldv hq xqd
w1u1 Dghpv vl ho fhqwur gh xqd flufxqihuhqfld hv mr hq xqd w1u1 hqwrqfhv od
flufxqihuhqfld hv hvwdeoh1
Ghqlflq 741 Xq wuldqjxor hv lvrvfhohv vl wlhqh xq sdu gh odgrv frqjuxhqwhv1 Vl
orv wuhv odgrv gh xq wulqjxor vrq frqjuxhqwhv ho wulqjxor hv htxlowhur1
Rughq hq vhjphqwrv | qjxorv

Ghqlflq 751 Xq vhjphqwr  hv phqru txh xqr ( vl h{lvwh xq vhjphqwr

  lqfoxlgr sursldphqwh hq ( | txh hv frqjuxhqwh frq  Xq qjxor k hv
phqru txh xq qjxor q vl h{lvwh xq qjxor k lqfoxlgr sursldphqwh hq q | frq ho
pvpr yuwlfh


Hmhuflflr 51514;1 Xq vhjphqwr  hv phqru txh xqr ( vl h{lvwh xq sxqwr 

hq ( gh wdo prgr txh   

Vh oh oodpd surslhgdg uh h{lyd gh od frqjuxhqfld1

Vh oh oodpd surslhgdg vlpwulfd gh od frqjuxhqfld1
<
Vh oh oodpd surslhgdg wudqvlwlyd gh od frqjuxhqfld1 Frpr od frqjuxhqfld fxpsoh od uh h{lyl0
gdg/ od uhflsurflgdg | od wudqvlwlylgdg/ vh glfh txh od frqjuxhqfld hv xqd uhodflq gh htxlydohqfld1
:
;

53

A
A
Hmhuflflr 51514<1 Xq qjxor @K hv phqru txh xq qjxor S_ vl h{lvwh xqd vhpluhfwd
A
B
A
lqwhulru K hq S_ gh wdo prgr txh SK  @K1


Hmhuflflr 5151531 Qlqjq vhjphqwr sxhgh wudqvirupduvh hq xqr phqru1

Hmhuflflr 5151541 Qlqjq qjxor sxhgh wudqvirpduvh hq xqr phqru1
Sxqwr phglr | elvhfwul}

Ghqlflq 761 Vh glfh txh grv sxqwrv  |  htxlglvwdq gh xq whufhur  vl

   Ho ho fdvr hq txh c  |  hvwxelhudq dolqhdgrv/ d  vh oh oodpdud
sxqwr phglr gho vhjphqwr 
Hmhuflflr 5151551 Ho sxqwr phglr  gh xq vhjphqwr  vh hqfxhqwud hqwuh 
| 
Hmhuflflr 5151561 Ho sxqwr phglr gh xq vhjphqwr/ vl h{lvwh/ hv qlfr1

A
Ghqlflq 771 Vhd r xqd vhpluhfwd lqwhulru gho qjxor @K txh fxpsoh txh @r 
A
A hqwrqfhv d r vh oh oodpd elvhfwul} gho qjxor @K
A
rKc
Hmhuflflr 5151571 Od elvhfwul} gh xq qjxor/ vl h{lvwh/ hv qlfd1
Dqjxorv Dg|dfhqwhv

Ghqlflq 781 Grv qjxorv vh ohv oodpd dg|dfhqwhv vl frpsduwhq xq odgr | orv
rwurv grv odgrv hvwq vreuh vhpluuhfwdv rsxhvwdv1
Hmhuflflr 5151581 Wrgr qjxor qr qxor ql oodqr wlhqh grv dg|dfhqwhv

Ghqlflq 791 Xq qjxor vh glfh uhfwr vl hv frqjuxhqwh frq dojxqr gh vxv dg|d0
fhqwhv1
Hmhuflflr 5151591 Wrgrv orv qjxorv uhfwrv vrq frqjuxhqwhv

Ghqlflq 7:1 Xq qjxor k txh hv frqjuxhqwh frq xq dg|dfhqwh gh rwur q vh

glfh vxsohphqwdulr
Hmhuflflr 51515:1 Wrgrv orv qjxorv uhfwrv vrq vxsohphqwdulrv
54

Vxpd gh vhjphqwrv | qjxorv

Ghqlflq 7;1 Xq vhjphqwr  vh oh oodpd vxpd gh rwurv ( | .8 vl h{lvwh xq

sxqwr f gh wdo prgr txh f  ( | f  .8  D od vxpd gh grv vhjphqwrv
frqjuxhqwhv vh oh oodpd vhjphqwr greoh1 Ho uhvwr gh odv ghqlflrqhv vh yxhoyhq
qdwxudohv
Hmhuflflr 51515;1 Ghqlu vhjphqwr plwdg

Hmhuflflr 51515<1 Ghqlu vxpd gh qjxorv1

Hmhuflflr 5151631 Ghqlu qjxor greoh | qjxor plwdg1

Hmhuflflr 5151641 Od vxpd gh grv uhfwrv hv xq oodqr

Ghqlflq 7<1 Vl od vxpd gh grv qjxorv hv xq uhfwr/ d dtxhoorv qjxorv vh ohv

oodpd frpsohphqwdulrv1 Vl od vxpd gh grv qjxorv hv xq oodqr d orv qjxorv vh ohv
oodpd vxsohphqwdulrv1
Hmhuflflr 5151651 Grv qjxorv dg|dfhqwhv vrq vxsohphqwdulrv1 Hv flhuwr od sur0
srvlflq uhfsurfdB
515151Wudqvirupdflrqhv ujlgdv lqyroxwlydv

Ghqlflq 831 Xqd w1u1 vh glfh lqyroxwlyd vl do frpsrqhuod frq vl plvpd uhvxowd
od ixqflq lghqwlgdg1
Hmhuflflr 5151661 Prvwudu txh od lqyhuvd gh xqd w1u1 lqyroxwlyd hv od sursld w1u143

Whruhpd 841 Xqd w1u1 lqyroxwlyd ghmd hvwdeoh xq vhjphqwr gh h{wuhprv xq sxqwr
fxdotxlhud | vx wudqvirupdgr1
fodur
sxhv sdud fxdotxlhu c vh fxpsoh txh  # E  ' # E# E  # E  '
Hvwr hv

# # E   ' #  # E  sru vhu # lqyroxwlyd1 

Hmhuflflr 5151671 Xqd w1u1 lqyroxwlyd ghmd hvwdeoh xqd uhfwd txh sdvd sru xq
sxqwr fxdotxlhud | vx wudqvirupdgr +Frqvlghuh ho fdvr txh ho sxqwr sru grqgh
sdvd vhd mr,
43

D hvwh wlsr gh ixqflrqhv vh ohv oodpd dxwrlqyhuvdv

55

Hmhuflflr 5151681 Hq xqd w1u1 lqyroxwlyd vl xqd uhfwd | vx wudqvirupdgd vh lqwhu0

vhfdq hq xq sxqwr/ hvwh sxqwr hv mr hq hvwd w1u1

Whruhpd 851 Ho sxqwr phglr +vl h{lvwh, gh xq vhjphqwr gh h{wuhprv xq sxqwr

| vx wudqvirupdgr hq xqd w1u1 lqyroxwlyd hv mr1
Vhd   sxqwr phglr gho  | vhd # xqd w1u1 lqyroxwlyd frq  ' # E/
ho 

hqwrqfhv #  '   Frpr l  ' c sdud dojxqd w1u1 |d txh  
 

/ hqwrqfhv  '   Vl hvwh qr ixhud ho fdvr/ kdflhqgr # l  ' 
vh oohjdud d txh xqr gh orv grv vhjphqwrv  r  c vhuld phqru txh ho rwur
frqwudglflhqgr dojxqd frqvhfxhqfld gho d{lrpd gh odv w1u1


Hmhuflflr 5151691 Od elvhfwul} +vl h{lvwh, gh xq qjxor ghwhuplqdgr sru xqd vh0
pluhfwd | vx wudqvirupdgd hv hvwdeoh hq xqd w1u1 lqyroxwlyd frq wrgrv vxv sxqwrv
mrv1
Hmhuflflr 51516:1 Wrgd w1u1 lqyroxwlyd wlhqh do phqrv xq vhjphqwr hvwdeoh1 Qd0
wxudophqwh wdpelq xqd uhfwd hvwdeoh1

56

61 Wlsrv gh Wudqvirupdflrqhv
6141Vlphwud fhqwudo

Ghqlflq 861 Vhd  xq sxqwr gho sodqr Z vhd r xqd vhpluhfwd fxdotxlhud gh
ruljhq  | k xq vhplsodqr gh erugh r Od w1u1 j hv od vlphwud fhqwudo gh fhqwur
 vl j Er ' r | j Ek ' k

Whruhpd 871 Fxdotxlhu vhpluhfwd gh ruljhq  vhuylud ljxdophqwh sdud ghqlu

od plvpd vlphwud jJ
Vhdq grv vhpluhfwdv qr rsxhvwdv r | | Vhdq orv vhplsodqrv k | q grv vhplsod0
prv gh erughv uhvshfwlydphqwh r | | Vl j Er ' r | j Ek ' kc revhuyhprv
txh j E| ' | grqgh | hv xqd vhpluhfwd gh ruljhq  |d txh  hv reyldphqwh mr1
Vl | 9' |c | ghehud hvwdu lqfoxlgd hq dojxqr gh orv vhplsodqrv delhuwrv gh erugh
A
|c sru hmhpsor q Dv ho qjxor || qr vhud oodqr | hvwdud frpsohwdphqwh lqfoxlgr
A
hq q Vxsrqjdprv txh r vhd lqwhulru d || hqwrqfhv




 
A ' j |r ^ | r ' j |r ^ j | r ' |  r ^ |  r
B
_ ^
A B
A
j ||


Shur hvwh owlpr plhpeur frqwhqgud do vhplsodqr  q | ho vhplsodqr q vh wudqv0

irupdud hq xqd sduwh sursld gho  qc or txh hv devxugr1 Hvwh devxugr surylqr
gh vxsrqhu txh | 9' | sru or fxdo | ' | Vh ghmd frpr hmhuflflr do ohfwru txh
j Eq ' q


Whruhpd 881 Od vlphwud fhqwudo hv lqyroxwlyd

Vhd od vlphwud fhqwudo j | vhdq od vhpluhfwd fxdotxlhud r gh ruljhq  | ho

vhplsodqr k gh erugh hvwd vhpluhfwd yhprv txh
j  Ej Er ' j E r ' E r ' r
j Ej Ek ' j E k ' E k ' k

Shur hvwh wlsr gh frvdv or kdfh od lghqwlgdg/ oxhjr sru ho d{lrpd gh od w1u1j j '
_
57

Hmhuflflr 614141 Ho vhjphqwr  hv frqjuxhqwh frq ho j E  Hvwr hv/  hv

mr hq hvwd w1u1 Dghpv  hv ho sxqwr phglr gh  j E 

Hmhuflflr 614151 Odv uhfwdv txh sdvdq sru ho fhqwur gh od vlphwud shupdqhfhq
hvwdeohv hq hvwd vlphwud1
Hmhuflflr 614161 Orv qjxorv rsxhvwrv sru ho yuwlfh vrq frqjuxhqwhv

Hmhuflflr 614171 Grv qjxorv dg|dfhqwhv d xq qjxor gdgr vrq frqjuxhqwhv1

Hmhuflflr 614181 Wrgd vlphwud fhqwudo wlhqh xq qlfr sxqwr mr txh hv vx fhqwur1
+Vxjhuhqfld= Vxsrqjd od h{lvwhqfld gh rwur sxqwr mr  glvwlqwr gho fhqwur gh od

$
vlphwud  | frqvlghuh od rshudflq gh od vlphwud vreuh od vhpluhfwd  
Whruhpd 891 Gdgrv grv sxqwrv  |  glvwlqwrv vhd k ho vhplsodqr ghwhuplqdgr
 
#
$
$

$
sru od uhfwd  od w1u1 # txh fxpsoh txh #  '  | # Ek ' k hv xqd
vlphwud fhqwudo1
Ghmdprv do ohfwru od yhulfdflq gh txh # hv lqyroxwlyd1 Wrphprv  h{whulru
$
#
$
#
$ #
d  Vhd  '  _  # E  +Qrwh txh hvwd lqwhuvhfflq h{lvwh sxhv  | # 
E

#
$
#
$
hvwq hq glvwlqwr vhplsodqr frq uhvshfwr d  Dghpv # E ' #  _


#
$
$
#
$ #
#  # E  '  _  # E  '  +Yhu hmhuflflr 515167, Sru wdqwr  hv mr1 Dvl
 

$
 
$

$ 
$
#  ' # ^   ' ^   '  Sru or wdqwr hvwd hv j 
Hmhuflflr 614191 H{lvwh ho sxqwr phglr gh fxdotxlhu vhjphqwr gdgr1 Dghpv
hvwh sxqwr hv qlfr1

Sxqwr Phglr
58

Hmhuflflr 6141:1 Wrgd w1u1 lqyroxwlyd wlhqh do phqrv xq sxqwr mr1

Hmhuflflr 6141;1 Wrgd w1u1 lqyroxwlyd wlhqh do phqrv xqd flufxqihuhqfld hvwdeoh1

Whruhpd 8:1 Xqd uhfwd fxdotxlhud txh qr sdvd sru ho fhqwur gh vlphwud vh
wudqvirupd hq xqd sdudohod d vl plvpd
Vhdq grv uhfwdv | | | gh wdo pdqhud txh j E| ' | frq | txh qr sdvd sru 
Vxsrqjdprv  ' | _ | hqwrqfhv j E ' j E| _ |  ' | _ | '  sru or fxdo  hv
mr hq hvwd vlphwud/ or txh frqwudglfh ho uhvxowdgr gho hmhuflflr 614181 Hq vlqwhvlv
| | | vrq sdudohodv


Hmhuflflr 6141<1 Gdgd xqd uhfwd o | xq sxqwr  h{whulru d oc h{lvwh xqd uhfwd +do
phqrv, txh hv sdudohod d o | txh sdvd sru  +Vxjhuhqfld= Frqvlghuh xqd vlphwuld
fhqwudo gh fhqwur ho sxqwr phglr gho vhjphqwr hqwuh  | xq sxqwr fxdotxlhud gh
od uhfwd o
Hmhuflflr 6141431 Od vlphwud fhqwudo gh fhqwur ho fhqwur gh xqd flufxqihuhqfld
gdgd/ ghmd md d glfkd flufxqihuhqfld1
Whruhpd 8;1 Grv qjxorv k | q frqjuxhqwhv wlhqhq yuwlfhv  |   Vl k wlhqh
$

$

xqr gh vxv odgrv od vhpluuhfwd  | q od vhpluuhfwd   | hvwq hq glvwlqwrv
#
$
vhplsodqrv frq uhvshfwr d od uhfwd  c hqwrqfhv orv odgrv uhvwdqwhv gh k | q vrq
sdudohorv1


Vl wrpr od vlphwud fhqwudo j grqgh  hv ho sxqwr phglr gho vhjphqwr  c

j Ek ' qc gh dtx txh orv rwurv grv odgrv vhdq sdudohorv/ sru vhu xqr od lpdjhq
gho rwur1


Hmhuflflr 6141441 Xvdqgr wudqvsruwh gh qjxorv | gh vhjphqwrv ghvduurooh dojq

surfhglplhqwr sdud hqfrqwudu sxqwrv phglrv | sdudohodv1 Yhu Iljxud BB

6151Vlphwud d{ldo

Ghqlflq 8<1 Vhd o xqd uhfwd gho sodqr Z vhd r xqd vhpluhfwd fxdotxlhud lq0
foxlgd hq o | k xq vhplsodqr gh erugh o Od w1u1 jo hv od vlphwud d{ldo gh hmh o vl
jo Er ' r | j Ek ' k
59

Hmhuflflr 615141 Fxdotxlhu vhpluhfwd hq o vhuylud ljxdophqwh sdud ghqlu jo

Hmhuflflr 615151 Xqd vlphwuld d{lo fxdotxlhud hv lqyroxwlyd1

Hmhuflflr 615161 Orv qlfrv sxqwrv mrv gh xqd vlphwud d{ldo vrq orv gh vx hmh1

Hmhuflflr 615171 Vhd  xq sxqwr txh qr hvw hq ho hmh gh xqd vlphwud d{ldo j o 
Ho sxqwr phglr  gho vhjphqwr  jo E  hvw vreuh o Dghpv xqd vhpluhfwd
$

fxdotxlhud gh ruljhq  txh hvw vreuh oc irupd frq  xq qjxor uhfwr1
Hmhuflflr 615181 H{lvwh xq qjxor uhfwr1

A
Hmhuflflr 615191 Gdgr xq qjxor uhfwr r| od w1u1 # txh fxpsoh txh # Er ' r |
# Ek ' kc grqgh k hv xqr gh orv vhplsodqrv ghwhuplqdgrv sru rc hv xqd vlphwud
d{ldo gh hmh od uhfwd txh frqwlhqh d |


Hmhuflflr 6151:1 Gdgd xqd uhfwd o | xq sxqwr  h{whulru d hvwd uhfwd sdvd xqd
shushqglfxodu d o sru 
Whruhpd 931 Gdgrv grv vhpluuhfwdv @ | K glvwlqwdv qr rsxhvwdv/ frq ho plvpr
ruljhq  vhd k ho vhplsodqr ghwhuplqdgr sru od vhpluuhfwd @ txh frqwlhqh d K |
q ho vhplsodqr ghwhuplqdgr sru od vhpluuhfwd K txh frqwlhqh d @c od w1u1 # txh
fxpsoh txh # E@ ' K | # Ek ' q hv xqd vlphwud d{ldo1
Ghmdprv do ohfwru od yhulfdflq gh txh # hv lqyroxwlyd1 Wrphprv  5 @
glvwlqwr gh  txh sdvd sru  Vhd  ' # E Ho sxqwr phglr  gho vhjphqwr 
hv mr hq hvwd w1u1 lqyroxwlyd/ or plvpr txh  +Ghmdprv od mxvwlfdflq gh hvwr
#$
owlpr do ohfwru,1 Sru or wdqwr od uhfwd  hv hvwdeoh/ frq wrgrv vxv sxqwrv mrv
#$
hq hvwd wudqvirupdflq1 Dghpv/ orv vhplsodqrv ghwhuplqdgrv sru  hq hvwd
#$
wudqvirupdflq vh fruuhvsrqghq/ oxhjr hvwd w1u1 hv od vlphwud d{ldo gh hmh 
Hmhuflflr 6151;1 Wrgr qjxor frqyh{r wlhqh xqd elvhfwul}

Hmhuflflr 6151<1 Vl xqd uhfwd | vx wudqvirupdgd sru xqd vlphwud d{ldo vh fruwdq
hq xq sxqwr c hqwrqfhv  hvw vreuh ho hmh gh hvwd vlphwud1

5:

Hmhuflflr 6151431 Xq wulqjxor lvrvfhohv wlhqh grv qjxorv frqjuxhqwhv4 +Vxjh0

uhqfld= Vl  hv ho yuwlfh gh lqwhuvhfflq gh orv odgrv frqjuxhqwhv gho wudqjxor

$

$
lvrvfhohv c sodqwhh od vlphwud d{ldo txh oohyd  hq  Qrwh txh hq hvwh
fdvr  hv ho wudqvirupdgr gh  | uhflsurfdphqwh1,
Hmhuflflr 6151441 Xqd w1u1 txh wudqvirupd xqd vhpluhfwd hq vx rsxhvwd | txh
pdqwlhqh hvwdeohv orv vhplsodqrv ghwhuplqdgrv sru hvwdv vhpluhfwdv hv xqd vlph0
wud d{ldo1 +Vxjhuhqfld= Wrph xq sxqwr  txh qr hvw hq od uhfwd txh frqwlhqh d
hvwdv vhpluhfwdv | dqdolfh ho sxqwr phglr gh hvwh sxqwr | vx wudqvirupdgr,

$

$
Hmhuflflr 6151451 Gdgrv grv sxqwrv glvwlqwrv  |  od w1u1 txh hqyld  hq 
pdqwhqlhqgr hvwdeohv orv vhplsodqrv ghwhuplqdgrv sru hvwdv vhpluhfwdv/ hv xqd
vlphwud d{ldo1
Hmhuflflr 6151461 Vl xq wulqjxor wlhqh grv qjxorv frqjuxhqwhv hqwrqfhv hv lvrv0
fhohv1 +Frqvlghudu hmhuflflr 6151<,

Hmhuflflr 6151471 Hq xq wulqjxor lvrvfhohv/ od phgldwul} gh xq odgr frlqflgh frq

od elvhfwul} gho qjxor rsxhvwr1

Hmhuflflr 6151481 Gdgd xqd uhfwd o | xq sxqwr  hq od uhfwd oc sdvd xqd uhfwd
shushqglfxodu d o sru 
Hmhuflflr 6151491 Gdgd xqd uhfwd o | xq sxqwr c sdvd xqd qlfd uhfwd shushq0
glfxodu d o sru  Glvfulplqh orv fdvrv hq txh ho sxqwr hvwh vreuh od uhfwd | hq
txh qr or hvw1 +Vxjhuhqfld= Dsoltxh ho whruhpd 8;,
Hmhuflflr 61514:1 Xqd flufxqihuhqfld frq glphwur ho hmh gh vlphwud gh xqd vl0
phwud d{ldo shupdqhfh hvwdeoh1
Hvwh whruhpd vh frqrfh frpr Srqv Dqvlqruxp r Sxhqwh gho Dvqr1 Vrod wrpduvh dqwljxd0
phqwh frpr h{dphq gh lqjuhvr d odv xqlyhuvlgdghv1
4

5;

Hmhuflflr 61514;1 Ho oxjdu jhrpwulfr gh orv sxqwrv txh htxlglvwdq gh grv sxqwrv
mrv  |  hv od phgldwul} gho vhjphqwr 

Phgldwul} gh xq vhjphqwr

Hmhuflflr 61514<1 Od rsxhvwd gh od elvhfwul} gh xq qjxor hv od elvhfwul} gho

qjxor rsxhvwr sru ho yuwlfh1
Hmhuflflr 6151531 Od elvhfwul} gh xq qjxor hv shushqglfxodu d od elvhfwul} gho
dg|dfhqwh15
615141Htxlglvwdqfld gh sxqwrv d uhfwdv

Ghqlflq 941 Vhdq grv sxqwrv  |  | od uhfwd oc vhdq  |  orv sxqwrv gh

lqwhuvhfflq gh odv uhfwdv shushqglfxoduhv d o ghvgh  |  uhvshfwlydphqwh/ vh
glfh txh  |  vrq htxlglvwdqwhv d o vl    


Hmhuflflr 6151541 Ho oxjdu jhrpwulfr gh orv sxqwrv hq ho lqwhulru gh xq qjxor

txh htxlglvwdq gh orv odgrv gh glfkr qjxor irupdq od elvhfwul} gho qjxor1

Elvhfwul} gh xq qjxor
Gh hvwd irupd odv elvhfwulfhv ghwhuplqdgdv sru grv uhfwdv vhfdqwh vh glfh txh irupdq xqd
fux} gh elvhfwulfhv1
5

5<

Hmhuflflr 6151551 Od frpsrvlflq gh vlphwudv d{ldohv gh hmhv shushqglfxoduhv hv

xqd vlphwud fhqwudo gh fhqwur ho sxqwr gh lqwhuvhfflq gh orv hmhv1 Od frpsrvlflq
gh xqd vlphwud d{lo gh hmh o frq xqd vlphwud fhqwudo gh fhqwur  hv xqd vlphwud
d{ldo gh hmh xqd uhfwd shushqglfxodu do hmh o txh sdvd sru 
Hmhuflflr 6151561 Odv phgldwulfhv gh orv fdwhwrv gh xq wulqjxor uhfwqjxor vh
fruwdq hq ho sxqwr phglr gh od klsrwhqxvd1 Od flufxqihuhqfld txh wlhqh sru glph0
wur ho sxqwr phglr gh od klsrwhqxvd gh xq wulqjxor uhfwqjxor/ sdvd sru ho qjxor
uhfwr

Flufxqihuhqfld txh sdvd sru orv yuwlfhv gh xq wulqjxor uhfwqjxor

Hmhuflflr 6151571 Odv phgldwulfhv gh odv fxhugdv sdvdq sru ho fhqwur gh od flu0
fxqihuhqfld1
Hmhuflflr 6151581 Gdgdv grv flufxqihuhqfldv txh vh fruwdq hq grv sxqwrv/ od ph0
gldwul} gh od fxhugd frpq hv wdpelq xq glphwur frpq1

Whruhpd 951 Wrgr sxqwr  gh xqd flufxqihuhqfld gh glphwur  hv ho yuwlfh

^
gh xq qjxor uhfwr 

Hq od vlphwud d{ldo gh hmh od phgldwu} gho vhjphqwr / ho sxqwr  vh wudqv0

irupdu hq xq sxqwr  vreuh od flufxqihuhqfld dqwlsrgdo d c sru hmhuflflr 6151571
Hq ghqlwlyd/ vl dsolfdprv hvwd vlphwud d{ldo | oxhjr xq vlphwud fhqwudo gh fhqwur

$
ho fhqwur gh od flufxqihuhqfld | vh oohjd d txh od vhpluuhfwd  vh wudqvirupdu
hq xqd sdudohod/ | frpr sru hmhuflflr 615155 od hvwd frpsrvlflq hv xqd vlphwud
d{ldo oh qjxor hq  gheh vhu uhfwr1


63

6161Wudvodflrqhv

Ghqlflq 961 Vhdq orv sxqwrv  |  c | vhd k xqr gh orv vhplsodqrv ghqlgrv
$ 
#
$

$

sru  Od w1u1 wdo txh #  '   | # Ek ' kc vh oodpd wudvodflq gh


pgxor6  | vh ghqrwd sru    Od lghqwlgdg vh frqvlghud xqd wudvodflq gh

#
$
pgxor fhur1 D od uhfwd  vh oh oodpd jxld gh od wudvodflq


Hmhuflflr 616141 Qlqjq sxqwr gh od jxd hq xqd wudvodflq glvwlqwd gh od lghq0

wlgdg/ vh pdqwlhqh mr +Vxjhuhqfld= Vxsrqjd mr  hq od   Revhuyh or txh

sdvdud frq ho vhjphqwr   Sxhgh  hvwdu hqwuh  |  q
{
<


Whruhpd 971   ' j  j grqgh  hv ho sxqwr phglr gh  

$
$


$

Fdofxohprv j  j  ' j   '  c Sru rwur odgr/ j 
j Ek ' j E k ' k


Hmhuflflr 616151   ' j  j grqgh  hv ho sxqwr phglr gh 

Hmhuflflr 616161   ' j6  j@ grqgh 6 hv od phgldwul} gh  | @ hv xqd

#
$
shushqglfxodu d  sru  


Hmhuflflr 616171 Odv uhfwdv fruuhvsrqglhqwhv hq xqd wudvodflq vrq sdudohodv1

Sdud srghu dfwxdu frq pv olehuwdg/ | kdfhu pv xlgd od uhodflq hqwuh odv
vlphwudv | odv wudvodflrqhv/ hv qhfhvdulr dgplwlu xqd vxsrvlflq pv txh vh frqrfh
frpr ho d{lrpd gh odv sdudohodv

D{lrpd 441 H{lvwh xqd qlfd sdudohod txh sdvd sru xq sxqwr gdgr d xqd uhfwd
gdgd17
Vh oh sxhgh oodpdu vhjphqwr rulhqwdgr1 Hq ghqlwlyd txlhuh ghflu txh vh sxhgh ghflglu vreuh
txh h{wuhpr vhu od sxqwd | fxdo od frod1 Gh dkrud hq pv hq xq vhjphqwr rulhqwdgr DE / D
vhu od frod | E vhud od sxqwd1
7
Hvwh d{lrpd uhvxow xq sxqwr gh glvfxvlq gh pxfkrv pdwhpwlfrv ghvgh txh orv dqwljxrv
julhjrv or srvwxodurq kdvwd od sulphud plwdg gho vljor [L[1 Od frqwuryhuvld whqd txh yhu vreuh
vl hvwh d{lrpd srgd ghvsuhqghuvh gh od hvwuxfwxud d{lrpwlfd dqwhulru frpr xq whruhpd1 D
hvwh d{lrpd vh oh oodpd ho txlqwr srvwxodgr gh Hxfolghv
6

64

Hmhuflflr 616181 Gdgdv grv sdudohodv h{lvwh xqd vlphwud fhqwudo/ xqd wudvodflq |
xqd vlphwud d{ldo txh pdqgd xqd sdudohod hq rwud1 +Qrwh txh odv sduwhv uhfsurfdv
gh hvwh hqxqfldgr odv frqvlghudprv dqwhulruphqwh1,

Hmhuflflr 616191 Vl xqd uhfwd fruwd xqd uhfwd gh xq kd} gh uhfwdv sdudohodv/ fruwd
wrgdv odv ghpv1
Whruhpd 981 Vhdq wuhv sdudohodv oc rc R | | xqd wudqvyhuvdo gh wdo prgr txh odv
sdudohodv ghwhuplqdq vreuh | vhjphqwrv frqjuxhqwhv/ hqwrqfhv ghwhuplqduq vhj0
phqwrv frqjuxhqwhv vreuh fxdotxlhu rwud wudqvyhuvdo8 1

Sdudohodv fruwdgdv sru xqd wudqvyhuvdo

Vhdq -c 7 |  orv sxqwrv gh od lqwhuvhfflq gh | frq odv wuhv sdudohodv oc rc R

uhvshfwlydphqwh | vhdq - c 7 |  orv sxqwrv gh od lqwhuvhfflq gh | c xqd wudqv0
yhuvdo fxdotxlhud/ frq odv wuhv sdudohodv oc rc R uhvshfwlydphqwh Vxsrqjdprv txh
jr E- '  Hq hvwd vlphwud/ ho wur gh sdudohodv shupdqhfh hvwdeoh | od uhf0
wd | vh wudqvirupdu hq xqd sdudohod/ gljdprv |  Vhd  od wudvodflq txh oohyd
jr E7  ' 7 hq 7  Hq hvwd wudvodflq/ ho wur gh sdudohodv shupdqhfh hvwdeoh | od
uhfwd | vh wudqvirupdu hq |  Qrwhprv   Ejr  ' - c sxhv jr E  hvw hq
txh
E
o or plvpr txh -  Hv lqphgldwr txh  jr  7 ' - 7 








Hmhuflflr 6161:1 Vl hq xq wulqjxor vh wud}d od sdudohod d xqr gh orv odgrv sru

ho sxqwr phglr gh rwur odgr/ hvwd sdvdu sru ho sxqwr phglr gho whufhu odgr1
Ho Vhjphqwr hqwuh orv sxqwrv phglrv gh grv odgrv gh xq wulqjxor hv sdudohor |
frqjuxhqwh frq od plwdg gho whufhu odgr1
Hvwh uhvxowdgr vh sxhgh frqvlghudu frpr sduwh gh xq uhvxowdgr pv jhqhudo oodpdgr whruhpd
gh Wkdohv1
8

65

Ghqlflq 991 Do vhjphqwr hqwuh orv sxqwrv phglrv gh orv odgrv gh xq wulqjxor
vh oh oodpd edvh phgld1 Ho wulqjxor irupdgr sru odv edvhv phgldv vh oh oodpd
wulqjxor phgldo
Hmhuflflr 6161;1 Orv qjxorv +lqwhuqrv, gh xq wulqjxor vxpdq xq oodqr1 +Vx0
jhuhqfld= Wudfh xqd sdudohod d xqr gh orv odgrv sru ho fruuhvsrqglhqwh yuwlfh
rsxhvwr,
Hmhuflflr 6161<1 Orv qjxorv h{whulruhv gh xq wulqjxor vrq ljxdohv d od vxpd gh
orv qr dg|dfhqwhv1 Qdwxudophqwh/ xq qjxorv h{whulru hv pd|ru txh fxdotxlhud gh
orv rwur qjxorv qr dg|dfhqwhv frq ho1

Hmhuflflr 6161431 Hq xq wulqjxor vrodphqwh sxhgh kdehu xq qjxor uhfwr1 Or

plvpr hv flhuwr sdud orv rewxvrv1
Hmhuflflr 6161441 Vl ho greoh gh xq qjxor k hv frqjuxhqwhv frq ho greoh gh xq
qjxor q/ hqwrqfhv k  q Jhqhudolfh hvwh uhvxowdgr1
Hmhuflflr 6161451 Wrgrv orv qjxorv lqwhulruhv gh wrgrv orv wulqjxorv htxlowhurv
vrq frqjuxhqwhv1

Hmhuflflr 6161461 Xqd frpsrvlflq gh vlphwudv fhqwudohv gh glvwlqwr fhqwur qr

wlhqh sxqwrv mrv1 R vhd/ vl od wudvodflq wlhqh sxqwrv mrv hv od lghqwlgdg1 +Vxjh0
#
$
uhqfld= Vxsrqjd  ixhud gh od uhfwd  +Sru txB, | dqdolfh ho frpsruwdplhqwr
#
$
gh od uhfwd   hq od wudqvirupdflq j  j  Uhfxhugh ho d{lrpd gh odv sdudohodv
Hmhuflflr 6161471  

{
<



E  hv frqjuxhqwh | sdudohor d   +Vxjhuhqfld= Frq0



vlghuh od vlphwud fhqwudo j grqgh  hv ho sxqwr phglr gho vhjphqwr   



Hmhuflflr 6161481 Odv uhfwdv sdudohodv d od jxd shupdqhfhq hvwdeohv1

Hmhuflflr 6161491 Grv shushqglfxoduhv d grv sdudohodv vrq sdudohodv1 Qrwh txh
hvwr hv htxlydohqwh d ghflu txh vl grv uhfwdv vrq vhfdqwhv odv shushqglfxoduhv uhv0
shfwlydv wdpelq vhuq vhfdqwhv1
Hmhuflflr 61614:1      '   '       +Vh glfh txh odv wudvodflrqhv
frqpxwdq hq od frpsrvlflq1 Qrwh txh odv vlphwudv fhqwudohv | d{ldohv qr jr}dq/
hq jhqhudo gh hvwd surslhgdg,
Hmhuflflr 61614;1      '  (   (
Hmhuflflr 61614<1 E  

'  

66

616141Dsolfdflrqhv d fxdgulowhurv

Ghqlflq 9:1 Orv fxdgulodwhurv frq grv sduhv gh odgrv rsxhvwrv sdudohorv vh
oodpdq sdudohorjudprv1 Orv uhfwqjxorv vrq fxdgulowhurv frq orv fxdwur qjxorv
frqjuxhqwhv1 Xq wudshflr hv xq fxdgulowhur txh wlhqh xq sdu gh odgrv sdudohorv1
Xq urperlgh hv xq fxdgulowhur txh wlhqh grv sduhv gh odgrv frqjuxhqwhv1 Xq
urper hv xq fxdgulowhur frq wrgrv orv odgrv frqjuxhqwhv1 Vl xq urper hv xq
uhfwqjxor vh oh oodpd fxdgudgr1

Fodvlfdflq gh fxdgulowhurv

Hmhuflflr 6161531 Orv sdudohorjudprv wlhqhq grv sduhv gh odgrv frqjuxhqwhv |

odv gldjrqdohv vh lqwhuvhfdq1 Wdpelq vl xq fxdgulowhur wlhqh grv sduhv gh od0
grv rsxhvwrv frqjuxhqwhv r vl wlhqh odv gldjrqdohv txh vh elvhfdq hqwrqfhv hv xq
sdudohorjudpr1
Hmhuflflr 6161541 Orv qjxorv rsxhvwrv gh xq sdudohorjudpr vrq frqjuxhqwhv1
Orv qjxorv frqvhfxwlyrv gh xq sdudohorjudpr vrq vxsohphqwdulrv1

Hmhuflflr 6161551 Vl xq fxdgulowhur fxpsoh txh orv sduhv gh qjxorv frqvhfxwl0

yrv vrq frqjuxhqwhv/ hqwrqfhv hv xq sdudohorjudpr1
67

Hmhuflflr 6161561 Orv uhfwqjxorv vrq sdudohorjudprv1 Dghpv/ orv uhfwqjxorv

wlhqhq wrgrv vxv qjxorv uhfwrv1+Vxjhuhqfld= Sodqwhh xqd vlphwud d{ldo gh hmh
_
_
_
od phgldwul} 6 gho odgr  | frqvlghuh orv qjxorv (c j6 Ec ( |
j_  | frqfox|d txh ghehq vhu qhfhvduldphqwh ljxdohv1,9
6 E
Hmhuflflr 6161571 Orv fxdgulowhurv txh wlhqhq grv sduhv gh odgrv frqvhfxwlyrv
frqjuxhqwhv wlhqhq gldjrqdohv txh vh fruwdq shushqglfxoduphqwh: +Vxjhuhqfld=
Frqvlghuh ho Srqv Dqvlqruxp | sodqwhh xqd vlphwud d{ldo,
Hmhuflflr 6161581 Xq urper hv xq sdudohorjudpr1

616151Sulphurv wuhv fulwhulrv gh frqjuxhqfld gh wulqjxorv

Whruhpd 9;1 Grv wulqjxorv frq grv odgrv | ho qjxor frpsuhqglgr hqwuh dperv
odgrv frqjuxhqwhv uhvshfwlydphqwh vrq frqjuxhqwhv1

Vhdq grv wulqjxorv  |    fxpsohq txh     |    

txh 
$


$
^
_
frq       Vhd # wdo txh #  '   | # Ek ' k grqgh k hv ho

$
vhplsodqr gh erugh od vhpluhfwd  txh frqwlhqh d  | k hv ho vhplsodqr gh erugh
$

od vhpluhfwd  txh frqwlhqh d   Sru orv whruhpdv gh wudqvsruwh gh qjxorv






^
_
| vhjphqwrv #  '    / #  '   | #  '    Sru or fxdo




^ '    / #  '    |
_
^
_
# E '  | # E '  | hqwrqfhv # 


#  '  


Hmhuflflr 6161591 Vhdq grv wulqjxorv  |    txh fxpsohq txh  

^
_
^
_
  |     frq  :    c hqwrqfhv  :   


Hmhuflflr 61615:1 Vhdq grv wulqjxorv  |    txh fxpsohq txh  

^
_
^
_
  c      |      c hqwrqfhv orv wulqjxorv vrq frqjuxhqwhv1


Hmhuflflr 61615;1 Vhdq grv wulqjxorv  |    txh fxpsohq txh  

  c     |     c hqwrqfhv  wulqjxorv vrq frqjuxhqwhv1 +Vxjh0
 orv  $

$
uhqfld= Sodqwhh xqd wudqvirupdflq #  '   | # Ek ' k gh wdo prgr txh
 5 k |  ' # E  5 k Qrwh txh  |  htxlglvwdq gh  | gh 






Vh srgud kdehu dfhswdgr frpr ghqlflq txh = Orv uhfwqjxorv vrq fxdgulowhurv frq orv
fxdwur qjxorv uhfwrv1
:
Hvwh wlsr gh fxdgulodwhurv vh ohv oodpd urperlghv1
9

68

Dqwhv gh dydq}du hq ho fxduwr fulwhulr gh frqjuxhqfldv gh wulqjxorv hv qhfhvdulr

wudwdu ho vljxlhqwh uhvxowdgr
616161Uhodflrqhv hqwuh odgrv | qjxorv gh xq wulqjxor

Whruhpd 9<1 Hq xq wulqjxor/ d qjxorv pd|ruhv vh oh rsrqhq odgrv pd|ruhv |

uhfsurfdphqwh1

Vhd ho wulqjxor  | vhd   Wrphprv xq sxqwr  5  gh

wdo prgr txh    | ho wulqjxor lvrvfhohv  frq qjxorv hq  |
^
_
_
^
hq  frqjuxhqwhv1 Hqwrqfhv whqguhprv txh  :     : 
_
Od owlpd ghvljxdogdg vh suxhed sxhv   hv xq qjxor h{whulru gho wulqjxor
A : / hqwrqfhv K : S1 Vl hvwh qr ixhud ho fdvr hv ghflu
A
  Uhfsurfdphqwh/ vl 
A
A
vl K  Sc ghehud vhu   c frqwudglflhqgr od ghprvwudflq dqwhulru1


Hmhuflflr 61615<1 Od klsrwhqxvd gh xq wulqjxor uhfwqjxor hv vlhpsuh pd|ru

txh fxdotxlhud gh orv fdwhwrv1
Hmhuflflr 6161631 Hq xq wulqjxor wrgr odgr hv phqru txh od vxpd gh orv rwurv
grv1 +Vxjhuhqfld= Edvwd frqvlghudu d @ frpr ho pd|ru gh orv odgrv | wrpdu xq
sxqwr  hq ho/ gh wdo prgr txh  vhd xq wulqjxor lvrvfhohv1 Qrwh txh ho
_
_
  gheh vhu pd|ru txh ho  1 Frqfox|d txh   K,


Hmhuflflr 6161641 Hq xq wulqjxor wrgr odgr hv pd|ru txh od glihuhqfld gh orv

rwurv grv1

Hmhuflflr 6161651 H{soltxh od iudvh frortxldo txh glfh txh ho fdplqr vreuh xqd
sroljrqdo hv vlhpsuh pd|ru txh ho fdplqr vreuh xqd olqhd uhfwd
Hmhuflflr 6161661 Gdgd xqd uhfwd o | xq sxqwr c    f/ grqgh  hv ho slh
gh od shushqglfxodu d o ghvgh  | f hv xq sxqwr hq o glvwlqwr gh  +Ho fdplqr
pv fruwr d xqd uhfwd hv shushqglfxoduphqwh d hvwd,


69

616171Fxduwr fdvr gh frqjuxhqfldv gh wulqjxor

Whruhpd :31 Vhdq orv wuldqjxorv  |    gh wdo prgr txh     c

A B
    |    c frq  : c hqwrqfhv  |    vrq frqjuxhqwhv1
 
$

$
Vhd od w1u # wdo txh #  '   | # Ek ' k / grqgh ho vhplsodqr k
hv ho frqwlhqh d  | ho k ho txh frqwlhqh d   Vhd  ' # E  Vxsrqjdprv
sulphudphqwh txh  hvw hqwuh  |   Hvwr qr hv srvleoh sxhv do vhu  
B
_
     ho wulqjxor    hv lvrvfhohv1 Gh hvwh prgr    :  sru
B
B
_
_
vhu    xq h{whulru qr dg|dfhqwh d  / | B     :   Shur hqwrqfhv

    |   frqwud or vxsxhvwr1 Ho fdvr hq txh  hvw hqwuh  |
 vh or ghmdprv do ohfwru1 Hq uhvxphq  '  


















Hmhuflflr 6161671 Uhsdvh hvwh hvfulwr shur whqlhqgr hq fxhqwd orv fulwhulrv gh
frqjuxhqfld1
Hmhuflflr 6161681 Hqxqflh fulwhulrv gh frqjuxhqfld sdud wulqjxorv uhfwqjxorv1
616181Lqwhuvhfflrqhv gh Fhyldqdv

Ghqlflq :41 Odv sdodeudv elvhfwul}/ phgldqd | dowxudv gh xq wulqjxor vhuq

xvdgdv sdud uhsuhvhqwdu ydulrv hqwhv jhrpwulfrv1 Shur hq ho frqwh{wr gheh txhgdu
frpsohwdphqwh fodur do hqwh do txh qrv uhihuluhprv1 Dv od elvhfwul} hv wdpelq
ho vhjphqwr hq ho wulqjxor gh od vhpluuhfwd elvhfwul} gho qjxor fruuhvsrqglhqwh1
Od phgldqd hv ho vhjphqwr hqwuh xq yuwlfh | ho sxqwr phglr gho odgr rsxhvwr/ r
od uhfwd txh or frqwlhqh1 Od dowxud hv xq vhjphqwr shushqglfxodu d xq odgr ghvgh
ho odgr do yuwlfh rsxhvwr r od uhfwd txh or frqwlhqh1
616191Ho lqfhqwur

Hmhuflflr 6161691 Odv elvhfwulfhv vh fruwdq hq ho lqwhulru gho wulqjxor1

Hmhuflflr 61616:1 Odv elvhfwulfhv vh fruwdq gh d wuhv1 +Vxjhuhqfld= Uhfxhugh txh

orv sxqwrv gh od elvhfwul} htxlglvwdq gh orv odgrv gho qjxor,

6:

Ghqlflq :51 Ho oxjdu gh fruwh gh odv elvhfwulfhv vh oodpd lqfhqwur1

Odv elvhfwulfhv/ ho lqfhqwur | od flufxqihuhqfld lqvfulwd

Hmhuflflr 61616;1 Ho lqfhqwur htxlglvwd gh orv odgrv gho wulqjxor1

Ghqlflq :61 Xqd uhfwd hv wdqjhqwh d xqd flufxqihuhqfld vl wrfd d od flufxqih0

uhqfld hq xq sxqwr | ghmd d od flufxqihuhqfld hqwhudphqwh hq xq vhplsodqr1 Do
sxqwr frpq vh oh oodpd sxqwr gh wdqjhqfld1
Hmhuflflr 61616<1 Od uhfwd shushqglfxodu d xq udglr sru xq sxqwr gh od flufxq0
ihuhqfld hv wdqjhqwh d od flufxqihuhqfld1 + Vxjhuhqfld= Frqvlghuh od vlphwud d{ldo
gh hmh od uhfwd txh frqwlhqh d glfkr udglr,
Whruhpd :71 Vl xqd uhfwd hv wdqjhqwh d xqd flufxqihuhqfld hv shushqglfxodu do
udglr sru ho sxqwr gh wdqjhqfld1

Vl qr ixhud shushqglfxodu do udglr sru ho sxqwr gh wdqjhqfld  / kdeud xq

sxqwr ' txh vhud ho slh gh od shushqglfxodu ghvgh ho fhqwur  gh od flufxqihuhqfld1
Qdwxudophqwh  : ' | gh hvwh prgr srgud hqfrqwuduvh xq sxqwr ' gh wdo
prgr txh ' 5 ' | txh '   1 Shur hq hvwh fdvr ' vhud sxqwr gh od
flufxqihuhqfld | hvwdud hq xq vhplsodqr glvwlqwr gh ' vlphwulfr frq uhvshfwr d
 gh ' c or txh hv devxugr1




Hmhuflflr 6161731 H{lvwh xqd qlfd flufxqihuhqfld wdqjhqwh d orv odgrv gh xq

wulqjxor gdgr1 Ho fhqwur hv ho lqfhqwur1
6;

Ghqlflq :81 Xqd flufxqihuhqfld vh glfh lqvfulwd hq xq wulqjxor vl hv wdqjhqwh

d orv odgrv gho wulqjxor1

Hmhuflflr 6161741 Od flufxqihuhqfld lqvfulwd hq xq wulqjxor hv hvwdeoh hq xqd

vlphwul d{ldo frq hmh xqd elvhfwul} gh xq qjxor gho wulqjxor1
6161:1Ho flufxqfhqwur

Hmhuflflr 6161751 Odv phgldwulfhv gh +orv odgrv gh, xq wuldqjxor vh fruwdq1

Hmhuflflr 6161761 Odv phgldwulfhv gh xq wulqjxor vh fruwdq gh d wuhv1 +Vxjh0

uhqfld= Uhfxhugh txh orv sxqwrv gh od phgldwul} htxlglvwdq gh orv h{wuhprv gho
vhjphqwr,

Odv phgldulfhv/ ho flufxqfhqwur | od flufxqihuhqfld flufxqvfulwd

Ghqlflq :91 Ho oxjdu gh fruwh gh odv phgldwulfhv vh oodpd flufxqfhqwur1

Hmhuflflr 6161771 Ho flufxqfhqwur htxlglvwd gh orv yuwlfhv gho wulqjxor

Hmhuflflr 6161781 H{lvwh xqd qlfd flufxqihuhqfld txh sdvd sru orv yuwlfhv gh
xq wulqjxor gdgr1 Ho fhqwur hv ho flufxqfhqwur1

Hmhuflflr 6161791 Xqd vlphwud d{ldo gh hmh xqd phgldwul} gh xq wulqjxor ghmd
hvwdeoh od flufxqihuhqfld flufxqfulwd
6<

6161;1Ho edulfhqwur

Hmhuflflr 61617:1 Odv phgldqdv gh xq wulqjxor vh fruwdq hq ho lqwhulru gho wulq0

jxor1
Whruhpd ::1 Odv phgldqdv gh xq wulqjxor vh fruwdq gh d wuhv1

Vhd  xq wulqjxor vhdq  c  |  orv sxqwrv phglrv gh orv odgrv @c K | S

uhvshfwlydphqwh1 Vhd j EC ' C grqgh C hv ho oxjdu gh fruwh gh odv phgldqdv
6 | 6  Qrwh txh xvdqgr ho uhvxowdgr gho hmhuflflr 6161: dsolfdgr do wulqjxor
C vh oohjd d txh CC  C Frpr  C   C1 txhgd txh od phgldqd 6
vh fruwd d 6 d od whufhud sduwh gh vx orqjlwxg1 Lqwhufdpeldqgr orv sdshohv gh 
sru  vh oohjdud d txh odv phgldqdv vh fruwdq gh d wuhv1


Odv phgldqdv | ho edulfhqwur

Ghqlflq :;1 Do oxjdu gh fruwh gh odv phgldqdv gh xq wulqjxor vh oh oodpd

edulfhqwur;

6171Urwdflrqhv

Ghqlflq :<1 Vhdq odv vhpluuhfwdv @ | @ c gh ruljhq frpq  | vhd k ho vhpl0

sodqr gh erugh @ txh frqwlhqh d @ | k ho vhplsodqr gh erugh @ txh qr frqwlhqh
d @ Od w1u1 wdo txh # E@ ' @ | # Ek ' k c vh oodpd urwdflq gh fhqwur  | dqjxor


Vh oh oodpd d hvwh sxqwr fhqwur gh pdvd r fhqwurlgh1 Od ud}q phfqlfd gh hvwd ghqrplqdflq
vh gheh d txh odv phgldqdv glylghq do wulqjxor hq grv wulqjxorv gh ljxdo vxshuflh1 Gh hvwh
prgr/ vl wxylhudprv xqd fkdsd wulqjxodu ghojdgd gh dojq pdwhuldo gh ghqvlgdg gh pdvd
xqliruph/ do frojduor gh vx edulfhqwur od fkdsd shupdqhfhud hq htxloleulr1
;

73

B
rulhqwdgr @@ | vh ghqrwd sru 4c@@  Od lghqwlgdg vh frqvlghud xqd urwdflq gh
B
qjxor rulhqwdgr fhur1


Hmhuflflr 617141 Qlqjxqd vhpluuhfwd txh sdvh sru ho fhqwur gh od urwdflq glvwlqwd
gh od lghqwlgdg/ vh pdqwlhqh md +Vxjhuhqfld= Vxsrqjd md o hq od 4c@@  Revhuyh
B
or txh sdvdud frq ho qjxor @o Sxhgh o hvwdu hqwuh @ | @ q
A


B
Hmhuflflr 617151 4c@@ ' j@  jK grqgh K hv od elvhfwul} gh @@ 
B


B
Hmhuflflr 617161 4c@@ ' jK  j@ grqgh K hv od elvhfwul} gh @@ 
B


Hmhuflflr 617171 Od vlphwud fhqwudo hv xqd urwdflq1

Hmhuflflr 617181 Odv uhfwdv fruuhvsrqglhqwhv hq xqd urwdflq glvwlqwd gh od lghq0

wlgdg | gh od vlphwud fhqwudo vrq vhfdqwhv1
_
B
Hmhuflflr 617191  4c@@ E  frq  glvwlqwr gh  hv frqjuxhqwh d @@  +Vxjh0
B

$
_
uhqfld= Frqvlghuh od vlphwud d{ldo jK grqgh K hv od elvhfwul} gho qjxor   @ 


Hmhuflflr 6171:1 Odv Flufxqihuhqfldv shupdqhfhq hvwdeohv hq xqd urwdflq gh

fhqwur ho fhqwur gh od flufxqihuhqfld1

Hmhuflflr 6171;1 Gdgdv grv vhpluhfwdv fruuhvsrqglhqwhv hq xqd urwdflq hqwrqfhv

ho fhqwur gh od urwdflq vh hqfxhqwud hq od phgldwul} gho vhjphqwr ghwhuplqdgr sru
orv rujhqhv gh odv vhpluuhfwdv | hq od elvhfwul} gh xqr gh orv qjxorv ghwhuplqdgrv
sru odv uhfwdv txh frqwlhqhq d glfkdv vhpluuhfwdv1

Ghwhuplqdflq gho fhqwur gh jlur gh xqd urwdflq

74

Hmhuflflr 6171<1 Ghwhuplqh xq surfhglplhqwr sdud hqfrqwudu ho fhqwur gh xqd

urwdflq gdgdv grv vhpluuhfwdv fruuhvsrqglhqwhv hq xqd urwdflq1 Gh frqglflrqhv
sdud od uhvroxflq1
Hmhuflflr 6171431 4cKS  4c@K ' 4c@S
A
A
A


Hmhuflflr 6171441 4c@K
' 4cK@
A
A
3

Hmhuflflr 6171451 Od frpsrvlflq gh grv urwdflrqhv gh glvwlqwr fhqwur hv xqd ur0

wdflq r xqd wudvodflq1 Fxdqgr od frpsrvlflq gh odv urwdflrqhv hv xqd wudvodflq/
xqd gh odv urwdflrqhv hv gh qjxor lqyhuvr gh od rwud1

75

71 Sureohpdv gh Dsolfdflq
7141Ho whruhpd gho qjxor lqvfulwr

Ghqlflq ;31 Xq qjxor vh oh oodpd lqvfulwr +hq xqd flufxqihuhqfld, vl vx yuwlfh

hvw hq od flufxqihuhqfld | vxv odgrv fruwdq od flufxqihuhqfld1 Xq qjxor vh oodpd
vhpllqvfulwr vl vx yuwlfh hvw hq od flufxqihuhqfld | xqr gh vxv odgrv hv wdqjhqwh
d od flufxqihuhqfld | ho rwur fruwd d od flufxqihuhqfld1 Xq qjxor vh oodpd fhqwudo
vl vx yuwlfh hvw hq ho fhqwur gh od flufxqihuhqfld1

76

Whruhpd ;41 Orv sxqwrv gh lqwhuvhfflq gh odv uhfwdv gh xq kd} gh vhpluhfwdv

krporjdv hq xqd urwdflq vh hqfxhqwudq hq xqd flufxqihuhqfld1

Vhd  ho ruljhq gh odv vhpluhfwdv gh xq kd} | vhd  ho ruljhq gh odv wudqvirupd0

gdv1 Vhd  ho fhqwur gh jlur |  ho fhqwur gh od urwdflq txh hqyld odv vhpluhfwdv
gh  hq odv rsxhvwdv gh odv fruuhvsrqglhqwhv hq od urwdflq gh fhqwur  Vdehprv
txh wdqwr sru  frpr sru  sdvd od phgldwul} do vhjphqwr  Sru rwur odgr/
Vhd  xq sxqwr gh lqwhuvhfflq hqwuh xqd vhpluuhfwd | vx fruuhvsrqglhqwh/ odv
elvhfwulfhv ghwhuplqdgdv sru odv vhpluuhfwdv vhuq shushqglfxoduhv | sdvduq uhv0
shfwlydphqwh sru  | sru   Sru or owlpr ho wulqjxor  vhu uhfwqjxor frq
xq qjxor uhfwr hq  Od flufxqihuhqfld flufxqvfulwd hq  wlhqh frpr fhqwur
ho sxqwr phglr gh  c sru vhu  uhfwqjxor +Yhu hmhuflflr 615156,1


Hmhuflflr 714141 Gdgrv grv f | t gh xqd flufxqihuhqfld txh vh hqfxhqwud hq ho

plvpr vhplsodqr frq uhvshfwr d xqd fxhugd  gh od flufxqihuhqfld fxpsohq txh
_
^
f  t 

+Vxjhuhqfld= Vxsrqjd dojq sxqwr gh od flufxqihuhqfld txh qr fxpsod frq hv0

wd xowlpd frqjuxhqfld | oohjxh d txh ghehq kdehu wuhv sxqwrv dolqhdgrv hq xqd
flufxqihuhqfld,
Hmhuflflr 714151 Wrgrv orv qjxorv lqvfulwrv txh vxewlhqghq xqd fxhugd md fx|rv
yuwlfhv hvwq gho plvpr odgr frq uhvshfwr d od fxhugd/ vrq frqjuxhqwhv1
Hmhuflflr 714161 Orv dqjxorv lqvfulwrv txh vxewlhqghq xqd fxhugd ghvgh glvwlqwrv
vhplsodqrv gh od fxhugd vrq vxsohphqwdulrv1
77

Hmhuflflr 714171 Xq qjxor vhplqvfulwr txh wlhqh xq odgr txh frqwlhqh xqd fxhu0
gd md hv frqjuxhqwh frq dojq qjxor lqvfulwr txh vxewlhqgh od plvpd fxhugd1

Hmhuflflr 714181 Orv qjxorv lqvfulwrv txh vxewlhqghq xqd fxhugd/ frq ho yuwlfh
hq ho plvpr odgr frq uhvshfwr d hvwd fxhugd txh ho fhqwur gh xqd flufxqihuhqfld vrq
ljxdohv d od plwdg gho qjxor fhqwudo txh vxewlhqgh od plvpd fxhugd1 +Vxjhuhqfld=
^
Revhuyh hq od jxud txh  ' _ n _ Dghpv  hv lvrvfhohv,
 c

Ghqlflq ;51 Xq fxdgulowhur vh glfh lqvfuleleoh +hq xqd flufxqihuhqfld, vl vxv

yuwlfhv vrq sxqwrv gh od flufxqihuhqfld

Hmhuflflr 714191 Orv fxdgulowhurv lqvfuleleohv wlhqhq qjxorv rsxhvwrv txh vrq
vxsohphqwdulrv
Hmhuflflr 7141:1 Vl xq fxdgulwhur wlhqh qjxorv rsxhvwrv txh vrq vxsohphqwd0
ulrv/ hv lqvfuleleoh1
Hmhuflflr 7141;1 Orv uhfwqjxorv vrq lqvfuleleohv

7151Ho Sureohpd gh Ihupw | ho wulqjxor gh Qdsrohq

Whruhpd ;61 Vl vreuh orv odgrv gh xq wulqjxor  fxdotxlhud vh frqvwux|hq

wulqjxorv htxlowhurv h{whulruhv  c   |  c hqwrqfhv orv vhjphqwrv


78

 c  |  vrq frqjuxhqwhv | vh fruwdq gh d wuhv hq xq sxqwr 8 oodpdgr gh

Ihupdw r gh Wruulfhool1


Ho Sxqwr gh Ihupw

Sdud prvwudu txh orv vhjphqwrv  c |  vrq frqjuxhqwhv edvwd sodqwhdu od

urwdflq gh fhqwur  txh oohyd  d  Sdud prvwudu txh hvwrv vhjphqwrv vh fruwdq
hq ho sxqwr 8c txh hv od lqwhuvhfflq gh orv vhjphqwrv  c |  revhuyhprv
_
_ Vhd
sulphudphqwh txh ho qjxor 8  hv frqjuxhqwh frq ho qjxor gh jlur  


od urwdflq 4 gh fhqwur  wdo txh 4 E '   Vh fxpsoh txh 4   ' 
| txh 4 E8  ' 8  Gh hvwh prgr 8 5  sxhv 8 8 hv htxlowhur1 Shqvdqgr
hq E4  txhgd txh 8 5  


Hmhuflflr 715141 H{soltxh ho vljxlhqwh frphqwdulr Hq xqd vdod wuldqjxodu grqgh
wrgrv orv qjxorv vrq phqruhv txh xq uhfwr/ vl xqd shuvrqd hvwdud sdudgd hq ho
sxqwr gh Ihupdw fuhhud txh od vdod hv xq wulqjxor htxlowhur1 +Vxjhuhqfld= ho
wulqjxor 8  hq od jxud hv odv grv whufhudv sduwhv gh xq oodqr,

Hmhuflflr 715151 Ho sxqwr gh Ihupw hq xq wulqjxor dfxwqjxor hv ho txh pl0

qlpl}d od vxpd gh orv vhjphqwrv d orv yuwlfhv1 +Vxjhuhqfld= Wrph xq sxqwr
fxdotxlhud hq ho lqwhulru gho wulqjxor +Sru hmhpsor ho sxqwr 8 hq od jxud, |
sodqwhh xqd urwdflq gh fhqwur fxdotxlhu yuwlfh +Sru hmhpsor ho sxqwr  hq od
79

jxud, gho wulqjxor | qjxor od whufhud sduwh gh gh xq oodqr kdfld dixhud gho
wulqjxor1 Qrwh txh od sroljrqdo 8 8  hv gh pd|ru orqjlwxg txh  ,


Hmhuflflr 715161 Odv flufxqihuhqfldv flufxqvfulwdv d orv wulqjxorv htxlodwhurv hq

ho sureohpd gh Ihupw vh fruwdq hq ho sxqwr gh Ihupw1 Dghpv odv fxhugdv frpx0
qhv gh d sduhv gh odv flufxqihuhqfldv irupdq qjxorv txh vrq ho greoh gh od whufhud
sduwh gh xq oodqr1 Sru owlpr/ xqlhqgr ho fhqwur gh odv flufxqihuhqfldv/ txh vrq

7:

orv fhqwurv gh orv wulqjxorv htxlodwhurv txhgd irupdgr xq wulqjxor htxlowhur14


$

$
+Vxjhuhqfld= Sodqwhh od urwdflq txh oohyd od 8  hq od 8  Revhuyh txh ho wudqv0
irupdgr gho vhjphqwr  vhud xq sdudohor gho 2

7161Sureohpd gh Idjqdqr1

Hmhuflflr 716141 Vl grv wulqjxorv lvrvfhohv wlhqhq orv odgrv frqjuxhqwhv uhvshfwl0
ydphqwh frqjuxhqwhv hqwuh dperv wulqjxorv/ ho txh whqjd pd|ru qjxor dg|dfhqwh
d orv vhjphqwrv frqjuxhqwhv whqgud pd|ru odgr rsxhvwr +Dsolfdu hmhuflflr 616159,

Hmhuflflr 716151 Vhd ho wulqjxor dfxwqjxor  | vhd f xq sxqwr vreuh ho

odgr  Vhd j Ef ' f | j Ef ' f  Ho wulqjxor ff hv lvrvfhohv |
_
^
ff hv ho greoh gh  Vl ho sxqwr f hv od dowxud ghvgh c ho vhjphqwr ff
hv ho phqru srvleoh | hv ljxdo d od vxpd gh orv odgrv gh xq wulqjxor irupdgr
sru orv slhv gh odv dowxudv oodpdgr uwlfr1 +Vxjhuhqfld= Qrwh txh gh wrgrv orv
wulqjxorv lqvfulwrv txh wlhqhq xqr gh orv yuwlfhv hq f ho gh phqru shuphwur
{
<



{
<







D hvwh wulqjxor vh oh oodpd wulqjxor gh Qdsrohq/ hq krqru d Qdsrohq Erqdsduwh1 Pxfkrv

rslqdq txh glflophqwh sxglhud kdehuvh ghelgr d Qdsrohq/ sxv hvwh qr whqd odv fdsdflgdghv
jhrpwulfdv vxflhqwhv sdud ghvduuroodu hvwh Whruhpd1
4

7;

vhu ho txh wlhqh orv rwurv yuwlfhv 8 | . dolqhdgrv frq f | f  Sru hmhpsor od
sroljrqdo f 8 . f wlhqh od plvpd vxpd gh orv odgrv txh ho wulqjxor . f8 c |
hvwd hv pd|ru txh f f  Sru rwur odgr/ vl f qr ixhud ho slh gh od dowxud ghvgh c
ho vhjphqwr f f  vhud pd|ru +Yhd ho hmhuflflr 71614,,










Sureohpd gh Idjqdqr

Hmhuflflr 716161 Ho wulqjxor lqvfulwr hq xq wulqjxor dfxwqjxor/ gh phqru sh0

uphwur hv ho wulqjxor uwlfr1

7171Od Flufxqihuhqfld gh orv Qxhyh Sxqwrv | od Uhfwd gh

Hxohu1

Hmhuflflr 717141 Ho wulqjxor phgldo    gh xq wulqjxor  gh flufxqfhq0

wur  | gh ruwrfhqwur M hv frqjuxhqwh frq orv wulqjxorv   c   c   c |
frq ho wulqjxor    c grqgh  c  |  vrq orv sxqwrv phglrv gh orv vhjphq0
wrv Mc M | M uhvshfwlydphqwh1+Vxjhuhqfld= Sodqwhh od vlphwud fhqwudo gh
fhqwur od lqwhuvhfflq gh  frq   | oxhjr od wudvodflq txh oohyd ho ruwrfhqwur














7<

gh   d 


Flufxqihuhqfld gh orv qxhyh sxqwrv | Uhfwd gh Hxohu

Hmhuflflr 717151 Orv vhjphqwrv   c   |   vh fruwdq gh d wuhv | vrq

frqjuxhqwhv/ grqgh  c  |  vrq orv sxqwrv phglrv gh orv vhjphqwrv Mc M
| M uhvshfwlydphqwh/ vlhqgr M ho ruwrfhqwur gh 1 Frq hvwr suxheh txh
od flufxqihuhqfld flufxqvfulwd hq    frlqflgh frq od gh     +Vxjhuhqfld=
Revhuyh txh     hv xq uhfwqjxor,
























Hmhuflflr 717161 Od flufxqihuhqfld flufxqvfulwd hq    frlqflgh frq od flufxq0

_
ihuhqfld flufxqvfulwd hq ho wulqjxor uwlfr (.85 +Vxjhuhqfld=  ( hv uhfwr,




Hmhuflflr 717171 Ho vhjphqwr M hv ho greoh gho  



Hmhuflflr 717181 Od uhfwd txh sdvd sru ho ruwrfhqwur | ho flufxqfhqwur frqwlhqh

ho fhqwur gh od flufxqihuhqfld gh orv qxhyh sxqwrv | dghpv ho edulfhqwur1 Hvwd
uhfwd vh od frqrfh frpr Uhfwd gh Hxohu1

Hvwd flufxqihuhqfld vh od frqrfh frq ho qrpeuh gh flufxqihuhqfld gh orv qxhyh sxqwrv r gh

Ihxhuedfk1,
5

83