1.

To study the relationship between the friction loss

and flow rate for compressed fluid flow and
estimate the value of friction coefficient (f).
2. To study the relationship between friction
coefficient and Reynolds number in a straight
pipe.
3. Determine the friction coefficient for compressed
fluid flow in straight pipe.
4. Determine the value of specific heat ratio () for
air.
5. To study the relationship between fluid flow rate
and pressure drop (head loss) along the pipe
elbow.
Dry air is flowed through pipes to the
compressor in a variety of flow conditions
that can be measured, by using a straight
pipe and elbow pipe. While nozzle is used
to determining the value of .

In contrast to solids which tend to maintain
their shape under certain disorders, the fluid
is a substance that can not withstand
permanent deformation.
At a certain temperature and pressure
conditions, each fluid having a specific
density. Although the density of the fluid
depends on temperature and pressure,
density changes due to changes in these
variables may be large and probably too
small.
If the density is only slightly affected by
changes in temperature and pressure
are rather large, then the fluid is called
uncompressed fluid (incompressible). But
if the density is sensitive to changes in
temperature and pressure, the fluid is
called a compressed fluid
(compressible).

Liquid fluid is not usually considered to
be compressed while gases including
compressed fluid. However, the density
of the liquid can undergo significant
change if the pressure and temperature
are changed in a fairly broad range.
SIMPLE PIPE FRICTION
The equation for friction loss :
These equation can be

With plotting P
3
against (P
4
) well obtain
linear graphic with slope

Therefore we can obtain f based on the
slope
d
flv P
2
4
2
=
A

d
flv P P
out mid
2
4
2
=

d
fl
2
4
FRICTION COEFFICIENT VARIATION WITH
REYNOLDS NUMBERS
The equation to determine f :
With (P
mid
-P
outlet
) denoted with -P
4
and
(P
atmos
-P
inlet
) denoted with P
3
.
Nikuradse-Von Karman equation

396 , 0 ) log(Re 4
1
= f
f
FRICTION COEFFICIENT VARIATION WITH
REYNOLDS NUMBERS
Blasius equation f = 0,079 Re
-1/4

Then plot log f against log Re and plot
log 1/\f against log (Re\f) so we can
obtain the correlation between friction
coefficient and Reynolds number
FRICTION COEFFICIENT FOR COMPRESSED
FLOW
With k = 0,9, the equation to determine f :


Then plot VS

From the slope, 4fl/d, we can obtain the
value of f
) ln( ) (
1
2
) (
4
2
2 2
mid
in
atm
in atm in mid
atm
in atm
P
P P
k
atm
P P
P
P P
k
d
fl

) (
atm
in atm
P
P P
k

) ln( ) (
1
2
2
2 2
mid
in
atm
in atm in mid
P
P P
k
atm
P P

PRESSURE-FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN A
CONVERGENT-DIVERGENT DUCT
Equation used :


With P
1
= P
atm
P
throat
then we plot kP
1
/P
atm

against with as

slope.

1
/ 2 2
) ( 1
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

|
|
.
|

\
|
atm
throat
atm
throat
atm
throat atm
outlet
throat
P
P
P
P
P
P P k
a
a
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
atm
throat
atm
throat
P
P
P
P
/ 2

1
2

|
|
.
|

\
|
outlet
throat
a
a
DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC HEAT RATIO
VALUE
The specific heat reaction () can be
obtained with this equation :


Then plot kAP
inlet
/AP
throat
vs AP
throat
/P
atm

with as slope

(

|
|
.
|

\
| A

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
A
A
atm
throat
throat
inlet
throat
inlet
P
P
a
a
P
P k
2
3
1
2
2
3
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
throat
inlet
a
a
PRESSURE DROP ALONG 90
O
BENT

The correlation between h
L
(head loss)
and fluid velocity can be written in
mathematic equation : h
L
= k
long
(v
2
/2g)
With hL = (P
exit
P
entry
)/g
Then subtitue 2 equations above :
klong = 2 (P
exit
P
entry
) /v
2
Plot v against h
L
and v against k
long
.
Simple pipe friction: 15 variations of rotary
compressor speed.
Variation of friction factor - Reynolds
Numbers: 15 variations of rotary compressor
speed.
The flow of compressed Friction factor: 15
variations of rotary compressor speed.
Determination of -Air : 15 variations of
rotary compressor speed.
Pressure drop in 90
o
bent : 15 variations in
inlet pressure.
Armfield C1-MkII Compressible Flow Bench
Straight Pipe 19ID
Elbow Pipe 90
o
Nozzle
y = 0,6491x - 39,419
R = 0,9979
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
-
P
4

P
3
Pressure drop relationship in Straight Pipe ID = 19 mm
y = 0,4525x - 4,0817
R = 0,7733
-2.35
-2.3
-2.25
-2.2
-2.15
-2.1
-2.05
-2
-1.95
-1.9
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9
l
o
g

f

log N
Re
Friction Factor Reynolds Number with Blausius Equation
y = -5,0325x + 28,125
R = 0,8187
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
1
/

f

log (N
Re
f)
Friction Factor-Reynolds Number with
Nikuradsee-von Karman Equation
y = -0,0344x + 0,0611
R = 1
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Friction Coefficient for Compressible Flow
y = -0,0989x + 0,0347
R = 0,689
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
P
1
/
P
a
t
m

k*P
3
/P
1
Determination of Gamma Factor
y = 0,0559x - 2,2206
R = 0,9974
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
V
2
(m
2
/s
2
)

h
L

(
m
)

Quadratic Flow rate influence on Elbow Pipe Head Loss
y = -0,0076x - 0,4071
R = 0,3673
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
k
l
o
n
g

V (m/s)
Graph k
long
vs Flow Rate (V)
SIMPLE PIPE f = 0,01142. The greater the
friction, the pressure drop also increases.
Friction coefficient increases with
increasing Reynolds Number, friction
values not only depend on Reynolds
Number but also depends on pipes
surface roughness.
Compressible flows friction factor is
greater than incompressible flow due to
gamma factor in compressible flow
For compressible flow, f = 0,01923 and for
incompressible flow, f = 0,01142.
Gamma value obtained 6,17479
whereas the theoretical value is 1,4.
A decrease in pressure in flow through a
elbow pipe where the pressure drop can
be expressed in headloss. Headloss of
elbow pipe is directly propotional to the
quadratic of flow rate. In this experiment
a constant headloss in elbow pipe in the
range 3,9 83.

The supersonic nozzle is a new apparatus
which can be used to condense and
separate water and heavy
hydrocarbons from natural gas.
The swirling separation of natural gas in
the convergent-divergent nozzle was
numerically simulated based on a new
design which incorporates a central
body.
Axial distribution of the main parameters
of gas flow was investigated, while the
basic parameters of gas flow were
obtained as functions of radius at the
nozzle exit.
The effect of the nozzle geometry on the
swirling separation was analyzed.

The numerical results show that water
and heavy hydrocarbons can be
condensed and separated from natural
gas under the combined effect of the
low temperature (80C) and the
centrifugal field (482,400g, g is the
acceleration of gravity).
The gas dynamic parameters are
uniformly distributed correspondingly in
the radial central region of the channel.
High gradients of gas dynamic
parameters near the channel walls may
impair the process of separation.
The geometry of the nozzle has a great
influence on the separation
performance.
Increasing the nozzle convergent angle
can improve the separation efficiency.
The swirling natural gas can be well
separated when the divergent angle
takes values from 4 to 12 in the
convergent-divergent nozzle.