SDH/SONET Alarms and Performance Monitoring Guide

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SDH/SONET
ALARMS & PERFORMANCE MONITORING
Standards
Alarms Introductions and Examples
Performance Monitoring Parameters
FAQs
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Contents
Bell Communications Research (Bellcore, BCR)
prepares equipment standards for North American community

ANSI Committee T1
prepares telecommunications standards (rates and formats)
creator of SONET
ANSI (American National Standards Institute) accredited
sponsored by ATIS (Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions)
ITU-T G.826,G.783

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Standards
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Alarms Introductions and Examples

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Alarm Overview
O
O
O
O
O
V1
V2
V5
O
O
1. RS
2. MS
3. HP
4. AU
5. TU
6. LP
7. PPI
SDH Frame
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2
R
S
O
H
M
S
O
H
AU
Pointer
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
VC-4 POH
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The SDH Frame
VC-11 VC-12 VC-2
V5 V5 V5
25 34 106
N2 N2 N2
25 34 106
K4 K4 K4
25 34 106
Lower order
VC-n POH
Number of bytes of
data separating fields.
A1, A2 RS-LOF
Provides a frame alignment pattern [A1 =11110110, A2 = 00101000]. The frame alignment word of an
STM-n frame is 3 X n A1 bytes followed by 3 X n A2 bytes.
J0 RS-TIM
Regenerator section trace. [16 byte frame including CRC7 (1
st
byte.) Supports continuity testing
between transmitting and receiving device on each regenerator section.
Z0
Spare. Reserved for future international standardisation.
B1 RS-EXC
RS-DEG
Provides regenerator section monitoring. The regenerator section BIP-8 provides end-to-end error
performance monitoring across an individual regenerator section and is calculated over all bits of the
previous STM-n frame after scrambling. Computed value is placed in B1 byte before scrambling
E1
Provides local orderwire channel for voice communications between regenerators, hubs and remote
terminal locations.
F1
Allocated to users purpose [e.g. temporary data/voice channel connection for special maintenance
applications]
D1-D3 COMMS
192 kb/s message based data communications channel providing administration, monitor, alarm and
maintenance functions between regenerator section termination equipment
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RSOH [Regenerator Section Overhead]
SDH Frame
B1 Is not supported in OM4000 NEs due to redundancy and
this NE is primarily used as an ADM
B2 MS-EXC
MS-DEG
Provides multiplex section error monitoring. The BIP-n X 24, of an STM-n frame, provides end-
to-end error performance monitoring across an individual multiplex section and is calculated over
all bits of the previous STM-n frame except for the first three rows of SOH. Computed value is
placed in B2 byte before scrambling.
K1, K2 MS-AIS
MS-RDI
Two bytes allocated for APS signalling for multiplex section protection.
K2 [b6-b8] contains MS-RDI and MS-AIS status information.
D4-D12 COMMS
Provides 576 kb/s data communication channel between multiplex section termination
equipment. Used to carry network administration and maintenance information.
S1
Synchronisation status messages. S1 [b5-b8] indicates which of the four levels of
synchronisation is being used at the transmit end of a multiplex section.
M1 MS-REI
Multiplex section remote error indication [MS-REI]. Conveys the number of B2 errors detected
by downstream equipment.
E2
Provides express orderwire channel for voice communications between multiplex section
terminating equipment
H1-H3 AU-AIS
TU-AIS [TU-3]
AU-LOP
TU-LOP [TU-3]
AU pointer bytes are associated with, but not part of, the MSOH. The pointer contained in H1
and H2 points to the location where the VC-n begins. The last ten bits [b7-b16] of H1, H2 carry
the pointer value [0 to 782]. The H3 bytes are pointer action bytes and carry live information
from a VC4, during the STM-n frame in which negative pointer adjustment occurs
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MSOH [Multiplex Section Overhead]
SDH Frame
MSP Protocol Bytes K1 [b1-4]
type of request [b5-8] channel number K2 [b1-4]
channel bridging [b5] protection architecture
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HO-POH [Higher order path Overhead]
J1 HP-TIM [VC-4]
LP-TIM [VC-3]
The first byte in the virtual container. Its location is indicated by the AU pointer [H1,H2
bytes]. Provides a higher order trail trace identifier [64-byte free format string or 16-byte
frame including CRC7. Supports end-to-end monitoring of a higher order path.
B3 HP-EXC
HP-DEG
LP-EXC+DEG [VC-3]
Provides higher order path error monitoring. The BIP-8 is calculated over all bits of
previous VC-n. Computed value is placed in B3 byte before scrambling.
C2 HP-AIS
LP-AIS [VC-3]
HP-UNEQ+PLM
LP-UNEQ+PLM [VC-3]
High order signal label. Indicates composition or the maintenance status of the associated
container.
G1 HP-REI + RDI
LP-REI + RDI [VC-3]
Higher order path status. Send status and performance monitoring information from
receiving path terminating equipment to originating equipment. Allows status and
performance of two-way path to be monitored at either end. G1 REI [b1-b4] RDI [b5]
F2
Higher order path user channel. Allocated for network operator communications between
path terminations.
H4 HP-LOM
Position indicator. Multiframe phase indication for TU structured payloads. H4 [b7-b8]
F3
Higher order path user channel. Allocated for network operator communications between
path terminations
K3
Higher order path automatic protection switching [b1-b4]. The rest of the bits [b5-b8] are
allocated for future use.
N1
Higher order tandem connection monitoring. There are two possible implementations
described in Annex C and Annex D of ITU-T G.707. In Annex C, the N1 byte provides a
tandem connection incoming error count [IEC] and the remaining four bits provide an end-
to-end data link
SDH Frame
V5 [VC-12]
LP-AIS [b5-b7]
LP-REI [b3]
LP-RDI [b8]
LP-EXC [b1-b2]
LP-UNEQ [b5-b7]
LP-PLM [b5-b7]
Provides BIP-2 error checking, signal label and path status information.
J2 LP-TIM [VC-12] Lower order trail trace identifier [16 byte frame including CRC7]. Supports end-to-
end monitoring of a lower order path
N2 Lower order tandem connection monitoring. Contains BIP-2 error checking, AIS,
tandem connection REI [TC-REI], outgoing error indication [OEI] and a 76-byte
multiframe containing a tandem connection access point identifier [TC-APid].
K4 Lower order path automatic protection switching [b1-b4] and enhanced remote
defect indication [b5-b7].
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LO-POH [Lower order path Overhead]
SDH Frame
Anomalies, defects and alarms
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Alarm
A human observable indication that draws attention to a failure usually giving an indication of
the severity of the fail
The report to the user of a defect
Anomaly
The smallest discrepancy which can be observed between the actual and desired
characteristics of an item. The occurrence of a single anomaly does not constitute an
interruption in the ability to perform a required function. Anomalies are used as the input for
the Performance Monitoring [PM] process and for the detection of defects
A single occurrence of, or commencement of a pre-defined condition
Defect
The density of anomalies has reached a level where the ability to perform a required function
has been interrupted. Defects are used as input for PM, the control of consequent actions, and
the determination of faults cause
The persistent or repeated occurrence of an anomaly for a pre-defined duration or
number of repetitions
Defect naming
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The origin of defect naming can be confusing.
The following points should help when dealing with the nomenclature
Defects derived from path overheads begin: LP, HP, LPOM or HPOM.
Defects derived from section overheads begin: RS or MS.
Defects related to conditions affecting a whole VC and its pointer begin: AU or TU. AU is used for VC-4s.
TU is used for TU-3s, TU-2s and TU-12s. Defect types beginning TU are not distinguishable.
When distinguishing LP and LPOM remember that LPs will be present when traffic is terminated and
LPOMs when traffic is un-terminated.

A defect type (e.g. LP-EXC) has two parts:
Part 1 is a "function point
Part 2 is an "alarm category".

Example: LP-EXC. This defect is detected at the LP function point - the "low order path termination"
function point. The category of the defect is "EXC" - EXCessive bit errors.

Excessive bit errors in a VC-3 will give an LP-EXC defect, as will excessive bit errors in a
VC-12. The two defects share their type but they have distinct instances. When the corresponding alarm is
reported to the user the type and instance will be reported.

Defect Correlation
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If a defect is subject to correlation
it will NOT be raised if another alarm is present.
Aim of defect correlation
The aim of correlation is to present to the operator only the alarm closest to the source cause of a
set of related defects. This reduces the amount of fault analysis required of the operator and the
traffic on communication channels.
Example:
If EXC is present it will hide the presentation of TIM, PLM, UNEQ etc.
More specifically EXC will mask TIM, PLM and UNEQ alarms.

A masks B
HP-EXC
HP-TIM HP-PLM HP-UNEQ
A
B
Card Fail Card Fault Wrong Card Unexpected Card
Alarm raised on the card/slot instance
A
B
= A masks B
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Plug In Unit Defect Correlation
Plug In Unit [PIU] related defects
For a given instance of PIU in a slot
All defects present within that PIU will be masked

PPI LOS
A
B
= A masks B
PPI UNEXP SGNL
PPI EXC
PPI DEG PPI AIS INT LP IP BUFFER INT HP IP BUFFER
PPI LOF
PPI LOM
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PDH Traffic Defect Correlation
AU AIS
AU LOP MS DEG
MS EXC
MS AIS
RS TIM QECC COMMS FAIL
RS LOF
ES CMI
RS LOS RS UNEXPECTED SIGNAL
MS RDI
MS RDI
HPOM EXC
HPOM TIM HPOM PLM HPOM UNEQ
= A masks B
A
B
= A masks B, dependent
on AIS consequent
action configuration of A
A
B
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SDH traffic DEFECT correlation
HP EXC
INT HP OP BUFF HP DEG HP LOM
TU LOP
HP TIM HP PLM HP UNEQ HP RDI
HP REI
PPI LOF
TU AIS
INT TU LOP
INT TU AIS
LP EXC
LPOM EXC
LPOM TIM LPOM PLM LPOM UNEQ
LP TIM LP PLM LP UNEQ LP RDI
LP REI
LP DEG INT LP OP BUFFER
= "A masks B if B's TU
type is TU-12"
A
B
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What is a path?
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A path is an end to end circuit
The ends of a LO path are where traffic is brought into SDH or removed from SDH
Paths carry VCs
LO VCs are
generated where traffic is brought into SDH
and terminated where it is removed
HO VCs are
Generated / terminated where traffic is brought into SDH or when LO VCs are brought into / removed from a
HO VC

Low Order Path
Multiplexer
Regenerator
High Order Path
Carrying a 2 Meg circuit in a STM frame
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2M example where
High order paths are
encased in STM frames when they pass between nodes
Low order paths are
threaded through high order paths
2M PDH
LO path
HO path
MS
RS
Multiplexor Regenerator
STM-1 tributary with a LO
connection
2M trib
SONET Layers
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DS1
DS3
DS1
STS Path
Line
Section
Photonic
VT Path
DS3
Section Section Section Section
Line
Line
Line
STS Path
STS Path
VT Path
Path
Terminating
Equipment
(PTE)
Section
Terminating
Equipment
(STE)
Line
Terminating
Equipment
(LTE)
Path
Terminating
Equipment
(PTE)
Path
Terminating
Equipment
(PTE)
STS Path
Line
Section
Photonic
Section
Photonic
STS Path
Line
Section
Photonic
VT Path
Line
Section
Photonic

There are four sections Regenerator Section (RS), Multiplex Section (MS), Higher
Order Path Section (HP), and Lower Order Path Section (LP)

RS is a part (section) of the optical fibre network, within which RSOH part of SDH frame
is NOT opened

MS is a part (section) of the optical fibre network, within which MSOH part of SDH frame
is NOT opened

HP is a part (section) of the optical fibre network, within which higher order VC part of
SDH frame is NOT opened (it may be opened only for interpreting HOPOH)

LP is a part (section) of the optical fibre network, within which lower order VC part of
SDH frame is NOT opened (it may be opened only for interpreting LOPOH)

SDH Section Hierarchy
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SDH
Interface
cross-connect
unit
SDH
Interface
PDH interface
High order part
Downlink signal
flow
Downlink signal flow & High order part
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SDH
Interface
cross-connect
unit
SDH
Interface
PDH interface
Low order part
Uplink signal flow & Low order part
Uplink signal flow
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AIS (Alarm Indication Signal)
Two Common Alarms
Inserts the all 1s signal into the Low level circuits, Indicating that the signal is
unavailable. Common AIS alarms include MS_AIS, AU_AIS, TU_AIS and E1_AIS.
Indicates the alarm transferred back to the home station from the opposite
station after the opposite station has detected alarms of LOS (loss of signal),
AIS and TIM (trace identifier mismatch). Common RDI alarms include
MS_RDI, HP_RDI and LP_RDI.
RDI (Remote Defect Indication)
Alarms & Performance of High Order Part
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A B C D E F G
STM-N
Cross-connect
Unit
SPI RST MST MSP MSA HPT
Uplink signal Flow
Downlink signal Flow
SDH Interface to Cross-connect Unit
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Diagram of Alarm Generation
Frame synchronizer& RS
overhead processor
(RST)
MS overhead processor
(MST)
Pointer processor& HP
overhead processor
(MSA, HPT)
LOS
LOF
B1 Err
A1,A2
B1
AIS
MS_AIS
B2 Err
K2
B2
MS_REI
M1
MS_RDI
K2
1 AIS
AU_AIS
AU_LOP
H1,H2
H4
B3 Err
J1
HP_SLM
C2
1
HP_LOM
HP_TIM
HP_UNEQ
HP_REI
HP_RDI
H1,H2
C2
B3
G1
G1
1
X
C
S
STM-N
Optical
Signal
Downlink signal flow Alarm report or return
Signal transfer point (Insert down all "1"s
signal)
Alarm termination point (Report
to SCC unit)
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Optical receiving
Optical/electrical conversion (O/E)
O/E module checks Optical signal (If no light in the input signal, optical power excessively
low or high or the code type mismatch, R_LOS alarm will be reported)
A1, A2 and J0 bytes detecting
Search the framing bytes (R_OOF, R_LOF)
Extract the line synchronous timing source
J0 byte (J0_MM)
Scramble
B1 byte detecting
BIP-8 computing to check bit error (B1_SD, B1_EXC, SES, RSUAT)
Process F1, D1 - D3 and E1 bytes
Downlink Signal Flow
Frame synchronizer and RS overhead processor
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K1 and K2 bytes detecting
SF and SD detection
Process D4D12, S1 and E2 bytes
MSP protection function
MS_AIS, MS_RDI
B2 byte detecting
BIP-8 computing to check bit error (B2_SD and B2_OVER)
M1 bytes (MS_REI)
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Pointer processor and HP overhead processor
H1 and H2 bytes detecting
Frequency and phase alignment
Locate each VC-4 and send it to High order path overhead processor
Generate AU_AIS, AU_LOP
J1, C2, B3 and G1 bytes detecting
J1 Bytes (HP_TIM)
C2 Bytes (HP_UNEQ, HP_SLM)
B3 bit error detecting (B3_SD, B3_OVER, SES, HVCUAT)
H4 Bytes (For VC12 signal, HP_LOM)
G1 Bytes (HP_RDI, HP_REI)
F3, K3, N1 Bytes (Reserved)
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Uplink Signal Flow
Pointer processor and HP overhead processor
Generates N High order path overhead bytes
J1, C2, B3, G1, F2, F3 and N1 Bytes
Return alarm to the remote end
HP_RDI (G1)
HP_REI (G1)
AU-4 pointers generating
Pointer processor generates N AU-4 pointers
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Uplink Signal Flow
Set multiplex section overhead (MSOH) Bytes
K1, K2, D4-D12, S1, M1, E2 and B2 Bytes
Return alarm to the remote end
MS_RDI (K2)
MS_REI (M1)
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Uplink Signal Flow
Frame synchronizer and RS overhead processor
Set regenerator section overhead (RSOH) Bytes
A1, A2, J0, E1, F1, D1-D3 and B1 Bytes
Frame synchronizer and scrambler scrambles STM-N electrical signals
E/O
Alarms & Performance of Low Order
Part
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PDH Interface to Cross-connect Unit
G H I J K
PDH Interface
Cross-connect
Unit
HPA LPT LPA PPI
Uplink signal Flow
Downlink signal Flow
Part
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Diagram of Alarm Generation
PDH Physical Interface Low Order Path Adaptation High Order Path Adaptation& Low
Order Path Termination
E1
Interface
E1
Interface
(PPI)
(LPA) (HPA, LPT)
LP_TFIFO
All 1
LP_SLM
LP_UNEQ
V1,V2
H4
BIP 2
J2
TU_AIS
V5
HP_LOM
LP_TIM
TU_LOP
LP_REI
LP_RDI
V5
V5
X
C
S
V5
V1,V2
LP_RFIFO
E1_AIS All 1 T_ALOS
E1_AIS
X
C
S
Downlink signal flow Alarm report or return
Signal transfer point (Insert down all "1"s
signal)
Alarm termination point (Report
to SCC unit)
Alarms & Performance of Low Order Part
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High Order Path Adaptation& Low Order Path Termination
V1, V2 and V3 bytes detecting
Demap the VC-4 into VC-12s
Pointers of all VC-12s are decoded
TU_AIS, TU_LOP
V5 Bytes detecting
LP_RDI( b8), LP_UNEQ, LP_SLM( b5-b7), LP_REI( b3)
BIP-2 computing to check bit error( b1-b2)
H4 Bytes detecting
HP_LOM
J2 Bytes detecting
LP_TIM
Alarms & Performance of Low Order Part
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Low Order Path Adaptation& PDH Physical Interface
Low Order Path Adaptation
Recover data stream and the related clock reference signals
Detect LP_RFIFO alarm
PDH Physical Interface
Forming a 2048 kbit/s signal
Part
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Uplink Signal Flow
Low Order Path Adaptation& PDH Physical Interface
Low Order Path Adaptation
Data adaptation
Detect LP_TFIFO alarm
PDH Physical Interface
Clock extraction and dada regeneration
Detect and terminate the T_ALOS alarm
Detect E1_AIS alarm
Part
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Uplink Signal Flow
High Order Path Adaptation& Low Order Path
Low Order Path Termination
Insert POH in the C-12 (C-12 to VC-12)
V5 byte (Insert "signal label" in the b5-b7, calculate BIP-2, set the
result to the b1 and b2)
High Order Path Adaptation
Adapt VC-12 into TU-12
Map TU-12 into High order VC-4
Suppression Correlation between SDH
Alarms
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R_LOS
R_LOF
R_OOF
AU_AIS AU_LOP B1_SD B2_SD
HP_TIM HP_SLM HP_LOM HP_UNEQ B3_EXEC
B3_SD TU_AIS TU_LOP BIP_EXEC
LP_UNEQ LP_TIM LP_SLM BIP_SD
MS_RDI
HP_RDI
LP_RDI
A
B
A suppress B
J0_MM MS_AIS B1_EXEC B2_EXEC
A1, A2 Bytes
RSOH,
MSOH
(Except
A1,A2)
Suppression
Relationship
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More on Alarms
Alarm Understanding Rules

Rule 1

Rule 2
FC 1
Alarm reported
Alarm reported
FC 1
ADM 1 ADM 2
ex. a
ADM 1 ADM 2
ex. b
Alarms reported are alarms received
Alarms are reported on SDH Objects
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Alarm Understanding Rules (contd.)

Rule 3

ADM 1 ADM 2
ex.
3a. No Object => No Alarms reported

FC on TU12 (1-1-1)
NO TU12
(1-1-1)
3b. Object Mismatch => No Alarms reported

FC on TU12 (1-1-1)
TU11
(1-1-1)
ADM 1
ADM 2
ex.
Note:
These two
examples are
not possible
for AU object

WHY?
See slide 9
NO Alarm reported for FC
on TU12 (1-1-1)
NO Alarm reported for FC
on TU12 (1-1-1)
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Rule 4

4a. No PT XC => No Alarms pass-through

FC on AU4 (1)
NO VC4
PT (1)
Alarm reported for FC
on AU4 (1)
FC on TU12 (1-1-1)
ADM 1 ADM 2 ADM 3
ex. a
ADM 1 ADM 2 ADM 3
ex. b
NO Alarm pass-through
NO VC12
PT (1-1-1)
NO Alarm pass-through
NO Alarm reported for
FC on TU12 (1-1-1)
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4b. Bigger PT XC => No Alarms reported & Alarm pass-through

FC on TU12 (1-1-1)
Alarm pass-through for
FC on TU12 (1-1-1)
NO Alarm reported
for FC on TU3 (1)
VC4

ADM 1 ADM 2 ADM 3
ex. a
STM-1
links
4c. Smaller PT XC => No Alarms reported (always ??) &
Alarm pass-through but on smaller object
FC on TU3 (1)
VC12

(1-1-1)
NO Alarm reported
for FC on TU12 (1-1-1)
ADM 1 ADM 2 ADM 3
ex. b
STM-1
links
Alarm pass-through for
FC on TU12 (1-1-1)
What if Same size PT XC ?
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Guide Lines
Alarms reported are alarms received
Object---- No Object
---- Object Mismatch
Privilege of the NE
Upstream / Downstream

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RS Alarms

RS alarms are those, which can be reported even by a pure Regenerator

(who has privilege of opening (interpreting & rewriting) only RSOH)

LOS (Loss of Signal)
based on whole RSOH

LOF (Loss of Frame)
based on A1, A2 bytes

TIM (Trace Identifier Mismatch)
based on J0 byte

SF (Signal Fail)
based on B1 byte

SD (Signal Degrade)
based on B1 byte
D3 D2 D1
F1 E1 B1
J0 A2 A1
RSOH bytes
Note: The order in which the alarms are written is important,
as we will see later while discussing Alarm masking
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Description of Alarms

LOS

Received power is less than Laser receiver sensitivity (All bits interpreted as 0)

ADM 1 ADM 2
ex.
Tx Rx
Rx Tx
LOS
Tx off / misconnectivity Rx off / misconnectivity
Fiber Cut
Received power is less than
Laser receiver sensitivity
(Low power transmitted, Span is longer than
specified, Fiber gets deformed etc. etc.)
LOF

Anything other than F6 28 (Hex) in any (?) of the A1 A2 bytes (within a STM frame)

-- for consecutive 5 frames (625 s) OOF (Out of Frame) clearing 2 frames
-- for consecutive 24 frames (3 ms) LOF clearing 24 frames

Note: Prolonged LOS => LOF, but not always LOF => LOS
(this fact will be used as one of the Alarm Masking logic later)
LOS clears when 2 consecutive framing patterns are received & no new LOS condition is detected
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Description of Alarms (contd.)

TIM (J0)

Received J0 trace (1/16 byte(s)) != Expected J0 trace (1/16 byte(s))

Note: For both SF & SD, alarm clearing threshold is 1 decade lower than generation
threshold, e.g., Gen. Thr. is 1 in 1000 or higher => Clg. Thr. is 1 in 10000 or lower
SF (B1/B2/B3/V5)

Equivalent BER exceeds alarm generation threshold ( 1 in 10 / 1 in 10 / 1 in 10 )

3 4 5
5 9
SD (B1/B2/B3/V5)

Equivalent BER exceeds alarm generation threshold ( 1 in 10 to 1 in 10 )

P1
P2
A B C
Rx trace = C to B
Rx trace = A to B
Tx trace = A to B
Exp trace = A to B
Tx trace = C to B
Exp trace = C to B
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MS Alarms

MS alarms are those, which can be reported by a Add-Drop Multiplexer, irrespective of
cross-connect configuration
(who has privilege of opening (interpreting & rewriting) RSOH, MSOH, AU pointers plus
opening HOPOH(s) / TU Pointers / LOPOH(s) depending upon cross-connect configuration)

AIS (Alarm Indication Signal)
reported based on K2 byte -- bits 6,7,8

SF (Signal Fail)
based on B2 bytes

SD (Signal Degrade)
based on B2 bytes

RDI (Remote Defect Indication)
based on K2 byte -- bits 6,7,8

MSOH bytes
K2 K1 B2
D6 D5 D4
D9 D8 D7
E2 M1 S1
D12 D11 D10
Note 1: The order in which the alarms are written is important, we will see later while discussing Alarm masking
Note 2: MS-AIS is also called Line-AIS or AIS on STM port
MS-RDI is also called Line-RDI or RDI on STM port
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49
Description of Alarms (contd.)

Example of generation of AIS, RDI
ADM
Any traffic affecting RS Alarm or MS-AIS (Rx)
MS-AIS (Gen)
MS-RDI
Any traffic affecting HP Alarm or AU-AIS (Rx)
AU-AIS (Gen)
HP-RDI
Any traffic affecting LP Alarm or TU-AIS (Rx)
TU-AIS (Gen)
LP-RDI
Example of reception of TU-AIS, LP-RDI
ADM 1 ADM 2 ADM 3
E1 E1
VC12 VC12 VC12
TU-AIS (Rx)
LP-RDI (Rx)
Any traffic affecting RS/HP/LP Alarm
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50
HP / LP Alarms

HP / LP alarms are those, which can be reported by a Add-Drop Multiplexer, having
HO / HO & LO object (LO object => LO cross-connect)
(who has privilege of opening (interpreting & rewriting) RSOH, MSOH, AU Pointers plus
at least interpreting HOPOH(s) / opening (interpreting & rewriting) RSOH, MSOH, AU
Pointers, HOPOH(s), TU Pointers plus at least interpreting LOPOH(s)
depending upon cross-connect configuration)

HP-AIS reported based on H1, H2 bytes

HP-LOP (Loss of Pointer) based on H1, H2 bytes

HP-UNEQ (unequipped) based on C2 byte

HP-TIM based on J1 byte

HP-SF based on B3 byte

HP-SD based on B3 byte

HP-RDI based on G1 byte -- bit 5

Note 1: Same as before
Note 2: HP-Alarm is also
called AU-Alarm
or Alarm on AU

LP-Alarm is also
called TU-Alarm
or Alarm on TU
K3
F3
H4
F2
G1
C2
B3
J1
N1
H
O
P
O
H
b
y
t
e
s
H1, H2, H3 AU
Pointer bytes
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51
HP / LP Alarms (contd.)

LP-AIS reported based on V1, V2 bytes

LP-LOP based on V1, V2 bytes

LOM (Loss of Multiframe) based on H4 byte bits 7,8

HP-PLM / SLM (Payload / Signal Label Mismatch)
based on C2 byte

LP-UNEQ based on V5 byte bits 5,6,7

LP-TIM based on J2 byte

LP-SF based on V5 byte bits 1,2
LP-SD based on V5 byte bits 1,2

LP-RDI based on V5 byte -- bit 8

LP-PLM / SLM based on V5 byte bits 5,6,7
Note 1: Same as before
Note 2: Whole of this slide assumes
TU2/TU12/TU11 for LP. If there
is TU3 with AU4 mapping, then
also it is LP but Pointers & POH
bytes will be like HO
K4
N2
J2
V5
LOPOH bytes
V1, V2, V3 TU
Pointer bytes
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52
SONET/SDN Terminology Translation
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53
SDH
VC-11 (virtual container)
VC-12
VC-2
VC-3
VC-4

TU-11 (tributary unit)
TU-12
TU-2
TU-3

TUG-2 (TU group)
TUG-3

AU-3 = VC-3 + Ptr
AU-4 = VC-4 + Ptr

AUG = 1 x AU-4,
or 3 x AU-3s

STM-1 = AUG + SOH

STM-N = N AUGs + SOH

Regenerator Section

Multiplex Section
SONET
VT-1.5 SPE
VT-2 SPE
VT-6 SPE
STS-1 SPE
STS-3c SPE

VT-1.5 (Virtual Tributary size 1.5)
VT-2
VT-6
no SONET equivalent (like a 50 Mbit/s VT)

VT Group
No SONET equivalent

STS-1 SPE + STS-1 Pointer
STS-3c SPE + STS-3c Pointer

logical entity (not defined)

STS-3

STS-3N

Section Layer

Line Layer
14
Alarm Propagation Examples
For every example,
Assumption(s) is/are stated
Root Cause(s) is/are stated
Diagrammatic representation is made (OFCs are shown in cyan)
Alarm(s) generated / condition(s) generated for reporting alarms is/are
shown in black
Alarm(s) existing at a port is/are shown in red
Alarm(s) masked at a port is/are covered with
Alarm(s) reported at secondary supprressed alarm page is/are shown
in pink, italicised
Note(s), whenever required is/are mentioned in green
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54
Alarm Propagation Examples (contd.)
Example 1

A
B

Assumption: AU-4 Mapping on both ports Root Cause: NO XConnect on both ports
AU4 Signal Label Unequipped
HP-RDI
HP- UNEQ
HP-RDI
HP- UNEQ
HP-RDI
HP-RDI
Note: 1) if AU-3 mapping, then what happens?
2) In newer version of Tejas software, UNEQ is not reported for this root cause
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55
HP-RDI
HP- UNEQ
Signal Label TUG-structure
HP-SLM
HP-RDI
TU-LOP
Example 2
Assumption: AU-4 Mapping on both ports, Root Cause: NO XConnect on the port of B

A
B

E1
VC12
Invalid TU Pointer value
LP-RDI
Note: LP-RDI is not reported on B (See Rule 3a)
HP-SLM default action is report
SLM, no downstream AIS
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56
LOS
MS-AIS
AU-AIS
TU-AIS
MS-RDI
HP-RDI
LP-RDI
VC-12 VC-12
E1
E1
A C

B
(Reg.)

Example 3

Assumption: AU-4 Mapping on both ports of A & C
Root Cause: Fiber cut in the link from A to B
AIS
MS-RDI
HP-RDI
LP-RDI
Note: The Reg. can not generate any RDI
Actually at C, AU-AIS & TU-AIS conditions are also received
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57
LOS
MS-RDI
HP-RDI

LP RDI
MS-AIS
LP RDI
MS-RDI
HP-RDI

E1
E1
VC-12 VC-12

A

C

B
Example 4
Assumption: AU-4 Mapping on all ports Root Cause: Fiber cut in the link from A to B
VC-12
ADM B VC-12 PT
TU AIS

Note: Only TU-AIS is reported on Node C (See Rule 4c)
LP RDI
LP-RDI on B is SSA
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58
LOS
MS-RDI
HP-RDI

LP RDI
MS-AIS
LP RDI
MS-RDI
HP-RDI

E1
E1
VC-12 VC-12

A

C

B
Example 5
Assumption: AU-4 Mapping on all ports Root Cause: Fiber cut in the link from A to B
VC-4
ADM B VC-4 PT
Note: Only AU-AIS is reported on Node C (See Rule 4c)
LP-RDI on B is not reported (See Rule 3b)
AU AIS
TU AIS

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59
Invalid TU Pointers (1-
1-2)
TU-LOP (1-
1-2)
A D C B
E1
(2)
VC-12 (1-1-2)
Example 6
Assumption: AU-4 Mapping on all ports Root cause: NO XConnect on B, C & D for (1-1-2)
E1 (1) E1 (1)
VC-12 (1-1-1)
LP RDI (1-
1-2)
Note: Why E1(1) is shown?
LP-RDI is not reported on B (See Rule 3a)
www.mapyourtech.com
60
1-2)
TU-LOP (1-
1-2)
LP RDI (1-
1-2)
Note: LP-RDI at node B is secondary suppressed
TU-AIS at node A is reported as terminating alarm
VC-12 (1-1-2)
A D C B
Example 7
Assumption: AU-4 Mapping on all ports Root cause: NO XConnect on C & D for (1-1-2)
E1 (1) E1 (1)
VC-12 (1-1-1)
E1
(2)
VC-12 (1-1-2)
TU-AIS
(1-1-2)
TU AIS (1-1-2)
LP RDI (1-
1-2)
LP-RDI
(1-1-2)
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61
1-2)
TU-LOP (1-
1-2)
LP RDI (1-
1-2)
Note: K-L-M value need not remain same throughout a particular LP, alarms will
be reported accordingly on different objects
TU-AIS
(1-1-2)
TU AIS (1-1-2)
LP RDI (1-
1-2)
LP-RDI
(1-1-2)
VC-12 (1-1-2)
A D C B
Example 8
Assumption: AU-4 Mapping on all ports Root cause: NO XConnect on C for (1-1-2)
E1 (1) E1 (1)
VC-12 (1-1-1)
E1
(2)
VC-12 (1-1-2)
E1
(2)
VC12(1-1-2)
Invalid TU Pointers
(1-1-2)
TU-LOP (1-
1-2)
LP RDI (1-1-2)
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62
Invalid TU Pointers
(1-1-1)
TU-LOP
(1-1-1)
LP-RDI
(1-1-1)
Note: LP-RDI from A is not reported on B (See Rule 3b).
Why assumption on SLM?

A

C

B
VC-12(1-1-1)
VC-4 VC-12(1-1-2)
VC-12(1-1-2)
E1 (1)
E1 (2)
E1(2)
Example 9
Assumption: AU-4 Mapping on all ports, Root cause: NO XConnect on C for (1-1-1)
VC4 PT at node B,
For each port, HP-SLM default action is ignore SLM
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63
LOS
MS-RDI
HP-RDI
LP RDI
TU AIS
LP RDI
MS-AIS

LP RDI
MS-RDI
HP-RDI

VC-12
VC-12
VC-12
E1
E1

A

C

B

D
Example 10 (with SNCP)
Assumption: AU-4 Mapping on all ports Root cause: Fiber-cut in the link from A to B
W A-B-C, P A-D-C
VC-12
Note: SNCP is always
uni-directional & for
Tejas, it is 1+1
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64
www.mapyourtech.com
65
Alarms: Animated Description
SDH Alarms and Consequent Actions
RS-TIM
LOS
LOF RS-BIP
MS-EXC MS-AIS MS-BIP MS-RDI MS-REI MS-DEG
MST
RST
SPI
AU-LOP AU-AIS
MSA
HP-
UNEQ
HPOM
HP-EXC HP-TIM HP-BIP HP-RDI HP-REI HP-DEG
HPOM / HPT
TU-AIS HP-
PLM
TU-LOP
HPA
LP-
UNEQ
LPOM
LP-EXC LP-TIM LP-BIP LP-RDI LP-REI LP-DEG
LPOM / LPT
LP-PLM
LPA
HP-
LOM
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66
LOS
LINE
TRIB
PDH
NE
LINE
NE
LOS
MS-RDI
AU/TU-AIS
PDH-AIS
K2=XXXXX110
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
= SIGNAL PASSED THROUGH
INTERRUPTION,
HW TROUBLE,
ATTENUATION
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67
LOF
LINE
TRIB
PDH
NE
LINE
NE
LOF
MS-RDI
AU/TU-AIS
PDH-AIS
A1,A2
K2=XXXXX110
PROBLEM ON FRAME
ALIGNMENT WORD
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
www.mapyourtech.com
68
RS-TIM
LINE
TRIB
PDH
NE
LINE
NE
RS-TIM
MS-RDI
AU/TU-AIS
PDH-AIS
JO
K2=XXXXX110
RECEIVED REGENERATOR
SECTION TRACE
IDENTIFIER MISMATCH
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
www.mapyourtech.com
69
RS-BIP
LINE
TRIB
PDH
NE
LINE
NE
RS-BIP
B1
ERRORED SIGNAL
NEAR END
PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
www.mapyourtech.com
70
LINE
TRIB
PDH
LINE
NE
MS-AIS
MS-AIS
MS-RDI
AU/TU-AIS
PDH-AIS
K2=XXXXX110
K2=XXXXX111
TROUBLE ON THE
RECEIVED SIGNAL
(LOS, LOF, RS-TIM)
MS-AIS
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
www.mapyourtech.com
71
MS-EXC
LINE
TRIB
PDH
NE
LINE
NE
MS-EXC
MS-RDI
AU/TU-AIS
PDH-AIS
B2
K2=XXXXX110
EXCESSIVE BIT
ERROR RATE
( 1X10 E -3)
NEAR END
PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
www.mapyourtech.com
72
MS-BIP
LINE
TRIB
PDH
NE
LINE
NE
MS-BIP
B2
ERRORED SIGNAL
NEAR END
PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
MS-REI
M1
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
www.mapyourtech.com
73
MS-RDI
LINE
TRIB
PDH
NE
LINE
NE
MS-RDI MS-RDI
K2=XXXXX110

TROUBLE ON THE
RX SIDE
(LOS, LOF. RS-TIM,
MS-AIS, MS-EXC,

XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
www.mapyourtech.com
74
MS-REI
LINE
TRIB
PDH
NE
LINE
NE
MS-REI
M1
FAR END
PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
ERRORED SIGNAL
MS-REI
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
www.mapyourtech.com
75
MS-DEG
LINE
TRIB
PDH
NE
LINE
NE
MS-
DEG
MS-REI
B2
M1
DEGRADATION
(1X10 E -5 1X10 E -9 )
NEAR END
PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
www.mapyourtech.com
76
LINE
TRIB
PDH
NE
LINE
NE
AU-4 XC
AU-AIS
AU-AIS
PDH-AIS
G1 =XXXX100X

TROUBLE ON THE
RX SIDE
(LOS, LOF, RS-TIM,
MS-AIS, MS-EXC,

HP-RDI
AU-AIS
AU/TU-AIS
AIS
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
www.mapyourtech.com
77
LINE
TRIB
PDH
NE
LINE
NE
AU-LOP
AU-LOP
PDH-AIS
G1 =XXXX100X

TROUBLE ON THE
AU POINTER VALUE
(WRONG SETTING
SDH/SONET, DEG,
HW FAILURE)
HP-RDI
AU/TU-AIS
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
H1,H2
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78
LINE
TRIB
PDH
NE
LINE
NE
HP-UNEQ
HP-UNEQ
C2 = 00000000
AU-4 CHANNEL
NOT CONNETTED
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
www.mapyourtech.com
79
LINE
TRIB
PDH
140M
NE
LINE
NE
HP-TIM
G1 =XXXX100X
HP-TIM
HP-RDI
RECEIVED HIGHER PATH TRACE
IDENTIFIER MISMATCH
HP-TIM
J1
PDH-AIS
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
www.mapyourtech.com
80
HP-BIP
LINE
TRIB
PDH
140M
NE
LINE
NE
ERRORED SIGNAL
NEAR END
PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
HP-BIP
B3
HP-BIP
HP-REI
G1 (1,2,3,4)
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
www.mapyourtech.com
81
HP-RDI
LINE
TRIB
PDH
140M
NE
LINE
NE
HP-RDI

TROUBLE ON THE
RECEIVED HP
(AU-AIS, AU-LOP, HP-TIM,
HP-PLM, HP-EXC)

HP-RDI
HP-RDI
G1 =XXXX100X
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
www.mapyourtech.com
82
HP-REI
LINE
TRIB
PDH
140M
NE
LINE
NE
FAR END
PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
ERRORED SIGNAL
HP-REI
HP-REI
HP-REI
G1 (1, 2, 3, 4)
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
www.mapyourtech.com
83
HP-DEG
LINE
TRIB
PDH
140M
NE
LINE
NE
NEAR END
PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
HP-DEG
HP-DEG
HP-REI
G1 (1,2,3,4)
DEGRADATION
(1X10 E -5 1X10 E -9 )

B3
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
www.mapyourtech.com
84
HP-EXC
LINE
TRIB
PDH
140M
NE
LINE
NE
NEAR END
PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
HP-EXC
HP-EXC
HP-RDI
EXCESSIVE BIT
ERROR RATE
( 1X10 E -3)
B3
G1 =XXXX100X
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
www.mapyourtech.com
85
LINE
TRIB
PDH
NE
LINE
NE
HP-PLM
HP-PLM TU-AIS
PDH-AIS
G1 =XXXX100X
UNEXPECTED HIGHER
PATH PAYLOD LABEL
HP-RDI
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
C2
www.mapyourtech.com
86
LINE
TRIB
PDH
1.5-2-34-45M
NE
LINE
NE
TU XC
TU-AIS
TU-AIS

TROUBLE ON THE
RX SIDE
(AU-AIS, AU-LOP,
HP-TIM, HP-PLM)
TU-AIS
AIS
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
LP-RDI
V5 = XXXXXXX1
PDH-AIS
AIS
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87
LINE
TRIB
PDH
1.5-2-34-45M
NE
LINE
NE
TU-LOP
TU-LOP
V5 = XXXXXXX1

TROUBLE ON THE
TU POINTER VALUE
(DEGRADATION,
HW FAILURE)
TU-AIS
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
V1, V2
LP-RDI
PDH-AIS
AIS
www.mapyourtech.com
88
LINE
TRIB
PDH
1.5-2-34-
45M
NE
LINE
NE
LP-TIM
V5 = XXXXXXX1
LP-TIM
LP-RDI
RECEIVED LOWER PATH TRACE
IDENTIFIER MISMATCH
LP-TIM
J2
PDH-AIS
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
www.mapyourtech.com
89
LP-BIP
LINE
TRIB
PDH
1.5-2-34-45M
NE
LINE
NE
ERRORED SIGNAL
NEAR END
PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
LP-BIP
V5 (1, 2)
LP-BIP
LP-REI
V5 (3)
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
www.mapyourtech.com
90
LP-RDI
LINE
TRIB
PDH
1.5-2-34-45M
NE
LINE
NE
LP-RDI

TROUBLE ON THE
RECEIVED LP
(TU-AIS, TU-LOP, LP-TIM,
LP-PLM, LP-EXC)

LP-RDI
LP-RDI
V5 = XXXXXXX1
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
www.mapyourtech.com
91
LP-REI
LINE
TRIB
PDH
1.5-2-34-45M
NE
LINE
NE
FAR END
PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
ERRORED SIGNAL
LP-REI
LP-REI
LP-REI
V5 (3)
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
www.mapyourtech.com
92
LP-DEG
LINE
TRIB
PDH
1.5-2-34-45M
NE
LINE
NE
NEAR END
PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
LP-DEG
LP-DEG
LP-REI
V5 (3)
DEGRADATION
(1X10 E -5 1X10 E -9 )

V5 (1, 2)
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
www.mapyourtech.com
93
LINE
TRIB
PDH
1.5-2-34-45M
NE
LINE
NE
LP-EXC
NEAR END
PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
LP-EXC
LP-EXC
LP-RDI
EXCESSIVE BIT
ERROR RATE
( 1X10 E -3)
V5 (1, 2)
V5 = XXXXXXX1
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
www.mapyourtech.com
94
LINE
TRIB
PDH
1.5-2-34-45M
NE
LINE
NE
LP-PLM
LP-PLM
UNEXPECTED LOWER
PATH PAYLOD LABEL
PDH-AIS
LP-RDI
V5 = XXXXXXX1
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
www.mapyourtech.com
95
LINE
TRIB
PDH
NE
LINE
NE
LP-UNEQ
LP-UNEQ
V5 (5, 6, 7) = 000
TU CHANNEL
NOT CONNETTED
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
www.mapyourtech.com
96
LINE
TRIB
PDH
1.5-2M
NE
LINE
NE
HP-LOM
HP-
LOM
V5 = XXXXXXX1

TROUBLE ON THE
MULTIFRAME ALIGNMENT
WORD
TU-AIS
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX
= MONITORED
AI
S
H4
LP-RDI
PDH-AIS
AIS
www.mapyourtech.com
97
Regenerator Section Multiplex Section Higher Order Path Lower Order Path
A1/A2
J0
B1
K2
B2
M1
K2
C2
J1
B3
G1
G1
H4
C2
V5
J2
V5
V5
V5
V5
LOS
LOF
RS-TIM
RS-BIP
MS-AIS
MS-BIP
MS-REI
MS-RDI
AU-AIS
AU-LOP
HP-UNEQ
HP-TIM
HP-BIP
HP-REI
HP-RDI
TU-AIS
TU-LOP
TU-LOM
HP-PLM
LP-UNEQ
LP-TIM
LP-BIP
LP-REI
LP-RDI
LP-PLM
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
Error indicator alarm sent upstream
Alarm indicator sent upstream
Error/alarm detection
O
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Performance Monitoring
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Overhead Termination
LPT HPT MST RST RST MST HPT LPT
RSOH
MSOH
VC-4 POH
VC-12, VC-3 POH
2M, 34M Unit STM-n Unit 2M, 34M Unit
LPT: Lower-order Path termination
HPT: High-order Path termination
MST: Multiplex Section Termination
RST: Regenerator Section Termination
STM-n Unit
STM-n Unit or
140M Unit
STM-n Unit or
140M Unit
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Overhead Termination
STM-N unit
STM-N
TSI unit
RST MST HPT LPT
Crossconnect
Level

VC-12 or VC-3
2M or 34M
2M or 34M unit
STM-N unit
STM-N
TSI unit
RST MST HPT
Crossconnect
Level

VC-4
140M
140M unit
STM-N unit
STM-N
TSI unit
RST MST HPT HPT MST RST
Crossconnect
Level

VC-12 or VC-3
STM-N
STM-N unit
STM-N unit
STM-N
TSI unit
RST MST RST
Crossconnect
Level

VC-4
STM-N
STM-N unit
MST
Performance Monitoring Point
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Physical Layer

Section Layer

Adaptation

High/Low-order Path Termination
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-Physical Layer-
Optical Interface
LDBC : Laser Diode Bias Current

PDH Interface
CV-L : Code Rule Violation
ES-L : Errored Second
SES-L : Severely Errored Second
External Clock Interface
CV- : Code Rule Violation
ES- : Errored Second)
SES- : Severely Errored Second

: L or P
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-Section Layer-
Regenerator (RS) and Multiplex (MS) Section
ES- : Errored Second
SES- : Severely Errored Seconds
BBE- : Background Block Error
UAS- : Unavailable Seconds
OFS- : Out of Frame Seconds (OOF)

Multiplex Section Far-end
ES-MSFE : Errored Second
SES-MSFE : Severely Errored Seconds
BBE-MSFE : Background Block Error
UAS-MSFE : Unavailable Seconds

Multiplex Section
PSC : Protection Switching Count
PSD : Protection Switching Duration
: RS or MS
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-Adaptation-
AU-4 Pointer

PJE (positive) : Pointer Justification Event (positive)
PJE (negative) : Pointer Justification Event (negative)

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-Path Termination-
High/Low-order Path (receiving direction)
ES- : Errored Second
SES- : Severely Errored Seconds
BBE- : Background Block Error
UAS- : Unavailable Seconds

High/Low-order Path (transmitting direction)
ES-FE : Errored Second
SES-FE : Severely Errored Seconds
BBE-FE : Background Block Error
UAS-FE : Unavailable Seconds

: HO or LO
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Terms and Definitions
(used by error performance)
EDC : Error Detection Code
Block : block
EB : Errored Block
Defect : defect
ES : Errored Second
SES : Severely Errored Second
BBE : Background Block Error
CV : Code Violation
UAS : Unavailable Second
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BIP-8 of VC-4
1
2
2 3 4 8
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8 2 3 4 9
3 1
2 6 2
2
2 6 3
2 3 4 8 2 3 4 9
G r o u p o f 8 b i t s
V C - 4
2 6 1
B l o c k
( 1 8 7 9 2 b i t s / b l o c k ) B3
BIP-8 check sequence
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Block : block
EB : Errored Block
Defect : defect
ES : Errored Second
CV : Code Violation
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Block : block
EB : Errored Block
Defect : defect
ES : Errored Second
CV : Code Violation
Generation and Detection of SDH
Performance
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Bit Error Generation Mechanism
Mechanism: Bit interleaved parity (BIP)
Transmit end: The result of BIP is placed in the relevant bytes of the
next frame
Receive end: Compare the result of BIP with the bytes of the next
frame

B1: BIP8 for the regenerator section error monitoring function
B2: BIP24 for multiplex section error monitoring function
B3: BIP8 for monitoring the bit error performance of VC-4
V5: BIP2 for monitoring the bit error performance of VC-12
Notice: The Sequence of descramble& BIP
Generation and Detection of SDH Performance
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B1
B2
B3
V5
RST MST HPT LPT LPT HPT MST RST
Errors occurring in Low order path will not be detected in High order
path, High order bit errors will trigger Low order errors.
Error Detection and Report
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Terms
Term Description
BE Errored block, in which one or more bits are in error.
BBE
Background block error, it is an errored block occurring outside of the period
of UAT and SES.
FEBBE Far end block of background error, it is a BBE event detected at the far end.
ES
Errored second, it is a certain second with one or more errored blocks
detected.
FEES Far end errored second, in which an ES event detected at the far end.
SES
Severely errored second, it is a certain second which contains 30% errored
blocks or at least one serious disturbance period (SDP). Here, the SDP is a
period of at least four consecutive blocks or 1ms (taking the longer one)
where the error ratios of all the consecutive blocks are 10-2 or loss of
signal occurs.
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Term Description
FESES
Far end severely errored second, in which an SES event detected at the
remote end.
CSES
Consecutive severely errored second, in which the SES events
consecutively occur, but last less than 10 seconds.
FECSES
Far end consecutive severely errored second, in which a CSES event
detected at the far end.
UAS
Unavailable second, it is a period of 10 consecutive seconds during which
the bit error ratio per second of the digital signal in either of the
transmission directions of a transmission system is inferior to 10-3 . These
ten seconds are considered to be part of unavailable time.
Terms
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Adjust pointers as required in practice, so as to tolerate rate
asynchronization and phase difference of payload signals. That is, perform
pointer justification on information payloads to make the payloads
synchronous with the STM-N frame
Mechanism
Administrative unit pointer (AU_PTR)
Tributary unit pointer (TU_PTR)
Sort
Pointer Justification
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H1 Y Y H2 F F H3 H3 H3 VC4
9

row
10270 Column
9 1
Locatio
n:
Causation:
Network is out of synchronization
Pointer justification state:
Name
Byte numbering and content of the fourth row in STM-1
frame
Rate relation
7 8 9 10 11 12
Zero H3 H3 H3 Info Info Info Information = container
Positive H3 H3 H3 Stuffing Stuffing Stuffing Information< container
Negative Info Info Info Info Info Info Information> container
Generation Mechanism of AU Pointer Justification
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Causation:
Transformed from AU pointer justification
The system clock is not consistent with the received clock
Pointer justification occurs at the upstream NE where the service
passes
Remote detection:
Occur at the local station, report at the remote station
Local detection:
Generate at the local station, report locally
Generation Mechanism of TU Pointer Justification
Detection and Reporting of Pointer Justification
Relationship between Alarms and Performance
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Item Performance Event Alarm Event
Local end Remote end Local end Remote end
RS RSBBE - B1_OVER -
MS MSBBE MSFEBBE B2_OVER MS_REI
HP HPBBE HPFEBBE B3_OVER HP_REI
LP LPBBE LPFEBBE BIP_OVER LP_REI
Functions of alarm and performance for bit error threshold
crossing
Alarm and Performance are belong to different levels. Alarm
indicates the fault of transmission, performance indicates the signal
degrade of transmission. If the value of performance is high than
threshold it will translate into alarm. For example bit error can
translate into EXC alarm then causes the traffic interrupt.
Relationship
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Relation between ES, SES and BBE
B
l
o
c
k
s
i
n
1
s
e
c
.
p
e
r
i
o
d
30 %
1 sec.
ES
SES
EB }
BBE nonEB
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Block : block
EB : Errored Block
Defect : defect
ES : Errored Second
CV : Code Violation
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10 sec. 10 sec. < 10 sec.
Unavailability detected Availability detected
Unavailable period Available period
Error-free second
Severely errored second
SES
Errored second
ES
Unavailable Second
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1 day
(Yesterday)
Current 1 day (Today)
data update : every 1 min.
0 : 00 0 : 00
TCA (Threshold Crossing Alert)
1 day accumulation
32 periods with zero suppression
(32) (2) (1)
15 min.
hh : 15n hh : 15(n+1)
Current 15 min.
data update : every 1 min.
15 minute accumulation
TCA (Threshold Crossing Alert)
Storage of PM data
time past future
0
*
*
0
*
0
*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
*
*
0
*
*
0
*
0
*
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
*
*
item a
item b
item x
item y
item a
item b
item x
item y
memory old new
Zero Suppression
all zero data with time stamp of occurrence
Zero Suppression
PM items of one facility
Bit error defects family
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EXC = EXCessively errored signal
DEG = DEGraded signal
CMI = Code Mark Inversion

All members of the [large] family of bit error defects have a common origin
errors in the transmission/reception of a signal.

SDH calculates a parity check and places the results in the overhead.
Occurs in both Tx and Rx. A difference indicates a bit error in transmission/reception
Another detection mechanism is for electrical signals
An invalid sequence is a code violation
PPI-EXC and ES-CMI defect originate from code violations.

SDH paths and sections may have EXC and DEG defects [Different degrees of errors]
EXC represent an EXCessive number of bit errors the signal is so badly errored as to be unusable
EXC defects represent a bit error ratio of 10
-3
or 10
-4
.
EXC results in a protection switch at the closure point of a sub-network connection and may be configured
to insert AIS and RDI.
DEG defects represent a bit error ratio of 10
-5
or less
DEG does not result in a protection switch or raising of any consequent action.
What is Performance Monitoring
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Performance monitoring is used to measure Traffic Quality
How? By counting anomalies and defects.

Why are they needed?
To diagnose faults in a network OR detect occurrence of dribbling errors.
Measure a networks performance and its service capability.
At the edge of the network
Within the network
Check service level agreements for end customers and find out whether they have been
satisfied or breached.

Reporting performance monitoring
NE collects and logs PMs continuously for all connections.
EC-1 collects PMs from all NEs in span of control.
INM collects PMs from the complete network.
Performance Monitoring Points
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Performance Monitoring Points [PMPs]
are points at which software collects performance monitoring [PM] data. The PM data
is a measure of the quality of the transmission path at that point.

PDH
End User
LP_NE V5, B3
LP_FE V5, G1
TU_PJE
Vc-12
Vc-12
PPI_CV
Vc-4 Vc-4
STM-N
RS-OOF A1, A2
RS-NE B1
MS_NE B2
MS_FE M1
AU_PJE
HP_NE B3
HP_FE G1
Optical Link via Network
PDH
End User
NE1
NE2
Table of PM points
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PMs count will occur at the same points as where alarms will occur
FE[Far End] PMs are associated with the RDI defect category.
The destination you are sending to has received your signal in a defective state.
PMP-Type Byte Defects
RS-OOF A1, A2
RS-NE B1 RS-LOS, RS-LOF
MS_NE B2 All RS defects, MS-AIS, MS-EXC
MS_FE M1 MS-RDI
AU_PJE N/A N/A
HP_NE, HPOM_NE B3 All RS, MS defects, AU-AIS, AU-LOP, HP-LOM, HP-TIM, HP-PLM, HP-EXC
HP_FE, HPOM_FE G1 HP-RDI
TU_PJE N/A N/A
LP_FE
LPOM_FE
G1[VC-3]
V5(b3[VC-12]
HP-RDI, LP-RDI
LP_NE
LPOM_NE
B3[VC-3]
V5(b1-b2[VC-12]
All RS, MS, AU, HP defects, TU-AIS, TU-LOP, LP-TIM, LP-PLM, LP-EXC,
INT-LO-BUFFER
ES-CV N/A ES-LOS
PPI-CV N/A PPI-LOS
BIP Errors vs Block Errors
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B1 is an 8 bit parity byte, calculated across the complete SDH frame [2430
bytes for an STM-1 signal].
B1 byte is generated/terminated at every NE.
ANSI specifies BIP
ETSI/ITU specifies Block Errors
The B1 Byte is treated as 1 block
The B1 Byte is treated as BIP-8 [since it has 8 bits]
Example
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
Transmitted
0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
Received
= 1 Block Error, = 2 BIP Errors
= 1 Block Error, = 1 BIP Error
= Bit Error
Definition of BBE, ES, SES, UAS
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Background Block Error [BBE]
A Background Block Error [BBE] is a single errored Block in the SDH frame, not occurring
as part of an SES or a UAS.
Errored Second [ES]
An Errored Second [ES] is a second during which at least one anomaly or one defect
occurs, but not occurring as part of a UAS.
Severely Errored Second [SES]
A Severely Errored Second [SES] is a second during which at least X anomalies or one
defect occurs, but not occurring as part of a UAS. By definition an SES is always an ES.
Unavailable Second [UAS]
An Unavailable Second is a second during which the signal is unavailable. It becomes
unavailable at the onset of 10 consecutive seconds that qualify as SES, and continue to be
unavailable until the onset of 10 consecutive seconds that do not qualify as SES.
How to interrupt SES and UAS
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The difference between SES and UAS is conceptually difficult to understand.
Therefore it is better clarified through the use of a diagram.
Unavailable periods/detection and available periods/detection are indicated.
<10secs
Unavailability
Detected
10secs <10secs
Unavailable Period
Availability
Detected
Available Period
10secs
= SES = Non SES
Available Period
Processing of B1 byte
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This can be broken down into activities performed in hardware and software.
Calculate B1
block errors
Determine RS
defects
1- Second
Filter
15-Minute
Filter
24-Hour Filter
SDH Frame
SDH Frame
Frame B1
errors
Frame RS
defects, LOS,
LOF
1- second
BBE, ES, SES, UAS
15-minute
BBE, ES, SES, UAS
24-hour
BBE, ES, SES, UAS
15-Minute PM Counts

TIME BBE ES SES UAS
00:00 3 3 1 0
00:15 5 4 0 0
00:30 1 1 0 0
24-Hour PM Counts

BBE ES SES UAS
40 33 0 0
34 16 20 20
21 4 2 0
Calculating B1 block errors.
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The calculation of B1 block errors occurs in hardware.
Conceptually this can be understood via a diagram.
Frame X Frame X+1 Frame X+2
Calculate
expected B1
byte
Compare
actual with
expected B1
byte
Expected B1 byte
Actual B1 byte
B1 errors
}

1- Second Filter
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1-Second Filter

B1 Errors (x) BBE ES SES UAS
x = 0 0 0 0 0
0 < x < 2400 x 1 0 0
x >= 2400 (< 10 secs) 0 1 1 0
x >= 2400 (> 10 secs) 0 0 0 1

Defects BBE ES SES UAS
No Defects 0 0 0 0
LOS, LOF (< 10 secs) 0 1 1 0
LOS, LOF (> 10 secs) 0 0 0 1
1-Second
filter
Frame B1 errors
Frame RS defect,
LOS, LOF
1- second
BBE, ES, SES, UAS
SDH Frame B1 Errors/Defects

DATE TIME FRAME B1 Errors Defects
01/01/2000 00:00:00 0001 0 -
01/01/2000 00:00:00 0002 0 -
01/01/2000 00:00:00 0003 1 -
. .
. .
. .
01/01/2000 00:00:00 7998 0 -
01/01/2000 00:00:00 7999 0 -
01/01/2000 00:00:00 8000 0 -
----
TOTAL B1 Errors (x) = 0001
}
1-Second PM Counts

DATE TIME BBE ES SES UAS
01/01/2000 00:00:00 1 1 0 0
01/01/2000 00:00:01 x x x x
01/01/2000 00:00:02 x x x x

15-Minute Filter
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1- second
BBE, ES, SES, UAS
15-Minute
Filter
15-Minute
BBE, ES, SES, UAS
15-Minute PM Counts

01/01/2000 00:00 3 3 1 0
01/01/2000 00:15 x x x x
01/01/2000 00:30 x x x x
1-Second PM Counts

01/01/2000 00:00:00 1 1 0 0
01/01/2000 00:00:01 0 0 0 0
01/01/2000 00:00:02 0 1 1 0
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
01/01/2000 00:14:57 2 1 0 0
01/01/2000 00:14:58 0 0 0 0
01/01/2000 00:14:59 0 0 0 0
}
24 Hour Filter
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1- second
BBE, ES, SES, UAS
24-Hour
Filter
24-Hour
BBE, ES, SES, UAS
}
24-Hour PM Counts

DATE BBE ES SES UAS
01/01/2000 40 33 3 0
02/01/2000 x x x x
03/01/2000 x x x x
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
1-Second PM Counts

01/01/2000 00:00:00 1 1 0 0
01/01/2000 00:00:01 0 0 0 0
01/01/2000 00:00:02 0 1 1 0
30 . . .
. 30 1 .
4 . . .
01/01/2000 23:59:57 0 0 1 0
01/01/2000 23:59:58 5 1 0 0
01/01/2000 23:59:59 0 0 0 0
TIME B1 Errors Defects
1 5 -
2 50 -
3 500 -
4 5000 -
5 0 LOS
6 40 LOS
7 400 LOS
8 4000 LOS
9 2500 LOF
10 2700 -
11 3000 -
12 4000 -
13 5000 -
14 6000 -
15 7000 -
16 0 -
17 50 -
18 0 -
19 100 -
20 0 -
21 30 -
22 0 -
23 35 -
24 0 -
25 0 -
26 0 -
27 40 -
28 0 LOF
29 0 -
BBE= 5 ES= 1 SES= UAS=
BBE= ES= 1 SES= 1 UAS=
BBE= ES= SES= UAS= 1
BBE= ES= SES= UAS=
BBE= ES= SES= UAS=
TOTAL BBE= 595 ES= 15 SES= 11 UAS= 12
B1 errors
5000 > 2400 [<10 secs]
Defects
LOS, LOF (< 10 secs)
Unavailable
Period
B1 errors
X > 2400 [>10 secs]
AND / OR
Defects
LOS, LOF [>10secs]
Unavailability
Detected
Availability
Detected
B1 errors
X < 2400 [>10secs]
AND / OR
Defects
No Defects [>10secs]
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Accumulation of PMs over time

10 Second
Period
2 Seconds
that qualify
as SES
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FAQs
Question and Answers
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What is the difference between an anomaly and a defect?
Anomaly is a single occurrence of, or commencement of a condition
Defect is a persistent or repeated occurrence of an anomaly
What is the main difference between a POM alarm and a LO or HO alarm?
LPs / HPs are present on termination
POMs are present when traffic is un-terminated
What is the main principle behind masking?
Present alarm closet to source
Reduce the amount of fault analysis and alarm presentation
A car fail alarm is raised on a PIU, What should you do?
This alarm needs to be cleared first because it will mask all other alarms raised on the card/slot
instance
What is the difference between a regenerator and a multiplexer?
Regenerator terminates the RSOH, MSOH + payload continue, regenerator generates new OH
Multiplexer fulfils the same function of a regenerator and also terminates / generates a MSOH
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What alarms does the Multiplex Section Termination give?
Provides pointer processing and gives AU alarms
Where are the Low Path Termination points?
On PDH tributaries
If an unprotected limb has two POMs present which one is active the Rx or the Tx?
Rx is active
In a protected connection is a limb has a HPT or LPT present can HPOM/LPOM also be
active?
Yes
Which bytes are responsible for the reporting of a LOF alarm, what section overhead are
they found?
A1 and A2 In RSOH
Where is AIS reported in relation to a defect?
AIS is reported downstream from a defect, a user would look upstream to resolve the
issue
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Why is there no RS-AIS alarm?
Possibly redundancy [Like the TIM alarms which only has RS-TIM]
Could also be that RS alarms on regenerators are passive and operate as a pass through.
Multiplexers drop traffic and are better therefore to address issue
How many consequent actions are there and what are they?
AIS, RDI/REI and protection switches
Which alarm is more serious, RDI or REI?
RDI is more serious
What type of cards produce CMI alarms?
Electrical cards [comes from Code Mark Inversion line coding]
What consequent actions does a DEG alarm produce?
It doesnt
What type of payload would you expect on the raising of a UNEQ alarm?
0
What bytes carry PM information and where are they calculated?
B1, B2 and B3. Calculated in hardware
Various presentation collected from Internet {Huawei,Tejas,Nortel & Marconi) available free of cost
www.mapyourtech.com
www.google.com

For further queries do reach on www.mapyourtech.com
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140
References
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141
Thank You!

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