Qu trnh cracking xc tc Hu H

1

MC LC
DANH SCH CH VIT TT..............................2
1.1. Vai tr ca qu trnh cracking xc tc ...................................................................................... 3
1.2. Cc cht xc tc cracking .......................................................................................................... 3
1.2.1. Aluminosilicat v nh hnh ............................................................................................... 4
1.2.2. Zeolit ................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2.3. Xc tc cha zeolite .......................................................................................................... 10
1.3. C ch phn ng cracking xc tc........................................................................................... 11
1.3.1. Giai on to thnh cacbocation ...................................................................................... 11
1.3.2. Giai on bin i ca cacbocation ................................................................................. 13
1.3.3. Giai on dng phn ng................................................................................................. 17
1.4. Quy trnh cng ngh cracking xc tc ..................................................................................... 17
1.4.1. S pht trin ca cng ngh cracking xc tc ................................................................. 17
1.4.2. Gii thiu cng ngh FCC ca UOP ................................................................................ 18
1.4.3. u im ca cng ngh cracking xc tc FCC ................................................................ 21
TI LIU THAM KHO.22










Qu trnh cracking xc tc Hu H

2

DANH SCH CH VIT TT
FCC: Xc tc cracking pha lu th (Fluid catalytic cracking)
HCO: Du giu hydrocarbon vng thm nng (heavy cycle oil)
LCO: Du giu hydrocarbon vng thm nh (light cycle oil)
















Qu trnh cracking xc tc Hu H

3

1.1. Vai tr ca qu trnh cracking xc tc
Craking xc tc l qu trnh chuyn ha cc phn on hydrocacbon c nhit si
cao, phn t lng ln thnh sn phm nh hn c gi tr kinh t cao nh : xng, diesel,
cc sn phm kh. Qu trnh cracking xc tc ng vai tr rt quan trng trong cng
nghip du kh, l qu trnh khng th thiu c trong bt k mt nh my ch bin du
no trn th gii, v qu trnh ny l mt trong cc qu trnh chnh sn xut xng c tr s
octan cao. Xng thu c t qa trnh ny c dng phi trn vi cc loi xng khc
to ra cc mc xng khc nhau. Khi lng xng thu t qu trnh chim t l rt ln
khong 70-80% so vi tng lng xng thu t cc qu trnh ch bin khc.
Lng du m c ch bin bng cracking xc tc chim tng i ln.V d vo
nm 1965, lng du m th gii ch bin c 1.500 tn/ngy th trong cracking xc
tc chim 800 tn ( tng ng 53%). Theo nh gi ca cc chuyn gia, nm 1990 ton
th gii c cng sut ch bin du khong 4 t tn th cng sut ca cracking xc tc l
540 triu tn, n nm 2000 th con s ln ti khong 800 triu tn.
Tm quan trng ca qu trnh cracking xc tc cn th hin ch, n l qu trnh rt
d thch nghi vi cc loi nguyn liu t cc ngun du th c thnh phn v tnh cht
khc nhau, c bit trong bi cnh gi du th ngy cng cao v tnh cht ngun du th
mi c khm ph ngy cng bin thin v pha nng dn v cha nhiu tp cht hn.

1.2. Cc cht xc tc cracking
V phn ng cracking xc tc xy ra vi s tham gia ca cc tm axit, cho nn v
nguyn tc mt axit lng bt k c th c s dng lm cht xc tc nu lc axit ca n
mnh. Tuy nhin, nhc im ca xc tc ng th l d b tch pha, kh thu hi v
gy hin tng n mn nn xc tc d th c s dng cho phn ng cracking ny.
Xc tc d th u tin c a vo s dng l khong st t nhin. Nhng hot
ca n gim mt cch nhanh chng khi vn hnh qu trnh cracking. Sau , cc nh
nghin cu to ra mt s vt liu tng hp v nh hnh nh cc t hp khc nhau ca
Qu trnh cracking xc tc Hu H

4

silic oxit v nhm oxit, silic oxit v magie oxit, silic oxit v ziriconi oxit v.vcng th
hin hot tnh xc tc ng k. Cui cng, aluminosilicat l xc tc tt nht trong s cc
silicat. Trong bi vit ny em s ni n xc tc aluminosilicat v nh hnh, zeolit v xc
tc cha zeolit
1.2.1. Aluminosilicat v nh hnh
Trn b mt ca aluminosilicat c nhng nhm hydroxyl lm tm xc tc axit cho
qu trnh cracking. T l SiO
2
/Al
2
O
3
=70/30 l ti u xc tc c hot tnh.v sc chu
ng cao. Tuy nhin hot v chn lc ca aluminosilicat v nh hnh khng cao
nn hin nay ch c dng lm cht nn cho xc tc cha zeolit s c ni phn
tip theo.
1.2.2. Zeolit
Gii thiu s v zeolit
- Cng thc tng qut ca Zeolit: Me
2/n
O.Al
2
O
3
.xSiO
2
.yH
2
O
Me: kim loi kim hay kim th
n: ha tr ca kim loi.
T l Si/Al bin thin trong mt khong nht nh, tng ng mt khong t l no m
zeolite c cu trc tinh th tng ng.
C 4 loi zeolit A, X, Y v ZSM
Zeolit loi A c 3 loi (3A, 4A, 5A)
Zeolit loi 3A : c ng knh ca s mao qun 3A
o
v cation b tr l K+

Qu trnh cracking xc tc Hu H

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Zeolit loi 4A : c ng knh ca s mao qun 4A
o
v cation b tr l Na+

Zeolit loi 5A : c ng knh ca s mao qun 5A
o
v cation b tr l Ca+

+Cu trc s cp ca zeolit l t din SiO
4/2
v AlO
4/2

Tm: Al hay Si
nh: O






to nn tinh th zeolit, cc t din SiO
4/2
v AlO
4/2
, gi l cu trc s cp, lin
kt vi nhau qua nguyn t oxy. Theo quy tc Loewenstein (trong cu trc mng
aluminosilicat hai nguyn t nhm khng c c chung mt oxy), hm lng ca nhm
trong mng ch c th bng hoc nh hn hm lng silic.
Qu trnh cracking xc tc Hu H

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Hnh 1: Cc t din trn lin kt vi nhau qua nguyn t oxy to thnh cu trc th
cp ca zeolit
Cu trc zeolite loi A







Hnh 2: Cc soladit ghp ni vi nhau bng cc mt 4 cnh thng qua trung gian
lng tr to thnh zeolit loi A
Cu trc zeolite loi X, Y
Qu trnh cracking xc tc Hu H

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S khc nhau c bn gia zeolit A v cc zeolit X, Y l ch, do cu trc zeolit A
c hnh thnh bng cch ghp ni cc soladit thng qua cc lng tr 4 cnh cho nn
cc hc ln c thng vi nhau qua cc vng oxi 8 cnh vi kch thc trong
khong xp x 4-5A
o
. Cn trong zeolit X, Y cc hc ln c ni thng vi nhau qua
cc vng oxi 12 cnh c kch thc ln hn xp x 8-10A
0
.







Hnh 3: Soladit ghp vi nhau ti cc mt su cnh to thnh zeolit loi X, Y
i vi zeolit A t s X=SiO
2
/Al
2
O
3
bng xp x 2, trong zeolit X v Y (u c cu
trc ging vi faujasite t nhin) t s x c gi tr trong khong 2,3 n 3,0 (zeolit X), v
t 3,1 n 6,0 (zeolit Y), trong zeolit ZSM t s bin thin t khong 20 n v hn
cho n tim cn vi cu trc silic oxide tinh th (silicalite).
Xc tc zeolite cho phn ng cracking
i vi phn ng cracking xc tc ch c hai loi zeolite c s dng nhiu l
zeolit Y v zeolit ZSM-5. bn nhit v axit ca zeolit cng cao nu t l SiO
2
/Al-
2
O
3
cng ln v nhng xc tc tt nht thng cha cc zeolite c t s SiO
2
/Al
2
O
3
t 5.5
tr ln.
Qu trnh cracking xc tc Hu H

8

Tm xc tc ca zeolit cng ging nh aluminosilicat v nh hnh l nhng tm
acid Lewis v Bronsted. S hnh thnh cc tm axit trn b mt zeolit nh sau :
Thc hin trao i cation Na+vi dng dch cha ion amoni, sau x l nhit
c dng proton. y chnh l dng decation ca zeolit Y, k hiu HY.



Tuy nhin H
+
cng c th tc kch vo nguyn t oxi ni Al vi Si, ct t lin kt Al-O
tr li nguyn t Al t do, v to ra nhm OH gn trn nguyn t Si. Lc ny nguyn
t Al chnh l tm acid lewis. Tuy nhin, thc t tm ny b tm Bronsted che chn nn
kh th hin hot tnh ca mnh.
Qu trnh cracking xc tc Hu H

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Tuy nhin khi nhit tng cao qu trnh mt nc c th xy ra do hai nhm OH nm
gn nhau. Qu trnh ny xy ra nh sau :
O
Si
O O
O
H
Al
O O
O
+
O
Si
O O
O
Al
O O
O
H
O
Si
O
Al
O O O O
O
+
O
Si
O
H H
Al
O O O O
O
- H
2
O
O
Si
+
O O
Al
O
O O

Qu trnh cracking xc tc Hu H

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Nhm dng ny th hin c y tnh cht ca mt acid Lewis. Tuy nhin
qu trnh ny kh xy ra nu cc nhm OH cng nm xa nhau tc t l Si/Al ln. Nh vy
cng un nng th s tm acid Lewis to ra cng nhiu v cng nhiu s tm acid
Bronsted b mt i.
Trong xc tc zeolit th khng cn hm lng Al qu nhiu v tm proton tham gia
phn ng nhiu hn tm Lewis. Nu tinh th zeolit b sp do nhit, do tng tc acid,
baz th khng cn l xc tc zeolit na do cu trc cng nhiu Si th cng bn nhit.
Ngoi ra, zeolit Y cn c cc dng khc l dng cation, hn hp cation-decation v
dng siu bn (ultrastable zeolite).
1.2.3. Xc tc cha zeolite
Zeolite c hot tnh xc tc rt cao, tuy nhin nhc im ca n khi a vo s
dng trong thc t l bn c hc thp v s hn ch ca cc l xp i vi cc qu
trnh chuyn khi trong bnh phn ng xc tc d th. Nu s dng zeolit thun ty trong
phn ng cracking th hu nh c mt lng ln tm hot ng khng tham gia phn ng.
L do l, hot cao ca cc tm hot ng, phn ng xy ra vi tc rt nhanh, trong
khi cc phn t tc cht khng kp i vo bn trong cc l xp ca zeolit, m nu nh c
chui v c v chuyn thnh sn phm th cng khng kp khuch tn ra bn ngoi. Kt
qu l qu trnh chuyn ha ch xy ra trn mt phn b mt hn ch ca zeolit. Chnh v
vy m cc nh nghin cu gim lng cht xc tc bng vic pha long zeolit vi
cht nn l aluminosilicat. L do chn aluminosilicat lm cht nn l n c bn c hc
cao, cc l xp kch thc ln m bo khng gy cn tr cho vic vn chuyn cc phn
t tc cht v sn phm trong h phn ng.
Hin nay, trong cng nghip lc ha du xc tc cracking cha khong 15-20%
khi lng zeolit, phn cn li l aluminosilicat v nh hnh c hot ha bng axit
khng cn cha cation Na
+
. Aluminosilicat cn c vai tr na l tip nhn cc cation Na
+

cn st li trong mng zeolit trong qu trnh x l nhit, nu khng c aluminosilicat v
nh hnh th cation Na
+
s u c cc tm axit.
Qu trnh cracking xc tc Hu H

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1.3. C ch phn ng cracking xc tc.
C ch phn ng cracking xc tc hon ton khc vi c ch cracking nhit, l
c ch ion. Cacbocation c to ra khi nhng phn t hydrocacbon trong nguyn liu
tng tc vi tm axit Bronsted hoc tm axit Lewis.
Theo c ch ny cc phn ng cracking xc tc din ra theo ba giai on sau:
Giai on 1 : Giai on to ra cacbocation (ion cacboni hoc ion cacbeni)
Giai on 2 : Cc phn ng ca cacbocation (giai on bin i ion to thnh cc
sn phm trung gian ).
Giai on 3 : Giai on dng phn ng.
1.3.1. Giai on to thnh cacbocation
Cabocation to ra do s tng tc ca olefin, parafin, naphten , hydrocacbon thm
vi tm axt ca xc tc.
T parafin:
- Tng tc vi tm axit Bronsted ca xc tc:

- Cacbocation cng c th c to ra do s tc dng ca parafin vi tm axit
Lewis:
V d:

Hoc c th vit gn nh sau:
+ H
+
R
1
CH
2
CH
2
R
2
(xt)
+
R
1
CH
2
CH R
2
H
2
+ + XT
RH
+
R
+
H Al O Si
O
O
+
Al O Si
O
O
Qu trnh cracking xc tc Hu H

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T olefin
Trong nguyn liu ban u thng khng c hydrocacbon olefin, nhng
olefin c th to ra do s phn hu cc hydrocacbon parafin c phn t lng ln
trong iu kin nhit cao. Cc olefin to thnh lp tc tc dng vi tm axit
ri to ra cacbocation.

- Tng tc ca olefin vi tm axt Bronsted ca xc tc.

- Tng tc ca olefin vi tm axit Lewis ca xc tc:


Cacbocation to thnh trong cc phn ng tun theo quy tc nht nh. Cacbocation
bc 3 d to thnh hn bc 2, k n l bc 1.

+ H
+
(xt)
+
R
1
CH C R
2
+ (xt)
H
R
1
CH C R
2
H H
RH
+
R
+
H Al O Si
O
O
olefin
Al O Si
O
O
CH
3
CH
2
CH CH
2
+
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
+
dto thnh hn CH
3
CH
2
CH CH
2
H
+
(xt)
+
Qu trnh cracking xc tc Hu H

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T hydrocacbon naphten:
Khi hydrocacbon naphten tc dng vi tm axit ca xc tc tng t nh qu trnh
xy ra vi parafin.
T hydrocacbon thm ngi ta quan st thy s kt hp trc tip ca H
+
vo nhn
thm:

Cc hydrocacbon thm c mch nhnh di th s to thnh cacbocation cng
ging nh trng hp parafin.
Thi gian sng ca cc cacbocation c to ra dao ng t phn triu giy n
hng pht. Cc ion cacboni ny to ra nm trong lp cc phn t hp ph, chng l nhng
hp cht trung gian rt hot ng i vi nhiu phn ng xy ra khi cracking.
1.3.2. Giai on bin i ca cacbocation
Tt c cacbocation c hnh thnh u c th tham gia cc chuyn ha sao
cho t c trng thi bn vng nht, vi tc chuyn ha nhanh nht. Cc chuyn
ha l:
- Chuyn dch hydrua v nhm alkyl
- Hnh thnh hoc ph v cc lin kt cacbon-cacbon.
Tt c cc chuyn dch c th thc hin ngay trong bn thn mt phn t hoc gia
cc phn t. Chnh nhng chuyn dch ny l cha kha ca cc phn ng isomer ha,
polymer ha, ng vng v cracking cc hydrocabon.
dto thnh hn
H
+
(xt)
+ CH
3
CH C CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
2
C CH
3
+
CH
3
CH
3
CH CH CH
3
+
H
+
CH
2
CH
3
+
CH
2
CH
3
H
+
Qu trnh cracking xc tc Hu H

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Chuyn dch hydrua v nhm alkyl
Giai on bin i cacbocation to thnh sn phm trung gian c th bin i theo
c ch chuyn i 1 ~2 ca hydrua v ca alkyl.


S chuyn di cacbocation xc nh c bi n nh ca cc ion . Theo nguyn tc:
n nh ca cacbocation theo bc gim dn nh sau :
R
3
C
+

>R
2
CH
+
>>R
1
CH
2
+
>>CH
3
+


Ch phn ng chuyn dch hydrua v nhm alkyl gia 2 cacbeni cng bc xy ra
vi tc rt ln. Ngc li khi chuyn t mt ion bc 3 sang bc 2 phi vt qua mt
thm nng lng (khong 13kcal/mol). Do chuyn dch l rt nh.
V d: phn ng isomer ha cacbocation 2,4,4-trimetylpentyl thnh cacbocation 2,4,4-
trimetylpentyl. thc hin phn ng ny cn phi vt qua giai on chuyn dch
hydrua to ra mt ion cacbeni bc 2 trung gian, chnh giai on ny l giai on chm,
quyt nh chung ca qu trnh isomer ha.




Ngoi ra cn c c ch to thnh hp cht trung gian cyclopropan proton ha nh sau:
R CH
2
CH CH
3
+
CH
3
R C CH
2
+
CH
3
R CH CH
2
+
Qu trnh cracking xc tc Hu H

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Trong c ch ny, cacbon v tr ca C
+
trong mch cacbocation kt hp vi C
+

to ra mt vng cyclopropan proton ha. M vng cyclopropan s to ra ion cacbeni
mi c cu trc mch cacbon khc vi ion ban u: 1 nhnh thnh 2 nhnh, mch thng
thnh mch nhnh.
bn ca cacbocation s quyt nh mc tham gia cc phn ng tip theo ca
chng. V cc ion bc 3 c bn cao nht nn s cho php nhn hiu sut cao cc hp
cht iso- parafin.
Cc cacbocation ng thi li tc dng vi cc phn t trung ho olefin ( C
m
H
2m
)
hay parafin (C
m
H
2m+2
) to thnh cc ion mi.

Phn ng ct mch cacbon

Cc cacbocation c th tham gia phn ng ct mch cacbon C-C v tr i vi C
mang in tch dng to ra mt olefin v mt ion cabeni nh hn
- Vi cacbocation mch thng:


- Vi cacbocation mch nhnh

Qu trnh cracking xc tc Hu H

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Ba v tr ( [A] ,[B],[C] ) trn th xc sut t mch v tr [A] ln hn v tr [B] v
cui cng l v tr [C]


- i vi cacbocation l ng ng ca benzen, v d nh :

Nu p dng quy tc v tr bnh thng th v tr rt bn vng. Ngi ta cho
rng proton c kt hp vi mt trong nhng lin kt CC trong nhn thm to thnh
nhng hp cht trung gian, sau mi phn hu theo quy tc nu trn. Khi phn hu,
in tch cacbocation s dch chuyn theo s sau:

Cc ion cacboni l ng ng ca benzen, mch bn cng di th tc t mch
xy ra cng ln v cng d. Ion cacbeni iso-butyl benzen c tc t mch ln hn 10
ln so vi iso-propyl benzen.
Cc nhm metyl, etyl kh b t ra khi nhn hydrocacbon thm (v nng lng
lin kt ln) v do kh to c CH
3
v C
2
H
5
. iu ny gii thch c ti sao xng
cracking xc tc hm lng hydrocacbon thm c mch bn ngn rt ln v gii thch
c ti sao trong kh ca qu trnh cracking xc tc c hm lng ln cc hydrocacbon
c cu trc nhnh.

R C C C C C C
+
C
C
[A] [B]
[C]

C
C C
+
C
C C
+
C
CH C
+
+
C
C C
C
+
H
Qu trnh cracking xc tc Hu H

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1.3.3. Giai on dng phn ng.
Giai on ny xy ra khi cc cacbocation kt hp vi nhau, hoc chng nhng
hay nhn nguyn t hydro ca xc tc to thnh cc phn t trung ho.
1.4. Quy trnh cng ngh cracking xc tc
1.4.1. S pht trin ca cng ngh cracking xc tc
Nm 1936, dy chuyn cracking xc tc u tin c a vo cng nghip ch
bin du, hot ng theo phng thc gin on vi lp xc tc c nh do k s ngi
php Houdry thit k.
Nm 1941, xut hin qu trnh cracking vi lp xc tc chuyn ng thay th cho
qu trnh Houdry. Cc dy truyn cng v sau cng lin tc c ci tin so vi cc dy
chuyn ban u khu vn chuyn xc tc.
Nm 1942 dy chuyn cracking xc tc pha lu th (FCC) u tin c a vo
hot ng vi cng sut 12.000 thng nguyn liu/ngy. Loi dy chuyn ny c tn l
(Up Flow). Xc tc c a ra t nh ca l phn ng v ti sinh.
Nm 1944 dy chuyn mang tn l Down Flow model II. Dy chuyn c thit b
phn ng v thit b ti sinh c ng knh ln hn trc v qu trnh tch hi sn phm
c thc hin ngay trong thit b phn ng, ti sinh xc tc dng tng si v qu trnh
thi cng ngy cng c ci tin cho xc tc chuyn ng t pha di v ly ra
ngoi y thit b v y ngi ta cng ci tin c hnh dng ca xc tc.
Nm 1947, hng UOP thit k loi FCC trong thit b phn ng v thit b ti
sinh chng ln nhau trn cng mt trc.
Nm 1951, loi Orthor Flow u tin ca M.W. Kellog xut hin. Sau hng
Standard oil thit k mt loi FCC mi l ci tin ca model II v n c p
dng trong cng nghip vo nm 1952.

t c quy trnh hon ho nh trn, cng ngh cracking xc tc rt nhiu
thi gian th thch, ci tin v hon thin. Trong bi vit ny em xin gii thiu mt cng
ngh cracking xc tc pha lu th (FCC) ca hng UOP c s dng rng ri hin nay.
Qu trnh cracking xc tc Hu H

18

1.4.2. Gii thiu cng ngh FCC ca UOP
Mt h thng FCC ca UOP bao gm cc b phn ch yu sau:
Cm thit b phn ng
Hon nguyn xc tc
Thp chng ct chnh
Phn xng kh


Hnh 4: S chung ca h thng FCC ca UOP
Cm thit b phn ng v hon nguyn xc tc

Qu trnh cracking xc tc Hu H

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Hnh 5: S thit b phn ng v hon nguyn xc tc
y l b phn c xem nh qu tim ca cng ngh FCC (minh ha trong hnh ).
Trong khi vn hnh cc phn ng cracking u c thc hin trong mt reactor ng
ng ( vertical reactor riser), trong riser l mt dng nguyn liu lng c tip xc vi
cht xc tc nng, dng bt. Nguyn liu b ha hi v cracking thnh cc sn phm nh
khi di chuyn t di ln pha trn reactor v mang theo cht xc tc dng bt. Cc phn
ng xy ra rt nhanh ch trong vi giy, cc cng c hnh thnh v bm trn b mt
Qu trnh cracking xc tc Hu H

20

cht xc tc lm cho hot tnh xc tc gim dn. Cht xc tc tham gia phn ng v
cc sn phm cracking c phn ring. Cht xc tc c chuyn qua thit b hon
nguyn t chy cc v phc hi hot tnh xc tc. Sau cht xc tc c chuyn
n y ca reactor ng ng thc hin mt chu trnh cracking xc tc tip theo.
Thit b chng ct chnh
Sn phm cracking dng dng hi c dn vo thit b chng ct chnh phn
ring thnh cc hp phn. Ti gasolin v cc sn phm nh giu olefin, mt s sn
phm nh c tch ra t nh thp ri dn n phn xng kh. LCO c x l tch
ring cc sn phm nh v phn cn li c lu gi kho.
Phn xng kh
Phn xng kh l tp hp cc thp hp th v chng ct phn on phn ring cc
sn phm nh thp ca thit b chng ct chnh thnh gasolin v cc sn phm nh khc.

Hnh 6: S mt phn xng kh FCC
Qu trnh cracking xc tc Hu H

21

1.4.3. u im ca cng ngh cracking xc tc FCC
Cc thit b chnh ca qu trnh l thit b phn ng v thit b ti sinh u c cu
to rt n gin.
S tun hon xc tc t thit b phn ng n thit b ti sinh v ngc li l nh s
vn chuyn lin tc ca hi v kh trong mt gii hn rng.
Do s khuy trn mnh m ca xc tc v hi nguyn liu dn n s ng nht v
nhit trong ton b th tch lp xc tc thit b phn ng cng nh thit b ti sinh,
khc phc c hin tng qu nhit cc b.
H thng ny c kh nng ch bin cc dng nguyn liu khc nhau, nh t nguyn
liu l phn on kerosen n nguyn liu nng l mazut, lm tng tnh vn nng ca h
thng.
H thng ny c cng sut lm vic ln v c thi gian tip xc ngn (thi gian tip
xc gia nguyn liu v xc tc l cc tiu) dn n vic t c hiu sut xng cc i
v olefin nh khng xy ra phn ng ngng t bc hai m to xng. ng dng phng
php ti sinh (chy hon ton CO trong thit b ti sinh) dn n t hm lng ct cn
rt thp trong xc tc.









Qu trnh cracking xc tc Hu H

22

TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] GS.TSKH H S Thong, Xc tc d th, NXB i hc Quc gia Tp. H Ch Minh,
H Ch Minh, 2007.
[2] GS.TSKH Lu Cm Lc, Cng ngh lc v ch bin du, NXB i hc Quc gia
Tp. H Ch Minh, H Ch Minh, 2010.
[3] GS.TS Nguyn Hu Ph, Cracking xc tc, NXB Khoa hc v K thut H Ni, H
Ni, 2005.