GROUP MEMBERS:

SECTION: 02
DONE BY: ANAN ISSAM CE084206

GROUP MEMBERS:
(1)ALBARIQI ABUTALEB OHAMMED :
(2) SHATIESWARAM CE085824
(3) ABDAULAY A BAKAR CE086314
(4) ABDULRAHMAN CE085849
(5)KETLWE MANGSE CE084399
(6)ALLF BIN TALP CE085288
(7)BANMOANI MAHANDRAN CE085292
Lecturer: HIDAYAH BTE BASRI




















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Table of Content



Content

Page


Summary / Abstract

1

Experiment 5.1

6

Experiment 5.2

9

Analysis / Results


12

Discussion

15

Conclusion

17

References

18

Appendices

18










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Summary / Abstract
This experiment is about finding the relationship between the discharge of water and the
friction loss in the pipe. The experiment was carried out with different diameter of pipe
which is 9.4mm, 13.4mm and 15.4mm. The characteristics of individual pipe and also
parallel pipe network characteristics were also being observed in this experiment. The
experiment will divide into two parts where experiment 5.1 is to determine the head loss
versus discharge characteristics for each of the three differents diameter test pipes
supplied as network components. For experiment 5.2 is to determine the characteristics of
a pipe network consisting of four pipes of various sizes in parallel. From h data otain
from te eperiment 5.1; w will be able t plt a graph were ttal head loss (H
1-2
) versus
vlumetric flow rate (Q) for each different diameter of test pipes. From the graph we can
determine the flow rate in each branch pipe for the use in experiment 5.2. In both of the
experiments, we need to take the head loss reading from manometer, and also measure
the time needed for the volumetric tank to accumulate 2L of water. This is to calculate the
volumetric discharge (Q). There were also some errors occur during our experiment and
thus influence the accuracy our results. These errors include human errors, and also
equipment errors. Although our results were not as accurate as actual results, but we were
able to find the relationship between the discharge of water and the friction loss in the
pipe













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Objective:
Experiment 5.1 is to determine the head loss versus discharge characteristic for each of
the three different diameter test pipes supplies as network components.

Theory
Any pipeline of diameter (D) and length (L) carrying a flow rate (Q) within a network
will have a head loss along its length (
1
- H
2
). This head loss is largely the result of
pipe friction and:

Friction head loss = k
1
LQ
2
where k = constant
D
5


Other losses arise from junction, bends, valves or sudden change of pipe section is
considered small and is not take into account in this study. These losses will account for
the difference between actual and calculated values for friction loss and flow rates in
succeeding experiments.

Hydraulic Grade line

H
1

H
2



Q

D, L


Equipment / Description of Experimental Apparatus

Refer to appendix I for detail apparatus.

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Figure 1.0 Individual Pipe Characteristic Equipment set-up


Procedure

1. Connect up the equipment as shown in the schematic diagram using the 9.4mm
diameter test pipe.
2. Switch on the hydraulic bench pump and open the flow control valve to allow a
nominal flow through the pipe.
3. Note the head loss across the pipe on the appropriate manometer scale.
4. Determine the volumetric flow rate using the hydraulic bench measuring tank and
stopwatch.
5. Repeat this procedure for a range of increasing flow rates.
6. Once completed, the test pipe should be replaced with each of the remaining pipes in
turn and whole procedure repeated as above.
7. The table of results should be used to plot a set of curves representing the total head
loss versus volumetric flow rate characteristics for each test pipe arrangement.




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Data and Observations
Experiment 5.1: Individual Pipe Characteristics
Pipe Diameter
(mm)
Test No. H
1-2
(mm) Volume (L) Time (sec) Time(min) Q
in
(Lmin
-1
)
1 15.3 2 0.36
0.60 3.33
9.4 2 20.6 2 0.26
0.43 4.62
3 23.5 2 0.26
0.43 4.62
4 40.7 2 0.19
0.32 6.32
1 5.00 2 0.33
0.55 3.64
13.4 2 6.80 2 0.26
0.43 4.62
3 10.5 2 0.20
0.33 6.00
4 14.1 2 0.19
0.32 6.32
1 1.40 2 0.50
0.83 2.40
15.4 2 4.70 2 0.26
0.43 4.62
3 8.40 2 0.19
0.32 6.32
4 13.00 2 0.17
0.28 7.06

Table 1.0

Sample of Calculation
Volume value is set as 2L for all the 4 tests done at the laboratory for this experiment.

For Pipe Diameter 9.4 mm Test 1
Head loss difference was taken practically during the experiment from the manometers
reading.
Time = 31 sec
Flow rate can be calculated using Q
in
=
T
V
= 2 / 31 = 0.064 L/min.
Similar steps were taken for calculations involving other tests in different Pipes.


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Data and Observations
Experiment 5.2: Pipe Network in Parallel

RESULTS CALCULATIONS
TEST
NO
H
1-2
(mm)
Volume
(L)
Time
(sec)
Q
in
(
L/min)
Q1
(L/min)
Q2
(L/min)
Q3
(L/min)
Q4
(L/min) TOTAL Q
1 1.9 2 15 8 0.4 1.4 2.8 0.4 5.00
2 5 2 10 12 1.1 3.6 4.8 1.1 10.6
3 5.9 2 10 12 1.2 4.2 5.3 1.2 11.9
4 7.6 2 8 15 1.6 5 6 1.6 14.2
Table 1.1

Sample of Calculation

Volume value is set as 2L for all the 5 tests done at the laboratory for this experiment.

For Pipe Diameter 9.4 mm Test 1

Head loss difference was taken practically during the experiment from the manometers
reading.

H
1-2
= 51 50.5 = 0.5 mm
Time recorded for the volume to reach 2L = 9.50 sec

Flow rate can be calculated using Q
in
=
T
V
=
34
2
= 0.06 L/min.

Similar steps were taken for calculations involving other tests in different Pipes.





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Analysis / Results
Experiment 5.1 Individual Pipe Characteristics

In reference to the regression curves representing the total head loss versus the volumetric
flow rate for each test pipe arrangement shown in Figure 1.0, found in the proceeding
page, basically, all pipes, be it 9.4 mm, 13.4 mm or 15.4 mm in diameter, experiences
head loss in the flow that passes through them. Specifically, the head loss for all three
different diameter pipes increases as the volumetric flow rate increases; a direct
relationship can be signified between the head loss and the volumetric flow rate through
the pipes.

However, looking into each and every pipe, the 9.4 mm pipe experiences a larger amount
of head loss than the 13.4 mm and 15.4 mm diameter pipes as the volumetric flow rate
increases. In turn, the 13.4 mm diameter pipe endures a higher head loss than the 15.4
mm diameter pipe as the flow rate increases. Therefore, the curve for the 9.4 mm
diameter pipe has a much steeper slope at any point along the curve than the other two
curves which represents the 13.4 mm and 15.4 mm diameter pipes.

In addition, the increment in slope of the curve for the 9.4 mm diameter pipe as the
volumetric flow rate increases is most adverse in comparison to the other two pipes. In
another perspective, for a similar flow rate passing through the three pipes with differing
diameters, the 15.4 mm diameter pipe experiences the least head loss in the flow,
followed by the 13.4 mm diameter pipe and lastly the 9.4 mm diameter pipe.







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Graph of Total Head Loss (mm) Versus Volumetric Flowrate, Q, (L/sec)

Figure 1.4, Graph of Total Head Loss (mm) Versus Volumetric Flowrate, Q, (L/sec)


Experiment 5.2: Pipe Network in Parallel

For the analysis of this experiment, the graph plotted for the previous Experiment 5.1 as
in Figure 1.3 will be used as the calibration curves for the respective individual sizes of
pipes. Utilizing these calibration curves, the flow in each branch pipe may be determined
to yield the calculated values of the total flow rate through the network, Q
T
.

After the completion of this experiment, we would be able to obtain the actual total flow
rate through the network. Thereafter, for the four differing values of head losses obtained
from the five different tests as in Table 1.1, will be the head loss values in which the
corresponding volumetric flow rate for the three differing diameter pipes will be
computed. Subsequently, we will be able to compute the calculated total flow rate
through the network.

9.4 mm
13.4 mm
15.4 mm
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
H
e
a
d

L
o
s
s

(
m
m
)

Volumetric Flowrate (L/sec)
9.4 mm
13.4 mm
15.4 mm

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In comparing the values of the actual total flow rates with the values of the calculated
total flow rates obtained through the experiment, we are able to determine the percentage
difference
1
for each of the four different tests.


Sample Calculation

Percentage difference for discharge, Q = {[Q
exp
Q
actual
] / Q
exp
} x 100%
= {[0.212 - 0.211] / 0.212 } x 100%
= 0.47%



Discussion:

Experiment 5.1
From this experiment, we were required to find the relationship between head loss and
the flow rate for each pipe. After the experiment, we found out that when the diameter of
test pipe increase, the flow rate will also increase, while the velocity of flow remain
constant. When the diameter of test pipe increase, the head loss will also increase. This
means that, when the diameter is bigger, the wetted perimeter will increase and thus
increase the friction between the water and pipe surface. When the head loss increases,
the flow rate will decrease because the friction force slows down the water flow. From
the equation, Q=AV where Q is flow rate, A is area and V is velocity, we know that when
the friction force slow down the flow, velocity (V) of the flow will decrease, this will
influence the flow rate (Q) to become lower. Therefore, the flow rate at the pipe outlets
will be less than the flow rate at the pipe inlets due to the energy loss along the pipe.







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Experiment 5.2
From the experiment, the Q is bigger than Qin. This is because we use the graph of
individual test pipe to obtain the flow rate (Q) for each pipe and the summation of these
flow rates (Q). These flow rates (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4) did not experience the same friction
loss in the pipe entrance and exit manifolds as Qin. Therefore there will be a difference
between Q and Qin. For Qin, the pipe network will experience more friction loss than
Q, which is 8 pipe entrances and exit manifolds. So, total flow rate will become lower.

Conclusion
Experiment 5.1: we found out that the internal diameter of the pipe in which the flow
passes through have a profound part to play in determining the head loss of the flow in
relation to the discharge characteristic which is in terms of the volumetric flow rate. We
are able to conclude that a smaller diameter pipe will contribute to a much higher head
loss as the volumetric flow rate increases and vice versa; a larger diameter pipe endures a
lower head loss as the volumetric flow rate increases

Experiment 5.2: we are then able to conclude that the total flow distributes itself
between all the pipe branches in a parallel pipe network in accordance with the
controlling end pressures. Regardless of the diameter of pipes in the network which in
itself only regulates the amount of flow passes through each of the pipes, the total flow
entering the network of pipes will be the same with the flow exiting the network of pipes
apart from a head loss in the hydraulic grade, largely the result of pipe friction which
inevitably yields a percentage difference in the actual flow rate in comparison to the
calculated flow rate.

References:

Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering Lab manual
Hydrology and hydraulic engineering lecture note : prof ir dr mohd nor bin mohd desa
Hydrology and hydraulic presentation: Assoc prof ir Dr Lariyah Mohd sidek