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The 2008-2009 Financial Crisis – Causesand Effects
The 2008 financial crisis is affecting millions of Americans and is one of the hottest topics inthe Presidential campaigns. In the last few months we have seen several major financialinstitutions beabsorbed by other financial institutions,receive government bailouts, or  outrightcrash.So what caused the financial crisis of 2008? This is actually the perfect storm which has been brewing for years now and finally reached its breaking point. Let’s look at it step by step
Market instability
The recent market instability was caused by many factors, chief among them a dramaticchange in the ability to create new lines of credit, which dried up the flow of money andslowed new economic growth and the buying and selling of assets. This hurt individuals, businesses, and financial institutions hard, and many financial institutions were left holdingmortgage backed assets that had dropped precipitously in value and weren’t bringing in theamount of money needed to pay for the loans. This dried up their reserve cash and restrictedtheir credit and ability to make new loans.There were other factors as well, including the cheap credit which made it too easy for peopleto buy houses or make other investments based on pure speculation. Cheap credit createdmore money in the system and people wanted to spend that money. Unfortunately, peoplewanted to buy the same thing, which increased demand and caused inflation. Private equityfirms leveraged billions of dollars of debt to purchase companies and created hundreds of  billions of dollars in wealth by simply shuffling paper, but not creating anything of value. Inmore recent months speculation on oil prices and higher unemployment further increasedinflation.
How did it get so bad?
Greed.
The American economy is built on credit. Credit is a great tool when used wisely. For instance, credit can be used to start or expand a business, which can create jobs. It can also beused to purchase large ticket items such as houses or cars. Again, more jobs are created and people’s needs are satisfied. But in the last decade, credit went unchecked in our country, andit got out of control.Mortgage brokers, acting only as middle men, determined who got loans, then passed on theresponsibility for those loans on to others in the form of mortgage backed assets (after takinga fee for themselves originating the loan). Exotic and risky mortgages became commonplaceand the brokers who approved these loans absolved themselves of responsibility by packaging these bad mortgages with other mortgages and reselling them as “investments.”Thousands of people took out loans larger than they could afford in the hopes that they couldeither flip the house for profit or refinance later at a lower rate and with more equity in their home – which they would then leverage to purchase another “investment” house.A lot of people got rich quickly and people wanted more. Before long, all you needed to buya house was a pulse and your word that you could afford the mortgage. Brokers had no reason
not 
to sell you a home. They made a cut on the sale, then packaged the mortgage with a groupof other mortgages and erased all personal responsibility of the loan. But many of thesemortgage backed assets were ticking time bombs. And they just went off.
The housing market declined
 
The housing slump set off a chain reaction in our economy. Individuals and investors couldno longer flip their homes for a quick profit, adjustable rates mortgages adjusted skyward andmortgages no longer became affordable for many homeowners, and thousands of mortgagesdefaulted, leaving investors and financial institutions holding the bag.This caused massive losses in mortgage backed securities and many banks and investmentfirms began bleeding money. This also caused a glut of homes on the market which depressedhousing prices and slowed the growth of new home building, putting thousands of home builders and laborers out of business. Depressed housing prices caused further complicationsas it made many homes worth much less than the mortgage value and some owners chose tosimply walk away instead of pay their mortgage.
The credit well dried up
These massive losses caused many banks to tighten their lending requirements, but it wasalready too late for many of them… the damage had already been done. Several banks andfinancial institutions merged with other institutions or were simply bought out. Others werelucky enough to receive a government bailout and are still functioning. The worst of the lot or the unlucky ones crashed.
The Economic Bailout is designed to increase the flow of credit
Many financial institutions that are saddled with risky mortgage backed securities can nolonger afford to extend new credit. Unfortunately, making loans is how banks stay in business. If their current loans are not bringing in a positive cash flow and they cannot loannew money to individuals and businesses, that financial institution is not long for this world – as we have recently seen withthe fall of Washington Mutual and other financial institutions. The idea behind the economic bailout is to buy these risky mortgage backed securities fromfinancial institutions, giving these banks the opportunity to lend more money to individualsand businesses, hopefully spurring on the economy.
What? Credit got us into this mess! Why give more?!?
Ironic isn’t it? Yes, it is true that credit got us into this mess, but it is also true that our economy is incredibly unstable right now, and being that it is built on credit, it needs aninflux of cash or it could come crashing down. This is something no one wants to see as itwould ripple through our economy and into the world markets in a matter of hours, potentially causing a worldwide meltdown.As I previously mentioned, credit in and of itself is not a bad thing. Credit promotes growthand jobs. Poor use of credit, however, can be catastrophic, which is what we are on the vergeof seeing now. So long as the bailout comes with changes to lending regulations and moreoversight of the industry, along with other safeguards to protect taxpayer dollars and preventthieves from not only getting of the hook, but profiting again, there is potential to stabilize themarket, which is what everyone wants. Whether or not it works is to be seen, but as it hasalready been voted on and passed, we should all hope it does.
Financial Turmoil
The stock market crashed, banks are slated to fail, and the largest insurance company folded.The world's largest banks are seeking other troubled banks to merge with them. Warren Buffet, one of thewealthiest men in the world just 
5 billion dollars into Goldman Sachs. What does it all mean?
What Caused the Crisis?
We are experiencing are the consequences of overspending and carrying too muchdebt. We, in the United States, have been accustomed to a lifestyle of living extravagantly without regard to the
 
amount of debt we accumulate and whether we have accumulated enough savings to endure financial hardshipsmuch as we are experiencing today.
Does History Repeat Itself?
The unfortunate truth about this situation is that it will probably occur again. This isa phenomenon which has occurred throughout history as mankind's nature is one of greed. He seeks toaccumulate wealth so that he can spend it on a lavish lifestyle. He lives for today without regard for what mayhappen tomorrow.Interestingly, the Twenty-First Century is not the first time an economic crisis occurred. In 330 B.C., the realestate market in Greece collapsed after experiencing many years of high property values. It took the country onethouand years to recover. If the people who lost their money had lived another one thousand years, they wouldhave recovered their losses. If they had the technology that we have today, the crisis may not have lasted aslong.Larry Burkett, author of 
Crisis Control in the New Millennium,
said, "In the 1770's the British banking crisis was aresult of unrealistically high property values, over-extended banks, and a booming stock market." This is thesame situation which has just occurred with the American banking system. The trend has been that the systemrecovers; people enjoy a period of financial gains, and the market collapses again, when property values are toohigh.
2008 Financial Crisis
A crisis of historic proportions struck financial institutions in theU.S.andglobally in September, 2008. Major financial markets went into a free-fallafter The U.S. government took over mortgage lendersFannie MaeandFreddie Mac. As a result, several banks and investment firms were wentbankruptor were bought by other companies at well below theirvalue.FOX Business: The Financial Crisis :A Timeline
(September 30, 2008)
1
 
The crisis came to a head in late September 2008 as the world financial markets,including the New York Stock Exchangeand the NASDAQ. The Dow Jones Industrial Averageis down about 20 percent since July of 2008.Yahoo Finance:DowJones Industrial Average2 The financial crisis has spread across the entire world, including markets inEurope andAsia.NY Times:House Rejects Bailout Package, 228-205; Stocks Plunge 
(September 29, 2008)
3 
Timeline
1.June 5, 2008: More than 1 million homes inforeclosureCNN:http://money.cnn.com/2008/06/05/news/economy/foreclosure/index.htm?postversion=2008060510 Homes in foreclosure top 1 million]
(June 5, 2008)
4 2.September 7: U.S. Government seizesFannie Mae and FreddieMacFOX Business: The Financial Crisis:A Timeline
(September 30,2008)
1
(September 30, 2008)
1
 4.September 15:Lehman BrothersdeclaresBankruptcyFOX Business:  The Financial Crisis:A Timeline
(September 30, 2008)
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