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I.

Angel
1. Inferior deities or demigods in polytheistic religion
2. The philosophical consideration of pure intelligences, spiritual substances, suprahuman persons
2a. The celestial motors or secondary prime movers: the intelligences attached to the celestial bodies
2b. Our knowledge of immaterial beings
3. The conception of angels in Judeo-Christian doctrine
3a. The first creatures of God: their place in the order of creation
3b. The angelic nature
3c. The aeviternity and incorruptibility of angels
3d. The angelic intellect and angelic knowledge
3e The angelic will and angelic love
3f. Angelic action: its characteristics in general
3g. The angelic hierarchy: the inequality, order, and number of the angels and their relation to one another
4. Comparison of angels with men and with disembodied souls: their relation to the blessed in the heavenly choir
5. The distinction and comparison of the good and the bad angels
5a. The origin of the division between angels and demons: the sin of Lucifer or Satan
5b. The society of the demons: the rule of Satan over the powers of darkness
6. The role of the angels in the government of the universe
6a. The ministry of the good angels in the affairs of men: guardianship
6b. The intervention of the demons in the affairs of men: temptation, possession
7. God and Satan
7a. Warfare between the powers of light and darkness: their struggle for dominion over man
7b. Lucifer in the service of God
8. Criticism and satire with respect to the belief in angels and demons

II. Animal
1. General theories about the animal nature
1a. Characteristics of animal life: the animal soul
(1) Animal sensitivity: its degrees and differentiations
(2) Animal memory, imagination, and intelligence
(3) Animal appetite: desire and emotion in animals
(4) Locomotion: degrees of animal motility
(5) Sleeping and waking in animals
1b. The distinction between plants and animals in faculty and function: cases difficult to classify
1c. The distinction between animal and human nature
(1) Comparison of brutes and men as animals
(2) Comparison of animal with human intelligence
1d. The habits or instincts of animals: specifically animal behavior
1e. The conception of the animal as a machine or automaton
2. The classification of animals
2a. General schemes of classification: their principles and major divisions
2b. Analogies of structure and function among different classes of animals
2c. Continuity and discontinuity in the scale of animal life: gradation from lower to higher forms
3. The anatomy of animals
3a. Physical elements of the animal body: cellular structure and the formation of tissue
3b. The skeletal structure 3
c. The visceral organs
3d. The utility or adaptation of bodily structures
4. Animal movement
4a. Comparison of animal movement with other kinds of local motion
4b. The cause of animal movement: voluntary and involuntary movements
4c. The organs, mechanisms, and characteristics of locomotion
5. Local motion within the animal body
5a. The ducts, channels, and conduits involved in interior bodily motions
5b. The circulatory system: the motions of the heart, blood, and lymph
5c. The glandular system: the glands of internal and external secretion
5d. The respiratory system: breathing, lungs, gills
5e. The alimentary system: the motions of the digestive organs in the nutritive process
5f. The excretory system: the motions of elimination
5g. The brain and nervous system: the excitation and conduction of nervous impulses
6. Animal nutrition
6a. The nature of the nutriment
6b. The process of nutrition: ingestion, digestion, assimilation
7. Animal growth or augmentation: its nature, causes, and limits
8. The generation of animals
8a. The origin of animals: creation or evolution
8b. Diverse theories of animal generation: procreation and spontaneous generation
8c. Modes of animal reproduction: sexual and asexual
(1) Sexual differentiation: its origins and determinations; primary and secondary characteristics
(2) The reproductive organs: their differences in different classes of animals
(3) The reproductive cells and secretions: semen and catamenia, sperm and egg
(4) The mating of animals: pairing and copulation; the breeding of new varieties
(5) Factors affecting fertility and sterility
8d. Comparison of human with animal reproduction
9. The development of the embryo: birth and infancy
9a. Oviparous and viviparous development
9b. The nourishment of the embryo or foetus
9c. The process of embryogeny: meiosis, fertilization, and mitosis; the stages of foetal growth
9d. Multiple pregnancy: superfoetation
9e The period of gestation: parturition, delivery, birth
9f. The care and feeding of infant offspring: lactation
9g. Characteristics of the offspring at birth
10. Heredity and environment: the genetic determination of individual differences and similarities; RNA, DNA, genes, chromosomes,
cistrons
11. The habitat of animals
11a. The geographical distribution of animals: their natural habitats 11b. The relation between animals and their
environments
12. The treatment of animals by men
12a. The taming of animals: domestic breeds
12b. The use and abuse of animals
12c Friendship or love between animals and men
13. The attribution of human qualities or virtues to animals: personification in allegory and satire; the transformation of humans into
animals

III. Aristocracy
1. The general theory and evaluation of aristocracy
1a.Aristocracy as a good form of government
1b.Criticisms of aristocracy as unrealizable or unjust
2. The relation of aristocracy to other forms of government
2a.Aristocracy and monarchy
2b.Aristocracy and constitutional government: the polity or mixed constitution
2c.Aristocracy and democracy
2d.Aristocracy and oligarchy
2e.Aristocracy and tyranny
3. The causes of degeneration or instability in aristocracies: aristocracy and revolution
4. Aristocracy and the issue of rule by men as opposed to rule by law
5. The training of those fitted for rule: aristocratic theories of education
6. The selection of the best men for public office: the aristocratic theory of representation modern constitutional government
7. Historic and poetic exemplifications of aristocracy

IV. Art
1. The generic notion of art: skill of mind in making
2. Art and nature
2a. Causation in art and nature: artistic production compared with natural generation
2b. The role of matter and form in artistic and natural production: beauty versus utility
2c. The natural and the artificial as respectively the work of God and man
3. Art as imitation
4. Diverse classifications of the arts: useful and fine, liberal and servile
5. The sources of art in experience, imagination, and inspiration
6. Art and science
6a. The comparison and distinction of art and science
6b. The liberal arts as productive of science: means and methods of achieving knowledge
6c. Art as the application of science: the productive powers of knowledge
7. The enjoyment of the fine arts
7a. Art as a source of pleasure or delight
7b. The judgment of excellence in art
8. Art and emotion: expression, purgation, sublimation
9. The useful arts
9a. The use of nature by art: agriculture, medicine, teaching
9b. The production of wealth: the industrial arts
9c. The arts of war
9d. The arts of government
10. The moral and political significance of the arts
10a. The influence of the arts on character and citizenship: the role of the arts in the training of youth
10b. The regulation of the arts by the state or by religion: the problem of censorship
11. Myths and theories concerning the origin of the arts
12. The history of the arts: progress in art as measuring stages of civilization

V. Astronomy and Cosmology


1. Astronomy as the study of the solar system and the empyrean: its dignity and utility
2. The method of astronomy
2a. Observation and measurement: instruments and tables
2b. The use of hypotheses: the heliocentric and geocentric theories
2c. The relation of astronomy to mathematics: the use of mathematics by astronomy
3. Causes in astronomy
3a. Formal archetypal causes: the number and the music of the spheres
3b. Physical efficient causes: gravitation and action-at-a-distance
4. Astronomy, cosmology, and theology: astronomy as affecting views of God, creation, the divine plan, and the moral hierarchy
5. Astronomy, cosmology, and the measurement of time
6. The solar system and the Milky Way
6a. The special character of matter in the supra-lunar spheres
6b. Soul and intellect in the heavenly bodies
6c. Celestial motion: periodicity and the great year
(1) The eternity of celestial motion
(2) The form of celestial motion: circles, the equant, ellipses
(3) The laws of celestial motion: celestial mechanics 6d. The creation of the heavens
7. The particular heavenly bodies in the solar system and the Milky Way
7a. The sun: its position, distance, size, and mass 7b. The moon: its irregularities
7c. The planets: their eccentricities, retrogradations, and stations
7d. The earth: its origin, position, shape, and motions
7e. The fixed stars: the precession of the equinoxes
7f. The comets and meteors
8. The influence of the heavenly bodies upon terrestrial phenomena
8a. The influence of the heavenly bodies on living matter: generation and corruption 8b. The influence of the heavenly
bodies on the tides
9. The influence of the stars and planets upon the character and actions of men
10. The worship of the earth, sun, moon, and stars
11. Astronomy as the study of the universe as a whole: cosmology
11a. The special methods of cosmology
11b. Cosmological theories concerning the origins and evolution of the universe
11c. The size, extent, and expansion of the universe: the receding galaxies; the universe as finite or infinite
11d. The principal components of the universe: galaxies and nebulas
12. The relation of astronomy to the other liberal arts and sciences: the place of astronomy in the educational curriculum
13. The history of astronomy

VI. Beauty
1. The general theory of the beautiful
1a. The beautiful and the good: beauty as a kind of fitness or order
1b. Beauty and truth: the beautiful as an object of contemplation or adoration
1c. The elements of beauty: unity, proportion, clarity
1d. The distinction between the beautiful and the sublime
2. Beauty in nature and in art
3. Beauty in relation to desire and love, as object or cause
4. Beauty and ugliness in relation to pleasure and pain or good and evil
5. Judgments of beauty: the objective and the subjective in aesthetic judgments or judgments of taste; judgments of style or fashion
based on wealth or honor
6. The role of the beautiful in education
7. Intelligible beauty
7a. The beauty of God
7b. The beauty of the universe
7c. Beauty in the order of ideas
7d. Beauty in the moral order
VII. Being
1. Diverse conceptions of being and nonbeing: being as a term or concept; the meanings of is and is not; nothingness
2. Being and the one and the many
2a. Infinite being and the plurality of finite beings
2b. The unity of a being
3. Being and good
3a. The hierarchy of being: grades of reality, degrees of intelligibility 3b. Being as the object of love and desire
4. Being and truth
4a. Being as the pervasive object of mind, and the formal object of the first philosophy, metaphysics, or dialectic
4b. Being as the measure of truth in judgments of the mind: clarity and distinctness as criteria of the reality of an idea
5. Being and becoming: the reality of change; the nature of mutable being
6. The cause of existence
7. The divisions or modes of being
7a. The distinction between essence and existence: existence as the act of being
7b. The distinction between substance and attribute, accident or modification: independent and dependent being
(1) The conceptions of substance
(2) Corporeal and spiritual substances, composite and simple substances: the kinds of substance in relation to
matter and form
(3) Corruptible and incorruptible substances
(4) Extension and thought as dependent substances or as attributes of infinite substance
(5) Substance as subject to change and to different kinds of change: the role of accidents or modifications
(6) The nature and kinds of accidents or modifications
7c. The distinction between potentiality and actuality: possible and actual being
(1) The order of potentiality and actuality
(2) Types of potency and degrees of actuality
(3) Potentiality and actuality in relation to matter and form
7d. The distinction between real and ideal being, or between natural being and being in mind
(1) The being of the possible
(2) The being of ideas, universals, rights
(3) The being of mathematical objects
(4) The being of relations
(5) The being of fictions and negations
7c The distinction between appearance and reality, between the sensible and supra-sensible, between the phenomenal and
noumenal orders
8. Being and knowledge
8a. Being and becoming in relation to sense: perception and imagination
8b. Being and becoming in relation to intellect: abstraction and intuition
8c. Essence or substance as the object of definition: real and nominal essences
8d. The role of essence in demonstration: the use of essence, property, and accident in inference
8e. The accidental in relation to science and definition
8f. Judgments and demonstrations of existence: their sources and validity

VIII. Cause
1. The general theory of causation
1a. The kinds of causes: their distinction and enumeration
1b. The order of causes: the relation of cause and effect
2. Comparison of causes in animate and inanimate nature
3. Causality and freedom
4. The analysis of means and ends in the practical order
5. Cause in relation to knowledge
5a. Cause as the object of our inquiries
5b. Cause in philosophical and scientific method: the role of causes in definition, demonstration, experiment, hypothesis
5c. The nature and sources of our knowledge of causes
5d. The limits of our knowledge of causes
6. The existence and operation of final causes
7. The causality of God or the gods
7a. Divine causality in the origin and existence of the world: creation and conservation
7b. Divine causality in the order of nature or change: the first cause in relation to all other causes
7c. Divine causality in the government of the universe: providence and free will
7d. Divine causality in the supernatural order: grace, miracles
8. The operation of causes in the process of history

IX. Chance
1. The conception of chance
1a. Chance as the coincidence of causes
1b. Chance as the absolutely fortuitous, the spontaneous or uncaused
2. The issue concerning the existence of chance or fortune
2a. The relation of chance to causality: philosophical or scientific determinism
2b. The relation of chance to fate, providence, and predestination
3. Chance, necessity, and design or purpose in the origin and structure of the world: probability functions in quantum mechanics
4. Cause and chance in relation to knowledge and opinion: the theory of probability
5. The control of chance or contingency by art
6. Chance and fortune in human affairs: the mythology of Fortune
6a. Chance and fortune in the life of the individual: gambling and games of chance
6b. Chance and fortune in politics and history

X. Change
1. The nature and reality of change or motion
2. The unchanging principles of change
2a. The constituents of the changing thing
2b. The factor of opposites or contraries in change
3. Cause and effect in motion: the relation of mover and moved, or action and passion
4. Motion and rest: contrary motions
5. The measure of motion
5a. Time or duration as the measure of motion
5b. The divisibility and continuity of motion
6. The kinds of change
6a. The reducibility of all modes of motion to one kind of change
6b. The primacy of local motion
6c. Comparison of change in living and nonliving things
6d. Comparison of the motions of matter with changes in the order of mind
7. The analysis of local motion
7a. Space, place, and void
7b. Natural and violent motion
7c. Kinds of local motion
(1) Rectilinear and rotary or circular motion
(2) Uniform or variable motion
(3) Absolute or relative motion
(4) Terrestrial and celestial motion
7d. The properties of variable motion: the laws of motion
8. Change of size
8a. The increase and decrease of inanimate bodies
8b. Growth in living organisms
9. Change of quality
9a. Physical and chemical change: compounds and mixtures
9b. Biological change: vital alterations
10. Substantial change: generation and corruption
10a. Substantial change in the realm of bodies: the transmutation of the elements
10b. Plant, animal, and human reproduction
10c. The corruptibility or incorruptibility of atoms, the heavenly bodies, and spiritual substances
11. The apprehension of change: by sense, by reason
12. Emotional aspect of change
12a. Rest and motion in relation to pleasure and pain
12b. The love and hatred of change and the unchanging
13. The problem of the eternity of motion or change
14. The theory of the prime mover: the order and hierarchy of movers and moved
15. The immutable
15a. The immutability of the objects of thought: the realm of truth
15b. The unalterability of the decrees of fate
15c. The immutability of God

XI. Change
1. The individual in relation to the state
2. The conception of citizenship
2a. The status or office of citizenship in relation to the principle of constitutional government
2b. The distinction between citizen and subject: the distinction between the subjects of a constitutional monarchy and of a
despotism
2c. The character and extent of citizenship under different types of constitutions
3. The qualifications for citizenship: extent of suffrage
4. The rights, duties, privileges, and immunities of citizenship
5. The virtues of the citizen and the virtues of the good man
6. Education for citizenship
7. Political citizenship and membership in the city of God
8. The idea of world citizenship: the political brotherhood of man
9. Historical episodes and stages in the struggle for citizenship

XII. Constitution
1. The difference between government by law and government by men: the nature of constitutional government
2. The notion of a constitution
2a. The constitution as the form or organization of a political community: arrangement offices; division of functions
2b. The constitution as the fundamental law: its relation to other laws, as a source or
measure of legality or justice; judicial review
2c. The Constitution of the United States as the first federal constitution: its antecede
3. The relation of constitutional government to other forms of government
3a. The combination of constitutional with absolute government: the mixed regime; constitutional or limited monarchy
3b. The merits of constitutional government compared with royal government and the mixed regime
4. The constitutional conception of political office: the qualifications and duties of public officials
5. The diversity of constitutions among the forms of government
5a. The justice of different constitutions: the extent and character of citizenship under each
5b. The mixed constitution: its advantages
6. The origin of constitutions: the lawgiver, the social contract, the constituent assembly
7. The preservation of constitutions: factors tending toward their dissolution
7a. The relative stability of different types of constitutions
7b. The safeguards of constitutional government: bills of rights; separation of powers; impeachment
8. The change of constitutions
8a. Methods of changing a constitution: revolution, amendment
8b. The violation and overthrow of constitutional government
9. The theory of representation
9a. The functions and duties of representatives: their relation to their constituents
9b. Types of representation: diverse methods of selecting representatives
10. The origin, growth, and vicissitudes of constitutional government

XIII. Courage
1. The nature of courage
2. The vices opposed to courage: cowardice, foolhardiness
3. The passions in the sphere of courage: fear, daring, anger, hope, despair
4. The relation and comparison of courage with other virtues
5. The motivations of courage: fame or honor, happiness, love, duty, religious faith
6. The formation or training of the courageous man
7. The political or civic significance of courage
7a. The courage required of citizens and statesmen: the political recognition of courage
7b. Courage in relation to law and liberty
7c. Courage in war

XIV. Custom and Convention


1. The distinction between nature and convention: its application to the origin of the state and of language
2. The origin, development, and transmission of customs
3. The conflict of customs: their variation from place to place
4. The change of customs: their variation from time to time
5. Custom and convention in the moral order
5a. The conventional determination of moral judgments: the moral evaluation of conventions
5b. The effect of custom on the training and character of men
6. Custom in relation to law
6a. Constitutions, social contracts, positive laws, and manners as conventions
6b. The force of custom with respect to law
7. Custom in social life
7a. Custom as unifying a community: conformity in manners and etiquette
7b. Custom as a barrier between communities
7c. Custom as determining economic needs or standards
7d. The influence of custom on the liberty of the individual: the force of discipline
8. Custom in relation to order and progress: the factors of tradition and invention
9. The bearing of custom on thought
9a. Custom as a source of opinion and belief: its influence on judgments of beauty
9b. The conventionality of truth: postulation, choice among hypotheses

XV. Definition
1. The theory of definition
1a. The object of definition: definitions as arbitrary and nominal or real and concerned with essence
1b. The purpose of definition: the clarification of ideas
1c. The limits of definition: the definable and the indefinable
1d. The unity of a definition in relation to the unity of the thing defined
1e. The truth and falsity of definitions
2. The various methods of definition or classification
2a. The use of division or dichotomy in definition
2b. Definition by genus and differentia: properties
2c. Definition by accidental or extrinsic signs or by component parts: ostensive definition
2d. The appeal to genesis, origin, cause, or end in definition: genetic or genealogical definitions
2e. Definition by reference to purpose or interest
3. The grammatical or verbal aspects of definition
4. The search for definitions and the methods of defending them
5. Definition and demonstration: definitions as principles and as conclusions
6. The character of definitions in diverse disciplines
6a. The role of definitions in physics, mathematics, and metaphysics
6b. The use of definition in speculative philosophy and empirical science
6c. The role of definitions in practical or moral philosophy and the social sciences

XVI. Democracy
1. Conceptions of democracy: the comparison of democracy with other forms of government
2. The derogation of democracy: the anarchic tendency of freedom and equality
2a. The tyranny of the majority: lawless mob rule
2b. The incompetence of the people and the need for leadership: the superiority of monarchy and aristocracy; the rise of
the demagogue
3. The acceptance of democracy as one of several good forms of government
3a. Comparison of democratic and oligarchic justice: the mixed constitution as a compromise between the interests of the
poor and rich
3b. Comparison of the political wisdom of the many and the few: the mixed regime as including both
3c. Comparison of democracy, aristocracy, and monarchy with respect to efficiency
4. The praise of democracy: the ideal state
4a. Liberty and equality for all under law
(1) Universal suffrage: the abolition of privileged classes
(2) The problem of economic justice: the choice between capitalism and socialism
4b. The democratic realization of popular sovereignty: the safeguarding of natural rights
4c. The infirmities of democracy in practice and the reforms or remedies for these defects
4d. The suitability of democratic constitutions to all men under all circumstances: conditions favorable to democracy;
progress toward democracy
5. Democracy and representative government
5a. The distinction between direct democracy and representative, or republican, government: the territorial limits of
democracy
5b. The theory of representation
(1) Majority rule and minority or proportional representation
(2) Ultimate limitations on the franchise
(3) Methods of election and voting
(4) The role of political parties: factions
5c. The distribution of functions and powers: checks and balances in representative democracy; the uses of patronage
6. The educational task of democracy: the training of all citizens
7. The growth and vicissitudes of democracy: factors supporting its growth
7a. Demagoguery and the danger of revolution
7b. The dangers of imperialism: the treatment of dependencies
7c. The challenge of war and peace: the citizen army
8. Equality of conditions as the essence of a democratic society: its effect upon the character of the people and its institutions

XVII. Desire
1. Desire and the order of change: eros and telos
2. The analysis of desire or appetite
2a. The roots of desire in need, privation, or potency: the instinctual sources of the libido
2b. The objects of desire: the good and the pleasant
2c. Desire as a cause of action: motivation, purpose, ambition; voluntariness
2d. The satisfaction of desire: possession and enjoyment )
3. The modes of desire or appetite
3a. Natural appetite: desires determined by nature or instinct
3b. Desires determined by knowledge or judgment
(1) The distinction between sensitive and rational desire: emotional tendencies and acts of the will
(2) Conscious and unconscious desires: habitual desire
3c. Desire and love: their distinction and connection 3d. Desire and aversion as emotional opposites
4. The economy of desire in human life
4a. The conflict of desires with one another
4b. The attachment of desires: fixations, projections, identifications, transferences
4c. The focusing of desires: emotional complexes
4d. The discharge of desires: catharsis and sublimation
5. Desire as ruler
5a. Desire ruling imagination: daydreaming and fantasy
5b. Desire ruling thought: rationalization and wishful thinking
5c. Desire ruling action: the unchecked expression of desires; incontinence
6. Desire as subject to rule
6a. The regulation of desire by reason: the discipline of moral virtue or duty
6b. The restraint or renunciation of desire: abstention, inhibition, repression
6c. The results of repression: dreaming, symbolic overreactions, neuroses
7. Desire and infinity
7a. The infinite tendency of desires
(1) The pursuit of pleasure
(2) The lust for power
(3) The accumulation of wealth
7b. The restless search for the infinite: the desire for the vision of God

XVIII. Dialectic
1. Definitions of dialectic
2. Diverse theories of dialectic
2a. Dialectic as the pursuit of truth and the contemplation of being
(1) The ascent from appearance to reality, or from opinion to knowledge: the upward and downward paths of
dialectic
(2) Definition, division, hypothesis, and myth in the service of dialectic
2b. Dialectic as the method of inquiry, argument, and criticism in the sphere of opinion
(1) Divisions of dialectic: the theory of the predicables
(2) The technique of question and answer
2c. Dialectic as the logic of semblance and as the critique of the illusory employment of reason beyond experience
(1) The division of logic into analytic and dialectic: the distinction between general and transcendental dialectic
(2) The natural dialectic of human reason: the resolution of antinomies
2d. Dialectic as the evolution of spirit or matter
(1) The distinction between subjective and objective dialectic: the realization of the moral will; the paradoxes of
faith
(2) The dialectic of nature and of history: the actualization of freedom
3. Types of dialectical opposition
3a. The opposition between being and becoming, the one and the many, the same and the other
3b. The opposed premises of dialectical argument: dialectical problems and theses; the conflict of probabilities
3c. The opposed conclusions of dialectical reasoning: the antinomies and paralogisms of a transcendental dialectic
3d. Thesis and antithesis as moments in the advance toward a dialectical synthesis I
4. Dialectic in relation to philosophy and science, religion and culture
5. The spheres of dialectic and rhetoric: proof and persuasion
6. The evaluation of dialectic: the line between dialectic and sophistry

XIX. Duty
1. The concept of duty or obligation: its moral significance
2. Comparison of the ethics of duty with the ethics of happiness, pleasure, or utility
3. The divisions of duty: internal and external duty; the realms of ethics and jurisprudence
4. The sense of duty
4a. The moral and social development of conscience: its dictates
4b. The emotional development of conscience: its morbid manifestations
5. The derivation of duty from divine, natural, and civil law, and from the categorical imperative of reason
6. Conflicts between duties of diverse origins
7. The relation of duty to justice and to rights: oaths and promises
8. The tension between duty and instinct, desire, or love
9. The duties of command and obedience in family life
10. Political obligation: cares, functions, loyalties
11. Duty to God: piety and worship

XX. Education
1. The means and ends of education
1a. The ideal of the educated person
1b. The education of women
1c. The disadvantages of being educated
2. The kinds of education: physical, moral, liberal, professional, religious
3. The training of the body and the cultivation of bodily skills: gymnastics, manual work
4. The formation of a good character, virtue, a right will: the cultivation of aesthetic taste
4a. The possibility and limits of moral education: knowledge and virtue
4b. The influence of the family in moral training
4c. The role of the state in moral education: law, custom, public opinion
4d. The effect upon character of poetry, music, and other arts: the role of history and examples
5. The improvement of the mind by teaching and learning
5a. The profession of teaching: the relation of teacher and student
5b. The means and methods of teaching
5c. The nature of learning: its several modes
3d. The order of learning: the organization of the curriculum
5c The emotional aspect of learning: pleasure, desire, interest
5f. Learning apart from teachers and books: the role of experience
6. The acquisition of techniques: preparation for the vocations, arts, and professions
7. Religious education
7a. God as teacher: divine revelation and inspiration
7b. The teaching function of the church, of priests and prophets
8. Education and the state
8a. The educational responsibility of the family and the state
8b. The economic support of educational institutions
8c. The political regulation and censorship of education
8d. The training of the prince, the statesman, the citizen, the proletariat: aristocratic and democratic theories of education
9. Historical and biographical observations concerning the institutions and practices of education

XXI. Element
1. The concept of element
2. The comparison of element, principle, and cause
3. The theory of the elements in natural philosophy, physics, and chemistry
3a. Element and atom: qualitative and quantitative indivisibility
3b. The enumeration of the elements: their properties and order
3c. The mutability or transmutation of the elements: radioactive decay
3d. Combinations of the elements: compounds and mixtures
4. The discovery of elements in other arts and sciences
5. The conception of atoms as indivisible, imperceptible, and indestructible
5a. Arguments for and against the existence of atoms: the issue concerning the infinite divisibility of matter
5b. Atoms and the void as the ultimate constituents of reality
5c. The number, variety, and properties of atoms: the production of sensible things by their collocation
5d. The atomistic account of sensation and thought: the idola
5c The atomic constitution of mind and soul: its bearing on immortality
5f. The explanation of natural phenomena by reference to the properties and motions of atoms
5g. The atomistic account of the origin and decay of the world, its evolution and order
6. The conception of atoms as divisible, detectable but not perceptible, and composed of elementary particles: theories of atomic
structure; the properties of subatomic particles

XXII. Emotion
1. The nature and causes of the emotions or passions
1a. Emotion in relation to feelings of pleasure and pain
1b. Bodily changes during emotional excitement
1c. Instinctive emotional reactions in animals and men
2. The classification and enumeration of the emotions
2a. Definitions of particular passions
2b. The order and connection of the passions
2c. The opposition of particular emotions to one another
2d. Dread and despair: the courage of faith
3. The disorder or pathology of the passions
3a. Madness or frenzy due to emotional excess: excessively emotional or emotionally determined behavior
3b. Rationalization or the emotional determination of thought
3c. Particular emotional disorders: psychoneuroses due to repression
(1) Hysterias
(2) Obsessions and compulsions
(3) Phobias and anxieties
(4) Traumas and traumatic neuroses
3d The alleviation and cure of emotional disorders
4. The moral consideration of the passions
4a The conflict between reason and emotion
(1) The force of the passions
(2) The strength of reason or will
4b. The treatment of the emotions by or for the sake of reason
(1) Moderation of the passions by reason: virtue, continence, avoidance of sin
(2) Attenuation and atrophy of the passions: the liberation of reason
4c. Inherited or acquired emotional dispositions: the moral significance of temperamental types; emotional torpor or
lethargy
5. The passions in society, politics, and history
5a. The causes of political association: fear or need
5b. The acquisition and retention of power: love or fear
5c. The coercive force of law: fear of punishment
3d. The devices of oratory: emotional persuasion
5e. The regulation of art for the sake of training the passions

XXIII. Eternity
1. Eternity as timelessness and immutability or as endless and infinite time: the distinction between eternity and time
1a. The priority of eternity to time
1b. Aeviternity as intermediate between eternity and time
2. The issue concerning the infinity of time and the eternity of the world or of motion
3. The eternity of God
4. The things which partake of eternity
4a. The imperishability of angels, spiritual substances, souls
4b. The imperishable in the physical order: matter, atoms, celestial bodies
4c. The immutability of truth and ideas
4d. The eternity of Heaven and Hell: everlasting life and death
5. The knowledge and imagery of eternity

XXIV. Evolution
1. The classification of animals
1a. Comparison of genealogical classification with other types of taxonomy: the phylogenetic series
1b. The criteria for distinguishing races or varieties, species, genera, and all higher tax-onomic groupings
2. The mechanisms of evolution: the science of genetics
2a. Theories of heredity: the structure and function of DNA; the existence of genes; chromosomes as the carriers of genes
2b. The process of heredity
(1) The inheritance of acquired characteristics: the use and disuse of parts
(2) The inheritance and variability of instincts
(3) Interbreeding and crossbreeding: hybridism and sterility; polyploidy
(4) Atavisms and reversions to ancestral type
2c. The sources of organic diversity: mutations
(1) The nature and causes of mutations: changes in gene structure and their occurrence under natural and artificial
conditions
(2) The frequency of mutations: marked and abrupt mutations in a single generation as opposed to the continuous
accumulation of slight and imperceptible variations
2d. Genetic variation in the course of generations: the genetics of populations
(1) Comparison of variation under conditions of natural and artificial breeding
(2) Characteristics which are more or less variable genetically: their bearing on the distinction of races, species,
and genera
(3) Factors influencing the genetics of populations: the interplay of heredity and environment; the emergence of
new races and species
3. The problem of evolution: the origin of plant and animal species
3a. The question of ultimate origins: the creation of primordial life in one or many forms; the original generation of life from
inorganic matter; the fundamental unity of all organisms
3b. The fixity or the mutability of species
3c. The origin of new forms of life: special creation, spontaneous generation, or descent with modification from older forms
3d. The direction of evolution: progress and recession
4. The theory of evolution: the origin of new species from a common ancestry
4a. The struggle for existence: its causes and consequences
(1) Natural selection: the survival of the fittest
(2) The extinction of intermediate varieties
(3) Difficulties with the theory of natural selection: its limitations
4b. Competing in mating: sexual selection
4c. The geographical and physiological isolating mechanisms influencing breeding and race formation: accessibility, fertility,
and sterility
5. The facts of evolution: evidences bearing on the history of life on earth
5a. The geological record: the significance of fossil remains
5b. The geographical distribution of the forms of life in relation to the genealogy of existing species: evidences of adaptation
and natural selection
5c. Comparative anatomy and embryology: the meaning of rudimentary or vestigial organs and functions
6. The origin and development of man
6a. The doctrine of man's special creation: in body, in soul
6b. The theory of the evolutionary origin of man from lower forms of animal life: descent from an ancestor common to man
and the anthropoids
(1) Anatomical, physiological, and embryological evidences of an organic affinity between man and other
mammalian forms of life
(2) Paleontological evidences: the missing link in man's ancestry
(3) Psychological evidences: the human mind in relation to animal intelligence
6c. Biological evolution in the course of human generation: from prehistoric to historic man
7. The influence of the theory of evolution upon other disciplines: social Darwinism

XXV. Experience
1. Various conceptions of experience
2. Experience in relation to the acts of the mind
2a. Memory and imagination as factors in or products of experience
2b. The empirical sources of induction, abstraction, generalization
2c. The transcendental or innate structure of the mind as a condition of experience
2d. The a priori and a posteriori in judgment and reasoning
3. Experience in relation to organized knowledge: art and science
3a. Particular experiences and general rules as conditions of expertness or skill: the contrast between the empiric and the
artist
3b. The issue concerning the role of experience in science
4. Experience as measuring the scope of human knowledge
4a. The knowability of that which is outside experience: the supra-sensible, the noumenal or transcendent
4b. Verification by experience: experience as the ultimate test of truth
5. The theory of experimentation in scientific method
5a. Experimental exploration and discovery: the formulation of hypotheses
5b. Experimental verification: the testing of hypotheses
5c. Experimental measurement: the application of mathematics
6. The man of experience in practical affairs
6a. Experience as indispensable to sound judgment and prudence
6b. The role of experience in politics: the lessons of history
7. Mystical or religious experience: experience of the supernatural or transcendental
8. Variety of experience as an ideal of human life

XXVI. Family
1. The nature and necessity of the family: systems of kinship
2. The family and the state
2a. Comparison of the domestic and political community in origin, structure, and function
2b. Comparison of the domestic and political community in manner of government
2c. The place and rights of the family in the state: the control and education of children
3. The economics of the family
3a. The wealth of families: the maintenance of the domestic economy
3b. The effects of political economy: the family in the industrial system
4. The institution of marriage: its nature and purpose
4a. Monogamy and polygamy
4b. The religious view of marriage: the sacrament of matrimony
4c. Matrimony and celibacy
4d. The laws and customs regulating marriage
4c Divorce
5. The position of women
5a. The role of women in the society and the family: the relation of husband and wife in domestic government
5b. The status of women in the tribe or state: the right to citizenship, property, education
5c. Women in relation to war
6. Parents and children: fatherhood, motherhood
6a. The desire for offspring: the birthrate
6b. Eugenics: control of breeding; birth control
6c. The condition of immaturity
6d. The care and government of children: the rights and duties of the child; parental despotism and tyranny
6e. The initiation of children into adult life
7. The life of the family
7a. Marriage and love: romantic, conjugal, and illicit love
7b. The continuity of the family: the veneration of ancestors; family pride, feuds, curses
7c. Patterns of friendship in the extended family
7d. The emotional impact of family life upon the child: the domestic triangle; the symbolic roles of father and mother
8. Observations in history or literature on the institution of marriage and the family

XXVII. Fate
1. The decrees of fate and the decisions of the gods
2. The fated or inevitable in human life
3. The antitheses of fate: fortune, freedom, natural necessity, chance or contingency
4. Fatalism in relation to the will of God: the doctrine of predestination
5. The secularization of fate: scientific or philosophical determinism
6. The historian's recognition of fate: the destiny of cities, nations, empires

XXVIII. Form
1. Form in relation to becoming or change
1a. Forms as immutable models or archetypes: the exemplar ideas
1b. Forms as indwelling causes or organizing principles
1c. The transcendental or a priori forms as constitutive of order in experience
1d. The realization of forms in the sensible order
(1) Imitation or participation: the role of the receptacle
(2) Creation, generation, production: embodiment in matter or substratum
(3) The ingression of eternal objects in the sensible order
2. The being of forms
2a. The existence of forms: separately, in matter, in mind
2b. The eternity of forms, the perpetuity of species: the divine ideas
2c. Form in the composite being of the individual thing
(1) The union of matter and form: potentiality and actuality
(2) The distinction between substantial and accidental forms
(3) The unity of substantial form: prime matter in relation to substantial form
2d. Angels and human souls as self-subsistent forms: the substantiality of thought or in separation from extension or body
3. Form in relation to knowledge
3a. Sensible forms, intelligible forms: the forms of intuition and understanding
3b. The problem of the universal: knowledge of the individual
3c. Form and definition: the formulable essence; the problem of matter in relation to definition
4. The denial of form as a principle of being, becoming, or knowledge

XXIX. God
1. The polytheistic conception of the supernatural order
1a. The nature and existence of the gods
1b. The hierarchy of the gods: their relation to one another
1c. The intervention of the gods in the affairs of men: their judgment of the desert
2. The existence of one God
2a. The revelation of one God
2b. The evidences and proofs of God's existence
2C Criticisms of the proofs of God's existence: agnosticism
2d. The postulation of God: practical grounds for belief
3. Man's relation to God or the gods
3a. The fear of God or the gods
3b. The reproach or defiance of God or the gods
3c. The love of God or the gods
3d. Obedience to God or the gods: the trials of individuals by God
3e. The worship of God or the gods: prayer, propitiation, sacrifice
3f. The imitation of God or the gods: the divine element in human nature; the deification of men; man as the image of God
4. The divine nature in itself: the divine attributes
4a. The identity of essence and existence in God: the necessity of a being whose essence involves its existence
4b. The unity and simplicity of the divine nature
4c. The immateriality of God
4d. The eternity and immutability of God
4e. The infinity of God: the freedom of an infinite being
4f. The perfection or goodness of God
4g. The intellect of God
4h. The happiness and glory of God
5. The divine nature in relation to the world of creatures
5a. God as first and as exemplar cause: the relation of divine to natural causation
5b. God as final cause: the motion of all things toward God
5c. The power of God: the divine omnipotence
5d. The immanence of God; the divine omnipresence
5e. The transcendence of God: the divine aseity
5f. God's knowledge: the divine omniscience; the divine ideas
5g. God's will: divine choice
5h. God's love: the diffusion of the divine goodness
5i. Divine justice and mercy: the righteousness of God in relation to divine rewards and punishments
6. Man’s knowledge of God
6a. The names of God: the metaphoric and symbolic representations of God; the anthropomorphic conception of God
6b. Natural knowledge: the use of analogies; the evidences of nature; the light of reason
6c. Supernatural knowledge
(1) God as teacher: inspiration and revelation
(2) The light of faith
(3) Mystical experience
(4) The beatific vision
7. Doctrines common to the Jewish, Islamic, and Christian conceptions of God and His relation to the world and man
7a. Creation
7b. Providence
7c. Divine government and law
7d. Grace
7e. Miracles
7f. The Book of Life
7g. The resurrection of the body
7h. The Last Judgment and the end of the world
8. Specifically Jewish doctrines concerning God and His people
8a. The Chosen People: Jew and gentile
8b. God's Covenant with Israel: circumcision as sign of the Covenant
8c. The Law: its observance as a condition of righteousness and blessedness
8d. The Temple: the Ark of the Torah
8e. The messianic hope
9. Specifically Christian dogmas concerning the divine nature and human destiny
9a. The persons of the Trinity: Father, Son, Holy Spirit
9b. The Incarnation: the God-man
(1) The divinity of Christ
(2) The humanity of Christ
(3) Mary, the Mother of God
9c. Christ the Saviour and Redeemer: the resurrection and ascension of Christ; the doctrines of original sin and salvation
9d. The Church: the mystical body of Christ; the Apostolate
9e. The sacraments
9f. The second coming of Christ and the Last Judgment
10. The denial of God or the gods, or of a supernatural order: the position of the atheist
11. The denial of God as completely transcending the world or nature: the position of the pantheist
12. The denial of a revealed and providential God: the position of the deist
13. God as a conception invented by man: its emotional basis
14. The worship of false gods: deification and idolatry; the antichrist

XXX. Good and Evil


1. The general theory of good and evil
ia. The idea of the good: the notion of finality
ib. Goodness in proportion to being: the grades of perfection and the goodness of order
ic. The good, the true, and the beautiful
id. The origin, nature, and existence of evil
2. The goodness or perfection of God: the plenitude of the divine being
2a. God's goodness as diffusive, causing the goodness of things: God's love
2b. The divine goodness and the problem of evil
3. The moral theory of the good: the distinction between the moral and the metaphysical goa
3a. Human nature and the determination of the good for man: the real and the apparent good; particular goods and the
good in general
3b. Goodness in the order of freedom and will
(1) The prescriptions of duty
(2) The good will: its conditions and consequences
3c. The good and desire: goodness causing movements of desire and desire causing estimations of goodness
3d. Pleasure as the good, a good, or feeling good
3e. Right and wrong: the social incidence of the good; doing or suffering good and evil
3f. The sources of evil in human life
4. Divisions of the human good
4a. Sensible and intelligible goods
4b. Useful and enjoyable goods: good for an end and good in itself
4c. Goods of the body and goods of the soul: the scale of values
4d. Intrinsic and external goods: intrinsic worth and extrinsic value
4e. Individual and common goods
5. The order of human goods
5a. The supreme good or summum bonum: its existence and nature
5b. The judgment of diverse types of good: their subordination to one another
5c. The dialectic of means and ends: mere means and ultimate ends
5d. The supremacy of the individual or the common good: the relation of the good of the individual person to the good of
other persons and to the good of the state
6. Knowledge and the good
6a. Knowledge, wisdom, and virtue: the relation of being good and knowing what is good
6b. The need for experience of evil
6c. The goodness of knowledge or wisdom: the use of knowledge
6d. The possibility of moral knowledge: the subjectivity or conventionality of judgments of good and evil

XXXI. Government
1. The general theory of government
1a. The origin and necessity of government: the issue concerning anarchy
1b. Comparison of political or civil government with ecclesiastical government and with paternal or despotic rule
1c. The ends and limits of government: the criteria of legitimacy and justice
1d. The elements of government: authority and power, or coercive force; the distinction between de jure and de facto
government
1e. The attributes of good government
1f. The abuses and corruptions to which government is subject
1g. The sovereignty of government: the unity and disposition of sovereignty
(1) The sovereign person: sovereignty vested in the individual ruler
(2) The sovereign office: the partition of sovereignty among the offices created by a constitution
(3) The sovereign people: the community as the source of governmental sovereignty
1h. Self-government: expressions of the popular will; elections; voting
2. The forms of government: their evaluation and order
2a. The distinction and comparison of good and bad forms of government
2b. The combination of different forms of government: the mixed constitution, the mixed regime
2c. The absolute and relative evaluation of forms of government: by reference to the nature of man or to historic
circumstances
2d. The influence of different forms of government on the formation of human character
2e. The ideal form of government: the distinction between practicable and utopian
3. The powers, branches, or departments of constitutional government: enumerations, definitions, and orderings of these several
powers
3a. The separation and coordination of the several powers: usurpations and infringements by one branch of government
upon another
3b. The relation of the civil to the military power
3c. The legislative department of government: the making of law
(1) The powers and duties of the legislature
(2) Legislative institutions and procedures
3d. The judicial department of government: the application of law
(1) The powers and duties of the judiciary
(2) Judicial institutions and procedures
3e. The executive department of government: the enforcement of law; administrative 3 decrees
(1) The powers and duties of the executive
(2) Administrative institutions and procedures: bureaucracy and civil service
4. The support and the expenditures of government: taxation and budget; the role of government in the economy
5. The relation of governments to one another: sovereign princes or states as in a condition of anarchy
5a. Foreign policy: the making of treaties; the conduct of war and peace
5b. The government of dependencies: colonial government; the government of conquered peoples
5c. The relation of local to national government: the centralization and decentralization of governmental functions
5d. Confederation and federal union: the division of jurisdiction between state and federal governments
6. Historical developments in government: revolution and progress

XXXII. Habit
1. Diverse conceptions of habit: as second nature, perfection of power, retained modification of matter
1a. Habit in relation to potency and act
1b. Habit in relation to the plasticity of matter
2. The kinds of habit: the distinction of habit from disposition and other qualities
2a. Differentiation of habits according to origin and function: innate and acquired, entitative and operative habits
2b. Differentiation of habits according to the capacity habituated or to the object of the habit's activity
3. The instincts or innate habits of animals and men
3a. Instinctual needs or drives
3b. The innate sense of the beneficial and harmful: the estimative power
3c. Instinct in relation to reason
3d. The instinctive basis of habit-formation: the modification of instincts and reflexes through experience or learning
3e. The genesis, transmission, and modification of instincts in the course of generations
4. Habit formation
4a. The causes of habit: practice, repetition, discipline, teaching, and the law
4b. The growth and decay of habits: ways of strengthening and breaking habits
5. The analysis of specifically human habits
5a. Habits of body: manual arts and the skills of play
5b. Habits of appetite and will: the moral virtues as good habits
5c. The natural habits of reason: innate predispositions of the mind
5d. The acquired habits of mind: the intellectual virtues
5e. The supernatural habits
5f. Supernatural habits
(1) Grace as an entitative habit of the person
(2) The infused virtues and the supernatural gifts
(3) The theological virtues
6. The force of habit in human life
6a. The automatic or unconscious functioning of habits: addiction
6b. The contribution of habit to the perfection of character and mind
6c. Habit and freedom
7. The social significance of habit: habit in relation to law

XXXIII. Happiness
1. The desire for happiness: its naturalness and universality
2. The understanding of happiness: definitions and myths
2a. The marks of a happy man, the quality of a happy life
2b. The content of a happy life: the parts or constituents of happiness
(1) The contribution of the goods of fortune to happiness: wealth, health, longevity
(2) Pleasure and happiness
(3) Virtue in relation to happiness
(4) The role of hone- in happiness
(5) The importance of friendship and love for happiness
(6) The effect of political power or status on happiness
(7) The function of knowledge and wisdom in the happy life: the place of speculative activity and contemplation
3. The argument concerning happiness as a first principle of morality: the conflicting claims of duty and happiness
4. The pursuit of happiness
4a. Man's capacity for happiness: differences in human nature with respect to happiness
4b. The attainability of happiness: the fear of death and the tragic view of human life
5. The social aspects of happiness: the doctrine of the common good
5a. The happiness of the individual in relation to the happiness or good of other men
5b. The happiness of the individual in relation to the welfare of the state: happiness in relation to government and diverse
forms of government
6. The happiness of men in relation to the gods or the afterlife
7. The distinction between temporal and eternal happiness
7a. The effects of original sin: the indispensability of divine grace for the attainment of natural happiness
7b. The imperfection of temporal happiness: its failure to satisfy natural desire
7c. Eternal beatitude: the perfection of human happiness
(1) The beatific vision
(2) The joy of the blessed: the communion of saints
(3) The misery of the damned
7d. The beatitude of God

XXXIV. History
1. History as knowledge and as literature: its kinds and divisions; its distinction from poetry, myth, philosophy, and science
2. The light and lesson of history: its role in the education of the mind and in the guidance of human conduct
3. The writing of history: research and narration; the influence of poetry
3a. The determination and choice of fact: the classification of historical data
3b. The explanation or interpretation of historic fact: the historian's treatment of causes
4. The philosophy of history
4a. Theories of causation in the historical process
(1) The alternatives of fate or freedom, necessity or chance
(2) Material forces in history: economic, physical, and geographic factors
(3) World history as the development of Spirit: the stages of the dialectic of history
(4) The role of the individual in history: the great man, hero, or leader
4b. The laws and patterns of historical change: cycles, progress, evolution
4c. The spirit of the time as conditioning the politics and culture of a period
5. The theology of history
5a. The relation of the gods or God to human history: the dispensations of providence
5b. The city of God and the city of man; church and state

XXXV. Honor
1. The relation of honor and fame: praise and reputation
2. Honor and fame in the life of the individual
2a. The sense of honor and of shame: loyalty to the good
2b. Honor as an object of desire and as a factor in virtue and happiness: flattery, imitation, or emulation
2c. Honor as due self-esteem: magnanimity or proper pride
2d. Honor or fame as a mode of immortality
2e. Honor as the pledge of friendship: the codes of honor among social equals
3. The social realization of honor and fame
3a. The reaction of the community to its good or great men
3b. The conditions of honor or fame and the causes of dishonor or infamy
4. Honor in the political community and in government
4a. Honor as a principle in the organization of the state: timocracy and monarchy
4b. The scale of honor in the organization of the state: the just distribution of honors
4c. Honor as a political technique: the uses of praise, prestige, public opinion
5. Honor, fame, and the heroic
5a. Honor as a motivation of heroism
5b. Hero-worship: the exaltation of leaders
5c. The occasions of heroism in war and peace
5d. The estimation of the role of the hero in history
6. The idea of glory: its distinction from honor and fame
6a. The glory of God: the signs and the praise of the divine glory
6b. The reflected glory of angels, saints, and martyrs

XXXVI. Hypotheses
1. The use of hypotheses in the process of dialectic
2. Hypothetical reasoning and hypothetical constructions in philosophy
3. The foundations of mathematics: postulates, assumptions
4. The role of hypotheses in science
4a. Theories, provisional assumptions, fictions, reifications
4b. The purpose of hypotheses: saving the appearances; the formulation of predictions
4c. Consistency, simplicity, and beauty as standards in the construction of hypotheses
4d. The task of verification: the plurality of hypotheses; the experimental testing of hypotheses
5. Hypothetical propositions and syllogisms: the distinction between the hypothetical and the categorical
XXXVII. Idea
1. Doctrines of idea
1a. Ideas, or relations between ideas, as objects of thought or knowledge: the ideas as eternal forms
1b. Ideas or conceptions as that by which the mind thinks or knows
1c. Ideas as the data of sense-experience or their residues
1d. Ideas as the pure concepts of reason: regulative principles
1e. Ideas in the order of suprahuman intelligence or spirit: the eternal exemplars and archetypes; the modes of the divine
mind
1f. Idea as the unity of determinate existence and concept: the Absolute Idea
2. The origin or derivation of ideas in the human mind
2a. The infusion of ideas: divine illumination
2b. The innate endowment or retention of ideas: the activation of the mind's native content or structure by sense, by
memory, or by experience
2c. The acquirement of ideas by perception or intuition: simple ideas or forms as direct objects of the understanding
2d. Reflection as a source of ideas: the mind's consideration of its own acts or content
2e. The genesis of ideas by the recollection of sense impressions: the images of sense
2f. The production of ideas by the reworking of the materials of sense: the imaginative construction of concepts or the
formation of complex from simple ideas
2g. The abstraction of ideas from sense-experience: the concept as the first act of the mind; the grades of abstraction
2h. The derivation of transcendental ideas from the three syllogisms of reason
3.The division of ideas according to their objective reference
3a. Ideas about things distinguished from ideas about ideas: the distinction between first and second intentions
3b. Adequate and inadequate ideas: clear and distinct ideas as compared with obscure and confused ideas
3c. Real and fantastic or fictional ideas: negations and chimeras
4. The logic of ideas
4a. The verbal expression of ideas or concepts: terms
4b. The classification of terms: problems in the use of different kinds of terms
(1) Concrete and abstract terms
(2) Particular and universal terms
(3) Specific and generic terms: infimae species and summa genera
(4) Univocal and analogical terms
4c. The correlation, opposition, and order of terms
5. Ideas or concepts in the process of thought
5a. Concept and judgment: the division of terms as subjects and predicates; kinds of subjects and predicates
5b. The position and sequence of terms in reasoning
5c. The dialectical employment of the ideas of reason
5d. The order of concepts in the stages of learning: the more and the less general
5c The association, comparison, and discrimination of ideas: the stream of thought or consciousness
6. The being and truth of ideas
6a. The distinction between real and intentional existence, between thing and idea: ideas as symbols, or intentions of the
mind
6b. The nature and being of ideas in relation to the nature and being of the mind 6c. The agreement between an idea and
its object: the criterion of adequacy in correspondence
6d. Clarity and distinctness in ideas as criteria of their truth
6e. The criterion of genesis: the test of an idea's truth or meaning by reference to its origin
6f. The truth and falsity of simple apprehensions, sensations, or conceptions: contrasted with the truth and falsity of
judgments or assertions

XXXVIII. Immortality
1. The desire for immortality: the fear of death
2. The knowledge of immortality: arguments for and against personal survival
3. Belief in immortality
3a. The postulation of immortality: practical grounds for belief in immortality
3b. The revelation of immortality: immortality as an article of religious faith
4. The moral significance of immortality: rewards and sanctions
5. Conceptions of the afterlife
5a. The transmigration of souls: reincarnation
5b. The state of the soul apart from the body
5c. The judgment of souls
5d. The process of purification: the state of purgatory
5e. The state of the damned: hell
5f. The state of the blessed: heaven
5g. The resurrection of the body
6. Doctrines of impersonal survival
6a. Immortality through offspring: the perpetuation of the species
6b. Enduring fame: survival in the memory
6c. Participation in the eternity of truth, ideas, or love

XXXIX. Induction
1. The theory of induction: generalization from particulars
1a. Induction and intuition: their relation to reasoning or demonstration
1b. Inductive reasoning: the issue concerning inductive and deductive proof
2. The conditions or sources of induction: memory, experience, experiment
3. The products of induction: definitions, axioms, principles, laws
4. The use of induction in argument
4a. Dialectical induction: securing assumptions for disputation
4b. Rhetorical induction: inference from example in the process of persuasion
5. The role of induction in the development of science: the methods of experimental and enumerative induction

XL. Infinity
1. The general theory of infinity
1a. The definite and indefinite: the measured and the indeterminate
1b. The infinite in being and quantity: the actual and potential infinite; the formal and the material infinite
2. Infinity in the logical order
2a. The infinity of negative and indefinite terms
2b. The distinction between negative and infinite judgments
2c. Infinite regression in analysis and reasoning
3. The infinite in quantity: infinite magnitudes and multitudes
3a. Number: the infinite of division and addition
3b. The infinite divisibility of continuous quantities: the infinitesimal; the method of exhaustion and the theory of limits
3c. The infinity of asymptotes and parallels
3d. The infinite extent of space or space as finite yet unbounded
3e. The infinite duration of time and motion
4. The infinity of matter
4a. The infinite quantity or extent of matter: the problem of an actually infinite
4b. The infinite divisibility of matter: the issue concerning atoms or elementary particles
4c. The infinite potentiality of matter: the conception of prime or formless matter
5. Infinity in the world
5a. The infinite number of things and the infinite number of kinds
5b. The number of causes
6. The finite and the infinite in the nature of man
6a. The infinity of desire and will: the limits of human capacity
6b. The infinity of the intellect: man's knowledge of the infinite
7. The infinity of God
7a. The infinite being or essence of God
7b. The infinite power of God
7c. God's infinite goodness and love
7d. God's infinite knowledge

XLI. Judgement
1. Judgment as an act or faculty of the mind: its contrast with the act of conception or with the faculties of understanding and reason
2. The division of judgments in terms of the distinction between the theoretical and the practical
3. The analysis of practical or moral judgments: value judgments; judgments of good and evil, means and ends; categorical and
hypothetical imperatives
4. The distinction between the aesthetic and the teleological judgment
5. The nature of theoretical judgments
5a. The linguistic expression of judgments: sentences and propositions
5b. The judgment as a predication: the classification of subjects and predicates
5c. The judgment as relational: types of relation
6. The division of theoretical judgments according to formal criteria
6a. The division of judgments according to quantity: universal, particular, singular, and indefinite propositions
6b. The division of judgments according to quality: positive, negative, and infinite propositions
6c. The division of judgments according to modality: necessary and contingent propositions; problematic, assertoric, and
apodictic judgments
6d. The classification of judgments by reference to relation: simple and composite propositions; categorical, hypothetical,
and disjunctive judgments
7. The order and connection of judgments
7a. The formal opposition of judgments: the square of opposition
7b. The conversion of propositions: the problem of immediate inference
7c. Reasoning as a sequence of judgments: the chain of reasoning
8. The differentiation of judgments according to origin, ground, or import
8a. Self-evident and demonstrable propositions: immediate and mediated, intuitive and reasoned judgments
8b. Analytic and synthetic judgments: trifling and instructive propositions
8c. A priori and a posteriori, nonexistential and existential judgments: the problem of a priori synthetic judgments
8d. The division of judgments into the determinant and the reflective: judgments as constitutive or as regulative
9. Degrees of assent: certainty and probability
10. The truth and falsity of judgments

XLII. Justice
1. Diverse conceptions of justice
1a. Justice as the interest of the stronger or conformity to the will of the sovereign
1b. Justice as harmony or right order in the soul: original justice
1c. Justice as a moral virtue directing activity in relation to others and to the community the distinction between the just
man and the just act
1d. Justice as the whole of virtue and as a particular virtue: the distinction between the lawful and the fair
1e. Justice as an act of will or duty fulfilling obligations to the common good: the harmonious action of individual wills under
a universal law of freedom
1f. Justice as a custom or moral sentiment based on considerations of utility
2. The precepts of justice: doing good, harming no one, rendering to each his own, treating equals equally
3. The duties of justice compared with the generosity of love and friendship
4. The comparison of justice and expediency: the choice between doing and suffering injustice-the relation of justice to happiness
5. Justice and equality: the kinds of justice in relation to the measure and modes of equality and inequality
6. Justice and liberty: the theory of human rights
6a. The relation between natural law and natural justice
6b. The relation between natural and positive rights, innate and acquired rights, private and public rights: their correlative
duties
6c. The inalienability of natural rights: their violation by tyranny and despotism
6d. Justice as the basis for the distinction between liberty and license
6e. Justice and natural rights as the source of civil liberty
7. Domestic justice: the problems of right and duty in the family
8. Economic justice: justice in production, distribution, and exchange
8a. Private and public property: the just distribution of economic goods
8b. Fair wages and prices: the just exchange of goods and services
8c. Justice in the organization of production
(1) Economic exploitation: chattel slavery and wage slavery
(2) Profit and unearned increment
8d. Justice and the use of money: usury and interest rates
9. Political justice: justice in government
9a. The natural and the conventional in political justice: natural law and the general will
9b. Justice as the moral principle of political organization: the bond of men in states
9c. The criteria of justice in various forms of government and diverse constitutions
9d. The relation of ruler and ruled: the justice of the prince or statesman and of the subject or citizen
9e. The just distribution of honors, ranks, offices, suffrage
9f. Justice between states: the problem of right and might in the making of war and peace
9g. The tempering of political justice by clemency: amnesty, asylum, and pardon
10. Justice and law
10a. The measure of justice in laws made by the state: natural and constitutional standards
10b. The legality of unjust laws: the extent of obedience required of the just man in the unjust society
10c. The justice of punishment for unjust acts: the distinction between retribution and vengeance
10d. The correction of legal justice: equity in the application of human law
11. Divine justice: the relation of God or the gods to man
11a. The divine government of man: the justice and mercy of God or the gods
11b. Man's debt to God or the gods: the religious acts of piety and worship

XLIII. Knowledge
1. The nature of knowledge: the relation between knower and known; the issue concerning the representative or intentional
character of knowledge
2. Man's natural desire and power to know
3. Principles of knowledge
4. Knowledge in relation to other states of mind
4a. Knowledge and truth: the differentiation of knowledge, error, and ignorance
4b. Knowledge, belief, and opinion: their relation or distinction
4c. The distinction between knowledge and fancy or imagination
4d. Knowledge and love
5. The extent or limits of human knowledge
5a. The knowable, the unknowable, and the unknown: the knowability of certain objects
(1) God as an object of knowledge
(2) Matter and the immaterial as objects of knowledge
(3) Cause and substance as objects of knowledge
(4) The infinite and the individual as objects of knowledge
(5) The past and the future as objects of knowledge
(6) The self and the thing in itself as objects of knowledge
5b. The distinction between what is more knowable in itself and what is more know-able to us
5c. Dogmatism, skepticism, and the critical attitude with respect to the extent, certainty, and finality of human knowledge
5d. The method of universal doubt as prerequisite to knowledge: God's goodness as the assurance of the veracity of our
faculties
5e. Knowledge about knowledge as the source of criteria for evaluating claims to knowledge
6. The kinds of knowledge
6a. The classification of knowledge according to diversity of objects
(1) Being and becoming, the intelligible and the sensible, the necessary and the contingent, the eternal and the
temporal, the immaterial and the material as objects of knowledge
(2) Knowledge of natures or kinds distinguished from knowledge of individuals
(3) Knowledge of matters of fact or real existence distinguished from knowledge of our ideas or of the relations
between them
(4) Knowledge in relation to the distinction between the phenomenal and the noumenal, the sensible and supra-
sensible
6b. The classification of knowledge according to the faculties involved in knowing
(1) Sensitive knowledge: sense perception as knowledge; judgments of perception and judgments of experience;
private and public knowledge
(2) Memory as knowledge
(3) Rational or intellectual knowledge: rationalism
(4) Knowledge in relation to the faculties of understanding, judgment, and reason; and to the work of intuition,
imagination, and understanding
6c. The classification of knowledge according to the methods or means of knowing
(1) Vision, contemplation, or intuitive knowledge distinguished from discursive knowledge: knowledge by
acquaintance and knowledge by description
(2) The distinction between immediate and mediated judgments: induction and reasoning, principles and
conclusions
(3) The doctrine of knowledge as reminiscence: the distinction between innate and acquired knowledge
(4) The distinction between a priori and a posteriori knowledge: the transcendental, or speculative, and the
empirical
(5) The distinction between natural and supernatural knowledge: knowledge based on sense or reason
distinguished from knowledge by faith or through grace and inspiration
6d. The classification of knowledge according to the degrees of assent
(1) The distinction between certain and probable knowledge
(2) The types of certainty and the degrees of probability
(3) The distinction between adequate and inadequate, or perfect and imperfect knowledge
6e. The classification of knowledge according to the end or aim of the knowing
(1) The distinction between theoretical and practical knowledge: knowing for the sake of knowledge and for the
sake of action or production
(2) The types of practical knowledge: the use of knowledge in production and in the direction of conduct; technical
and moral knowledge
7. Comparison of human with other kinds of knowledge
7a. Human and divine knowledge
7b. Human and angelic knowledge
7c. Knowledge in this life compared with knowledge in the state of innocence and know ledge hereafter
7d. The knowledge of men and brutes
8. The use and value of knowledge
8a. The technical use of knowledge in the sphere of production: the applications of science in art
8b. The moral use of knowledge and the moral value of knowledge
(1) The knowledge of good and evil: the relation of knowledge to virtue and sin
(2) Knowledge as a condition of voluntariness in conduct
(3) Knowledge in relation to prudence and continence
(4) The possession or pursuit of knowledge as a good or satisfaction: its relation to pleasure and pain; its
contribution to happiness
8c. The political use of knowledge: the knowledge requisite for the statesman, legislator, or I citizen; the role of ideology;
journalism
9. The communication of knowledge
9a. The means and methods of communicating knowledge: incommunicable knowledge
9b. The value of the dissemination of knowledge: freedom of discussion; the uses of secrecy
10. The growth of human knowledge: the history of man's progress and failures in the pursuit of knowledge

XLIV. Labor
1. Labor in human life
1a. The curse of labor: myths of a golden age and the decay of the world
1b. Labor, leisure, and happiness: the servile, political, and contemplative life
1c. The pain of labor and the expiation of sin: the disciplinary and penal use of labor
1d. The social necessity of labor and the moral obligation to work
1e. The honor of work and the virtue of productivity: progress through the invention of arts for the conquest of nature
1f. The degradation of labor: the alienation of the laborer's work in chattel slavery, serfdom, and industrial wage slavery
2. The nature of work
2a. The ends of work: the good of the product and the good of the workman
2b. The process of work: the relations of art, hand, machine, and matter
3. The kinds of work and the relationship of different types of workers
3a. The differentiation of work according to the human talent or ability required: skilled and unskilled labor; manual and
mental work; labor and management
3b. The differentiation of work according to the social status of the worker: servile and free, menial and honorable work
3c. The classification of occupations by reference to bodily and mental concomitants of the work: healthy and unhealthy
occupations; pleasant and unpleasant tasks
3d. Types of work distinguished by reference to the manner in which the work is done: solitary and group work; the relation
of master craftsmen and helpers
3e. Types of work distinguished by reference to their effect on the increase of wealth: productive and nonproductive labor
3f. The differentiation of work in terms of its relation to the common welfare: socially useful and wasteful or superfluous
work
4. The division of labor
4a. The economic causes and effects of the division of labor: its relation to the exchange, production, and distribution of
goods and services; its bearing on opulence
4b. The social consequences of the division of labor: the development of classes
4c. The moral aspects of the division of labor: the acquisition of the virtue of art; the attenuation of art by insignificant
tasks
5. The organization of production: the position of labor in different economies
5a. Domestic or chattel slavery in a slave economy
5b. Serfdom or agrarian peonage in a feudal economy
5c. The wage earner or industrial proletariat in a capitalist economy: factors affecting overall employment
5d. The condition of the worker in a socialist economy
6. The wages of labor: kinds of wage payments
6a. Labor as a commodity: the labor market
6b. The iron law of wages: the subsistence level and the minimum wage
6c. The distinction between real and nominal wages: variable factors affecting wage levels; the effect of wage levels on
employment
6d. The natural wages of labor and the labor theory of value
7. Economic and political justice to the laborer
7a. Fair wages, hours, and working conditions: labor legislation
7b. The right to property: the ownership of the means of production
7c. The consequences of economic inequality or oppression: the class war
(1) The economic determination of antagonistic social classes: slaves versus freemen; laboring versus leisure
classes; propertyless versus propertied classes
(2) The organization of workmen and the formation of trade unions to protect labor's rights and interests
(3) The proletariat as a revolutionary class: its revolutionary aims
7d. The underprivileged condition of workers: the exclusion of slaves from citizenship; the disfranchisement of the laboring
classes
7e. The problem of poverty and pauperism: unemployment and the right to work
7f. The relation of economic to political freedom: economic democracy
8. Historical and fictional observations on the condition of labor

XLV.Language
1. The nature and functions of language: the speech of men and brutes
1a. The role of language in thought and behavior
1b. The service of language to society: linguistic forms and social structure
2. Theories of the origin of language
2a. The hypothesis of one natural language for all men
2b. The genesis of conventional languages: the origin of alphabets
3. The growth of language
3a. The acquisition of language: the invention of words and the proliferation of meanings
3b. The spoken and written word in the development of language
3c. Tradition and the life of languages: language games
4. The art of grammar
4a. Syntax: the parts and units of speech
4b. Standards of correctness in the use of language: grammatical errors
5. The imperfections of language: failures in communication
5a. The abuse of words: ambiguity, imprecision, obscurity; the corruption of language for political motives
5b. Insignificant speech: meaninglessness, absurdity
5c. The difficulties of using language in the describing of reality
6. The improvement of speech: the ideal of a perfect language
7. Grammar and logic: the formulation and statement of knowledge
8. Grammar and rhetoric: the effective use of language in teaching and persuasion
9. The language of poetry: the poet's enchantment with language
10. The language of things and events: the book of nature; the symbolism of dreams; prophetic
11. Immediate communication: the speech of angels and the gift of tongues
12. The language of God or the gods: the deliverances of the oracles; the inspiration, revelation, and interpretation of Sacred
Scripture

XLVI. Law
1. The definition of law
1a. The end of law: peace, order, and the common good
1b. Law in relation to reason or will
1c. The authority and power needed for making law
1d. The promulgation of law: the need and the manner of its declaration
2. The major kinds of law: comparison of human, natural, and divine law; comparison of natural and positive, innate and acquired,
private and public, abstract and civil rights
3. The divine law
3a. The eternal law in the divine government of the universe: the law in the nature of all creatures
(1) The natural moral law as the eternal law in human nature
(2) The distinction between the eternal law and the positive commandments of God
3b. The divine positive law: the difference between the law revealed in the Old and the New Testament
(1) Law in the Old Testament: the moral, the judicial, and the ceremonial precepts of the Old Law
(2) Law in the New Testament: the law of love and grace; ceremonial precepts of the New Law
4. The natural law
4a. The law of reason or the moral law: the order and habits of its principles
4b. The law of men living in a state of nature
4c. The a priori principles of innate or abstract right: universal law in the order of freedom; the objectification of the will
4d. The natural law as underlying the precepts of virtue: its relation to the moral precepts of divine law
4e. The relation of natural law to natural rights and natural justice
4f. The relation of natural law to civil or municipal law: the state of nature and the regulations of the civil state
4g. The relation of natural law to the law of nations and to international law: sovereign states and the state of nature
4h. The precepts of the natural law and the condition of the state of nature with respect to slavery and property
5. The human or positive law: the sanction of coercive force
5a. The difference between laws and decrees
5b. The kinds or divisions of positive law
5c. The justice of positive law: the standards of natural law and constitutionality
5d. The origins of positive law in the legislative process: the function of the legislator
5e. The mutability or variability of positive law: the maintenance or change of laws
5f. The relation of positive law to custom
5g. The application of positive law to cases: the casuistry of the judicial process; the conduct of a trial; the administration of
justice
5h. The defect of positive law: its need for correction or dispensation by equity
6. Law and the individual
6a. Obedience to the authority and force of law: the sanctions of conscience and fear; the objective and subjective
sanctions of law; law, duty, and right
6b. The exemption of the sovereign person from the coercive force of law
6c. The force of tyrannical, unjust, or bad laws: the right of rebellion or disobedience
6d. The educative function of law in relation to virtue and vice: the efficacy of law as limited by virtue in the individual
citizen
6e. The breach of law: crime and punishment
(1) The nature and causes of crime
(2) The prevention of crime
(3) The punishment of crime
7. Law and the state
7a. The distinction between government by men and government by laws: the nature of constitutional or political law
7b. The supremacy of law as the principle of political freedom
7c. The priority of natural to civil law: the inviolability or inalienability of natural rights
7d. Tyranny and treason or sedition as illegal acts: the use of force without authority
7e. The need for administrative discretion in matters undetermined by law: the royal prerogative
7f. The juridical conception of the person: the legal personality of the state and other corporations
8. Historical observations on the development of law and on the diversity of legal systems or institutions
9. The legal profession and the study of law: praise and dispraise of lawyers and judges

XLVII. Liberty
1. Natural freedom and political liberty
1a. The birthright of freedom
1b. The independence of men and the autonomy of sovereigns in a state of nature or anarchy
1c. The relation of liberty to free will: the conceptions of liberty as freedom from interference and freedom for personal
development
1d. The supremacy of law as a condition of political liberty
1e. The restriction of freedom by justice: the distinction between liberty and license
1f. The freedom of equals under government: the equality of citizenship
1g. The juridical protection of liberties: bills of rights; the separation of powers
1h. Civil liberty under diverse forms of government
2. The issues of civil liberty
2a. Freedom of thought and expression: the problem of censorship; the uses of secrecy
2b. Liberty of conscience and religious freedom
2c. Freedom in the sphere of economic enterprise: free trade; freedom from governmental restrictions
2d. Economic dependence as a limitation of civil liberty: economic slavery or subjection
3. Moral or spiritual freedom
3a. Human bondage, or the dominance of the passions
3b. Human freedom or the rule of reason: freedom through knowledge of the truth
3c. Virtue as the discipline of free choice: freedom as the determination of the will by the moral law of practical reason
3d. Freedom from conflict and freedom for individuality as conditions of happiness
4. The metaphysics of freedom
4a. The relation of human liberty to chance and contingency
4b. The opposites of freedom: causality or necessity, nature, and law
5. The theology of freedom
5a. Man's freedom in relation to fate or to the will of God
5b. Man's freedom and God's knowledge
5c. Man's freedom and God's grace: the freedom of the children of God
5d. The divine freedom: the independence or autonomy of infinite being; divine choice
6. Liberty in history and literature
6a. The historical significance of freedom: stages in the realization of freedom; the beginning and end of the historical
process
6b. The struggle and desire for civil liberty and economic freedom: the overthrow of tyrants, despots, and oppressors
6c. The struggle for sovereign independence against the yoke of imperialism or colonial subjugation

XLVIII. Life
1. The nature and cause of life: the soul as the principle of life in organic bodies
2. Continuity or discontinuity between living and nonliving things: comparison of vital powers and activities with the potentialities
and motions of inert bodies
3. The modes or grades of corporeal life: the classification and order of the various vital powers or functions
3a. Continuity or discontinuity between plants and animals: comparison of plant and
animal nutrition, respiration, growth, and reproduction
3b. The grades of animal life: types and degrees of mobility and sensitivity; analogies of structure and function
4. The biological economy in ecological systems: the environment of the organism; the interdependence of plants and animals
5. Normal vitality and its impairment by disease, degeneration, and enfeeblement with age
5a. The nature and causes of health: physical beauty
5b. The restorative function of rest or sleep
5c. The nature and causes of disease
6. The life span and the life cycle
6a. The life span of plants and animals, and of different species of plants and animals
6b. The human life span
6c. The biological and psychological characteristics of the stages of life
7. The causes and occurrence of death: the transition from life to death; homicide
8. The concern of the living with life and death
8a. Reflections about life and death
8b. The love of life: the instinct of self-preservation; the life instinct
8c. The desire for death: the death instinct; the problem of suicide
8d. The fear of death: the attitude of the hero, the philosopher, the poet, the martyr
8e. The ceremonials of death: the rites of burial in war and peace

XLIX. Logic
1. Logic as a science: its scope and subject matter compared with psychology and metaphysics
1a. The axioms of logic: the laws of thought; the principles of reasoning
1b. Divisions of logic: deductive and inductive; formal and material; analytic and dialectic; general and transcendental
2. Transcendental logic: the propaedeutic to all a priori cognition; the transcendental doctrine of method
3. Mathematical and symbolic logic
4. Logic as an art: its place in education
4a. The relation of logic and grammar
4b. The relation of logic and rhetoric
5. Methodology: rules for the conduct of the mind in the processes of thinking, learning, inquiring, knowing
5a. Mathematical analysis and reasoning: the search for a universal method
5b. The heuristic principles of research in experimental and empirical science
5c. The criteria of evidence and inference in historical inquiry
5d. The diverse methods of speculative philosophy: the role of intuition, analysis, dialectic, genetic or transcendental
criticism
5e. The logic of practical thinking: the methods of ethics, politics, and jurisprudence
5r. Theological argument: the roles of faith, reason, and authority
6. Logic as an object of satire and criticism: sophistry and logic-chopping

L. Love
1. The nature of love
1a. Conceptions of love and hate: as passions and as acts of will
1b. Love and hate in relation to each other and in relation to pleasure and pain
1c. The distinction between love and desire: the generous and acquisitive aims
1d. The aims and objects of love
1e. The intensity and power of love: its increase or decrease; its constructive or destructive force
1f. The intensity of hate: envy and jealousy
2. The kinds of love
2a. Erotic love as distinct from lust or sexual desire
(1) The sexual instinct: its relation to other instincts
(2) Infantile sexuality: polymorphous perversity
(3) Object-fixations, identifications, and transferences: sublimation
(4) The perversion, degradation, or pathology of love: infantile and adult love
2b. Friendly, tender, or altruistic love: fraternal love
(1) The relation between love and friendship
(2) Self-love in relation to the love of others: vanity and self-interest
(3) The types of friendship: friendships based on utility, pleasure, or virtue
(4) Patterns of love and friendship in the family
(5) Friendship as a habitual association
2c. Romantic, chivalric, and courtly love: the idealization and supremacy of the beloved
2d. Conjugal love: its sexual, fraternal, and romantic components
3. The morality of love
3a. Friendship and love in relation to virtue and happiness
3b. The demands of love and the restraints of virtue: moderation in love; the order of loves
3c. The conflict of love and duty: the difference between the loyalties of love and the obligations of justice
3d. The heroism of friendship and the sacrifices of love
4. The social or political force of love, sympathy, or friendship
4a. Love between equals and unequals, like and unlike: the fraternity of citizenship
4b. The dependence of the state on friendship and patriotism: comparison of love and justice in relation to the common
good
4c. The brotherhood of man and the world community
5. Divine love
5a. God as the primary object of love
(1) Man's love of God in this life: respect for the moral law
(2) Beatitude as the fruition of love
5b. Charity, or supernatural love, compared with natural love
(1) The precepts of charity: the law of love
(2) The theological virtue of charity: its relation to the other virtues
5c. God's love of Himself and of creatures

LI. Man
1. Definitions of man: conceptions of the properties and qualities of human nature
1a. The conception of man as essentially distinct, or differing in kind, from brute animals: man's specific rationality and
freedom
1b. The conception of man as distinguished from brutes by such powers or properties as abstraction or relational thought,
language and law, art and science
1c. The conception of man as an animal, differing only in degree of intelligence and of other qualities possessed by other
animals
2. Man's knowledge of man
2a. Immediate self-consciousness: man's intimate or introspective knowledge of himself
2b. The sciences of human nature: anthropology and psychology; ethnography and ethnology; rational and empirical
psychology; experimental and clinical psychology
(1) The subject matter, scope, and methods of the science of man
(2) The methods and validity of psychology
(3) The relation of psychology to physiology: the study of organic factors in human behavior
(4) The place of psychology in the order of sciences: the study of man as prerequisite for other studies
3. The constitution of man
3a. Man as a unity or a conjunction of matter and spirit, body and soul, extension and thought
(1) Man as a pure spirit: a soul or mind using a body
(2) Man's spirituality as limited to his immaterial powers or functions, such as reason and will
3b. Comparisons of man with God or the gods, or with angels or spiritual substances
3c. Man as an organization of matter or as a collocation of atoms
4. The analysis of human nature into its faculties, powers, or functions: the id, ego, and superego in the structure of the psyche
4a. Man's vegetative powers: comparison with similar functions in plants and animals
4b. Man's sensitive and appetitive powers: comparison with similar functions in other animals
4c. Man's rational powers: the problem of similar powers in other animals
4d. The general theory of faculties: the critique of faculty psychology
5. The order and harmony of man's powers and functions: contradictions in human nature; the higher and lower nature of man
5a. Cooperation or conflict among man's powers
5b. Abnormalities due to defect or conflict of powers: feeblemindedness, neuroses, insanity, madness
6. The distinctive characteristics of men and women and their differences
6a. The cause and range of human inequalities: differences in ability, inclination, temperament, habit
6b. The equality or inequality of men and women
6c. The ages of man: infancy, youth, maturity, senescence; generational conflict
7. Group variations in human type: racial differences
7a. Biological aspects of racial type
7b. The influence of environmental factors on human characteristics: climate and geography as determinants of racial or
national differences
7c. Cultural, ethnic, and national differences among men
8. The origin or genealogy of man
8a. The race of men as descendants or products of the gods
8b. God's special creation of man
8c. Man as a natural variation from other forms of animal life
9. The two conditions of man
9a. The myth of a golden age: the age of Kronos and the age of Zeus
9b. The Christian doctrine of Eden and of the history of man in the world
(1) The condition of man in Eden: the preternatural powers of Adam
(2) The condition of man in the world: fallen man; corrupted or wounded human nature
(3) The Christian view of the stages of human life in the world: law and grace
9c. Secular conceptions of the stages of human life: man in a state of nature and in society; prehistoric and historic man;
primitive and civilized man
10. Man's conception of himself and his place in the world
10a. Man's understanding of his relation to the gods or God
10b. Man as the measure of all things
10c. Man as an integral part of the universe: his station in the cosmos
10d. The finiteness and insufficiency of man: his sense of being dependent and ordered to something beyond himself
10e. Man's comparison of himself with other creatures and with the universe as a whole
11. The theological conception of man
11a. Man as made in the image of God
11b. The fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man
11c. God incarnate in human form: the human nature of Christ
12. Man as an object of laughter and ridicule: comedy and satire
13. The grandeur and misery of man

LII. Mathematics
1. The art and science of mathematics: its branches or divisions; the origin and development of mathematics
1a. The distinction of mathematics from physics and metaphysics: its relation to logic
1b. The service of mathematics to dialectic and philosophy: its place in liberal education
1c. The certainty and exactitude of mathematical knowledge: truth in mathematics; the a priori foundations of arithmetic
and geometry
1d. The ideal of a universal mathesis: the unification of arithmetic and geometry
2. The objects of mathematics: ideas or abstractions; number, figure, extension, relation, order
2a. The apprehension of mathematical objects: by intuition, imagination, construction; the forms of time and space
2b. The being of mathematical objects: their real, ideal, or mental existence
2c. Kinds of quantity: magnitude and multitude; continuous and discrete quantities; the problem of the irrational
3. Method in mathematics: the model of mathematical thought
3a. The conditions and character of demonstration in mathematics: the use of definitions, postulates, axioms, hypotheses,
theorems, proofs
3b. The role of construction: its bearing on proof, mathematical existence, and the scope of mathematical inquiry
3c. Analysis and synthesis: function and variable
3d. Symbols and formulas: the attainment of generality
4. Mathematical techniques
4a. The arithmetic and algebraic processes: algebraic form
4b. The operations of geometry
4c. The use of proportions and equations
4d. The method of exhaustion: the theory of limits and the calculus
5. The applications of mathematics to physical phenomena: the utility of mathematics
5a. The art of measurement
5b. Mathematical physics: the mathematical structure of nature
5c. The distinction between pure and applied mathematics

LIII. Matter
1. The conception of matter as a principle of change and as one constituent of the being of changing things: the receptacle or
substratum
1a. Matter and the analysis of change: prime and secondary matter; privation and form; participation and the receptacle
1b. Matter in relation to the kinds of change: substantial and accidental change; terrestrial and celestial motion
1c. Matter and the distinction between individual and universal: signate and common matter; sensible and intelligible matter
2. The conception of matter as extension, as a bodily substance, or as a mode of substance: atoms and compound bodies
2a. The properties of matter: hypotheses concerning its constitution; the wave and particle
properties of matter
2b. The equivalence of mass and energy
2c. The motions of bodies
2d. Matter as the support of sensible qualities
2e. The diremption of body and mind, or matter and spirit
3. The existence of matter
3a. Matter as the sole existent: materialism, atomism 3b. Matter as the most imperfect grade of being or reality 3c. Matter
as a fiction of the mind
3d. The relation of God to matter: the creation of matter and its motions
4. Matter as an object or condition of knowledge
4a. The knowability of matter: by sense, by reason
4b. The role of matter in the concepts and definitions of the several sciences: the grades of abstraction in physics,
mathematics, and metaphysics
4c. The material conditions of sensation, imagination, and memory
4d. The material conditions of thought: the relation of matter to the existence and acts of the mind
5. Matter in relation to good and evil
6. Criticisms of materialism and its consequences

LIV. Mechanics
1. The foundations of mechanics
1a. Matter, mass, and atoms: the primary qualities of bodies
1b. The laws of motion: inertia; the measure of force; action and reaction
1c. Space, time, and motion
(1) Cartesian and Galilean coordinates
(2) The effect of uniform rectilinear motion on the concepts of space and time: the special theory of relativity and
the Lorentz transformation
(3) The effect of nonlinear and rotary motion on the concepts of space and time: the general theory of relativity
and Gaussian coordinates
2. The logic and method of mechanics
2a. The role of experience, experiment, and induction in mechanics
2b. The use of hypotheses in mechanics
2c. Theories of causality in mechanics
3. The use of mathematics in mechanics: the dependence of progress in mechanics on mathematical discovery
3a. Number and the continuum: the theory of measurement; Euclidean and non-Euclidean continua
3b. The geometry of conies: the motion of planets and projectiles
3c. Algebra and analytic geometry: the symbolic formulation of mechanical problems
3d. Calculus: the measurement of irregular areas and variable motions
4. The place, scope, and ideal of the science of mechanics: its relation to the philosophy of nature and other sciences
4a. Terrestrial and celestial mechanics: the mechanics of finite bodies and of atoms or elementary particles
4b. The explanation of qualities and qualitative change in terms of quantity and motion 4c. The mechanistic versus the
organismic account of nature
5. The basic phenomena and problems of mechanics: statics and dynamics
5a. Simple machines: the balance and the lever
5b. The equilibrium and motion of fluids: buoyancy, the weight and pressure of gases, the effects of a vacuum
5c. Stress, strain, and elasticity: the strength of materials
5d. Motion, void, and medium: resistance and friction
5e. Rectilinear motion
(1) Uniform motion: its causes and laws
(2) Accelerated motion: free fall
5f. Motion about a center: planets, projectiles, pendulum
(1) Determination of orbit, force, speed, time, and period
(2) Perturbation of motion: the two and three body problems
6. Basic concepts of mechanics
6a. Center of gravity: its determination for one or several bodies
6b. Weight and specific gravity
6c. Velocity, acceleration, and momentum: angular or rectilinear, average or instantaneous
6d. Theories of universal gravitation
(1) The equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass
(2) The relation of mass and gravitational force: the curvature of space
(3) Action-at-a-distance: the field and medium of force
6e. Fields of force: the ideal of a unified field theory
6f. The parallelogram law: the composition of forces and the composition of velocities
6g. Work and energy: their conservation; perpetual motion; their relation to mass; the principle of least action
7. The extension of mechanical principles to other phenomena
7a. Light: the corpuscular and the wave theory
(1) The laws of reflection and refraction
(2) The production of colors
(3) The speed of light
(4) The medium of light: the ether
(5) The bending of light rays in a gravitational field
(6) The Doppler effect
7b. Sound: the mechanical explanation of acoustic phenomena
7c. The theory of heat
(1) The description of the phenomena of heat: the hypothesis of caloric
(2) The measurement and the mathematical analysis of the quantities of heat
7d. Magnetism: the great magnet of the earth
(1) Magnetic phenomena: coition, verticity, variation, dip
(2) Magnetic force and magnetic fields
7c Electricity: electrostatics and electrodynamics
(1) The source of electricity: the relation of the kinds of electricity
(2) Electricity and matter: conduction, insulation, induction, electrochemical decomposition
(3) The relation of electricity and magnetism: the electromagnetic field
(4) The relation of electricity to heat and light: thermoelectricity
(5) The measurement of electric quantities
8. Quantum mechanics
8a. Electromagnetic radiation as produced in indivisible quanta: the quantum-mechanical explanation of atomic structure;
stationary states
8b. The mathematical expression of quantum relations: correspondence, probability functions, matrices, wave mechanics,
the wave-particle duality of light and matter
8c. Limitations on the knowledge of quantum phenomena: the interaction of the observer and experimental phenomena;
the principle of uncertainty or indeterminacy
8d. The interpretation of quantum phenomena: complementarity; the problems of being and causation in quantum
mechanics; the sufficiency of quantum theory as an explanation of reality
8e. The relation of quantum mechanics to the theory of relativity and to other empirical sciences

LV. Medicine
1. The profession of medicine, its aims and obligations: the relation of physician to patient; the place of the physician in society;
medical ethics
2. The art of medicine
2a. The scientific foundations of the art of medicine: the contrast between the empiric and the artist in medicine
2b. The relation of art to nature in healing: imitation and cooperation
2c. The comparison of medicine with other arts and professions: the practice of magic; shamanism
3. The practice of medicine
3a. The application of rules of art to particular cases in medical practice
3b. General and specialized practice: treating the whole man or the isolated part
3c. Diagnosis and prognosis: the interpretation of symptoms; case histories
3d. The factors in prevention and therapy
(1) Control of regimen: climate, diet, exercise, occupation, daily routine
(2) Medication: drugs, specifics
(3) Surgery
4. The concept of health: normal balance or harmony
5. The theory of disease
5a. The nature of disease
5b. The classification of diseases
5c. The disease process: onset, crisis, aftereffects
5d. The causes of disease: internal and external factors
(1) The humoral hypothesis: temperamental dispositions
(2) The psychogenesis of bodily disorders: hypochondria
5c. The moral and political analogues of disease
6. Mental disease or disorder: its causes and cure
6a. The distinction between sanity and insanity: the concept of mental health and the nature of madness
6b. The classification of mental diseases
6c. The process and causes of mental disorder
(1) Somatic origins of mental disease
(2) Functional origins of mental disease
6d. The treatment of functional disorders: psychotherapy as a branch of medicine
7. The historical and fictional record on disease and its treatment: epidemics, plagues, pestilences

LVI. Memory and Imagination


1. The faculties of memory and imagination in brutes and men
1a. The relation of memory and imagination to sense: the a priori grounds of possible experience in the synthesis of
intuition, reproduction, and recognition
1b. The physiology of memory and imagination: their bodily organs
1c. The distinction and connection of memory and imagination: their interdependence
1d. The influence of memory and imagination on the emotions and will: voluntary movement
2. The activity of memory
2a. Retention: factors influencing its strength
2b. Recollection: factors influencing ease and adequacy of recall
2c. The association of ideas: controlled and free association; reminiscence and reverie
2d. Recognition with or without recall
2e. The scope and range of normal memory: failure or defect of memory and its causes
(1) Forgetting as a function of the time elapsed
(2) The obliviscence of the disagreeable: conflict and repression
(3) Organic lesions: amnesia and the aphasias
(4) False memories: illusions of memory; deja vu
3. Remembering as an act of knowledge and as a source of knowledge
3a. Reminiscence as the process of all learning: innate ideas or seminal reasons
3b. Sensitive and intellectual memory: knowledge of the past and the habit of knowledge
3c. The scientist's use of memory: collated memories as the source of generalized experience
3d. Memory as the muse of poetry and history: the dependence of history on the memory of men
4. The contribution of memory: the binding of time
4a. Memory in the life of the individual: personal identity and continuity
4b. Memory in the life of the group, race, or nation: instinct, legend, and tradition
5. The activity of imagination, fancy, or fantasy: the nature and variety of images
5a. The distinction between reproductive and creative imagination: the representative image and the imaginative construct
5b. The image distinguished from the idea or concept: the concrete and particular as
contrasted with the abstract and universal
5c. The pathology of imagination: hallucinations, persistent imagery
6. The role of imagination in thinking and knowing
6a. Imagination as knowledge: its relation to possible and actual experience
6b. The effect of intellect on human imagination: the imaginative thinking of animals
6c. The dependence of rational thought and knowledge on imagination
(1) The abstraction of ideas from images: the image as a condition of thought
(2) The schema of the imagination as mediating between concepts of the understanding and the sensory manifold
of intuition: the transcendental unity of apperception
6d. The limits of imagination: imageless thought; the necessity of going beyond imagination in the speculative sciences
7. Imagination and the fine arts
7a. The use of imagination in the production and appreciation of works of art
7b. The fantastic and the realistic in poetry: the probable and the possible in poetry and history
8. The nature and causes of dreaming
8a. Dreams as divinely inspired: their prophetic portent; divination through the medium of dreams
8b. The role of sensation and memory in the dreams of sleep
8c. The expression of desire in daydreaming or fantasy
8d. The symbolism of dreams
(1) The manifest and latent content of dreams: the dreamwork
(2) The recurrent use of specific symbols in dreams: the dream-language
8e. Dream-analysis as uncovering the repressed unconscious

LVII. Metaphysics
1. Conceptions of the highest human science: dialectic, first philosophy, metaphysics, natural theology, transcendental philosophy
2. The analysis of the highest human science: the character of dialectical, metaphysical, or transcendental knowledge
2a. The distinctive objects or problems of the supreme science
2b. The nature of the concepts, abstractions, or principles of the highest science
2c. The method of metaphysics: the distinction between empirical and transcendental methods
2d. The distinction between a metaphysic of nature and a metaphysic of morals: the difference between the speculative
treatment and the practical resolution of the metaphysical problems of God, freedom, and immortality
3. Metaphysics in relation to other disciplines
3a. The relation of metaphysics to theology
3b. The relation of metaphysics to mathematics, physics or natural philosophy, psychology, and the empirical sciences
3c. The relation of metaphysics to logic and dialectic
4. The criticism and reformation of metaphysics
4a. The dismissal or satirization of metaphysics as dogmatism or sophistry
4b. Reconstructions of metaphysics: critical philosophy as a propaedeutic to metaphysics

LVIII. Mind
1. Diverse conceptions of the human mind
1a. Mind as intellect or reason, a part or power of the soul or human nature, distinct from sense and imagination
(1) The difference between the acts of sensing and understanding, and the objects of sense and reason
(2) The cooperation of intellect and sense: the dependence of thought upon imagination and the direction of
imagination by reason
(3) The functioning of intellect: the acts of understanding, judgment, and reasoning
(4) The distinction of the active and the possible intellect in power and function
1b. Mind as identical with thinking substance
(1) The relation of the mind as thinking substance to sense and imagination
(2) Thinking and willing as the acts of the thinking substance
1c. Mind as a particular mode of that attribute to God which is thought
(1) The origin of the human mind as a mode of thought
(2) The properties of the human mind as a mode of thought
1d. Mind as soul or spirit, having the power to perform all cognitive and voluntary functions
(1) The origin of the mind's simple ideas: sensation and reflection
(2) The activity of the understanding in relating ideas: the formation of complex ideas
1e. Mind as a triad of cognitive faculties: understanding, judgment, reason
(1) The relation of understanding to sense or intuition: its application in the realm of nature; conformity to law
(2) The relation of judgment to pleasure and displeasure: its application in the realm of art; aesthetic finality
(3) The relation of reason to desire or will: its application in the realm of freedom; the summum bonum
1f. Mind as intelligence or self-consciousness, knowing itself as universal: the unity of intellect and will
1g. Mind as the totality of mental processes and as the principle of meaningful or purposive behavior
(1) The nature of the stream of thought, consciousness, or experience: the variety of mental operations
(2) The topography of mind
(3) The unity of attention and of consciousness: the selectivity of mind
2. The human mind in relation to matter or body
2a. The immateriality of mind: mind as an immaterial principle, a spiritual substance, or as
an incorporeal power functioning without a bodily organ
2b. The potentiality of intellect or reason compared with the potentiality of matter or nature
2c. The interaction of mind and body
(1) The physiological conditions of mental activity
(2) The influence of mental activity on bodily states
2d. The parallelism of mind and body
2e. The reduction of mind to matter: the atomic explanation of its processes, and of the difference between mind and soul,
and between mind and body
3. Mind in animals and in men
3a. Mind, reason, or understanding as a specific property of human nature: comparison of human reason with animal
intelligence and instinct
3b. Mentality as a common property of men and animals: the differences between human and animal intelligence in degree
or quality
3c. The evolution of mind or intelligence
4. The various states of the human mind
4a. Individual differences in intelligence: degrees of capacity for understanding
4b. The mentality of children
4c. The states of the possible intellect: its potentiality, habits, and actuality
4d. The condition of the mind prior to experience
(1) The mind as completely potential: the mind as a tabula rasa
(2) The innate endowment of the mind with ideas: instinctive determinations
(3) The transcendental or a priori forms and categories of the mind
4e. The condition of the human mind when the soul is separate from the body
4f. Supernatural states of the human intellect: the state of innocence; beatitude; the human I intellect of Christ
5. The weakness and limits of the human mind
5a. The fallibility of the human mind: the causes of error
5b. The natural limits of the mind: the unknowable; objects which transcend its powers; reason's critical determination of
its own limits or boundaries
5c. The elevation of the human mind by divine grace: faith and the supernatural gifts
6. The reflexivity of mind: the mind's knowledge of itself and its acts
7. The nature and phases of consciousness: the realm of the unconscious
7a. The nature of self-consciousness
7b. The degrees or states of consciousness: waking, dreaming, sleeping
7c. The conscious, preconscious, and unconscious activities of mind
8. The pathology of mind: the loss or abeyance of reason
8a. The distinction between sanity and madness: the criterion of lucidity or insight
8b. The causes of mental pathology: organic and functional factors
8c. The abnormality peculiar to mind: systematic delusion
9. Mind in the moral and political order
9a. The distinction between the speculative and practical intellect or reason: the spheres of knowledge, belief, and action
9b. The relation of reason to will, desire, and emotion
9c. Reason as regulating human conduct: reason as the principle of virtue or duty
9d. Reason as the principle of free will: rationality as the source of moral and political freedom
9e. Reason as formative of human society: the authority of government and law
9f. The life of reason, or the life of the mind, as man's highest vocation: reason as the principle of all human work
10. The existence of mind apart from man
10a. The indwelling reason in the order of nature
10b. Nous or the intellectual principle: its relation to the One and to the world-soul
10c. The realm of the pure intelligences: the angelic intellect
10d. The unity and separate existence of the active or the possible intellect
10e. Mind as an immediate infinite mode of God
10f. Absolute mind: the moments of its manifestations
(1) The unfolding of mind or spirit in world history
(2) The concrete objectification of mind in the state
10g. The divine intellect: its relation to the divine being and the divine will

LIX. Monarchy
1. The definition of monarchy and the classification of the types of kingship
1a. The distinction between royal and political government
(1) Absolute or personal rule contrasted with constitutional government or rule by law
(2) The theory of absolute government: the nature of absolute power; the rights and duties of the monarch; the
radical inequality between ruler and ruled in absolute government
1b. Modifications of absolute monarchy: other embodiments of the monarchical principle
(1) The combination of monarchy with other forms of government: the mixed regime
(2) Constitutional or limited monarchy
(3) The monarchical principle in the executive branch of republican government
1c. The principle of succession in monarchies
2. The theory of royalty
2a. The divinity of kings
2b. The analogy between divine government and rule by the best man: the philosopher king
2c. The divine institution of kings: the theory of the divine right of kings
2d. The myth of the royal personage: the attributes of royalty and the burdens of monarchy
3. The use and abuse of monarchical power
3a. The good king and the benevolent despot in the service of their subjects: the education of the prince
3b. The exploitation of absolute power for personal aggrandizement: the strategies of princes and tyrants
4. Comparison of monarchy with other forms of government
4a. The patriarchical character of kingship: absolute rule in the family or tribe, and paternalism in the state
4b. The line which divides monarchy from despotism and tyranny
4c. The differences between kingdoms and republics with respect to unity, wealth, and extent of territory
4d. The defense of monarchy or royal rule
(1) The necessity for absolute government
(2) Monarchy as the best or most efficient of the several good forms of government
(3) The preference for the mixed regime: defense of royal prerogatives as absolute in their sphere
4c. The attack on monarchy or absolute government
(1) The paternalistic or despotic character of monarchy: the rejection of benevolent despotism; the advantages of
constitutional safeguards
(2) The justification of absolute rule or benevolent despotism for peoples incapable of self-government
(3) The illegitimacy of absolute monarchy: the violation of the principle of popular sovereignty
(4) The illegality of royal usurpations of power in a mixed regime: the limitations of royal prerogative in a
constitutional monarchy
5. The absolute government of colonies, dependencies, or conquered peoples
5a. The justification of imperial rule: the rights of the conqueror; the unifying and civilizing achievements of empire
5b. The injustice of imperialism: exploitation and despotism
6. The history of monarchy: its origin and developments

LX. Nature
1. Conceptions of nature
1a. Nature as the intrinsic source of a thing's properties and behavior
(1) The distinction between essential and individual nature: generic or specific properties, and individual,
contingent accidents
(2) Nature or essence in relation to matter and form
1b. Nature as the universe or the totality of things: the identification of God and nature; the distinction between natura
naturans and natura naturata
1c. Nature as the complex of the objects of sense: the realm of things existing under the determination of universal laws
2. The antitheses of nature or the natural
2a. Nature and art: the imitation of nature; cooperation with nature
2b. Nature and convention: the state of nature and the state of society
2c. Nature and nurture: the innate or native and the acquired; habit as second nature
2d. Natural and violent motion
2e. The natural and the unnatural or monstrous: the normal and the abnormal
2f. The order of nature and the order of freedom: the phenomenal and the noumenal worlds; the antithesis of nature and
spirit
3. The order of nature
3a. The maxims and laws of nature: the rationality of nature; entropy
3b. Continuity and hierarchy in the order of nature 3c. Nature and causality
(1) The distinction between the regular and the chance event: the uniformity of nature
(2) The determinations of nature distinguished from the voluntary or free
(3) Teleology in nature: the operation of final causes
(4) Divine causality in relation to the course of nature: the preservation of nature; providence; miracles and magic
4. Knowledge of nature or the natural
4a. Nature or essence as an object of definition
4b. Nature in relation to diverse types of science: the theoretical and the practical sciences; natural philosophy or science,
mathematics, and metaphysics
4c. Nature as an object of history
5. Nature or the natural as the standard of the right and the good
5a. Human nature in relation to the good for man
5b. Natural inclinations and natural needs with respect to property and wealth
5c. The naturalness of the state and political obligation
5d. The natural as providing a canon of beauty for production or judgment
6. Nature in religion, theology, and poetry
6a. The personification or worship of nature
6b. Nature and grace in human life

LXI. Necessity and Contingency


1. The meaning of necessity and contingency: the possible and the impossible
2. Necessary and contingent being or existence
2a. The independent or unconditioned as the necessarily existent: the uncaused or self-caused; the identity of essence and
existence
2b. The argument for the existence of a necessary being: the problem of logical and ontological necessity
2c. Mutability in relation to necessity in being
2d. The necessary and contingent with respect to properties, accidents, and modes
3. Necessity and contingency in the realm of change: chance and determinism
3a. The distinction between the essential and the accidental cause: the contingent effect; contingency and chance
3b. The necessity of contingent events: absolute and hypothetical or conditional necessity; necessitation by efficient or
material and final or formal causes
3c. The grounds of contingency in the phenomenal order: real indeterminacy versus indeterminability
4. Necessity and contingency in the realm of thought
4a. The necessary as the domain of knowledge, the contingent as the object of opinion: certainty, doubt, and probability;
necessary truths
4b. Practical necessity as a cause of belief
4c. The truth of judgments concerning future contingents
4d. Mathematical necessity: necessity in the objects of mathematics and in mathematical reasoning
4e. Necessity and contingency in logical analysis
(1) The modality of propositions or judgments: modal opposition
(2) Modality in reasoning: the logical necessity of inference; the necessity and contingency of premises and
conclusions
5. Necessity and contingency in human life and society
5a. Liberty and necessity in human conduct: the voluntary and the compulsory
(1) The necessitation of the will: the range of its freedom
(2) Categorical and hypothetical imperatives as expressing necessary and contingent obligations
(3) Human freedom as knowledge or acceptance of necessity
5b. The necessity of family and state: the contingency of their forms and institutions
5c. Necessity and contingency in relation to the natural and conventional in law
5d. The necessity or inevitability of slavery, poverty, war, or crime
5e. Economic necessities or luxuries
5f. Necessity and contingency in history

LXII. Oligarchy
1. The oligarchic constitution: the principles and types of oligarchy
2. The relation of oligarchy to monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy
3. The instability of oligarchic government
3a. The revolutionary changes to which oligarchy is subject: the change to despotism or democracy
3b. The preservation of oligarchies against revolution
4. The defense of oligarchy: the political rights and privileges of property
5. The attack on oligarchy and on the political power of wealth
5a. The objection to property as a basis for privilege with regard to citizenship or public office
5b. The character of the oligarch: the man of property; the capitalist
5c. Economic status and power as a political instrument: oligarchy in relation to the class war
6. Historical observations of oligarchy: the rise and fall of oligarchies

LXIII. One and Many


1. The transcendental one: the Absolute; the unity of being, of nature, of the universe
1a. The relation of the one and the many: emanation of the many from the one
1b. The unity or duality of God and the world: the immanence and transcendence of God
1c. The one and the many in relation to the universal and the particular: the abstract and the concrete universal
2. The modes of unity: comparison of numerical, essential, and divine unity
2a. Numerical unity or identity: the number one
2b. The unity of the indivisible or the simple: the individual thing, the point, the atom, the quality
2c. The complex unity of a whole composed of parts: the distinction between the indivisible and the undivided
3. Kinds of wholes or complex unities
3a. Quantitative wholes: oneness in matter or motion
(1) The continuity of a quantitative whole
(2) The unity and divisibility of a motion
(3) The unity and divisibility of matter
(4) The unity and divisibility of time and space
3b. Natural or essential wholes: the oneness of a being or a nature
(1) The distinction between essential and accidental unity
(2) The comparison of the unity of natural things with man-made compositions or aggregations: artificial wholes
(3) The unity of a substance and of substantial form
(4) The unity of man as composite of body and soul, matter and spirit, extension and thought
(5) The unity of the human person or the self: the order of man's powers; the split personality
4. Unity in the realm of mind: unity in thought or knowledge
4a. The unity of mind or intellect, the cognitive faculties, or consciousness
4b. The unity of sense-experience: the unity of attention; the transcendental unity of apperception
4c. Unity in thinking or understanding: the unity of complex ideas and definitions; the unity of the term, the judgment, and
the syllogism
4d. The unity of science: the unity of particular sciences
4c. The one and the many, or the simple and the complex, as objects of knowledge: the order of learning with respect to
wholes and parts
4f. The unity of knower and known, or of subject and object
5. Unity in moral and political matters
5a. The unity of virtue and the many virtues
5b. The unity of the last end: the plurality of intermediate ends or means
5c. The unity of subjective will and objective morality in the ethical realm
5d. The unity of the family and the unity of the state: the limits of political or social unification
5c. The unity of sovereignty: its divisibility or indivisibility; the problem of federal union
6. Unity in the supernatural order
6a. The unity and simplicity of God
6b. The unity of the Trinity
6c. The unity of the Incarnation

LXIV. Opinion
1. The different objects of knowledge and opinion: being and becoming; universal and particular; the necessary and the contingent
2. The difference between the acts and sources of knowing and opining
2a. The influence of the emotions on the formation of opinion: wishful thinking, rationalization, prejudice
2b. The will as cause of assent in acts of opinion
2c. Reasoning and argument concerning matters of opinion: comparison of demonstration and persuasion, principles and
assumptions, axioms and postulates
3. Opinion, knowledge, and truth
3a. The truth of knowledge and of right opinion: their difference with respect to manner of acquisition, stability, and
teachability
3b. Certain and probable, adequate and inadequate knowledge: degrees of certitude; modes of assent
3c. The skeptical reduction of human judgments to opinion
4. Opinion, belief, and faith
4a. Comparison of supernatural or religious faith with science and opinion
4b. Criticism of superstitious or dogmatic belief as opinion without foundation or warrant
5. Freedom in the sphere of opinion
5a. Rights and duties with respect to the expression of opinion
5b. Advantages and disadvantages of freedom of discussion: the role of a free press
6. Opinion in the realm of morals
6a. Good and evil as matters of opinion: moral standards as customs or conventions reflecting prevalent opinion
6b. The inexactitude of moral principles as applied to particular cases
7. The social and political significance of public opinion
7a. The value of the majority opinion: the distinction between matters to be determined by the expert or by a consensus
7b. Majority rule, its merits and dangers: protections against the false weight of numbers

LXV.Opposition
1. Opposition in logic
1a. Kinds of opposition among terms: correlation, contrariety, privation, negation
1b. The analysis of contrariety: the kinds of terms which can be contrary; contrariety with and without intermediates
between extremes
1c. The exclusiveness of opposites as a principle of logical division
(1) Dichotomous division: positive and negative terms
(2) Division of a genus by differentia: the contrariety of species
1d. The opposition of propositions or judgments
(1) The square of opposition: contradictories, contraries, subcontraries
(2) Modal opposition: the necessary and the contingent
1e. Opposition in reasoning and proof: the conflict of dialectical arguments; the antinomies of a transcendental dialectic
2. The metaphysical significance of opposition
2a. Opposition as limiting coexistence: noncontradiction as a principle of being; the principle of complementarity
2b. Opposites in the realm of being, mind, or spirit: the one and the many; the dialectical triad of thesis, antithesis, and
synthesis
2c. Nonbeing as the opposite of being
2d. The opposition of good and evil in the world and in relation to Godze. The reconciliation of opposites in the divine
nature: the synthesis of all contraries in the Absolute
3. Opposition in the realm of physical nature
3a. The contraries as principles of change
3b. Contrariety of quality in the theory of the elements or humors
3c. The opposition of motion and rest, and of contrary motions
3d. The opposition of physical forces and its resolution 3c The struggle for existence: the competition of species
4. Opposition or conflict in the psychological and moral order
4a. The conflict of reason and the passions
4b. Conflicting emotions, humors, instincts, or habits
4c. Conflict as the cause of repression and as a factor in neurotic disorders
4d. The conflict of loves and loyalties, desires and duties
4e. Conflict in human life: opposed types of men and modes of life
5. Conflict in society and history
5a. Competition in commerce and the rivalry of factions in politics
5b. The class war: the opposition of the rich and the poor, the propertied and the property-less, capital and labor, producers
and consumers
5c. The inevitability of civil strife and war between states: the means of settling disputes
5d. Opposition or strife as a productive principle or source of progress

LXVI. Philosophy
1. The definition and scope of philosophy
1a. The relation of philosophy to theology or religion
1b. The relation of philosophy to mathematics
1c. The relation of philosophy to experimental or empirical science
1d. The relation of philosophy to myth, poetry, and history
2. The divisions of philosophy
2a. The distinction between theoretical or speculative and practical or moral philosophy: the distinction between natural and
civil philosophy
2b. The branches of speculative philosophy: the divisions of natural philosophy
2c. The nature and branches of practical or moral philosophy: economics, ethics, politics, jurisprudence; poetics or the
theory of art
3. The method of philosophy
3a. The foundations of philosophy in experience and common sense
3b. The philosopher's appeal to first principles and to definitions
3c. The processes of philosophical thought: induction, intuition, definition, demonstration, reasoning, analysis, and synthesis
3d. The methodological reformation of philosophy: the role of language in philosophy
4. The uses of philosophy
4a. Diverse conceptions of the aim, function, and value of philosophy
4b. The philosophic mode of life: contemplation and happiness
4c. Philosophy as a moral discipline: the consolation of philosophy
4d. The social role of philosophy: the philosopher and the statesman; the philosopher king
5. The character and training of the philosopher: the difficulty of being a philosopher
6. Praise and dispraise of the philosopher and his work
6a. The philosopher as a man of science or wisdom: the love and search for truth
6b. The philosopher as a man of opinion: sophistry and dogmatism, idle disputation, perpetual controversy
6c. The philosopher as a man of reason: the limits of reason; its supplementation by experience or faith
6d. The philosopher as a man of theory or vision: neglect of the practical; withdrawal from the affairs of men and the
marketplace
7. Observations on the history of philosophy: the lives of the philosophers in relation to their thought

LXVII. Physics
1. Physics as the general theory of becoming and the order of nature or change: philosophical physics, the philosophy of nature,
pure or rational physics
1a. The relation of the philosophy of nature to metaphysics and dialectic
1b. The relation of the philosophy of nature to mathematics: mathematical method and mathematical principles in natural
philosophy
2. Experimental physics and the empirical natural sciences: the relation of experimental and philosophical physics
2a. The derivation of definitions, distinctions, and principles from the philosophy of nature: the metaphysics of the scientist
2b. The treatment of causes in philosophical and empirical physics: description and explanation, theory and prediction
3. Mathematical physics: observation and measurement in relation to mathematical formulations
4. The experimental method in the study of nature
4a. The distinction between simple observation and experimentation: the art of creating ideal or isolated physical systems
4b. Experimental discovery: inductive generalization from experiment; the role of theory or hypothesis in experimentation
4c. Experimental testing and verification: the crucial experiment
4d. Experimental measurement: the relation between the observer and the phenomena; the application of mathematical
formulas
5. The utility of physics: the invention of machines; the techniques of engineering; the mastery of nature
6. The history of the revolution in physics: the special and general theories of relativity; quantum mechanics

LXVIII. Pleasure and pain


1. The
nature of pleasure and pain
2. The
causes of pleasure and pain
3. The
effects or concomitants of pleasure and pain
4. The
kinds of pleasure and pain: different qualities of pleasure
4a. The pleasant and unpleasant in the sphere of emotion: joy and sorrow, delight and grief
4b. Sensuous pleasure: the affective quality of sensations
4c. Intellectual pleasure: the pleasures of reflection and contemplation
(1) Pleasure in the beauty of nature or art: disinterested pleasure
(2) The pleasure and pain of learning and knowledge
4d. The pleasures of play and diversion
4e. The kinds of pain: the pain of sense and the pain of loss or deprivation
5. The quantity of pleasure: the weighing of pleasures; the limits of pleasure
6. Pleasure and the good
6a. Pleasure as the only good or as the measure of goodness in all other things
6b. Pleasure as one good among many: pleasure as one object of desire
6c. Good and bad pleasures: higher and lower pleasures
6d. Pleasure as the accompaniment of goods possessed: the satisfaction of desire
6e. Pleasure as intrinsically evil or morally indifferent
7. Pleasure and happiness: their distinction and relation
7a. Pleasure and pain in relation to love and friendship
7b. The life of pleasure contrasted with other modes of life: the ascetic life
8. The discipline of pleasure
8a. Pleasure and pain in relation to virtue: the restraints of temperance and the endurance of courage
8b. The conflict between pleasure and duty, or the obligations of justice: the pleasure principle and the reality principle
8c. Perversions or degradations in the sphere of pleasure and pain: sadism and masochism
9. The regulation of pleasures by law
10. The social utility of pleasure and pain
10a. The employment of pleasure and pain by parent or teacher in moral and mental training
10b. The use of pleasure and pain by orator or statesman in persuasion and government

LXIX. Poetry
1. The nature of poetry: its distinction from other arts
1a. The theory of poetry as imitation: the enjoyment of imitation
1b. The object, medium, and manner of imitation in poetry and other arts
2. The origin and development of poetry: the materials of myth and legend
3. The inspiration or genius of the poet: the role of experience and imagination; the influence of the poetic tradition
4. The major kinds of poetry: their comparative excellence
4a. Epic and dramatic poetry
4b. Tragedy and comedy: the theater
5. Poetry in relation to knowledge
5a. The aim of poetry to instruct as well as to delight: the pretensions or deceptions of the poet as teacher
5b. Poetry contrasted with history and philosophy: the dispraise and defense of the poet
6. Poetry and emotion
6a. The expression of emotion in poetry
6b. The arousal and purgation of the emotions by poetry: the catharsis of pity and fear
7. The elements of poetic narrative
7a. Plot: its primacy; its construction
7b. The role of character: its relation to plot
7c. Thought and diction as elements of poetry
7d. Spectacle and song in drama
8. The science of poetics: rules of art and principles of criticism
8a. Critical standards and artistic rules with respect to narrative structure
(1) The poetic unities: comparison of epic and dramatic unity
(2) Poetic truth: verisimilitude or plausibility; the possible, the probable, and the necessary
(3) The significance of recognitions and reversals in the development of plot
8b. Critical standards and artistic rules with respect to the language of poetry: the distinction between prose and verse; the
measure of excellence in style
8c. The interpretation of poetry and myth
9. The moral and political significance of poetry
9a. The influence of poetry on mind and character: its role in education
9b. The issue concerning the censorship of poetry

LXX.Principle
1. Principles in the order of reality
1a. The differentiation of principle, element, and cause
1b. The being, number, and kinds of principles in the order of reality
1c. The metaphysical significance of the principles of thought
2. The kinds of principles in the order of knowledge
2a. The origin of knowledge in simple apprehensions
(1) Sensations or ideas as principles
(2) Definitions as principles
(3) Indefinables as principles of definition
2b. Propositions or judgments as principles
(1) Immediate truths of perception: direct sensitive knowledge of appearances; evident particular facts
(2) Immediate truths of understanding: axioms or self-evident truths; a priori judgments as principles
(3) Constitutive and regulative principles: the maxims of reason
3. First principles or axioms in philosophy, science, dialectic
3a. Principles and demonstration
(1) The indemonstrability of axioms: natural habits of the mind
(2) The indirect defense of axioms
(3) The dependence of demonstration on axioms: the critical application of the principles of identity and
contradiction
3b. Principles and induction: axioms as intuitive inductions from experience; stages of inductive generalization
3c. Axioms in relation to postulates, hypotheses, or assumptions
(1) The distinction between first principles in general, or common notions, and the principles of a particular subject
matter or science
(2) The difference between axioms and assumptions, hypotheses and principles, as a basis for the distinction
between knowledge and opinion, or science and dialectic
(3) The distinction and order of the sciences according to the character of their principles
4. First principles in the practical order: the principles of action or morality; the principles of the practical reason
4a. Ends as principles, and the last ends as first principles: right appetite as a principle in 1 the practical order
4b. The natural moral law and the categorical imperative
5. The skeptical denial of first principles or axioms: the denial that any propositions elicit the universal assent of mankind

LXXI. Progress
1. The idea of progress in the philosophy of history
1a. Providence and necessity in the theory of progress: the dialectical development of Spirit or matter; conflict as a source
of progress
1b. Optimism or meliorism: the doctrine of human perfectibility
1c. Skeptical or pessimistic denials of progress: the golden age as past; the cyclical motion of history; the degeneration of
cultures
2. The idea of progress in the theory of biological evolution
3. Economic progress
3a. The increase of opulence: the division of labor as a factor in progress
3b. The improvement of the status and conditions of labor: the goals of revolution and reform
3c. Man's progressive conquest of the forces of nature through science and invention
4. Progress in politics
4a. The invention and improvement of political institutions: the maintenance of political order in relation to progress
4b. The progressive realization of the idea of the state
4c. The growth of political freedom: the achievement of citizenship and civil rights; progress toward an equality of
conditions
5. Forces operating against social progress: emotional opposition to change or novelty; political conservatism
6. Intellectual or cultural progress: its sources and impediments; the analogy of cultural progress to biological evolution
6a. Progress in the arts
6b. Progress in philosophy and in the sciences
6c. The use and criticism of the intellectual tradition: the sifting of truth from error; the reaction against the authority of the
past
6d. Plans for the advancement of learning and the improvement of method in the arts and sciences
6e. Freedom of expression and discussion as indispensable to the progressive discovery of the truth

LXXII. Prophecy
1. The nature and power of prophecy
1a. Prophecy as the reading of fate, the foretelling of fortune, the beholding of the future
1b. Prophecy as supernaturally inspired foresight into the course of providence
1c. Prophecy as the instrument of providence: prophets as moral teachers and political reformers
1d. The religious significance of the fulfillment of prophecy
2. The vocation of prophecy: the possession of foreknowledge
2a. The foreknowledge possessed by the spirits in the afterworld
2b. The political office of prophecy: priests, soothsayers, oracleszc. The Hebraic conception of the prophetic vocation: the
law and the prophets; Christ as prophet
3. The varieties of prophecy and the instruments of divination
3a. The institution of oracles: the interpretation of oracular or prophetic utterances
3b. Omens and portents: celestial and terrestrial signs; signs as confirmations of prophecy
3c. Dreams, visions, visitations
3d. Prophecy by the direct word of God
4. Particular prophecies
4a. The Covenant and the Promised Land
4b. The destruction of Jerusalem and the dispersion of Israel: the restoration of Israel and the rebuilding of the Temple
4c. The coming of a Messiah: Hebraic and Christian readings of messianic prophecy
4d. The second coming of the Lord: the Day of Judgment, the end of the world, and the millennium
4e. Predictions of the future as secular prophecies
5. The criticism and rejection of prophecy: the distinction between true and false prophecy; the condemnation of astrology and
divination as impiety or superstition

LXXIII. Prudence
1. The nature of prudence: as practical wisdom, as a virtue or quality of the deliberative mind
2. The place of prudence among the virtues of the mind
2a. Practical or political wisdom distinguished from speculative or philosophical wisdom
2b. Prudence distinguished from art: action or doing contrasted with production or making
2c. The relation of prudence to intuitive reason or to the understanding of the natural law: the moral perception of
particulars
3. The interdependence of prudence and the moral virtues: the parts played by deliberation, will, and emotion in human conduct
3a. Moral virtue as determining the end for which prudence makes a right choice of means: right desire as the standard of
practical truth
3b. Prudence as a factor in the formation and maintenance of moral virtue: the determination of the relative or subjective
mean
3c. Shrewdness or cleverness as the counterfeit of prudence: the abuses of casuistry
3d. Prudence, continence, and temperance
3c. The vices of imprudence: precipitance and undue caution
4. The sphere of prudence
4a. The confinement of prudence to the things within our power
4b. The restriction of prudence to the consideration of means rather than ends
5. The nature of a prudent judgment
5a. The conditions of prudent choice: counsel, deliberation, judgment
5b. The acts of the practical reason in matters open to choice: decision and command, leading to execution or use
5c. The maxims of prudence
6. Prudence in relation to the common good of the community
6a. Political prudence: the prudence of the prince or statesman, of the subject or citizen
6b. Jurisprudence: prudence in the determination of laws and the adjudication of cases

LXXIV.Punishment
1. The general theory of punishment
1a. The nature of punishment: the pain of sense and the pain of loss; the effects of incarceration
1b. The retributive purpose of punishment: the lex talionis; retaliation and revenge; the righting of a wrong
1c. Punishment for the sake of reforming the wrongdoer
1d. The preventive use of punishment: the deterrence of wrongdoing
2. Personal responsibility as a condition of just punishment: the problem of collective responsibility
2a. Free will in relation to responsibility and punishment: voluntariness in relation to guilt or fault; the accidental, the
negligent, and the intentional
2b. Sanity, maturity, and moral competence in relation to responsibility
3. Punishment in relation to virtue and vice
3a. Rewards and punishments as factors in the formation of moral character
3b. Vice its own punishment
3c. Guilt, repentance, and the moral need for punishment
4. Crime and punishment: punishment as a political instrument
4a. Punishment for lawbreaking as a necessary sanction of law
4b. The forms of punishment available to the state
(1) The death penalty
(2) Exile or ostracism: imprisonment or incarceration
(3) Enforced labor or enslavement
(4) Cruel and unusual punishments: torture and oppression
4c. The justice of legal punishment: the conventionality of the punishments determined by positive law
4d. Grades of severity in punishment: making the punishment fit the crime
5. The punishment for sin
5a. The origin and fulfillment of curses
5b. The wages of sin: the punishment of original sin
5c. The pain of remorse and the torment of conscience: the atonement for sin
5d. The modes of divine punishment: here and hereafter, temporal and eternal 5c The justice of divine punishment
(1) The justification of eternal suffering in hell or hades
(2) The necessity of expiation in purgatory
6. Pathological motivations with respect to punishment: abnormal sense of sin or guilt; perverse desires to inflict or suffer
punishment

LXXV. Quality
1. The nature and existence of qualities: the relation of quality to substance or matter; the transcendental categories of quality
2. The kinds of quality
2a. Sensible and nonsensible qualities: habits, dispositions, powers or capacities, and affective qualities; essential and
accidental qualities
2b. Primary and secondary qualities: the related distinction of proper and common sensibles
3. Quality and quantity
3a. The distinction between quality and quantity: its relation to the distinction between secondary and primary qualities
3b. Shape or figure as qualified quantity
3c. The degrees or amounts of a quality: intensity and extensity; the quantitative conditions of variation in quality3d. The
priority of quality or quantity in relation to form, matter, or substance
4. The relation of qualities to one another
4a. Qualities which imply correlatives
4b. The contrariety of qualities: with or without intermediate degrees
4c. The similarity of things with respect to quality: likeness and unlikeness in quality
5. Change of quality: the analysis of alteration
6. Qualities as objects of knowledge
6a. Quality in relation to definition or abstraction
6b. The perception of qualities
6c. The objectivity of sense-qualities: the comparative objectivity of primary and secondary qualities

LXXVI.Quantity
1. The nature and existence of quantity: its relation to matter, substance, and body; the transcendental categories of quantity
1a. The relation between quantity and quality: reducibility of quality to quantity
1b. The relation of quantities: equality and proportion
2. The kinds of quantity: continuous and discontinuous
3. The magnitudes of geometry: the relations of dimensionality
3a. Straight lines: their length and their relations; angles, perpendiculars, parallels
3b. Curved lines: their kinds, number, and degree
(1) Circles
(2) Ellipses
(3) Parabolas
(4) Hyperbolas
3c. The relations of straight and curved lines: tangents, secants, asymptotes
3d. Surfaces
(1) The measurement and transformation of areas
(2) The relations of surfaces to lines and solids
3c. Solids: regular and irregular
(1) The determination of volume
(2) The relations of solids: inscribed and circumscribed spheres; solids of revolution
4. Discrete quantities: number and numbering
4a. The kinds of numbers: odd-even, square-triangular, prime-composite
4b. The relations of numbers to one another: multiples and fractions; series of numbers
4c. The number series as a continuum: positive and negative numbers; imaginary numbers
5. Physical quantities
5a. Space: the matrix of figures and distances
5b. Time: the number of motion
5c. The quantity of motion: momentum, velocity, acceleration
5d. Mass: its relation to weight
5e. Force: its measure and the measure of its effect
6. The measurements of quantities: the relation of magnitudes and multitudes; the units of measurement
6a. Commensurable and incommensurable magnitudes
6b. Mathematical procedures in measurement: superposition, congruence; ratio and proportion; parameters and
coordinates
6c. Physical procedures in measurement: experiment and observation; clocks, rules, balances
7. Infinite quantity: the actual infinite and the potentially infinite quantity; the mathematical and physical infinite of the great and
the small

LXXVII. Reasoning
1. Definitions or descriptions of reasoning: the process of thought
1a. Human reasoning compared with the reasoning of animals
1b. Discursive reasoning contrasted with immediate intuition
1c. The role of sense, memory, and imagination in reasoning: perceptual inference, rational reminiscence, the collation of
images
2. The rules of reasoning: the theory of the syllogism
2a. The structure of a syllogism: its figures and moods
(1) The number of premises and the number of terms: the middle term in reasoning
(2) Affirmation, negation, and the distribution of the middle term: the quantity and the quality of the premises
2b. The kinds of syllogism: categorical, hypothetical, disjunctive, modal
2c. The connection of syllogisms: sorites, prosyllogisms and episyllogisms
3. The truth and cogency of reasoning
3a. Formal and material truth: logical validity distinguished from factual truth
3b. Lack of cogency in reasoning: invalid syllogisms; formal fallacies
3c. Lack of truth in reasoning: sophistical arguments; material fallacies
3d. Necessity and contingency in reasoning: logical necessity; certainty and probability
4. The types of reasoning, inference, or argument
4a. Immediate inference: its relation to mediated inference or reasoning
4b. The direction and uses of reasoning: the distinction between proof and inference, and between demonstration and
discovery
4c. Inductive and deductive reasoning
4d. Direct and indirect argumentation: proof by reductio ad absurdum; argument from the impossible or ideal case
4e. Refutation: disproof
4f. Reasoning by analogy: arguments from similarity
5. Reasoning in relation to knowledge, opinion, and action
5a. The fact and the reasoned fact: mere belief distinguished from belief on rational grounds
5b. Scientific reasoning: the theory of demonstration
(1) The indemonstrable as a basis for demonstration
(2) Definitions used as means in reasoning: definitions as the ends of reasoning
(3) A priori and a posteriori reasoning: from causes or from effects; from principles or from experience; analysis
and synthesis
(4) The role of causes in demonstration and scientific reasoning
(5) Demonstration in relation to essence and existence: demonstrations propter quid and quia
5c. Dialectical reasoning: the opposition of rational arguments
5d. Rhetorical reasoning: the rational grounds of persuasion
5e. Practical reasoning
(1) The form of the practical syllogism
(2) Deduction and determination in legal thought
(3) Deliberation: the choice of alternative means; decision
6. The character of reasoning in the various disciplines
6a. Proof in metaphysics and theology
6b. Demonstration in mathematics: analysis and synthesis; mathematical induction or recursive reasoning
6c. Inductive and deductive inference in the philosophy of nature and the natural sciences
6d. Induction and demonstration in the moral sciences

LXXVIII. Relation
1. The general theory of relation
1a. The nature and being of relations: the distinction between real and logical or ideal relations
1b. The effect of relations on the nature and being of things: internal and external relations
1c. The coexistence of correlatives
1d. Relational unity or identity of relation: the notion and use of analogy or proportionality
2. Order and relation in God: the divine processions and the relations constituting the Trinity of persons
3. The relation of God to the world: divine immanence and transcendence
4. Relation in the order of thought or knowledge
4a. The definability or indefinability of relative terms
4b. The proposition or judgment as a statement of relation: relation in reasoning
4c. The transcendental categories of relation
4d. Relations as objects of knowledge: ideas of relation
4e. The relations between ideas
4f. The types of relationship underlying the association of ideas in thought, memory, and dreams
5. Order as a system of relationships or related things
5a. The nature and types of order: inclusion and exclusion; succession and coexistence; priority, posteriority, and
simultaneity
(1) The order of the causes or of cause and effect
(2) The order of goods or of means and ends: the order of loves
(3) The order of quantities: the types of proportion; series of numbers
(4) The order of kinds: hierarchy; species and genus
5b. The order of the universe or of nature: the hierarchy of beings
5c. Order as a principle of beauty
6. The absolute and the relative modes of consideration
6a. Absolute and relative with respect to space, time, motion
6b. Absolute and relative with respect to truth
6c. Absolute and relative with respect to goodness or beauty

LXXIX.Religion
1. Faith as the foundation of religion: other accounts of the origin of religion
1a. The nature, cause, and conditions of faith: its specific objects
1b. The sources of religious belief
(1) Revelation: the word of God and divine authority; the denial of religion in the name of revelation
(2) Miracles and signs as divine confirmation
(3) The testimony of prophets: the anointed of God
2. The virtue and practice of religion: piety as justice to God
2a. Prayer and supplication: their efficacy
2b. Worship and adoration: the rituals and ceremonials of religion
2c. The nature, institution, and uses of the sacraments
2d. Sacrifices and propitiations
2e. Fasting and almsgiving
2f. Purificatory rites: the remission of sin by baptism and penance; the concept of regeneration
2g. Religious hypocrisy: profanations and sacrileges
3. The religious life: religious offices and the religious community
3a. The Jewish conception of the religious community: the Torah and the Temple
3b. The Christian conception of the church: the doctrine of the mystical body of Christ
3c. The social institutions of religion: religious vocations
(1) The institution of the priesthood and other ecclesiastical offices
(2) Ecclesiastical government and hierarchy
(3) The support of ecclesiastical institutions: tithes, contributions, state subsidy
3d. The monastic life: the disciplines of asceticism
4. Church and state: the relation between religion and secular factors in society
4a. Religion in relation to forms of government: the theocratic state
4b. The service of religion to the state and the political support of religion by the state
5. The dissemination of religion
5a. The function of preaching
5b. Religious conversion
5c. Religious education
6. Truth and falsity in religion
6a. The religious condemnation of idolatry, magic, sorcery, or witchcraft; denunciations of superstition
6b. Religious apologetics: the defense of faith
6c. The unity and tradition of a religion
(1) The role of dogma in religion: orthodoxy and heresy; the treatment of heretics
(2) Sects and schisms arising from divergences of belief and practice
6d. The world religions: the relation between people of diverse faiths; the attitude of the faithful toward infidels
6e. Religious liberty: freedom of conscience; religious toleration
6f. The rejection of supernatural foundations for religion: the criticism of particular belief and practices; the psychogenesis
of religion
6g. The relation of religion to the arts and sciences: the impact of secularization
6h. Religion as myth: neither true nor false
7. Observations in history and literature concerning religious beliefs, institutions, and controversies

LXXX. Revolution
1. The nature of revolution
1a. The issue concerning violent and peaceful means for accomplishing social, political, or economic change
1b. The definition of treason or sedition: the revolutionist as a treasonable conspirator
1c. Revolution and counterrevolution: civil strife distinguished from war between states :
2. The nature of political revolutions
2a. Change in the form of government or constitution
2b. Change in the persons holding power: deposition, assassination, usurpation
2c. Change in the extent of the state or empire: dissolution, secession, liberation, freedom
3. The process of political revolution
3a. The aims of political revolution: the seizure of power; the attainment of liberty, justice, equality
3b. Ways of retaining power: the suppression and subversion of revolutions by tyrants, despots, and totalitarian states
3c. The causes and effects of revolution under different forms of government
(1) Revolution in monarchies
(2) Revolution in republics: aristocracies, oligarchies, and democracies
(3) Rebellion against tyranny and despotism
4. The nature of economic revolutions
4a. Change in the condition of the oppressed or exploited: the emancipation of slaves, serfs, proletariat
4b. Change in the economic order: modification or overthrow of a system of production and distribution
5. The strategy of economic revolution
5a. Revolution as an expression of the class struggle: rich and poor, nobles and commons, owners and workers
5b. The organization of a revolutionary class: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat as revolutionary classes in relation to
different economic systems
5c. The classless society as the goal of economic revolution: the transformation of the state
6. The justice of revolution
6a. The right of rebellion: the circumstances justifying civil disobedience or violent insurrection
6b. The right to abrogate the social contract or to secede from a federation
7. Empire and revolution: the justification of colonial rebellion and the defense of imperialism

LXXXI.Rhetoric
1. The nature and scope of rhetoric
1a. The distinction of rhetoric from dialectic and sophistry: the rhetorician and the philosopher
1b. The relation of rhetoric to grammar, logic, and psychology
1c. The relation of rhetoric to the arts of government: the orator and the statesman
2. The function of rhetoric in expository, speculative, and poetic discourse
2a. The devices of rhetoric: figures of speech; the extension and contraction of discourse
2b. The canon of excellence in style
2c. Methods of exposition in history, science, philosophy, and theology 2d. Principles of interpretation: the modes of
meaning
3. The role of rhetoric as concerned with persuasion in the sphere of action: the analysis of oratory
3a. The kinds of oratory: deliberative, forensic, epideictic
3b. The structure of an oration: the order of its parts
3c. The use of language for persuasion: oratorical style
4. The means of persuasion: the distinction between artistic and inartistic means
4a. The orator's consideration of character and of the types of audience: the significance of his own character
4b. The orator's treatment of emotion: his display of emotion; the arousal of his audience
4c. Rhetorical argument: the distinction between persuasion and demonstration
(1) Rhetorical induction: the use of examples
(2) Rhetorical proof: the use of enthymemes
(3) The topics or commonplaces which are the source of premises: the orator's knowledge of various subject
matters
5. The evaluation of oratory and the orator: the justification of rhetorical means by the end of success in persuasion
5a. The purpose of oratory and the exigencies of truth
5b. The orator's concern with justice, law, and the good: the moral virtue of the orator
6. The education of the orator: the schools of rhetoric
7. The history of oratory: its importance under various social conditions and in different forms of government
8. Examples of excellence in oratory

LXXXII. Same and other


1. The principle of identity: the relation of a thing to itself
1a. Oneness in number or being: numerical diversity or otherness
1b. The identity of the changing yet enduring individual: personal identity, the continuity of self; the denial of identity in the
realm of change
2. The sameness of things numerically diverse
2a. The being of sameness or similitude: the reality of kinds or universals
2b. The relation between sameness and unity: sameness as a participation in the one
2c. The distinction between sameness and similarity and their opposites, diversity and difference: the composition of
sameness and diversity; degrees of likeness and difference; the similarity of family resemblances
2d. The distinction of things in terms of their diversities and differences: real and logical distinctions
2e. The limits of otherness: the impossibility of utter diversity
3. The modes of sameness and otherness or diversity
3a. Essential sameness or difference and accidental sameness or difference
(1) Specific and generic sameness: natural and logical genera
(2) The otherness of species in a genus: the diversity of contraries
(3) Generic otherness or heterogeneity
3b. Relational sameness: sameness by analogy or proportional similitude
3c. Sameness in quality, or likeness: variations in degree of the same quality
3d. Sameness in quantity, or equality: kinds of equality
4. Sameness and diversity in the order of knowledge
4a. Likeness or sameness between knower and known: knowledge as involving imitation, intentionality, or representation
4b. The role of differentiation in definition: the diversity of differences
4c. Sameness and diversity in the meaning of words or the significance of terms: the univocal and the equivocal
5. The principle of likeness in love and friendship
6. Similitude between God and creatures: the degree and character of the similitude; traces or images of God in creatures

LXXXIII. Science
1. Conceptions of science
1a. Science as a philosophical discipline: certain or perfect knowledge
(1) The intellectual virtue of science: its relation to understanding and wisdom
(2) The division and hierarchy of the philosophical sciences
1b. Science as the discipline of experimental inquiry and the organization of experimental knowledge: the scientific spirit
(1) The utility of science: the applications of experimental knowledge in the mastery of nature; machinery and
inventions
(2) The effects of science on human life: the economic and social implications of technology
1c. The issue concerning science and philosophy: the distinction and relation between experimental and philosophical
science, or between empirical and rational science; the limitations of empirical science
2. The relation of science to other kinds of knowledge
2a. The relation between science and religion: the conception of sacred theology as a science
2b. The comparison of science with poetry and history
3. The relation of science to action and production
3a. The distinction between theoretical and practical science: the character of ethics, politics, economics, and jurisprudence
as sciences
3b. The distinction between pure and applied science: the relation of science to the useful arts
4. The nature of scientific knowledge
4a. The principles of science: facts, definitions, axioms, hypotheses, unifying theories
4b. The objects of science: the essential and necessary; the sensible and measurable; the abstract and universal
4c. The role of cause in science: explanation and description as aims of scientific inquiry
4d. The generality of scientific formulations: universal laws of nature; the principle of relativity
4e. The certitude and probability or the finality and tentativeness of scientific conclusions: the adequacy of scientific
theories
5. Scientific method
5a. The role of experience: observation and experiment
5b. Techniques of exploration and discovery: the ascertainment of fact
5c. The use of mathematics in science: calculation and measurement
5d. Induction and deduction in the philosophy of nature and natural science
5e. The use of hypotheses and constructed models: prediction and verification
6. The development of the sciences
6a. The technical conditions of scientific progress: the invention of scientific instruments or apparatus
6b. The place of science in society: the social conditions favorable to the advancement of science
7. The evaluation of science
7a. The praise of science by comparison with opinion, superstition, magic
7b. The satirization of science and scientists: the foibles of science
7c. The use of science for good or evil: the limitations of science

LXXXIV. Sense
1. The nature of sense
1a. The power of sense as distinct from the power of understanding or reason
1b. Sense and intellect in relation to becoming and being, particulars and universals
1c. The distinction between perception or intuition and judgment or reasoning: the transcendental forms of intuition
1d. Sense perception as a primary function of the mind or understanding: sensations as received impressions; the
distinction between sensation and reflection, ideas and notions, percepts and concepts
2. Sensitivity in relation to the grades of life
2a. The differentiation of animals from plants in terms of sensitivity
2b. The degrees of sensitivity in the animal kingdom: the genetic order of the several senses
2c. Comparisons of human and animal sensitivity
3. The analysis of the power of sense: its organs and activities
3a. The anatomy and physiology of the senses: the special sense organs, nerves, brain
3b. The distinction between the exterior and interior senses
(1) Enumeration of the exterior senses: their relation and order
(2) Enumeration of the interior senses: their dependence on the exterior senses
3c. The activity of the exterior senses
(1) The functions of the exterior senses: the nature and origin of sensations
(2) The attributes of sensation: intensity, extensity, affective tone; the psychophysical law
(3) The classification of sensations or sense-qualities: proper and common sensibles; primary and secondary
qualities
(4) The distinction between sensation and perception: the accidental sensible; complex ideas of substance
(5) Sensation and attention: preperception and apperception; the transcendental unity of apperception
3d. The activity of the interior senses
(1) The functions of the common sense: discrimination, comparison, association, collation or perception
(2) Memory and imagination as interior powers of sense
(3) The estimative or cogitative power: instinctive recognition of the harmful and beneficial
3e. The relation of sense to emotion, will, and movement: the conception of a sensitive appetite
4. The character of sensitive knowledge
4a. Comparison of sensitive with other forms of knowledge
4b. The object of sense perception: the evident particular fact; judgments of perception and
judgments of experience 4c. The relation of sense and the sensible: the subjectivity or objectivity of sense-qualities 4d. The limit,
accuracy, and reliability of sensitive knowledge: the fallibility of the senses
(1) The erroneous interpretation of sense-data: the problem of judgments based on sensation
(2.) Error in sense perception: illusions and hallucinations
5. The contribution of the senses to scientific or philosophical knowledge
5a. Sensation as the source or occasion of ideas: the role of memory or reminiscence; the construction of complex ideas; the
abstraction of universal concepts
5b. Sense-experience as the origin of inductions
5c. The dependence of understanding or reason upon sense for knowledge of particulars: verification by appeal to the senses
6. The role of sense in the perception of beauty: the beautiful and the pleasing to sense; sensible and intelligible beauty

LXXXV. Sign and Symbol


1. The theory of signs
1a. The distinction between natural and conventional signs
1b. The intentions of the mind: ideas and images as natural signs
1c. The things of nature functioning symbolically: the book of nature
1d. The conventional notations of human language: man's need for words
1e. The invention and use of nonverbal symbols: money, titles, seals, ceremonies, courtesies
1f. Natural signs as the source of meaning in conventional signs: thought as the medium through which words signify things
2. The modes of signification
2a. The first and second imposition of words: names signifying things and names signifying names
2b. The first and second intention of names: words signifying things and words signifying ideas
2c. Intrinsic and extrinsic denominations: the naming of things according to their natures or by reference to their relations
2d. Proper and common names
2e. Abstract and concrete names
3. The patterns of meaning in human discourse
3a. Verbal ambiguity: indefiniteness or multiplicity of meaning
3b. The distinction between univocal and equivocal speech
3c. The types of equivocation
(1) The same word used literally and figuratively: metaphors derived from analogies or proportions and from other
kinds of similitude
(2) The same word used with varying degrees of generality and specificity: the broad and narrow meaning of a
word
(3) The same word used to signify an attribute and its cause or effect
3d. The significance of names predicated of heterogeneous things: the analogical as intermediate between the univocal and
the equivocal
4. The determination of meaning in science, philosophy, and poetry
4a. The relation between univocal meaning and definition
4b. The dependence of demonstration on univocal terms: formal fallacies due to equivocation
4c. The nature and utility of semantic analysis: the rectification of ambiguity; the clarification and precision of meanings
4d. The use of symbols, metaphors, and myths in science, philosophy, and poetry
4e. The use of signs in reasoning: necessary and probable signs; the use of mathematical symbols; the interpretation of
symptoms in medicine
5. Symbolism in theology and religion
5a. Natural things as signs of divinity
5b. Supernatural signs: omens, portents, visitations, dreams, miracles
5c. The symbolism of the sacraments and of sacramental or ritualistic acts
5d. The symbolism of images and numbers in theology
5e. The interpretation of the word of God
5f. The names of God: the use of words to signify the divine nature
6. Symbolism in psychological analysis
6a. The symbolism of dreams: their latent and manifest content
6b. The symbolism of apparently normal acts: forgetting, verbal slips, errors
6c. The symbolism of anxieties, obsessions, and other neurotic manifestations

LXXXVI. Sin
1. The nature of sin: violation of divine law; disorder in man's relation to God
2. The kinds and degrees of sin
2a. The distinction between original and actual sin
2b. The distinction between spiritual and carnal sin
2c. The distinction between mortal and venial sin
(1) The classification and order of mortal sins
(2) The classification and order of venial sins
3. The doctrine of original sin
3a. The condition of Adam before sin: his supernatural state of grace; his preternatural gifts
3b. The sin of Adam
3c. The nature of fallen man in consequence of Adam's sin
3d. Salvation and new birth: the need for a mediator between God and man to atone for original sin
3e. The remission of sin: baptism; the state of the unbaptized
4. Actual or personal sin
4a. The relation of original sin to actual sin
4b. The causes and occasions of actual sin: temptation
4c. Pride as the principle of sin: the tragic fault of hubris
4d. The consequences of actual sin: the loss of charity and grace
4e. The prevention, purging, and forgiveness of sin: purification by sacrifice; the sacrament of penance; contrition,
confession, and absolution; excommunication
5. The remorse of conscience and feelings of guilt: the psychogenesis and pathological expression of the sense of sin
6. Guilt and the punishment of sin
6a. Man's freedom in relation to responsibility and guilt for sin: divine predestination or election
6b. Collective responsibility for sin: the sins of the fathers
6c. The temporal punishment of sin: divine scourges; the mortification of the flesh
6d. The eternal punishment of sin: the everlasting perdition of the unrepentant in hell
6e. The purifying punishments of purgatory
7. Grace and good works in relation to salvation from sin: justification by faith alone
LXXXVII. Slavery
1. The nature of enslavement: the relation of master and slave
2. The theory of natural slavery and the natural slave
2a. Characteristics of the natural slave: individual and racial differences in relation to slavery
2b. The conception of the natural slave as the property or instrument of his master
2c. Slavery in relation to natural or to divine law
2d. Criticisms of the doctrine of natural slavery
3. Slavery as a social institution: the conventionality of slavery
3a. The acquisition of slaves: conquest, purchase, indenture, forfeiture
3b. Laws regulating slavery: the rights and duties of master and slave
3c. The emancipation or manumission of slaves: the rebellion of slaves
3d. Criticisms of the institution of slavery: the injustice of slavery; its transgression of inalienable human rights
4. The forms of economic slavery
4a. Chattel slavery: slaves of the household and slaves of the state
4b. Serfdom or peonage
4c. Wage slavery: the exploitation of the laborer
5. The political aspect of economic slavery
5a. The disfranchisement of chattel slaves and serfs: their exclusion from the body politic or political community
5b. The political deprivations of the laboring classes or wage slaves: the struggle for enfranchisement; the issue between
oligarchy and democracy with respect to suffrage
6. Political enslavement or subjection
6a. Slavery as the condition of men living under tyrannical government
6b. Subjection as the condition of men living under benevolent despotism or paternalistic government
6c. The transition from subjection to citizenship: the conditions fitting men for self-government
6d. The imperialistic subjection or enslavement of conquered peoples or colonial dependencies
7. The analogy of tyranny and slavery in the relations between passions and reason or will: human bondage

LXXXVIII. Soul
1. Conceptions of soul
1a. Soul as the ordering principle of the universe: the world soul and its relation to the intellectual principle; the souls of the
heavenly bodies
1b. Soul as the principle of self-motion or life in living things: soul as the form of an organic body
1c. Soul as the principle of distinction between thinking and nonthinking beings: the identity or distinction between soul and
mind or intellect
1d. Soul as the principle of personal identity: the doctrine of the self; the empirical and the transcendental ego
2. The analysis of the powers of the soul
2a. The distinction between the soul and its powers or acts
2b. The order, connection, and interdependence of the parts of the soul: the id, ego, and superego in the structure of the
psyche
2c. The kinds of soul and the modes of life: vegetative, sensitive, and rational souls and their special powers
(1) The vegetative powers: the powers proper to the plant soul
(2) The sensitive powers: the powers proper to the animal soul
(3) The rational powers: the powers proper to the human soul
3. The immateriality of the soul
3a. The soul as an immaterial principle, form, or substance
3b. The immateriality of the human soul in comparison with the materiality of the plant and animal soul: the intellect as an
incorporeal power
3c. The relation of soul and body: the relation of formal and material principles, or of spiritual and corporeal substances
3d. The denial of soul as an immaterial principle, form, or substance: the atomic theory of the soul
3e. The corporeal or phenomenal manifestation of disembodied souls as ghosts, wraiths, or
4. The being of the soul
4a. The unity or plurality of the human soul: the human mode of the vegetative and sensitive powers
4b. The issue concerning the self-substance or immortality of the human soul: its existence or capacity for existence in
separation from the human body
4c. The origin of the human soul: its separate creation; its emanation or derivation from the world soul
4d. The life of the soul apart from the body
(1) The doctrine of transmigration or perpetual reincarnation
(2) Comparison of separated souls with men and angels: the external soul
(3) The need of the soul for its body: the dogma of the body's resurrection for the soul's perfection
(4) The contamination of the soul by the body: the purification of the soul by release from the body
5. Our knowledge of the soul and its powers
5a. The soul's knowledge of itself by reflection on its acts: the soul as a transcendental or noumenal object; the paralogisms
of rational psychology
5b. The concept of the soul in empirical psychology: experimental knowledge of the soul

LXXXIX. Space
1. Space, place, and bodies
1a. Space or extension as the essence of property of bodies: space, the receptacle, and becoming
1b. Place as the envelope or container of bodies: place as a part of space or as relative position in space; space as a
measure of magnitude
1c. The dimensionality of space: the indeterminate dimensions of pure space or prime matter; coordinate systems; relation
of time and space
1d. The exclusiveness of bodily occupation of space: impenetrability
2. Space, void, and motion
2a. Absolute and relative space: the role of space or place in local motion; the theory of proper places
2b. The issue of the void or vacuum
(1) The distinction between empty and filled space: the curvature of space
(2) The indispensability of void or vacuum for motion and division: the absence of void in indivisible atoms
(3) The denial of void or vacuum in favor of a plenum
2c. Space as a medium of physical action: the ether and action-at-a-distance; the phenomena of gravitation, radiation, and
electricity
3. Space, quantity, and relation
3a. The finitude or infinity of space: the continuity and divisibility of space; space as finite yet unbounded
3b. The relation of physical and mathematical space: sensible and ideal space
3c. Geometric space, its kinds and properties: spatial relationships and configurations
3d. The measurement of spaces, distances, and sizes: coordinate systems; trigonometry, the use of parallax
4. The knowledge of space and figures
4a. Space as the divine sensorium and space as a transcendental form of intuition: the a priori foundations of geometry
4b. The controversy concerning innate and acquired space perception
4c. The perception of space: differences between visual, auditory, and tactual space; perspective and spatial illusions
5. The mode of existence of geometric objects: their character as abstractions; their relation to intelligible matter
6. The spiritual significance of place, space, position, and distance

XC. State
1. The nature of human society
1a. Comparison of human and animal gregariousness: human and animal societies
1b. Comparison of the family and the state in origin, structure, and government: matriarchal or patriarchal societies
1c. Associations intermediate between the family and the state: the village or tribal community; civil society as the stage
between family and state
1d. Social groups other than the family or the state: religious, charitable, educational, am economic organizations; the
corporation
2. The general theory of the state
2a. Definitions of the state or political community: its form and purpose
(1) Comparison of the state and the soul: the conception of the state as a living organism; the body politic
(2) The state as a corporate person
(3) The progressive realization of the state as the process of history: the state as the divine idea as it exists on
earth; the national spirit
2b. The state as a part or the whole of society
2c. The source or principle of the state's sovereignty: the sovereignty of the prince; the sovereignty of the people
2d. The economic aspect of the state: differentiation of states according to their economic systems
2e. The political structure of the state: its determination by the form of government
2f. The primacy of the state or the human person: the welfare of the state and the happiness of its members
2g. Church and state: the relation of the city of God to the city of man
3. The origin, preservation, and dissolution of the state
3a. The development of the state from other communities
3b. The state as natural or conventional or both
(1) Man as by nature a political animal: the human need for civil society
(2) Natural law and the formation of the state
3c. The condition of man in the state of nature and in the state of civil society: the state of war in relation to the state of
nature
3d. The social contract as the origin of civil society or the state: universal consent as the basis of the constitution or
government of the state
3e. Love and justice as the bond of men in states: friendship and patriotism
3f. Fear and dependence as the cause of social cohesion: protection and security
3g. The identity and continuity of a state: the dissolution of the body politic or civil society
4. The physical foundations of society: the geographic and biologic conditions of the state
4a. The territorial extent of the state: its importance relative to different forms of government
4b. The influence of climate and geography on political institutions and political economy
4c. The size, diversity, and distribution of populations: the causes and effects of their increase or decrease
5. The social structure or stratification of the state
5a. The political distinction between ruling and subject classes, and between citizens and denizens
5b. The family as a member of the state: its autonomy and its subordination
5c. The classes or subgroups arising from the division of labor or distinctions of birth: the social hierarchy and its causes
5d. The conflict of classes within the state
(1) The opposition of social groups: the treatment of national, racial, and religious minorities
(2) The clash of economic interests and political factions: the class war
5e. The classless society
6. The ideal or best state: the contrast between the ideal state and the best that is historically real or practicable
6a. The political institutions of the ideal state
6b. The social and economic arrangements of the ideal state
7. Factors affecting the quality of states
7a. Wealth and political welfare
7b. The importance of the arts and sciences in political life
7c. The state's concern with religion and morals: the cultivation of the virtues
7d. The educational task of the state: the trained intelligence of the citizens
8. The functions of the statesman, king, or prince
8a. The duties and responsibilities of the statesman, king, or prince: the relation of the statesman or king to the people he
represents or rules
8b. The qualities or virtues necessary for the good statesman or king
8c. The education or training of the statesman or prince
8d. Statecraft: the art or science of governing; political prudence
(1) The employment of the military arts
(2) The occasions and uses of rhetoric: propaganda
(3) The role or function of experts in the service of the state
8e. The advantages and disadvantages of participation in political life
9. The relation of states to one another
9a. Commerce and trade between states: commercial rivalries and trade agreements; free trade and tariffs
9b. Social and cultural barriers between states: the antagonism of diverse customs and ideas
9c. Honor and justice among states
9d. The sovereignty of independent states: the distinction between the sovereignty of the state at home and abroad;
internal and external sovereignty
9e. War and peace between states
(1) The military problem of the state: preparation for conquest or defense
(2) Treaties between states: alliances, leagues, confederacies, or hegemonies
9f. Colonization and imperialism: the economic and political factors in empire
10. Historic formations of the state: the rise and decline of different types of states
10a. The city-state
10b. The imperial state
10c. The feudal state
10d. The national state
10e. The federal state: confederacies and federal unions
10f. The ideal of a world state

XCI. Temperance
1. The nature of temperance
1a. The relation of temperance to virtue generally, and to the virtues of courage and justice
1b. The relation of temperance to knowledge and prudence: the determination of the mean of temperance
1c. Temperance and continence: the counterfeits of temperance
2. The varieties of intemperance: the related vices of sensuality, abstemiousness, cruelty, curiosity, inordinate desire
3. Temperance in relation to duty or happiness
4. The cultivation of temperance: the training of a temperate character
5. The social aspects of temperance
5a. The temperance of rulers and citizens: intemperate conduct as inimical to the common good
5b. The temperance of a people: luxurious indulgences; the intemperance of the mob
5c. Laws concerning temperance: the extent to which the sphere of temperance can be regulated by law
6. The extremes of temperance and intemperance
6a. Asceticism: heroic temperance
6b. The Dionysiac spirit: the cult of pleasure

XCII. Theology
1. The subject matter of theology: the scope of its inquiry; the range of its problems
2. The distinction between natural or philosophical theology and sacred or dogmatic theology: its relation to the distinction between
reason and faith
3. Theology as a philosophical discipline
3a. Natural theology in relation to other parts of philosophy: philosophic! prima, metaphysics, natural philosophy
3b. The distinction between speculative and moral theology: theology as a work of the practical reason
3c. The limitations of speculative theology: the insoluble mysteries or antinomies
4. Sacred theology: faith seeking understanding
4a. The relation of sacred theology to philosophy: theology as the queen of the sciences
4b. The principles of sacred theology: revealed truth; articles of faith; interpretation of Scripture
4c. The roles of reason and authority in the development of sacred doctrine: theological argument and proof
4d. Sacred theology as a speculative and practical science
4e. The nature and forms of theological heresy and controversy
5. Criticisms of theology: the dogmatic, sophistical, or over-dialectical character of theological controversy

XCIII. Time
1. The nature of time: time as duration or as the measure of motion; time as a continuous
quantity; absolute and relative time
2. The distinction between time and eternity: the eternity of endless time distinguished from
the eternity of timelessness and immutability
2a. Aeviternity as intermediate between time and eternity
2b. Arguments concerning the infinity of time and the eternity of motion or the world
2c. The creation of time: the priority of eternity to time; the immutability of the world after the end of time
3. The mode of existence of time
3a. The parts of time: its division into past, present, and future
3b. The reality of the past and the future in relation to the existence of the present
3c. The extent of the present moment: instantaneity
4. The measurement of time: sun, stars, and clocks
5. Temporal relationships: time as a means of ordering
5a. Simultaneity or coexistence: the relativity of simultaneity; the simultaneity of cause and effect, action and passion,
knowledge and object known
5b. Succession or priority and posteriority: the temporal order of cause and effect, potentiality and actuality
5c. Succession and simultaneity in relation to the association of ideas
5d. Comparison of temporal with nontemporal simultaneity and succession: the prior in thought, by nature, or in origin
6. The knowledge of time and the experience of duration
6a. The perception of time by the interior senses: the difference between the experience and memory of time intervals
6b. Factors influencing the estimate of time elapsed: empty and filled time; illusions of time perception; the variability of
experienced durations
6c. Time as a transcendental form of intuition: the a priori foundations of arithmetic; the issue concerning innate and
acquired time perception
6d. The signifying of time: the distinction between noun and verb; the tenses of the verb
6e. Knowledge of the past: the storehouse of memory; the evidences of the past in physical traces or remnants
6f. Knowledge of the future: the truth of propositions about future contingents; the probability of predictions
7. The temporal course of the passions: emotional attitudes toward time and mutability
8. Historical time
8a. Prehistoric and historic time: the antiquity of man
8b. The epochs of history: myths of a golden age; the relativity of modernity; pseudo-archaism

XCIV. Truth
1. The nature of truth: the correspondence and coherence theories of truth
1a. The signs or criteria of truth: methods of verification
1b. The relation between truth and being or reality
1c. The relation of truth, goodness, and beauty
2. The modes of truth and falsity
2a. The distinction between truth and falsity in the mind and in things: logical and ontolog-ical truth
2b. The distinction between truth of statement and truth of signification: the distinction between real and verbal truth
2c. The distinction between theoretical and practical truth: conformity to existence and conformity to right desire
2d. The comparison of human and divine truth: finite truths and the infinite truth
2e. The distinction between truth and probability: its relation to the distinction between knowledge and opinion "
3. Truth and error in relation to human knowing and learning
3a. Truth in the apprehensions of the sensitive faculty
(1) The truth of sensations: judgments of perception
(2) Truth in the memory and imagination
3b. Truth in the acts of the mind
(1) The truth of ideas: concepts and definitions
(2) The truth of propositions: the special problem of judgments about future contingencies
(3) Truth in reasoning: the truth of premises in relation to the truth of conclusions; logical validity and truth about
reality
3c. The principle of contradiction as the foundation of truth in judgment and in reasoning: the principle of complementarity
as an extension of the principle of contradiction
3d. The nature and causes of error
(1) The infallibility of the senses and the mind: the respects in which they are incapable of error
(2) The nature and sources of error in human perception and thought: the distinction between error and ignorance
(3) Rules for the correction or prevention of error in thought
4. Comparison of the various disciplines with respect to truth
4a. Truth in science and religion: the truth of reason and the truth of faith
4b. Truth in science and poetry: the truth of fact and the truth of fiction
4c. Truth in metaphysics, mathematics, and the empirical sciences: the truth of principles, hypotheses, and conclusions in
the several speculative disciplines
4d. Truth and probability in rhetoric and dialectic
5. The eternal verities and the mutability of truth
6. The accumulation or accretion of truth, and the correction of error, in the progress of human learning
7. The skeptical denial of truth
7a. The impossibility of knowing the truth: the restriction of all human judgments to degrees of probability; the denial of
axioms and of the possibility of demonstration
7b. The defense of truth against the skeptic
8. The moral and political aspect of truth
8a. Prevarication and perjury: the injustice of lying or bearing false witness
8b. The expediency of the political lie: the uses of lying
8c. Truth and falsehood in relation to love and friendship: the pleasant and the unpleasant truth
8d. Civil liberty as a condition for discovering the truth: freedom of thought and discussion
8e. The love of truth and the duty to seek it: the moral distinction between the sophist and the philosopher; martyrdom to
the truth

XCV. Tyranny and Despotism


1. The nature and origin of tyranny: the modern totalitarian state
1a. The lawlessness of tyrannical rule: might without right
1b. The injustice of tyrannical government: rule for self-interest
1c. Usurpation: the unauthorized seizure of power
1d. The character of the tyrannical man: the friends of the tyrant
2. Tyranny as the corruption of other forms of government
2a. The perversion of monarchy: the tyrannical king
2b. The degeneration of oligarchy: the tyranny of the wealthy
2c. The corruption of democracy: the tyranny of the masses or of the majority; the rise of the demagogue; totalitarianism
3. The choice between tyranny or despotism and anarchy
4. The nature and effects of despotism
4a. The relation of despotism to tyranny and monarchy: the benevolence of despots
4b. The comparison of paternal and despotic dominion: the justification of absolute rule by the incapacity of the ruled for
self-government
5. The contrast between despotic and constitutional government: government by men and government by laws
5a. Despotic and constitutional government with respect to political liberty and equality: the rights of the governed
5b. Despotic and constitutional government with respect to juridical defenses against misgovernment, or redress for
grievances through due process of law
5c. The location of sovereignty in despotic and constitutional government: the sovereign person, the sovereign office, the
sovereign people
5d. The analogues of despotic and constitutional rule in the relation of the powers of the soul: the tyranny of the passions
6. Imperial rule as despotic, and as tyrannical or benevolent: the government of conquered peoples or colonies
7. The ways of tyrants or despots to attain and maintain power
8. The fate of tyrants: revolutions for liberty and justice against tyranny and despotism; tyrannicide

XCVI. Tyranny and Despotism


1. The distinction and relation between universal and particular: essence and individual, whole and part, class and member, one and
many, same and other, the common and the unique
2. The problem of the universal
2a. The reality of universals: their actual existence as separate forms, or their potential existence in the forms of things
2b. Universals as abstractions or concepts in the human mind
2c. The reduction of universals or abstractions to the meaning of general or common names
3. The problem of the individual: the principle of individuality; the concrete universal
4. Universals and particulars in the order of knowledge
4a. Universals as objects of knowledge: the intuitive or reflexive apprehension of universals
4b. Universals in relation to the angelic intellect and the divine mind
4c. The abstraction of universal concepts from the particulars of sense
4d. The distinction between particular and universal in relation to the distinction between percept and concept, or between
image and idea
4e. The inadequacy of our knowledge of individuals: their indefinability
4f. The generality of science: the universality of its principles
5. Universal and particular in relation to grammar and logic
5a. The distinction between proper and common names
5b. The classification of universals: their intension and extension; their degrees of generality
5c. Particulars and universals in predications or judgments: the quantity of propositions; the universal, the particular, and
the singular judgment
5d. Rules concerning the universality and particularity of premises in reasoning: the quantity of the conclusion in relation to
the quantity of the premises
6. Applications of the distinction between universal and particular
6a. Particular and universal in the analysis of matter and form
6b. Universal and particular causes
6c. The universality of law and particular dispensations of equity
7. Universality and particularity in relation to the distinction between the objective and the subjective, the absolute and the relative
7a. The issue concerning the universality of truth
7b. The issue concerning the universality of moral principles
7c. The issue concerning the universality of aesthetic standards: the subjective universal

XCVII. Virtue and Vice


1. Diverse conceptions of virtue
1a. The relation between knowledge and virtue
1b. The unity of virtue and the plurality of virtues
1c. The doctrine of virtue as a mean between the extremes of vice
1d. Virtue as an intrinsic good: its relation to happiness
1e. The distinction between virtue and continence: the consequences of the theory of virtue as habit
2. The classification of virtues: the correlative vices
2a. The division of virtues according to the parts or powers of the soul: the distinction between moral and intellectual
virtue; the theory of the cardinal virtues
(1) Enumeration and description of the moral virtues
(2) Enumeration and description of the intellectual virtues
2b. The distinction between natural and supernatural virtues
2c. The appearances of virtue: imperfect or conditional virtues; the counterfeits of virtue; natural or temperamental
dispositions which simulate virtue
3. The order and connection of the virtues
3a. The equality and inequality of the virtues: the hierarchy of virtue and the degrees of vice
3b. The independence or interdependence of the virtues
4. The natural causes or conditions of virtue
4a. Natural endowments: temperamental dispositions toward virtue or vice; the seeds or nurseries of virtue
4b. The role of teaching in the spheres of moral and intellectual virtue
4c. Training or practice as cause of virtue or vice: the process of habit formation
4d. The role of the family and the state in the development of moral virtue
(1) The influence of parental authority on the formation of character
(2) The moral use of rewards and punishments: the role of precept and counsel, praise and blame
(3) The guidance of laws and customs: the limits of positive law with respect to commanding virtue and prohibiting
vice
(4) The influence on moral character of poetry, music, and other arts: the guidance of history and example
4c. The moral quality of human acts
(1) The distinction between human or moral acts and the nonvoluntary or reflex acts of a man
(2) The criteria of goodness and evil in human acts
(3) Circumstances as affecting the morality of human acts
5. Psychological factors in the formation of moral virtue
5a. The emotions and pleasure and pain as the matter of virtue: the role of desire or appetite
5b. Deliberation and judgment in the formation of virtue: the role of reason
5c. Intention and choice as conditions of virtue: the role of will
6. Virtue in relation to other moral goods or principles
6a. Duty and virtue
6b. The relation of virtue to pleasure
6c. The relation of virtue to wealth: the religious basis of economic behavior; the work ethic
6d. Virtue and honor
6e. Virtue in relation to friendship and love
7. The role of virtue in political theory
7a. The cultivation of virtue as an end of government and the state
7b. Civic virtue: the virtue of the good citizen compared with the virtue of the good man
7c. The aristocratic principle: virtue as a condition of citizenship or public office
7d. The virtues which constitute the good or successful ruler: the vices associated with the possession of power
8. The religious aspects of virtue and vice
8a. The moral consequences of original sin
8b. The influence of religion on moral character: the indispensability of divine grace for the acquisition of natural virtue by
fallen man
8c. The divine reward of virtue and punishment of vice: here and hereafter
8d. The theory of the theological virtues
(1) Faith and disbelief
(2) Hope and despair
(3) Charity and the disorder of love
8e. The infused virtues and the moral and intellectual gifts
8f. The qualities which flow from charity: humility, mercy, chastity, obedience
8g. The vows and practices of the monastic life in relation to virtue
9. The advance or decline of human morality

XCVIII. War and Peace


1. War as the reign of force: the state of war and the state of nature; the martial spirit
2. The kinds of war
2a. Civil war and war between states or international war
2b. Religious wars: the defense and propagation of the faith
2c. The class war: the conflict of economic groups
3. The rights of war
3a. The distinction between just and unjust warfare: wars of defense and wars of conquest
3b. Justice and expediency in relation to the initiation and prosecution of a war: laws and customs governing the conduct of
warfare
4. The causes or occasions of war
4a. The precipitation of war between states: remote and proximate causes; real and apparent causes
4b. The factors responsible for civil strife
5. The effects of war
5a. The moral consequences of war: its effects on the happiness and virtue of men and on the welfare of women and
children
5b. The political consequences of war: its effects on different forms of government
5c. The economics of war: its cost and consequences
6. The conception of war as a political means or instrument
6a. Conquest, empire, political expansion as ends of war
6b. Liberty, justice, honor, peace as ends of war
7. The inevitability of war: the political necessity of military preparations
8. The desirability of war: its moral and political benefits
9. The folly and futility of war: pacifist movements
10. The military arts and the military profession: their role in the state
10a. The formation of military policy: the relation between the military and the statesman or prince
10b. Different types of soldiery: mercenaries, volunteers, conscripts, militia
10c. The military virtues: the qualities of the professional soldier; education for war
10d. The principles of strategy and tactics: the military genius
10e. The rise of naval power and its role in war
10f. The development of weapons: their kinds and uses
10g. The making of truces or alliances as a military device
11. The nature, causes, and conditions of peace
11a. Law and government as indispensable conditions of civil peace: the political community as the unit of peace
11b. Justice and fraternity as principles of peace among men
11c. International law and international peace: treaties, alliances, and leagues as instrumentalities of international peace
11d. World government and world peace
XCIX. Wealth
1. The elements of wealth: the distinction between natural and artificial wealth; the distinction between the instruments of
production and consumable goods
2. The acquisition and management of wealth in the domestic and tribal community
3. The production of wealth in the political community
3a. Factors in productivity: natural resources, raw materials, labor, tools and machines, capital investments; productive and
nonproductive property
3b. The use of land: kinds of land or real estate; the general theory of rent
3c. Food supply: agricultural production
3d. Industrial production: domestic, guild, and factory systems of manufacturing
4. The exchange of wealth or the circulation of commodities: the processes of commerce or trade
4a. The forms of value: the distinction between use-value and exchange-value
4b. Types of exchange: barter economies and money economies; credit and installment buying
4c. Rent, profit, wages, interest as the elements of price: the distinction between the real and the nominal price and
between the natural and the market price of commodities
4d. The source of value: the labor theory of value
4e. Causes of the fluctuation of market price: supply and demand
4f. The consequences of monopoly and competition
4g. Commerce between states: tariffs and bounties; free trade
5. Money
5a. The nature of money as a medium or instrument of exchange, and as a measure of equivalents in exchange: the
propensities toward saving or consuming
5b. Monetary standards: the coining and minting of money; good and bad money
5c. The price of money and the money supply: the exchange rate of money as measured in terms of other commodities;
monetary factors influencing economic activity
5d. The institution and function of banks: monetary loans, credit, the financing of capitalistic enterprise
5e. The rate of interest on money: factors that determine the rate of interest; the effect of interest rates on the economy;
the condemnation of usury
6. Capital
6a. Comparison of capitalist production with other systems of production: the social utility of capital
6b. Theories of the nature, origin, and growth of capital stock: thrift, savings, excesses beyond the needs of consumption,
expropriation; current expectations of future demand or profits
6c. Types of capital: fixed and circulating, or constant and variable capital
6d. Capital profits
(1) The distinction of profit from rent, interest, and wages
(2) The source of profit: marginal or surplus value; unearned increment and the exploitation of labor
(3) Factors determining the variable rate of capital profit
(4) The justification of profit: the reward of enterprise and indemnification for risk of losses
6e. The recurrence of crises in the capitalist economy: depressions, unemployment, the diminishing rate of profit; business
cycles
7. Property
7a. The right of property: the protection of property as the function of government
7b. Kinds of economic property
(1) Chattel slaves as property
(2) Property in land
(3) Property in capital goods and in monetary wealth
7c. The uses of property: for production, consumption, or exchange
7d. The ownership of property: possession or title; the legal regulation of property
(1) Private ownership: partnerships, joint-stock companies, corporations; separation of ownership from
management
(2) Government ownership: the nationalization of industry; eminent domain
7e. The inheritance of property: laws regulating inheritance
8. The distribution of wealth: the effects of wealth on social status; the problem of poverty
8a. The sharing of wealth: goods and lands held in common; public ownership of the means of production
8b. The division of common goods into private property: factors influencing the increase and decrease of private property
8c. The causes of poverty: competition, incompetence, indigence, expropriation, unemployment; the poverty of the
proletariat as dispossessed of the instruments of production
8d. Laws concerning poverty: the poor laws, the dole
9. Political economy: the nature of the science of economics
9a. Wealth as an element in the political common good
9b. Factors determining the prosperity or opulence of states: fluctuations in national prosperity and employment
9c. Diverse economic programs for securing the wealth of nations: the physiocratic, the mercantilist, and the laissez-faire
systems; regulation of the economy for the general welfare
9d. Governmental regulation of production, trade, or other aspects of economic life
9e. The economic support of government and the services of government
(1) The charges of government: the cost of maintaining its services; elements in the national budget
(2) Methods of defraying the expenses of government: taxation and other forms of levy or impost; confiscations,
seizures, and other abuses of taxation
9f. Wealth or property in relation to different forms of government
9g. Wealth and poverty in relation to crime, revolution, and war
9h. The struggle of economic classes for political power
10. The moral aspects of wealth and poverty
10a. The nature of wealth as a good: its place in the order of goods and its relation to happiness
10b. Natural limits to the acquisition of wealth by individuals: the distinction between necessities and luxuries
10c. Temperance and intemperance with respect to wealth: liberality, magnificence, miserliness, avarice; the corrupting
influence of excessive wealth
10d. The principles of justice with respect to wealth and property: fair wages and prices
10e. The precepts of charity with respect to wealth
(1) Almsgiving to the needy and the impoverished
(2) The religious vow of poverty: voluntary poverty
(3) The choice between God and Mammon: the love of money as the root of all evil; the secularizing impact of
affluence
11. Economic determinism: the economic interpretation of history
12. Economic progress: advances with respect to both efficiency and justice

C. Will
1. The existence and nature of will: its relation to reason or mind and to desire or emotion
2. The analysis of the power and acts of the will
2a. The objects of the will: the scope of its power
2b. The motivation of the will
(1) The rational determination of the will's acts by judgments concerning good and evil or by the moral law
(2) The sensitive determination of the will's acts by estimations of benefit and harm, or pleasure and pain: the
impulsion of the passions
2c. The acts of the will
(1) The classification and order of the will's acts: means and ends
(2) The several acts of the will with respect to ends: their antecedents and consequences
(3) The several acts of the will with respect to means: their antecedents and consequences
3. The functioning of will in human conduct and thought
3a. The role of the will in behavior
(1) The distinction between the voluntary and the involuntary: the conditions of voluntariness; comparison of men
and animals with respect to voluntary behavior
(2) The range of purposive conduct: the relation of habit and instinct to the voluntary
3b. The role of the will in thought
(1) The distinction between knowledge and opinion in relation to the willful in thought: the will to believe and
wishful thinking
(2) The will as cause of error
(3) Religious faith as dependent on an act of will or practical reason
4. The divine will
4a. The relation of the divine will and intellect
4b. The freedom of the divine will: the divine will in relation to the possible and the impossible
5. The freedom of the will
5a. Interpretations of the meaning of free will
(1) The freedom of the will as consisting in a freely determined choice or a free judgment of the reason
(2) The freedom of the will as consisting in the freedom of a man to act or not to act: from external constraints or
coercions
(3) The freedom of the will as consisting in a totally uncaused or spontaneous act
(4) The freedom of the will as the autonomy of the reason legislating for itself: the identity of pure will and free will
5b. Arguments for the freedom of the will
(1) Man's immediate consciousness of his freedom of choice: reason's reflexive knowledge of its autonomy
(2) The freedom of the will as deriving from the indetermination of practical reason judging particular goods
(3) The deduction of free will from the moral law or from the fact of pure practical reason
(4) Free will as a pragmatic option: the postulation of free will as an indispensable condition of moral responsibility
and action
5c. Arguments against the freedom of the will: free will as a violation of the course of nature or the reign of causality; the
impossibility of proving free will
6. The analysis of the will's range of freedom
6a. The limitations on the freedom of the will: the distinction between acts of the will which are necessitated and acts of the
will which are free
6b. The distinction between the will's freedom of exercise and the will's freedom of choice 6c. The distinction between
voluntary behavior and behavior resulting from free choice: comparison of men and animals with respect to freedom
7. The implications of free will
7a. Free will as a source of human dignity: its relation to slavery and civil liberty
7b. The factors of freedom and necessity in the philosophy of history
7c. Human freedom in relation to the will of God: fate, predestination, and providence
7d. God as the object of the human will: the quiescence of the will in the beatific vision
7e. Free will in relation to sin and salvation
(1) The freedom to sin: Adam's freedom and the freedom of fallen human nature
(2) The relation of freedom to grace
8. The will as a factor in morality and in society
8a. The inviolability of the will: its freedom from external compulsions or constraints
8b. The goodness or malice of the will
(1) The conditions of the will's rectitude or disorder
(2) A good will as the exclusive or principal human good
8c. The will and virtue: justice and charity as habits of the will
8d. The will and duty: the categorical imperative
8e. The will and right: the harmony of individual wills in external practical relations
9. Differences among men in the sphere of will
9a. The distinction between men of strong and weak will: cultivation of willpower
9b. The pathology of the will: indecision, obsession, compulsion, inhibition
10. Will as a term in political theory
10a. The sovereign will: the will of the people; the will of the majority
10b. The relation of law to will
10c. The general will, particular wills, the will of each, and the will of all

CI. Wisdom
1. The nature, origins, and kinds of wisdom
1a. Diverse conceptions of natural wisdom: the supreme form of human knowledge
1b. The distinction between speculative and practical wisdom, or between philosophical and political wisdom
1c. Theological and mystical wisdom: the supernatural wisdom of faith and vision; the gift of wisdom
1d. The wisdom of God: the defect of human wisdom compared with divine wisdom; the folly or vanity of worldly wisdom
2. Wisdom, virtue, and happiness
2a. Wisdom as an intellectual virtue: its relation to other intellectual virtues, especially science and understanding; the vice
or sin of folly
2b. Wisdom and man's knowledge of good and evil: the relation of wisdom to the moral virtues
2c. Wisdom as a good: its role in the happy life; the place of the wise man in society
3. The love of wisdom and the steps to wisdom: the sophist, the philosopher, and the wise man
4. The praise of folly: the wisdom of fools and innocents

CII. World
1. Diverse conceptions of the universe or cosmos
1a. The opposed metaphors: the universe as a machine and the universe as a living organism; the doctrine of the world
soul
1b. The universe as an ordered community of beings diverse in kind: eternal law and divine government
2. The universe and man: macrocosm and microcosm
3. The universe and God: divine immanence and transcendence
3a. The unity of God and the world: the distinction between natura naturans and natura naturata
3b. The duality of God and the world: the distinction between Creator and creature
4. The origin and evolution of the world: cosmos out of chaos
4a. The denial of ultimate origins: the eternity of the world and its motions without beginning or end
4b. Myths or hypotheses concerning the world's origin by artistic production: the demiurge, the creative ideas, the
receptacle
4c. The formation of the world by a fortuitous concourse of atoms
4d. The emanation of the world from the One
4e. The creation of the world ex nihilo
(1) The distinction between creation and motion, generation, and artistic production
(2) The problem of time and eternity in relation to creation: the conservation of creatures in time
(3) The revelation and dogma of creation: interpretations of Genesis I; the work of the six days
4f. Astronomical theories concerning the evolution of the universe: the origins of stars, planets, galaxies, nebulas
5. The number of worlds: the uniqueness of this world; the possibility of other worlds
6. The structure of the world
6a. The parts and places of the world: the uniformity of the matter of the world
6b. The diversity, inequality, and hierarchy of things
6c. The rationality or intelligibility of the universe
6d. The goodness and beauty of the universe: its evil and imperfections
7. The space of the world: astronomical theories concerning the size or extent of the universe; the universe as finite yet unbounded;
the universe as expanding or contracting
8. The end of the world

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