tariel futkaraZe akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis

qarTveluri dialeqtologiis instituti

eka dadiani
luiza xaWapuriZe

tariel futkaraZe
eka dadiani
luiza xaWapuriZe

qarTvelur ena-kiloTa
gandasebis
sakiTxebi
qarTvelur ena-kiloTa
XXIX
gandasebis
respublikuri dialeqtologiuri
samecniero sesiis sakiTxebi
moxsenebebi
XXIX
respublikuri dialeqtologiuri
samecniero sesiis
moxsenebebi

quTaisi
2009 2009

0 1

dRes qarTvelolog lingvistTa Tu
eTnologTa didi Sromaa saWiro, rom
ruseTis imperiis mier dezinformire-
buli saerTaSoriso sainformacio ve-
li Seivsos qarTvelTa (zogadad, sa-
qarTvelos) enobriv-kulturuli is-
toriis Sesaxeb akademiuri, obieqturi
informaciebiT da adekvaturad aRiwe-
ros Tanamedrove saqarTvelos enobriv-
eTnikuri situacia.
am mimarTulebiT, vfiqrobT, pirvel
rigSi aucilebelia terminologiis
sferoSi konsensusi qarTvelologTa
Soris.
ISBN 978-9941-9102-0-3
© t.futkaraZe, e.dadiani, l.xaWapuriZe
© quTaisis saswavlo universiteti "lamparis" gamomcemloba
2 3
Sinaarsi
winasityvaobis nacvlad: dRes aris Tu ara aqtualuri
qarTveluri ena-kiloebis kvalifikacia-klasifikaciis
problematika? ..............................................................5-13
tariel futkaraZe, qarTveluri dialeqtebis klasifika-
ciis kriteriumebisaTvis ...........................................14-40
ekaterine dadiani, kidev erTxel qarTvelur ena-kiloTa
dajgufebis Sesaxeb .....................................................41-99
luiza xaWapuriZe, iakob gogebaSvili qarTvelTa saTemo
kiloebis Sesaxeb ........................................................100-111
saqarTvelos umaRlesi saswavleblebis profesor-
maswavleblebs .......................................................110-112
danarTi
iakob gogebaSvili, ena da kilo ....................... 113-116

guram ramiSvili:
"qarTuli ena,
rogorc qarTvelTa dedaena,
qarTvelTa erovnulobis safuZvelia".
҉ saliteraturo ena da romelia adgilobrivi dialeqti", "saqarTvelos
"...biurokratiam es metad iwyina da
administracias aakrZalvina am saganze wera..."
iakob gogebaSvili
4 5
winasityvaobis nacvlad:
dRes aris Tu ara aqtualuri
qarTveluri ena-kiloebis kvalifikacia-klasifikacis
problematika?
mravali saukunis manZilze arsebuli tradiciuli
xedviT, qarTvelebs sul mcire 23-saukunovani qarTuleno-
vani saxelmwifo da erTi dedaena (erovnuli ena) gvaqvs1.
amaves amtkicebs Tanamedrove lingvisturi qarTvelolo-
giac, istoriografiac da eTnologiac2.
1
ix., qarTlis cxovreba, Tb., 1955; mitropoliti anania jafariZe, qar-
Tuli samociqulo eklesiis istoria, I-IV t. Tb., 1976-2003; mitropo-
liti anania jafariZe: "Cvenma winaprebma icodnen, romelia saerTo-
respublika", 3 Tebervali, 2007 w. (№ 5622); b. diasamiZe, qristianoba
dasavleT saqarTveloSi, baTumi, 2001 da sxv.
2
samecniero literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe,
qarTvelebi, nawili I, qristianobamdeli epoqa, quTaisi, 2005; T.
gvancelaZe, enisa da dialeqtis sakiTxi qarTvelologiaSi, Tb., 2006; m.
naWyebia, saqarTvelos eTnolingvisturi terminebi, Tb., 2006; r.
Serozia, qarTveluri saliteraturo enisa da sulxan-sabas“"sityvis
konis” zogi sakiTxisaTvis, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XI, quTaisi, 2007; m.
tabiZe, saxelmwifo enis mdgomareoba, rogorc saxelmwifos siZliere-
sisustis erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli, saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da
mecnierebis saministrosa da SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universite-
tis samecniero konferencia Temaze: “saqarTvelo da msoflio, baTumi,
2008, 14-15 noemberi; r. TofCiSvili, qarTvelTa eTnogenezisa da
eTnikuri istoriis problemebi, Tb., 2008; r. gujejiani, qarTvel
mTielTa mentalobis istoriidan, Tb., 2008, gv. 191-197; T. beraZe,
qarTuli identobis ZiriTadi etapebi, eTnologiuri krebuli, Tb., 2008,
gv. 3-9; r. TofCiSvili, q. xuciSvili, r.gujejiani, Teoriuli
eTnologia, Tb., 2009: T. beraZe, b. xorava, qarTuli saliteraturi ena
da qarTuli kultura - saqarTvelos yvela eTnografiuli mxaris Semoq-
medebis nayofi, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, 2009, quTaisi, 2009, gv. 19-29.
ix., agreTve, saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis "quTaisuri
saubrebi XII" masalebi (simpoziumi mieZRvna saqarTveloSi mociqulTa Se-
mobrZanebasa da qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebas), 13-14
noemberi, 2009 w.
 saqarTveloSi ruseTis imperiis damkvidrebis Semdeg
imperiis mesveurni Seecadnen, daemkvidrebinaT mosazreba,
rom saqarTvelo TiTqmis arasodes yofila erTiani, xolo
qarTvelTa sxvadasxva "eTnosi" 3000 welze metia sam-oTx
gansxvavebul enaze laparakobs. mag., dResac moskovis sax-
elmwifo universitetis cnobili specialisti, prof. iuri
koriakovi "msoflios enaTa reestriT" cdilobs daarwmu-
nos mTeli msoflio, rom damoukidebeli eTnosebia (EG):
megreli, lazi, qarTveli, baleli (zemo svani) da qvemo svani,
xolo damoukidebeli enebia: megruli, lazuri, qarTuli,
zemosvanuri (baluri ena) da qvemosvanuri.
Tanamedrove sainformacio qselSic ZiriTadad sabWo-
Ta kvalifikaciebia gavrcelebuli; mag., msoflios virtua-
luri istoriis vebgverdze, aziis ganyofilebaSi saqarTve-
los Sesaxeb devs P.J. Hillery-is ruka, romlis mixedviTac sa-
qarTveloSi araqarTvelebis - eTnikuri umciresobis - ene-
bia: 1. CeCnuri; 2. wova-TuSuri; 3. xunZaxuri; 4. uduri; 5.
azerbaijanuli; 6. somxuri; 7. lazuri anu Wanuri; 8. megru-
li; 9. afxazuri; 10. svanuri; 11. osuri3.
amgvari kvalifikaciebis kvalad, ucxoel Tu qarTvel
specialistTa erTi nawili Tvlis, rom, evrosabWos reko-
mendaciebis mixedviT, umciresobis an regionuli enis
statusi unda mieniWos saqarTveloSi arsebul 12 enas: ru-
suls, somxurs, azerbaijanuls... megruls, svanurs.
Sdr., "evropuli qartia" miznad isaxavs avtoqToni
eTnikuri umciresobis dedaenis dacvas4. kidev erTxel
SevniSnav: megruli, lazuri da svanuri qarTvelTa saSinao
3
http://vlib.iue.it/history/asia/georgia.html.
4
sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix., t. futkaraZe, "evropuli qartia regionuli
an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb" da saqarTveloSi enobrivi politikis
dagegmvis sakiTxi, kavkasiologiuri seria, V, Tb., 2009
http://www.scribd.com/doc/12621676/T-Putkaradze-European-Charter-for-
Regional-or-Minority-Languages-and-An-Issue-of-Plannig-Linguistic-Policy-in-Georgia
6 7
metyvelebebia da ara eTnikuri umciresobebis enebi sa-
qarTveloSi.
samwuxarod, ukve evrokavSiris eqspertebic uSveben
Secdomas da acxadeben, rom qarTuli, megruli, lazuri da
svanuri damoukidebeli eTnosebis Tu subeTnosebis enebia;
maTi azriT, am "enebis" arseboba dasturia qarTveli eris
arakonsolidirebulobisa; mag., evrokavSiris mier Seqmnili
saerTaSoriso sagamoZiebo komisiis daskvnis mixedviT
(Tavmjdomare, Sveicarieli diplomati heidi taliavini),
TiTqosda, qarTveli naciis arakonsolidirebulobas sxva
mizezebTan erTad ganapirobebs qarTulisgan gansxvavebuli
megruli, lazuri da svanuri "enebis" arseboba5.
5
http://www.ceiig.ch/Report.html (tomi, II, gv. 2). History of an Ambivalent Re-
lationship: "Georgian national identity claims historical origins dating as far back as
the establishment of an autocephalous Georgian church in the 4th century and the
emergence of the Georgian language with its own alphabet in the 5th century. Never-
theless, for centuries Georgia was divided into diverse local sub-ethnic entities, each
with its own characteristic traditions, manners, dialects and, in the case of the Mingre-
lians, Lazs and Svans, with separate languages similar to Georgian. The process of
ethnic consolidation and nation-making had not been completed (A standard work
on this process is: Ronald Grigor Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation,
Bloomington/Indianapolis, 1994). Earlier Georgian history culminated in the united
Georgian Kingdom of the 11 th to 13th centuries, when Georgia was a regional
power in the Caucasus. In ensuing periods it split up into several political entities such
as the kingdom of Kartli and Kakheti in the east and the kingdom of Imereti and prin-
cipalities like Samegrelo and Svaneti in the west. Georgia weakened after repeated at-
tacks by foreign powers like the Mongols and Timurides. From the 16th century on-
ward, Ottoman Turkey and Safavid Iran began to subjugate western and eastern re-
gions of Georgia respectively". Targmani:
istoria da ambivalenturi urTierToba: istoriulad, qarTuli erov-
nuli identoba Tavis warmoSobas me-4 saukuneSi qarTuli avtokefaluri
eklesiis Camoyalibebas da me-5 saukuneSi qarTuli enis gamoCenas da anba-
nis Seqmnas ukavSirebs. Tumca, saqarTvelo saukuneebis manZilze sxvadasx-
va adgilobriv sub-eTnikur erTeulebad iyo dayofili, romelTagan Ti-
Toeuls hqonda Tavisi sakuTari tradiciebi, zne-Cveulebebi, dialeqtebi
da, megrelebis, lazebis da svanebis SemTxvevaSi ki - sxva enebi, romlebic
hgavs qarTuls. eTnikuri konsolidaciis da erad Camoyalibebis procesi
ar iqna dasrulebuli (A standard work on this process is: Ronald Grigor Suny,
The Making of the Georgian Nation, Bloomington/Indianapolis, 1994; sainteresoa:
am avtoris Zveli gvaria mirzoiani). saqarTvelos adreulma istoriam
 sinamdvileSi qarTuli ena megrelisa Tu svanisTvisac
istoriuli dedaenaa (erovnuli enaa); qarTuli samwigno-
bro ena, rogorc qarTvelTa erovnuli TviTSemoqmedeba,
qarTveli eris gamaerTianebeli mravalsaukunovani du-
Rabia, xolo megrul-lazur-svanuri idiomebi zogadqar-
Tuli enis - dedaenis - meoreuli saxesxvaobebi arian. Sdr.,
vinc fiqrobs, rom, mag., megrelisTvis qarTuli dedaena ar
aris, qarTvelTa am jgufs arTmevs (uucxoebs) Wyondidle-
bis, minCxis, merCules Tu rusTvelis mier Seqmnil did sam-
wignobro kulturas.
qarTveluri ena-kiloebis kvalifikaciis sakiTxs aaq-
tualurebs "regionuli an umciresobis Sesaxeb evropuli
qartiis" ratifikaciis aucileblobac (ix. qvemoT). Cvens si-
namdvileSi sakiTxs arTulebs isic, rom ar arsebobs konsen-
susi im kriteriumebis Sesaxeb, romelTa mixedviT unda
aRiweros saqarTvelos enobrivi situacia.
bunebrivia, problemuria sakuTriv qarTveluri idi-
omebis enad Tu kilod gamijvnac, vinaidan sabWoTa imperiis
periodSi politizebuli debulebebi sakmaod myaradaa
gamjdari sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi. enaTmecnierebi
Tavs ver davimSvidebT imiT, rom ena-kilod kvalifikacia sa-
kuTriv lingvistikis sferos scildeba; Sdr., mag., j. laonzi:
sxvaoba axlomonaTesave enebsa da dialeqtebs Soris upiratesad
politikuri da kulturuli rigisaa, vinem sakuTriv enobrivisa;
kulminacias XI-XIII saukuneebSi miaRwia, roca Camoyalibda gaerTiane-
buli qarTuli samefo, romelic gaxda erT-erTi wamyvani saxelmwifo
kavkasiis regionSi. Semdeg periodSi saqarTvelo ramdenime politikur
erTeulad daiyo, rogoricaa qarTl-kaxeTis samefo aRmosavleTSi, xolo
dasavleTSi - imereTis samefo, samegrelos da svaneTis samTavroebi. sa-
qarTvelo daasusta ucxo Zalebis (monRolebi, Temurlengis STamomavle-
bi...) mravalma Semosevam. me-16 saukunidan moyolebuli, osmaleTi da se-
fianTa irani saqarTvelos dasavleT da aRmosavleT regionebs gamudme-
biT awiokebdnen...
kritikisaTvis ix.: http://www.scribd.com/doc/21919401/T-Putkaradze-Taliavni-
Komisiis-Daskvnis-Kidev-Erti-Rusuli-Pasaji;
http://pirweli.com.ge/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36778&Itemid=1.
8 9
b. jorbenaZe (1889, gv. 118-119): enebad da dialeqtebad diferen-
ciaciis procesSi marTlac monawileoben politikuri da kul-
turuli momentebi... "dialeqti, ena, enobrivi ganStoeba, enobrivi
ojaxi fardobiT terminebs warmoadgenen"..
dRes didi Sromaa saWiro, rom ruseTis imperiis mier
dezinformirebuli saerTaSoriso veli Seivsos qarTvelTa
enobrivi istoriisa Tu awmyos Sesaxeb obieqturi infor-
maciebiT.
vfiqrob, pirvel rigSi aucilebelia, akademiuri
msjelobiT miiRwes konsensusi qarTvel specialistebs
Soris. swored am mizans isaxavda Cemi da Cemi kolegebis mox-
senebebi, romelTa Tezisebi (vrceli masalebi) gavagzavneT
XXIX respublikuri samecniero sesiis organizator dawe-
sebulebaSi - arn. Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis institutSi;
Tumca manamde uCveulo ambavi moxda:
rogorc wesi, respublikuri dialeqtologiuri sesie-
bis maspinZeli dawesebuleba cxaddeba erTi wliT adre mas-
pinZel qalaqSi moRvawe dialeqtologebTan SeTanxmebiT.
2008 wels axalcixeSi 2009 wlisTvis maspinZel qalaqad ga-
nisazRvra Tbilisi (enaTmecnierebis instituti). Tumca
mimdinare wlis oqtomberSi gadawyvetileba ratomRac
Seicvala; kerZod, mas Semdeg, rac "raRac manqanebiT" m. Cux-
uas nacvlad g. gogolaSvili gaxda enaTmecnierebis insti-
tutis "qarTveluri enebis" ganyofilebis gamge, XXIX res-
publikuri dialeqtologiuri sesiis Catareba quTaisis
akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetSi daigegma ise,
rom saqmis kursSi ar viyaviT maspinZlebi - quTaisSi moRvawe
enaTmecnierebi (araviTari informacia ar iyo arc qarTuli enis
departamentSi da arc qarTveluri dialeqtologiis institut-
Si); kerZod, enaTmecnierebis institutidan uSualod dau-
kavSirdnen Cveni universitetis reqtorats. bunebrivia,
reqtorats CvenTvis gverdi ar auvlia da es ambavi am gziT
gavigeT.

zrdilobis gamo maspinZlobaze uari mainc ar vTqviT
da winaswari molaparakebis Semdeg, arn. Ciqobavas enaTmec-
nierebis institutis (rogorc organizatori dawesebule-
bis) direqtoris moadgilesTan - q-n maia manjgalaZesTan
arcTu sasiamovno saubrisa da, bolos mainc, SeTanxmebis
Semdeg gavagzavneT Cveni moxsenebebis masalebi (vrceli Te-
zisebi).
ratomRac am moxsenebebis "bedis" ganmsazRvrelad mog-
vevlina anonimuri "respublikuri dialeqtologiuri sa-
koordinacio sabWo", romelmac "dabloka" awsu qarTveluri
dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis mec-
nier-TanamSromlebis (Cemi da ori Cemi Tanamoazris - e. da-
dianisa da l. xaWapuriZis) moxsenebebi da "Setyobineba" q-n
manana miqaZes gaugzavna (wesiT, "anonims" dialeqtologiis in-
stitutis TanamSromlebis Sesaxeb informacia ar unda gaegzavna
q-ni m. miqaZisTvis, romelic ar aris arc akaki wereTlis saxelmwi-
fo universitetis reqtori, arc qarTveluri dialeqtologiis
samecniero-kvleviTis institutis direqtori da arc dialeq-
tologi).
me vesaubre dRes moRvawe dialeqtologebs - Tbili-
sel, axalcixel, gorel, baTumel kolegebs (Tedo uTur-
gaiZes, merab beriZes, marine beriZes, merab Cuxuas, SuSana
futkaraZes, niko oTinaSvils...); rogorc mosalodneli
iyo, maT araferi icodnen "respublikuri dialeqtologi-
uri sakoordinacio sabWos" "gadawyvetilebis", metic,
funqcionirebis Sesaxeb.
bunebrivia, SeTanxmebis darRvevis mizezi vkiTxe q-n
maia manjgalaZes (arn.Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis institutis
direqtoris moadgiles). man satelefono saubarSi miTxra,
rom arn. Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis institutis direq-
cias monawileoba ar miuRia gogolaSvili-arabulis am
10
6
gadawyvetilebaSi . Cveni moxsenebebis dablokva CemTan pi-
rad saubarSi gaioca da gaaprotesta prof. Tedo uTur-
gaiZem; man aseve miTxra, rom Tavadac dialeqtTa gandase-
bis Temaze unda isaubros quTaisSi...
CvenTvis erTi ram didi xania aSkaraa: zogs akademiur
velSi saTqmeli araferi aqvs da nacad destruqciul gzas
irCevs. gTavazobT e.w. "sakoordinacio sabWos" anonimur depe-
Sa-werils, romelic ase gamoiyureba:
От кого:დიალექტოლოგიური საბჭო
Кому:manana-mikadze@rambler.ru
Дата:Wed, 18 Nov 2009 07:42:16 +0400
Тема:რესპუბლიკური დიალექტოლოგიური საკოორდინაციო საბჭო
ქალბატონო მანანა, რესპუბლიკური დიალექტოლოგიური
სამეცნიერო სესიების საკოორდინაციო საბჭომ იმსჯელა და
გადაწყვიტა, რომ მომავალში ამგვარ ფორუმებზე აღარ ჩართოს ენა–
კილოების კლასიფიკაციასთან დაკავშირებული თემატიკა, როგორც
უსაგნო პოლემიკისა და არცთუ იშვიათად პოლიტიკურ ვნებათა
მაპროვოცირებელი საკითხი.
ამ მოსაზრებით კონფერენციაში მონაწილეობაზე უარი ეთქვა
თქვენი უნივერსიტეტის თანამშრომლებს: ბატონ ტარიელ
ფუტკარაძეს, ქალბატონებს: ეკა დადიანსა და ლუიზა ხაჭაპურიძეს.
6
yvelas (saqmians Tu axirebuls) aqvs ufleba, Tavisi azri iqonios, magram
g. gogolaSvili yovelgvar zRvars gadascda: ix., misi erTi da imave
Sinaarsis "statiebi": "saenaTmecniero ZiebanSi" (XI, Tb., 2004, gv. 3-8);
"qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebSi" (IX, Tb., 2005 gv. 126-136);
paskvilur krebulSi "qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi [erTi
"samecniero" polemikis gamo]" (Tb., 2007, gv. 97-107); arn. Ciqobavas
enaTmecnierebis institutis 67-e samecniero sesiis masalebSi (Tb., 2008,
gv. 32-39); gazeT "saqarTvelos respublikaSi" (#174; xuTSabaTi,
03.09.09.)... aqamde saWirod ar vTvlidiT, gvepasuxa mecnierulad
uintereso misi publikaciebisTvis. axla ki, roca enaTmecnierebis
institutis saxeliT daiwyo seriozuli zianis momtani moqmedeba,
gadavwyvite, mis zog mosazrebasTan sinqronSi (vimedovnebT,
ukanasknelad) warmovaCino Cveni pozicia: ar minda, vinme kidev
dabrkoldes g.gogolSvilis mizanmimarTuli dezinformaciebis gamo.
11
 ვიმედოვნებთ, რომ, თუ ვინმეს ჯერ კიდევ დარჩა ამ კუთხით
გამოსათქმელი თვალსაზრისი, ამას სხვა ფორმითაც მოახერხებს.
რესპუბლიკური დიალექტოლოგიური
საკოორდინაციო საბჭო.
qvemoT warmogidgenT XXIX respublikuri samecniero
sesiisTvis gankuTvnili Cveni moxsenebebis (romelTa masa-
lebi gavugzavneT arn.Ciqobavas institutis direqcias)7
vrcel variantebs (piradad me vapirebdi, konsensusis au-
cileblobis Sesaxeb msjelobiT damewyo moxseneba).
vfiqrobT, mkiTxveli Tavad gaerkveva, Tu ramdenad aq-
tualuria "ena-kiloebis klasifikaciasTan dakavSire-
buli" problematika Tanamedrove qarTvelologiisTvis,
aseve, saqarTvelos enobrivi situaciis aRwerisa da enobri-
vi politikis dagegmvisaTvis; gaerkveva aseve, mavanTa arale-
gitimuri ( "sabWo"uri), iakob gogebaSvils Tu davesesxe-
biT, "biurokratiuli" gadawyvetilebebis motivSic.
t. futkaraZe
20.11.09-23.11.09
7
aqve vbeWdavT "qarTuli enis istoriis" redaqtoris werils sa-
qarTvelos universitetebis profesor-maswavleblebisadmi.
12
27.11.09.
XXIX respublikuri dialeqtologiuri samecniero sesia.
tariel futkaraZe
qarTveluri dialeqtebis
klasifikaciis kriteriumebisaTvis
moxsenebis Sesavali nawili. dRevandeli dRe namdvilad
sainteresoa: dRes Cven gvaqvs SesaZlebloba, konsensuss mivaR-
wioT qarTveluri enobrivi erTeulebis (idiomebis) kvalifi-
kaciis Sesaxeb; Sesabamisad, jer mokled Sevexebi sakiTxis aqtua-
lobas.
moxsenebis ZiriTadi nawili.
terminologiuri problemebi, mizanmimarTuli
gayalbeba Tu mcdari kvalifikaciebi?
terminebi: eTnosi, eri, erovneba; erovnuli ena, dedae-
na, dialeqti... polisemanturia, amitom gaugebrobis Tavi-
dan asacileblad, winaswarve ganvmartavT qvemoT gamoyene-
bul ZiriTad terminebs.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi termini erovneba (national)
orgvarad gaiazreba:
erovneba - erad Camoyalibebuli civilizebuli eTnosi;
Sdr., tomi - veluri eTnosi.
erovneba - erTi saxelmwifos moqalaqeTa erToblioba.
erovnebis cnebis orgvari gaazrebis Sesabamisad,
orgvarad ganimarteba erovnuli enac (national language);
kerZod: 1. tradiciulad, terminebi: erovnuli ena
(/eTnikuri ena) da dedaena paralelurad gamoiyeneba;
Sdr.: humboltis azriT, "dedaena aris eris sasicocxlo
energia". ilias, vaJas, iakobis da sxva did moazrovneTa
msgavsad, enis rols analogiurad afasebda arn. Ciqobavac:
"ena eris mTavari niSania"8; Sdr., arn Ciqobava, 1952, gv.
8
qarTuli sityvis kulturis sakiTxebi, VI, 1984, gv. 37.
13
113-118: "yvela erovnuli ena imave dros saliteraturo
enac aris".
qarTveli erisa da qarTuli enis mimarTeba mkafiod
Camoayaliba cnobilma enaTmecnierma guram ramiSvilma
(2000, gv. 6-7): "qarTuli ena, rogorc qarTvelTa dedaena,
qarTvelTa erovnulobis safuZvelia". amgvari midgomis
mixedviT, saqarTveloSi qarTvelisTvis (kaxelisTvis,
svanisTvis, megrelisTvis, aWarelisTvis, mesxisTvis,
svanisTvis, imerelisTvis...) saxelmwifo ena da erovnuli ena
(eTnikuri ena, dedaena) aris qarTuli; Sdr.: saqarTvelos
moqalaqe eTnikuri somexis saxelmwifo ena aris qarTuli,
xolo erovnuli/eTnikuri ena, anu dedaena aris somxuri.
II. Tanamedrove kvlevaTa erT nawilSi Tu normatiul
dokumentebSi, mag., "regionuli an umciresobis enebis
Sesaxeb evropuli qartiis" mixedviT, termini "erovnuli
ena" (national language) gamoiyeneba oficialuri enisa da
saxelmwifo enis sinonimebad (ix., mag., 69-e ganmarteba);
xolo terminebi: RviZli ena, dedaena (own language-me-3
ganmart.; native language; 66-e ganmart.) aris bavSvobaSi
mSoblebisgan Seswavlili ena (=eTnikuri ena).
warmodgenil terminTa amgvarad gaazrebis SemTxvevaSi,
saqarTvelos moqalaqe qarTvelisTvis saxelmwifo ena (anu
erovnuli ena) da eTnikuri ena (dedaena) aris qarTuli.
Sdr.: saqarTvelos moqalaqe eTnikuri somexisTvis
erovnuli (/saxelmwifo) ena iqneba qarTuli, xolo
eTnikuri ena (anu dedaena) - somxuri.
qarTulenovan samecniero velSi ufro popularulia
pirveli midgoma, mag., Sdr., b. jorbenaZis koncefcia (1989,
gv.170): ena erovnuli TviTSegnebis upirvelesi
gamovlinebaa. amitom savsebiT kanonzomieria eris
upirveles niSnad enis miCneva, radgan nebismieri eris
erTianoba, konsolidacia ZiriTadad swored erTiani enis
14
mqoneblobiT ganisazRvreba. Sdr., amave avtoris azriT
(1989, gv. 16): "dialeqti aris saerTo erovnuli enis
nairsaxeoba da ara damoukidebeli sistema. xazgasasmelia:
erovnuli da ara saliteraturo enis nairsaxeoba, radgan
saliteraturo ena Tavad aris erovnuli enis nairsaxeoba.
ukeT: sakuTriv am nairsaxeobaTa erToblioba warmoadgens
erovnul enas. amitomac dialeqti swored am erTiani
erovnuli enis poziciidan unda iqnes Seswavlili".
orive midgomis mixedviT, dedaena da eTnosi
urTierTganmsazRvreli cnebebia: aracivilizebuli
eTnosis (tomis) dedaena umwerlobo enaa9; civilizebuli
(mravalsaukunovani samwignobro da saxelmwifoebrivi
tradiciis mqone) eTnosi eria, romlis dedaena erovnuli
enaa. Sdr.: eTnikur jgufad ganixileba eTnosis/erovnebis
nawili, romelic am eTnosis gansaxlebis ZiriTadi arealis
(saxelmwifos) gareT, sxva eTnosis/erovnebis mier Seqmnil
saxelmwifoSi cxovrobs10, Sesabamisad, misi erovnuli ena
(dedaena) SeiZleba ar iyos saxelmwifo ena.
mravalgzisaa aRniSnuli: qarTveli erisa da misi
dedaenis mimarTebis Sesaxeb Zveli qarTveli mematianeebisa
Tu cnobili qarTveli moRvaweebis xedva aseTia:
qarTuli ena aris qarTvelTa (megrelTa, svanTa,
mesxTa, imerelTa, kaxelTa...) dedaena anu erovnuli ena. am
enis standartuli varianti - qarTuli samwignobro ena -
qarTvelTa mravalsaukunovani saxelmwifosa da kulturis
enaa. qarTvelTa yvela sxva arastandartuli (saSinao)
metyveleba aris dedaenis meoreuli lokaluri
9
Sdr. iuneskos kvalifikacia: http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-
URL_ID=28301&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html:
eTnosis umwerlobo ena - idiomi, romelic ar aris standartuli
(normalizebuli) da ar gamoiyeneba oficialur enad profesiuli
Semoqmedebis processa Tu saqmiswarmoebaSi (es eTnosi am mizniT moixmars
sxva sazogadoebis mier Seqmnil samwignobro enas).
10
mag., qarTvelebi TurqeTSi.
15
saxesxvaobebi (enakavebi, Temuri kiloebi, kuTxuri
metyvelebebi, dialeqtebi...).
tradiciuli qarTuli xedvis ignorirebiT11 zogi
dResac Tvlis, rom arsebobs ramdenime qarTveluri ena:
damwerlobis mqone erTi ena (qarTuli) da damwerlobis
armqone sami (Tu ori) ena (megruli, lazuri, svanuri)12.
Sdr., avtorTa nawilis azriT, svanebs ori eTnikuri ena aqvT
(i.koriakovi), zogis azriT - svanuri svanTa umwerlobo
dedaenaa, xolo qarTuli - erovnuli ena; zogs ki, sulac,
svanuri tomobriv enad miaCnia13.
enis lingvisturi ganmartebis mixedviT ("ena aris
bgeriT niSanTa sistema") SeuZlebelia idiomisTvis enis
Tu kilos statusis miniWeba. enis funqciebic14 arafriT
gansxvavdeba kilos funqciebisgan15.
qvemoT, msjelobis procesSi Cven veyrdnobiT
dialeqtis Semdeg ganmartebas:
dialeqti - erovnuli (eTnosis) enis saxesxvaobaa;
erTi enis dialeqtebs Soris gagebineba SeiZleba iyos da
SeiZleba ar iyos16. Sdr., miCneulia, rom dialeqti erT-erTi
11
da sabWoTa periodSi damkvidrebuli politizebuli da
dausabuTebeli Tvalsazrisis inerciiT.
12
ix., mag., qarTuli ena (enciklopedia), Tb., 2008.
13
amgvari midgoma eTnikur qarTvelTa erT nawils (svanebs, aseve:
megrelebs, lazebs) ganixilavs, mag., saqarTvelos moqalaqe eTnikuri
somxebis msgavsad, an maT Tvlis werilobiTi kulturis armqone,
ukulturo adamianTa erTobad.
14
samyaros "xedva-aRqma"; movlenisa Tu faqtis determinireba
saxeldebiT; azris formireba da gamoxatva; komunikacia, informaciis
gadacema, azris gacvla-gamocvla, informaciis Senaxva...
15
Sdr., mag.: "adamianis ena SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc pirobiT
bgeriT niSanTa sistema, romelic gamoiyeneba adamianTa sazogadoebaSi
azris gamoxatvisa da komunikaciis, informaciisa da azrTa gacvla-
gamocvlis saSualebad (T. gamyreliZe... 2003, gv. 23-26).
16
Sdr.: http://bse.sci-lib.com/article027018.html: Диалект (от греч. diálektos —
разговор, говор, наречие), разновидность данного языка, употребляемая в
качестве средства общения с лицами, связанными тесной территориальной,
социальной или профессиональной общностью. Территориальный Диалект
всегда представляет собой часть целого другого Диалект данного языка, часть
самого этого языка, поэтому он всегда противопоставлен другому Диалект или
16
Sualeduri donea enasa da Tqmas Soris; ix., mag., sqema: ena -
kilouri jgufi (metyveleba/наречие) - dialeqti (kilo)
- kilokavi - Tqma - idioleqti17.
qarTul Tu ucxour literaturaSi araerTxel
aRniSnulia, rom rTulia enis, metyvelebis, kilos,
kilokavis, Tqmis kvalifikaciac da monaTesave enobriv
erTeulTa (idiomTa) klasifikaciac18; Sdr.: zogjer
dialeqtTa dajgufeba geografias efuZneba, zogjer
struqturul maxasiaTeblebs (mocemuli dialeqtis
leqsikas, fonologias, morfologias, sintaqss).
specialistebi xSirad ver Tanxmdebian,
klasifikaciisas romel kriteriums unda mieniWos
другим Диалект Мелкие Диалект объединяются в более крупные. Самые
большие могут называться наречиями, меньшие — говорами. Территориальные
Диалект обладают различиями в звуковом строе, грамматике,
словообразовании, лексике. Эти различия могут быть небольшими, так что
говорящие на разных Диалект данного языка могут понимать друг друга
(например, Диалект славянских языков); Диалект других языков могут так
сильно отличаться друг от друга, что общение между говорящими затруднено
или невозможно (например, Диалект немецкого или китайского языков);
17
samecniero literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe, 2005;
T.gvancelaZe, 2006; t. futkaraZe, 2008; Sdr.: internetSi ganTavsebuli
masalis erTi nawili:
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B
D%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%
D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC
: термину диалект присвоен
таксономический статус на шкале с четырьмя уровнями близости:
язык — наречие — диалект — говор. Язык или диалект: Диале́ кт (греч.
διάλεκτος — «наречие» от греч. διαλέγομαι «говорить, изъясняться») —
разновидность языка, которая употребляется в качестве средства общения
лицами, связанными между собой одной территорией. Диалект является
полноценной системой речевого общения (устной или знаковой, но не
обязательно письменной) со своими собственными словарём и грамматикой. Не
существует единого понимания и соответственно единых критериев для
разграничения языка и диалекта, поэтому говоря, что данный идиом является
языком или диалектом, необходимо оговаривать что имеется в виду под тем или
иным термином... Идиом может считаться диалектом, например, в случае, если:
{1} он не является стандартизованным литературным языком; {2} его носители
не имеют собственного государства или автономного образования; {3} он не
является престижной формой общения...
18
msjelobisaTvis ix.: T.gvancelaZe, 2006;
17
upiratesoba (qarTulis Sesaxeb msjeloba ix., qvemoT) 19. (da im adgilebsac, sadac deportirebuli Tu muhajiri
ufro rTuli da principulia umwignobro enisa da kilos qarTveloba cxovrobs).
(zepiri metyvelebis) gamijvna: ar arsebobs mocemuli Sdr.: sabWoTa periodSi qarTveluri enobrivi samyaro
samwignobro enis monaTesave umwerlobo enisa da kilos 3-4 monaTesave enad kvalificirda da qarTuli enis
gasamijni myari lingvisturi kriteriumi. rogorc wesi, es gavrcelebis areali lixis qediT Tu cxeniswyliT
problema wydeba mocemuli sazogadoebis TviTaRqmis Semoifargla; mag., aseTia cnobili rusi mecnieris iuri
(identobis, TviTidentifikaciis) da samwignobro koriakovisa da germaniis moqalaqis, ivane javaxiSvilis
tradiciis gaTvaliswinebiT. saxelmwifo universitetis sapatio profesoris i. gipertis
Cveni istoriuli sinamdvile aseTia: rukebi; kerZod, i. koriakovis mixedviT (http://linguarium.iling-
yvela kuTxis qarTvelis istoriuli Semoqmedebaa
ran.ru/maps/14-kartv.gif), erTiani qarTveluri enobrivi
arsebuli qarTveluri samwignobro kultura. qarTuli
samyaro dayofilia xuT cocxal da erT mkvdar enad;
samwignobro enis istoria TvalnaTliv aCvenebs, rom, sxva
Sesabamisad, Tanamedrove qarTveli eri (civilizebuli
qarTvelTa msgavsad, megrel-lazebica da svanebic, mravali
eTnosi) warmodgenilia 5 xalxad (kulturul da
saukunea qarTuli eniT qmnian msoflioSi erT-erT uZveles
ukulturo eTnosebad); kerZod:
werilobiT kulturas; rogorc enobrivi sistema,
moskoveli kolegis azriT, damoukidebeli enebia:
Tanamedrove qarTuli ena saerToqarTveluri enis
megruli, lazuri, qarTuli, zemosvanuri (baluri ena) da
uSualo gagrZelebaa; saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxSi mis
paralelurad funqcionirebs qarTvelTa saSinao idiomebi, qvemosvanuri, xolo damoukidebeli eTnikuri jgufebia (EG):
megreli, lazi, qarTveli, baleli (zemo svani) da qvemo svani:
romlebic qarTulTan (/qarTvelurTan) mimarTebiT
meoreuli qvesistemebi arian; Sesabamisad, lingvisturi
rukebis Sedgenisas qarTuli enis areali unda moicavdes im
teritorias, sadac qarTveli eri avtoqToni mosaxleobaa

19
mag., boSuri kiloebis klasifikaciisaTvis ix.:
http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/files/12_dialect_intro.shtml: One must first select
the criteria on which a classification is to be based. Sometimes dialect classification is
based strictly on geography, sometimes it is based strictly on the structural features –
lexicon, phonology, morphology – of the dialects. In the latter case, it is necessary to
select those features that are of global relevance and that can be used as a reference
grid to compare the different dialects and to determine the relationships among them.
Scholars often disagree on which features should be given greater attention as a basis
for a classification. As a result, is not unusual to find different classification models.
There is also an objective difficulty: Some dialects may share 'typical' features with
two distinct dialect branches. Such transitional dialects are part of any linguistic
landscape. It is therefore almost impossible to postulate clear-cut divisions between
Sdr., i. giperti:
dialect groups or 'branches'...
18 19
 http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/karten/kauk/kaukasm.htm:
1993-2003 wlebSi Seqmnili am rukis mixedviT Turme
qarTuli ena ar arsebobs samegreloSi, afxazeTSi, svaneTSi,
cxinvalis mxareSi20, saingiloSi, lazeTsa da istoriul
tao-klarjeTSi.
amgvari politizebuli midgomebi realobas
namdvilad ar asaxavs.
sabWoTa skolaSi miRebuli codnis inerciiT, 1999
wlamde mec viyenebdi termins "qarTveluri enebi", Tumca
garkveul uxerxulobas vgrZnobdi cnobili gamoTqmebis
("ena dedaa erisa", "ena - erovnebis ZiriTadi niSani"...) da
bevri sxva upasuxo kiTxvis gamo. rogorc samecniero
problema "qarTvelur idiomTa kvalifikacia" CvenTvis
aqtualuri gaxda 1999 wlis aprilSi, rodesac saqarTvelo
gaxda evrosabWos wevri da Cvenma qveyanam aiRo
valdebuleba, erTi wlis vadaSi moexdina evrokonvenciebis
20
saintereso "damTxvevaa": 2008 wlis agvistos omiT, cxinvalis mxareSi
rusebma ganaxorcieles qarTvelTa genocidi da am ZirZvel qarTul
mxareSi marTlac "waSales" qarTuli ena (imedi gvaqvs, droebiT).
20
ratificireba, maT Soris, "regionuli an umciresobis
enebis Sesaxeb evropuli qartia".
SegaxsenebT, rom am qartiis mizania mocemul
saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebi istoriuli (avtoqToni) eTnosis
dedaenis dacva, rac pirvel rigSi gulisxmobs avtoqToni
eTnikuri umciresobis enaze universitetisa Tu saSualo
skolis gaxsnas da saqmiswarmoebis dawyebas.
mas Semdeg 10 weli gavida, magram, aRebuli
valdebulebis miuxedavad, saqarTveloSi ver moxerxda am
"qartiis" ratificireba erTi arsebiTi mizezis gamo:
dRemde ver Camoyalibda is kriteriumebi, romelTa
safuZvelze unda moxdes saqarTvelos enobrivi situaciis
aRwera: qarTvelurenovani Tu sxvaenovani eTnosebis
dedaenisa Tu kiloebis kvalifikacia.
Sesabamisad, dResac metad aqtualuria kiTxva:
ra aris is kriteriumebi, romliTac unda kvalificirdes
qarTvelTa dedaenis, qarTveluri idiomebis da saqarTveloSi
dasaxlebuli sxva eTnosebis dedaenebis statusi?
qarTvelur sinamdvileSic ramdenime kriteriumia Se-
moTavazebuli (bgeraTSesatyvisoba, gagebineba...), magram ma-
Ti gaziareba da ganzogadeba SeuZlebelia21. qarTvelTa de-
daenisa da kiloebis Sesaxeb wina Taobebis qarTvel Tu uc-
xoel mecnierTa kvlevebis Sedegebis22 gaTvaliswinebiT, da-
saxelebul wignSi Cveni mosazreba ase Camoyalibda:
21
msjelobisaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 33-78.
22
wina Taobis mecnierebma (anton kaTalikosma, m. brosem, dimitri
yifianma, m. janaSvilma, n. marma. iv. javaxiSvilma. s. xundaZem, p. Waraiam, a.
SaniZem, arn. Ciqobavam, g. axvledianma, v. Tofuriam, q. lomTaTiZem, m.
qaldanma, g. ramiSvilma, g. maWavarianma, T. gamyreliZem, t. gudavam, b.
foCxuam, T. SaraZeniZem, a. daviTianma, i. imnaiSvilma, b. jorbenaZem, k.
daneliam, h. fenrixma, z. sarjvelaZem...) didi Rvawli gaswies. miuxedavad
sabWoTa reJimis antiqarTuli arsisa da daundoblobisa, maT saocari
moculobis samuSaoebi Caatares qarTuli samwignobro kulturisa da
qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros kvlevis TvalsazrisiT. dRes CvenTvis rom
gaiolebulia kvlevac da Tavisufali msjelobac, swored maTi didi
Rvawlis Sedegia.
21
 qarTvelTa erovnuli ena (istoriuli dedaena) -
qarTuli ena - saerToqarTvelurTan maqsimalurad axlos
myofi enaa, romelic, rogorc enobrivi sistema, moicavs
yvela qarTvelur nairsaxeobas. qarTvelTa dedaena
realizebulia erTi samwignobro eniT da aTeulobiT
kuTxuri saxesxvaobiT - dialeqtiT (qvesistemiT).
qarTvelTa dedaenis standartuli varianti - qarTuli
samwignobro ena - aris saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ena. iqve,
qarTveluri kiloebi orgvarad davajgufeT:
I. sisina da SiSina kiloebi:
A jgufi: sisina kiloebi: qarTluri, kaxuri, imeruli, leCxumuri, raWu-
li, guruli, aWaruli, maWaxluri, livanuri, imerxeuli, taouri, guru-
li, mTiulur-gudamayruli, moxeuri, xevsuruli, fSauri, TuSuri, he-
ruli, fereidnuli...
B jgufi: SiSina kiloebi: zanuri (megruli, lazuri); svanuri (balsze-
mouri, balsqvemouri, laSxuri, lentexuri, Coluruli).
II. centraluri, ganapira da saqarTvelos sazRvrebs
gareT arsebuli kiloebi (ix. qvemoT)23.
qarTvelur kiloTa gansxvavebuli klasifikaciebi.
jer mokled mimovixilavT e.w. sisina kiloebis im sak-
lasifikacio kriteriumebsa Tu izoglosebs, romlebic
SemoTavazebulia cnobili specialistebis mier; Semdeg ki
warmovadgenT qarTveluri kiloebis gandasebis kidev or
23
vrclad ix., t. futkaraZe, 2005. sakiTxisadmi Cveneuli midgoma da
warmodgenili kvalifikaciebi miuRebeli aRmoCnda pirTa erTi
jgufisaTvis (g.gogolaSvili, m.ZaZamia...), romelTac dro ar daiSures
Cveneuli midgomis "kritikisaTvis"; mag., g. gogolaSvilma xuTi wlis
manZilze xuTjer dabeWda erTi da igive teqsti; mas Tu marTla
ainteresebs kiloTa gandasebis ukeTesi kriteriumis moZebna, vin uSlis
xels? am "ucnauri", CaJinebuli gadakidebis sanacvlod dro dauTmos
ukeTesi kriteriumis Ziebas. dainteresebul pirs SeuZlia, naxos am
mcirericxovani jgufis uargumento, mecnieruli da akademiuri
oponirebisgan Sors mdgari masala da Tavad gaakeTos daskvna, Tu vis ra
aqvs dasaxuli miznad.
22
variants. winaswarve aRvniSnavT, rom dialeqturi jgufebis
konfiguraciac da raodenobac icvleba SemoTavazebuli
kriteriumis Tu izoglisis xasiaTis Sesabamisad.
1. 1920 wels akad. a. SaniZe saklasifikaciod iRebs
meore subieqturi da mesame obieqturi piris prefiqsebis
ganawilebis wess (1920, 144) da qarTuli enis kiloTa or
ZiriTad jgufs gamohyofs:
a. aRmosavluri: qarTluri, kaxuri, qiziyuri, fSauri, mTi-
ulur-gudamayruli, xevsuruli, moxeuri, TuSuri;
b. dasavluri: imeruli (zemo da qvemo), guruli, raWuli.
sando masalis arqonis gamo 1920 wels sxva qarTuli kiloe-
bi ver moxvda CamonaTvalSi.
2. 1935 wels, sxvadasxva enobrivi monacemebis mixedviT,
akad. S. ZiZigurma qarTuli enis dialeqtTa xuTi jgufi
gamohyo (1935):
a. ingilouri, fereidnuli; b. TuSuri, fSauri,
xevsuruli, moxeuri, mTiuluri, mTaraWuli; g. kaxuri,
qarTluri, mesxuri; d. zemoimeruli, qvemoraWuli,
qvemoimeruli; e. guruli, aWaruli, imerxeuli.
dasaxelebul naSromSi sustadaa argumentirebuli
zemoimerulisa da qvemoimerulis or damoukidebel
dialeqtad warmodgena. samagierod, akad. S. ZiZiguris
SromebSi naTladaa dasabuTebuli mTaraWulis calke
kilod gamoyofis aucilebloba.
vfiqrob, terminologiurad garkveul uxerxulobas
qmnis zemo raWis metyvelebis miCneva baris raWulad, Tumca
garkveuli pirobiTobiT mainc gasaziarebelia amgvari
kvalifikacia.
3. S. ZiZiguri 1975 (gv. 139) wels e.w. geografiuli
(teritoriuli) kriteriumis mixedviT dialeqtTa sam
jgufs gamoyofs:
23
a. aRmosavluri kiloebi [qarTluri, kaxur-qiziyuri,
ingilouri, xevsuruli, fSauri, TuSuri, mTiulur-
gudamayruli, fereidnuli];
b. dasavluri kiloebi [raWuli, leCxumuri, imeruli, guruli];
g. samxruli kiloebi [mesxur-javaxuri, aWaruli, imerxeuli].
4. 1957 wels a. SaniZe saklasifikacio kriteriumad
iRebs enobriv-teritoriul princips da dialeqtTa
gansxvavebul klasifikacias gvTavazobs; kerZod, gamoyofs
eqvs dialeqtur jgufs:
a. fxouri: xevsuruli, moxeuri, TuSuri (maT Semonaxuli
aqvT mravali arqauli movlena);
b. mTiuluri, fSauri (orives bevri saerTo aqvs fxour
dialeqtebTan: mTiulurs - moxeurTan, fSaurs-
xevsurulTan); am jgufis dialeqtebTan zogierT msgavsebas
avlens zemoraWuli;
g. qarTluri, mesxuri, javaxuri; kaxuri, qiziyuri;
d. dasavluri jgufi: imeruli (zemo-, Sua- da
qvemoimeruli), guruli da raWuli;
e. samxreT-dasavluri jgufi: aWaruli da imerxeuli;
v. ingilouri (a. SaniZe, 1957, gv. 828-832).
am kvalifikaciaSi dausabuTebelia fSauris gatana
fxouri kiloebis gareT (Sdr., fxovi fSavsac moiazrebs;
mag., Suafxo fSavuri sofelia!). Tumca, sxva naSromSi a. Sa-
niZes fxour kiloebSi Seaqvs fSauric (b. jorbenaZe, 1989, gv.
34).
5. isev geografiuli kriteriumis, oRond mTisa da ba-
ris mixedviT ajgufebs qarTul kiloebs akad. arn. Ciqobava;
dajgufebisas is iTvaliswinebs enobriv faqtorebsac da mis
mier qarTulad miCneuli kiloebis Semdeg konfiguracias
gvTavazobs:
a. baris kiloebi: qarTluri (mesxur-javaxuriTurT), kaxuri
(qiziyuriTa da ingilouriT), imeruli (leCxumuriT), gu-
ruli, aWaruli, imerxevuri, fereidnuli;
24
b. mTis kiloebi: xevsuruli, TuSuri, fSauri, mTiuluri
(gudamayruliTurT), moxeuri, raWuli. mTisa da nawilo-
briv baris kiloebs ukavSirdeba mozdokisa da yizlaris
qarTvelTa metyveleba (arn. Ciqobava, 1965, gv. 5-6).
aq kiTxva isev raWulTan mimarTebiT Cndeba:
ramdenad logikuria baris raWulis Setana mTis ki-
loebSi? Sdr., mTis aWaruli aq moiazreba baris kiloebSi.
6. e.w. eTnografiuli TvalsazrisiT - saqarTvelos
kuTxeebis mixedviT (oRond, samegrelos, lazeTisa da
svaneTis gamotovebiT) warmoadgenen qarTvelTa kiloebs i.
gigineiSvili, v. Tofuria da i. qavTaraZe; isini qarTuli
enis Semdeg kiloebs asaxeleben: xevsuruli, moxeuri,
mTiuluri, gudamayruli, TuSuri, fSauri, Tianuri,
yizlar-mozdokuri, kaxuri, ingilouri, fereidnuli,
qarTluri, javaxuri, mesxuri, imerxeuli, aWaruli, guruli,
imeruli, leCxumuri, raWuli (sul 20 dialeqturi
erTeuli).
"qarTuli dialeqtologiis" (1961) avtorebis (aseve,
g. nebieriZis mier; ix. qvemoT) ramdenadaa argumentirebuli
Tianurisa da fSauris CaTvla sxvadasxva dialeqtebad?
7. xmovanTkompleqsTa cvlilebis xasiaTis mixedviT g.
nebieriZe qarTuli enis dialeqtTa 6 tips gamoyofs:
a. Zveli qarTuli, gloluri, mTaraWuli; b. qarTuli
saliteraturo ena, qarTluri, kaxuri, qiziyuri, Tianuri,
zemoaWaruli; g. xevsuruli, moxeuri, mTiuluri,
gudamayruli, fSauri, ingilouri, fereidnuli; d. zemo da
Suaimeruli, leCxumuri, qvemoraWuli da imerxeuli; e.
qvemo imeruli da TuSuri; v. guruli da aWaruli (g.
nebieriZe, 1965, gv. 21).
xmovanTa transformaciis (xmovanTa regresuli
asimilaciis) mixedviT o. kaxaZem (1981, gv. 38) qarTuli enis
kiloTa 3 jgufi warmoadgina:
25
 a. gloluri, TuSuri, Rebur-Wioruli, xevsuruli,
fSauri, yizlar-mozdokuri, Tianuri, mTiulur-
gudamayruli, ingilouri, fereidnuli, mesxur-javaxuri,
imerxeuli (am dialeqtebSi sistematuri xasiaTis xmovanTa
regresuli asimilacia an ar gvxvdeba, an asimilacia moudis
erT (a) an or (a, o) xmovans; b. raWuli da leCxumuri
(romelTaTvisac damaxasiaTebelia a, o, e xmovnebis
asimilacia; g. aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis baris kiloebi:
qarTluri, kaxuri, guruli, imeruli da aWaruli (am
kiloebSi asimilacias ganicdis a, o, e, i)24.
8. 1989 wels gamoqveynebul fundamentur
gamokvlevaSi: "qarTuli dialeqtologia" akad. b. jorbenaZe
wers: "arsebuli tradiciis Sesabamisad, qarTuli enis
dialeqtebs warmovadgenT eTnikuri niSnisa da geogra-
fiuli gavrcelebulobis mixedviT" (1989, gv. 216); iqve
faqtobrivad srulyofs akad. a.SaniZis 1920 wlis
klasifikacias (qarTul/qarTvelur dialeqtebs or
ZiriTad jgufad warmoadgens):
a. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos kiloebi, sadac gamoiyofa sami
qvejgufi: 1. mTis dialeqtebi: xevsuruli, fSauri, TuSuri,
moxeuri, mTiulur-gudamayruli; 2. baris dialeqtebi:
qarTluri, kaxuri; kaxuris ganayofia ingilouri,
fereidnuli; 3. samxreT-dasavluri dialeqti - mesxur-
javaxuri.
b. dasavleT saqarTvelos kiloebi, sadac sami zona
gamoiyofa: 1. zemo zonis dialeqti - raWuli (mTaraWuli
bevri niSniT uaxlovdeba mTiulursa da moxeurs); 2. Sua
zonis dialeqtebi: imeruli, leCxumuri; 3. qvemo zonis
24
Sdr., b. jorbenaZis azriT (1988, gv. 107-108), "gaukeTebia" formaSi au >
ou > uu > u (grZeli) transformaciis mixedviT, dialeqtebi iyofa oTx
jgufad: a. xevsuruli, fSavuri, mTiuluri, qarTluri, kaxuri...
(gaukeTebs); b. mesxuri, zemoimeruli (goukeTebs); g. guruli
(goukeTebs/guukeTebs); d. aWaruli, TuSuri (guukeTebs).
26
dialeqtebi: guruli, aWaruli, imerxeuli (b. jorbenaZe,
1989, gv. 216-218)25. mogvianebiT, am msjelobis safuZvelze
dasaxelebul kiloebs g. gogolaSvili qarTuli enis
eTnikur-teritoriuli dialeqtebs uwodebs (terminisaTvis
ix., g. gogolaSvili, 2004, gv. 29). igive avtori dialeqtebis
gandasebis a. SaniZis, arn. Ciqobavas, S. ZiZigurisa da b.
jorbenaZis principebsac "eTnikur-teritoriuls"
uwodebs (2005, 129; 2007, 102).
ramdenad zustia, erTi eTnosis dedaenis dialeqtebis
gandasebis safuZvels ewodos "eTnikur-teritoriuli
principi"? ramdenad logikuria terminologiuri
Sesityvebani: "eTnikuri dialeqtebi", "eTnikur-
teritoriuli dialeqtebi?
Sdr., b. jorbenaZis mixedviT, eTnosis saxeebs: eri -
tomi - Temi Seesabameba ierarqia: erovnuli ena - kilo -
kilokavi (b. jorbenaZe, 1989, gv. 41): "eTnosis sacxovrisis
teritoriaze gavrcelebul metyvelebas, Cveulebriv,
25
b. jorbenaZis dasaxelebul naSromze miTiTebiT da b. jorbenaZis
saxeliT gansxvavebul klasifikacias aqveynebs g. gogolaSvili
(romelsac Tavisi saxeliT raime klasifikacia Tu damatebiTi
argumentebi arsad gamouqveynebia); kerZod, 2005 wels gamoqveynebul
"qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebSi (t. IX, gv. 129) da 2007 wels
gamoqveynebul "krebulSi": "qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi" (gv. 101) g.
gogolaSvili erTsa da imaves wers: TiTqosda, b. jorbenaZis mier
qarTuli enis kiloebi sam ZiriTad jgufadaa gandasebuli: I. aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos dialeqtebi; II. samxreT-dasavluri dialeqti (mesxur-
javaxuri) da III. dasavleT saqarTvelos dialeqtebi. rTuli saTqmelia, g.
gogolaSvilma sxvadasxva dros (orjer!) ra motivaciiT gamoacxada
damoukidebel jgufad b. jorbenaZis pirveli jgufis mesame qvejgufi; Sdr.:
b. jorbenaZes amgvari klasifikacia SemTxveviT ar warmoudgenia; is
sagangebod msjelobs dialeqtTa gamoyofis principebis Sesaxeb (gv. 30)
da gamoyofs sakuTriv enobriv, eTnikur da saxelmwifoebriv-politikur
kriteriumebs; ix., agreTve, b. jorbenaZe, gv. 216: "qarTuli
(qarTveluri) [xazgasma Cemia - t.f.] dialeqtebis gandaseba
SesaZloa sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT moxdes; kerZod: a) arealogiuri
TvalsazrisiT... b) lingvisturi geografiis principiT... g) eTnikur-
teritoriuli TvalsazrisiT. amjerad, arsebuli tradiciis Sesabamisad,
qarTuli enis dialeqtebs warmovadgenT eTnikuri niSnisa da geogra-
fiuli gavrcelebulobis mixedviT".
27
teritoriul dialeqts uwodeben. saqarTvelos eTnikur
kuTxeebSi (xevsureTSi, xevSi, qarTlSi, kaxeTSi, imereTSi,
guriaSi...) gavrcelebuli metyveleba am gagebiT teritoriuli
dialeqtebia, Tumca arsebiTad aq eTnikur dialeqtebTan gvaqvs
saqme, kerZod, tomobriv metyvelebasTan" (gv. 42).
jer erTi: qarTul sinamdvileSi "eri-tomi-Temi/
erovnuli ena-kilo-kilokavi" ierarqiebSi sad moiazreba
megreli da megruli? mag., svanebi eria Tu tomi? Tu tomia,
pativcemuli mkvlevari ratom ar uwodebs svanur
metyvelebas kilos? Sdr., zogis azriT, svanuri tomobrivi ena.
meorec: ramdenadac ethnik(os) fuZe miemarTeba eTnoss,
ers (erovnebis), ramdenad zustia, mag., imereTis mimarT
gamoTqma: "eTnikuri kuTxe"?
me did pativs vcem wina Taobebis Cvens didebul
mkvlevrebs, vinc didZali masala moipoves, gaaanalizes da
STambeWdavi saazrovno veli Segviqmnes, magram ver
gaviziarebT debulebas, rom, mag., erT-erTi qarTuli
(qarTveluri) teritoriuli dialeqti - Tanamedrove
imeruli kilo - aris "tomobrivi eTnosis metyveleba".
Tanamedrove samecniero velSi eris, rogorc awmyos
kategoriis, Semadgenel nawilad namdvilad ar ganixileba
tomi26. Sdr., eTnologTa kvalifikaciiT, tomi aris
eTnosis27 arsebobis ukulturo periodis saxeoba, anu
civilizebuli eris winare saxe.
26
msjelobisaTvis ix., r. TofCiSvili, 2008, gv. 48.
27
Sdr., eTnosis cnebis Sesaxeb b. jorbenaZis msjeloba: eTnosi - enis,
teritoriis, ekonomikisa da fsiqikuri (sulieri) wyobis saerTooba.
eTnosis umaRlesi saxea eri. martivi saxeoba ki Temuri erTianobaa. maT
Soris tomobrivi gaerTianebaa. swored es ukanasknelia, qarTvel erSi
qarTlur, kaxur, xevsurul, TuSur, imerul, gurul, aWarul, mesxur,
javaxur... eTnosad rom gamoiyofa". eris niSania ena, xolo tomobrivi
eTnosis metyveleba aris am enis nairsaxeoba (1989, gv. 29); am msjelobidan
gamomdinareobs dialeqtis erT-erTi miseuli kvalifikaciac:
"dialeqti unda ganimartos, rogorc ama Tu im enis metyvelebrivi
nairsaxeoba, gavrcelebuli garkveul teritoriaze an eTnikur,
28
Cemi azriT, aseve sakamaToa, rom eris (eTnosis)
dedaenis teritoriul variantebs dRes vuwodoT
tomobrivi nairsaxeobani an eTnikuri kiloebi,
ramdenadac, mag., imereTis Tu samegrelos mkvidri
mosaxleoba qarTuli eTnosis nawilia da ara -
damoukidebeli eTnosi. Sesabamisad, ufro zusti iqneba,
Tuki terminologiuri Sesityvebebis: "eTnikur-
teritoriul principi", "eTnikur-teritoriuli
dialeqtebi" nacvlad gamoviyenebT saerTaSoriso velSi
damkvidrebul variantebs: dialeqtTa klasifikaciis
"teritoriuli principi", "teritoriuli dialeqtebi".
qarTveluri idiomebis gandasebisas CvenTvis
amosavalia ierarqia: eri/erovneba/eTnosi - Temi (eTnosis
nawili - teritoriuli Tu socialuri principiT gaerTianebuli
Tamanedrove sazogadoeba) da dedaena - dialeqti (dedaenis
saxesxvaoba/kilo). Cvens SemTxvevaSi: qarTveli eris erovnuli
enaa, dedaenaa qarTuli (anu qarTveluri ena), xolo
qarTvelTa dedaenis teritoriuli saxesxvaobebia
(kiloebia) qarTvelTa saSinao metyvelebani, romelTa
saxeldeba da klasifikacia gansxvavebulad SeiZleba moxdes.
rogorc Tavidanve aRiniSna, saklasifikacio erTeulis
Sesabamisad, sxvadasxvagvarad dajgufdeba yvela enis
kiloebi; SemogTavazebT qarTvelur dialeqtTa dajgufebis
sam Cveneul variants:
I. qarTvelur dialeqtTa dajgufeba e.w. centri-
periferiis principiT. es principi, pirvel rigSi,
gulisxmobs mocemuli idiomis fonematuri,
socialur, profesiul, asakobriv jgufSi. amis mixedviT gvaqvs
teritoriuli, eTnikuri, socialuri, profesiuli dialeqtebi" b.
jorbenaZe, 1989, gv. 8). Cveni azriT, ufro zusti iqneboda warmodgenili
definicia, rom amogveRo erTi sityva - eTnikuri. Sdr., iqve: b. jorbenaZe ,
1089, gv. 36: "enaTmecnieruli TvalsazrisiT megrul-Wanuri da svanuri
qarTulis moZme enebia, magram eTnikur-politikuri TvalsazrisiT maT
igive statusi aqvT, rac dialeqtebs..."
29
morfologiuri, sintaqsuri da semantikuri struqturebis
siaxlove-siSores samwignobro enis monacemebTan. aq aseve
mokled aRvniSnavT, rom xalxur metyvelebaze qveynis
kulturul-politikuri centris enobrivi "wnexis" sidide
arsebiTad gansazRvravs standartuli da dialeqturi
kodebis urTierTzemoqmedebis xarisxs: samwignobro enas
ufro Sordeba kulturul-politikur centrTan Sors
mcxovrebi farTo sazogadoebis metyveleba (da ara -
kulturuli Tu politikuri elitisa)28. centri-
periferiis principis mixedviT, qarTvelTa dedaenas
standartuli variantis garda aqvs Semdegi kiloebi:
a. centraluri kiloebi: kaxuri, qarTluri, imeruli, leCxumuri,
guruli.
b.ganapira kiloebi: mesxuri kiloebi: aWaruli, livanuri, maWax-
luri, imerxeuli, taouri29, samcxuri, javaxuri;
heruli kiloebi: kakuri, aliabaTuri;
fxovuri kiloebi: CaRmaTuSuri, fSavuri, xevsuruli, moxeuri,
mTiulur-gudamayruli; aqve, "asocirebul" dialeqtad Sei-
Zleba ganvixiloT wovaTuSuric, romelic Seicavs rogorc
CeCnur-inguSuris, aseve, qarTulis msgavs fenebs;
raWuli kiloebi: barisraWuli, mTaraWuli;
svanuri kiloebi: laSxuri, lentexuri, Coluruli, balsqvemou-
ri, balszemouri;
zanuri kiloebi: megruli, lazuri (xofuri, viwur-arqabuli, aTinuri).
g.saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriis gareT arsebuli
qarTvelTa kiloebi: fereidnuli, "Cveneburebis qarTuli"
(bursa-inegolSi, adafazar-izmiTSi, gonensa da mcxovreb
muhajirTa metyveleba) da yizlar-mozdokur-plastunkuri
qarTuli30.
28
ufro vrceli msjeloba gvaqvs wignSi: "qarTveluri dialeqtologia"
(Tanaavtori - e. dadiani); wigni didi moculobisaa, amitom misi dabeWdva
dagvianda usaxsrobis gamo.
29
Sdr., prof. i. koriakovi taours ratomRac mkvdar kilod Tvlis.
30
Sdr., g.gogolaSvilis azriT, yizlar-mozdokuri aRar arsebobs da
amitom gaumarTlebelia misi Setana CamonaTvalSi (2007, gv. 105). Sdr., m.
naWyebias klasifikacia: a) qarTveluri enis zanuri jgufi (dialeqtebi):
30
II. qarTvelur dialeqtTa dajgufeba au > ou > uu/u
transformaciis mixedviT:
a. pirveli safexuri (au): qarTluri kaxuri, fSauri,
xevsuruli, mTiulur-gudamayruli, mTaraWuli;
b. meore safexuri (ou): fereidnuli, ingilouri 31,
moxeuri, mesxur-javaxuri 32;
g. paralelurad meore da mesame safexuri (ou/uu):
baris raWuli, imeruli, guruli;
d. mesame safexuri (uu/u): aWaruli, imerxeuli,
livanuri, maWaxluri, taouri, megruli, lazuri,
svanuri 33.
III. dialeqtTa dajgufeba e.w IV seriis mixedviT:
qarTvelur qvesistemebSi damoukidebel uRvlilebis
erTeulebad gamoyofilia e.w. IV seriis formebi - na-/no-
prefiqsiani zmnuri yalibebi34; kerZod, amgvari mwkrivebi
megruli, Wanuri. b) qarTveluri enis svanuri jgufi (dialeqtebi):
balszemouri, balsqvemouri, lentexuri, laSxuri, Coluruli. g)
qarTveluri enis dasavluri jgufi (dialeqtebi): raWul-leCxumuri,
guruli, imeruli, aWaruli. d) qarTveluri enis aRmosavluri jgufi
(dialeqtebi): qarTlur-kaxuri, qarTlurTan axlos dgas mesxur-javaxuri
(samcxur-javaxuri), kaxurTan - qiziyuri. e) qarTveluri enis fxovuri
jgufi (dialeqtebi): xevsuruli, moxeuri, TuSuri, fSauri, mTiuluri
(gudamayruliTurT)" (m. naWyebia, 2004, gv. 68). danarCeni dialeqtebis
Sesaxeb mkvlevari iqve SeniSnavs: "Tanamedrove saqarTvelos gareT
arsebuli dialeqtebi - ingilouri (azerbaijanSi), imerxeuli (TurqeTSi)
da fereidnuli (iranSi) enobrivi siaxlovisda mixedviT gadanawildeba
Sesabamis jgufebSi, an "garkveuli" principiT SeiZleba calke jgufad
iqnes gamoyofili".
31
v. kuzibabaSvili, 1997.
32
adreul gamokvlevebSi au > ou > uu/u procesi miCneuli iyo qarTuli
enis dasavlur da aRmosavlur kiloTa gasamijn kriteriumad.
33
vrclad ix.: o.kaxaZe, 1981; b. jorbenaZe, 1995, gv. 317-333; t. futkaraZe,
1998.
34
aRniSnuli zmnuri formebis kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb ix.: i. yifSiZe, 1914,
gv. 089; arn. Ciqobava, 1936, gv.146; v. Tofuria, 1967, gv. 130-136 (v.
Tofuria maT I seriaSi aerTianebs; S. ZiZiguri, 1938, gv. 129-130; m.
alaviZe, 1941, gv. 234; o. kaxaZe, 1954, gv. 173-174; g. rogava, 1953; q.
ZoweniZe, 1973, gv. 91-92; z. WumburiZe, 1986; a. oniani, 1998.
31
gvaqvs: megrulSi, imerulSi, leCxumurSi, raWulSi da
svanuri kiloebSi. Cveni azriT, es zmnuri yalibebi
saerToqarTveluri warmomavlobisaa (da ara sakuTriv
megrulisa, romlis gavlenadac iyo miCneuli imeruli
formebic); amosavalia na- prefiqsiani warmoeba.
zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, qarTveluri kiloebi
or jgufad gandasdeba:
a.. megruli, imeruli, leCxumuri, raWuli, svanuri
(balszemouri, balsqvemouri, lentexuri, laSxuri...);
b. lazuri, aWaruli, guruli, imerxeuli, taouri, samcxur-
javaxuri, qarTluri, kaxuri, TuSuri, ingilouri,
fereidnuli da sxv.
damowmebuli literatura
gr. beriZe, qarTuli enis javaxuri kilo, Tb., 1988.
T. beraZe, termini, Temi, saq. ssr mecn. akad. moambe, 81,
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T. gamyreliZe, z. kiknaZe, i.Saduri, n. Sengelaia, Teoriuli
enaTmecnierebis kursi, Tb., 2003.
i. gigineiSvili, v. Tofuria, i. qavTaraZe, qarTuli dialeqtolo-
gia, I, Tb., 1961.
T. gvancelaZe, enaTa genealogiuri klasifikaciis ZiriTadi kri-
teriumebi da qarTveluri enobrivi samyaro: qarTveluri
memkvidreoba, t. VII, quTaisi, 2003
T. gvancelaZe, aris Tu ara gagebineba enis dialeqtisagan gamijvnis
kriteriumi? enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, #1, Tb., 2004.
T. gvancelaZe, qarTveluri enebi Tu qarTveluri dialeqtebi?
wignSi: t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, I nawili, quTaisi, 2005.
T. gvancelaZe, enisa da dialeqtis sakiTxi qarTvelologiaSi, Tb.,
2006.
g. gogolaSvili, svanuri enis dialeqturi dayofisaTvis: saenaT-
mecniero Ziebani, XVI, Tb., 2004.
g. gogolaSvili, dialeqtTa gandasebisaTvis qarTulSi: arn. Ciqo-
bavas sakiTxavebi, XV, Tb., 2004.
32
g. gogolaSvili, qarTuli enis dialeqturi danawevrebisa da di-
aleqtTa gandasebis sakiTxisaTvis: qarTvelur enaTa struq-
turis sakiTxebi, IX, Tb., 2005.
r. gujejiani, qarTvel mTielTa mentalobis istoriidan, Tb., 2008.
l. ezugbaia, pirveli subieqturi piris alomorfebi lazurSi:
qarTvelologiuri krebuli, #4, Tb., 2005.
v. Tofuria, Sromebi, t .I, (zmna), Tb., 1967.
v. Tofuria, gardamavali dialeqtis sakiTxisaTvis svanurSi ki-
loebis monacemTa mixedviT: Tsu Sromebi, t. 14, 1965; Sromebi,
II, Tb., 2002.
v. Tofuria, svanuri dialeqtebi da maTi Taviseburebani: Sromebi,
II, Tb., 2000.
r. TofCiSvili, saqarTvelos eTnologia, Tb., 2008.
gr. imnaiSvili, qarTuli enis ingilouri dialeqtis Tavisebure-
bani, Tb., 1966.
o. kaxaZe, xmovanTa asimilaciis zogierTi sakiTxis Taobaze qarT-
velur enebSi: ike-s weliwdeuli, t. XVIII, Tb., 1981.
v. kuzibabaSvili, xmovanTa sistema ingilourSi: macne (ena-
literaturis seria), #4, Tb., 1991.
v. kuzibabaSvili, t. futkaraZe, mesxur da herul dialeqtTa ad-
gilisaTvis qarTvelur sametyvelo kodTa sistemaSi: javaxeTi,
istoria da Tanamedroveoba, I, axalcixe, 2002.
a. martirosovi, javaxuris mesxurTan mimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis:
a.puSkinis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo ped. institutis Srome-
bi, VIII, Tb., 1950.
a. martirosovi, qarTuli enis javaxuri dialeqti, Tb., 1984.
a. martirosovi, qarTuli dialeqtologiis istoriisaTvis, Tb.,
1972.
m. naWyebia, megrulisa da lazuris urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi-
saTvis: qarTvelologiuri krebuli, IV, 2005.
a. oniani, ena da dialeqti (qarTveluri dialeqtebi Tu qarTve-
luri enebi?); enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, #1, 2003.
a. oniani, isev qarTveluri enebisa da dialeqtebis Sesaxeb; enaT-
mecnierebis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2003.
g. ramiSvili, dedaenis Teoria, Tb., 2000.
m. tabiZe, enobrivi variantebis kvlevis sakiTxisaTvis: qarTveluri
memkvidreoba, VII, quTaisi, 2003.
33
m. faRava, qarTuli enis samxruli kiloebis fonematuri struq-
tura, avtoreferati, 2004.
t. futkaraZe, xmovanTkompleqsTa transformaciisaTvis qarTul-
Si: saenaTmecniero Ziebani, VIII, 1999.
t. futkaraZe, qarTvelTa dialeqtebis dajgufebisaTvis: arn. Ci-
qobavas sakiTxavebi, XII, masalebi, Tb., 2001.
t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, zogadqarTuli samwignobro ena da
qarTvelTa dialeqtebi (istoriuli mimoxilva): qarTveluri
memkvidreoba, VI, quTaisi, 2002.
t. futkaraZe, monaTesave enobriv erTeulTa kvalifikaciis sakiT-
xisaTvis Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi (ena da kilo): qarTveluri
memkvidreoba, VII, quTaisi, 2003.
t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, nawili I, qristianobamdeli epoqa, qu-
Taisi, 2005.
t. futkaraZe, saTave da perspeqtiva qarTuli samwignobro enisa,
Tb., 2006.
t. futkaraZe, evropuli qartia regionuli an umciresobis
enebis Sesaxeb" da saqarTveloSi enobrivi politikis da-
gegmvis sakiTxi, qarTvelologiuri seria, V, Tb., 2009.
S. futkaraZe, Cveneburebis qarTuli, baTumi, 1993.
S. futkaraZe, qarTuli enis samxrul-dasavluri dialeqtebis Ta-
viseburebani istoriuli tao-klarjeTisa da muhajiri qarT-
velebis metyvelebis mixedviT, sadoqtoro disertacia, Tb.,
1995.
qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi, arn. Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis
instituti, "Volkswagen-Stiftung”-is proeqti "enobrivi situa-
cia Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi”, Tb., 2007.
m. qurdiani, saerToqarTveluri ena da misi diferenciaciis Tana-
mimdevrobis problema: qarTveluri memkvidreoba, I, quTaisi,
1999.
S. ZiZiguri, qarTuli enis mTaraWuli dialeqtis ZiriTadi Tavi-
seburebani: enimkis moambe, II1, 1937.
S. ZiZiguri, mesxuri dialeqtis aRweriTi analizi: enimki-s moambe,
X, Tb., 1941.
S. ZiZiguri, xmovanTa kompleqsebis fonetikur procesTa saerTo
safuZveli qarTul kiloebsa da zanurSi: ike, I, Tb., 1946.
S. ZiZiguri, qarTuli dialeqtologiuri Ziebani, Tb., 1970.
S. ZiZiguri, saenaTmecniero saubrebi, Tb., 1975.
34
q. ZoweniZe, zemoimeuli kilokavi, Tb., 1973.
a. SaniZe, umlauti svanurSi: kreb. "arili", tf., 1925: a. SaniZe,
Txz., t. II, Tb., 1981.
a. SaniZe, subieqturi prefiqsi meore pirisa da obieqturi pre-
fiqsi mesame pirisa qarTul zmnebSi (1920 w.): Txz., t. II, Tb.,
1981.
arn. Ciqobava, Wanuris gramatikuli analizi, tf., 1936.
arn. Ciqobava, iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa Seswavlis istoria, Tb.,
1965.
st. Cxenkeli, yizlar-mozdokuri qarTuli: tfilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis Sromebi, V, tf., 1936.
p. Waraia, megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1997.
b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli enis dialeqturi dayofis sakiTxisaTvis
lingvisturi geografiis monacemebis mixedviT, ike-s
weliwdeuli, Tb., 1988.
b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, I, Tb., 1989.
b. jorbenaZe, qarTvelur enaTa dialeqtebi, Tb., 1995.
Ш. Дзидзигури, Опыт классификации диалектов грузинского языка,
Тезисы на степень кандидата наук). Академия наук Союза ССР,
1935.
И. Кипшидзе, Грамматика мингрельского (иверского) языка с
хрестоматией и словарем, С.П., 1914: i. yifSiZe, rCeuli Txzu-
lebani, Tb., 1994.
А. Кизириа, Занский язык, Языки народов СССР, VI, М., 1967.
Г. Небиеридзе, фонологический анализ вокализма грузинского языка,
Автореферат канд. диссертасии, Тб., 1965.
А. Шанидзе, Принципы классификасии грузинских диалектов, Труды
объeдиненной научной сессий Академии наук СССР и Академии
наук закавказских республик по обшественным наукам (29 марта –
2 апреля 1954 г.).
G. Rosen, Ossetishe Sprachehre nebst einer Abhandlung Uber das Mingre-
lishe, Suanishe und Abchasishe, Berlin, 1846.
M. brosse, De la langue georgienne,1834.
R. Erckert, Die Scprachen des Kaukasischen Stammes, Wien, 1895.
35

tariel futkaraZe
qarTveluri dialeqtebis klasifikaciis
kriteriumebisaTvis35
qarTvelebs erTi dedaena da or aTeulze meti dialeqti
gvaqvs. kvlevis procesSi dialeqtologebi sxvadasxva kriteriumis
mixedviT axdenen idiomTa kvalifikaciasa da klasifikacias. sak-
lasifikacio kriteriumebis Tu izoglosebis Sesabamisad, SeiZle-
ba Seicvalos dialeqturi jgufebis konfiguraciac da raodeno-
bac; mag., akad. a. SaniZe saklasifikaciod iRebs meore subieqturi
da mesame obieqturi piris prefiqsebis ganawilebis wess (1920,
144) da qarTuli enis kiloTa 2 ZiriTad jgufs gamohyofs:
I. aRmosavluri: qarTluri, kaxuri, qiziyuri, fSauri,
mTiulur-gudamayruli, xevsuruli, moxeuri, TuSuri; II. dasa-
vluri: imeruli (zemo da qvemo), guruli, raWuli. sando masalis
arqonis gamo 1920 wels sxva qarTuli kiloebi ver moxvda CamonaT-
valSi.
mogvianebiT (1954), "ZiriTad lingvistur maxasiTebelTa"
mixedviT, a. SaniZe dialeqtTa gansxvavebul klasifikacias gvTava-
zobs; kerZod, gamoyofs eqvs dialeqtur jgufs:
1. fxouri: xevsuruli, moxeuri, TuSuri (maT Semonaxuli aqvT
mravali arqauli sityva da forma); Sdr., a.SaniZe, 1915:
"xevsuruli, moxeuri, TuSuri da fSauri erT viwro jgufs
Seadgens, romelsac, istoriul-eTnografiuli mosazrebis gamo,
me fxours vuwodeb").
2. mTiuluri, fSauri (orives bevri saerTo aqvs fxour
dialeqtebTan: mTiulurs - moxeurTan, fSaurs-xevsurulTan,
magram ganviTarebis axlandel etapze SesamCnevad gansxvavdebian
maTgan); am jgufis dialeqtebTan zogierT msgavsebas avlens
zemoraWuli;
3. qarTluri, mesxuri, javaxuri; kaxuri, qiziyuri;
35
maia manjgalaZisadmi gagzavnili moxsenebis mokle Sinaarsi (vrceli
Tezisebi).
36
4. dasavluri jgufi: zemo-, Sua- da qvemoimeruli, guruli da
raWuli;
5. samxreT-dasavluri jgufi: aWaruli da imerxeuli;
6. ingilouri... Sdr.:
ufro adre, 1935 wels, sxvadasxva enobrivi monacemebis
mixedviT akad. S. ZiZigurma qarTuli enis dialeqtTa 5 jgufi
gamohyo: 1. ingilouri, fereidnuli; 2. TuSuri, fSauri,
xevsuruli, moxeuri, mTiuluri, mTaraWuli; 3. kaxuri,
qarTluri, mesxuri; 4. zemoimeruli, qvemoraWuli, qvemoimeruli;
5. guruli, aWaruli, imerxeuli (S. ZiZiguri, 1935).
igive S. ZiZiguri 1975 wels e.w. geografiuli
(teritoriuli) kriteriumis mixedviT dialeqtTa sam jgufs
gamoyofs: 1. aRmosavluri kiloebi [qarTluri, kaxur-qiziyuri,
ingilouri, xevsuruli, fSauri, TuSuri, mTiulur-
gudamayruli, fereidnuli]; 2. dasavluri kiloebi [raWuli,
leCxumuri, imeruli, guruli]; 3. samxruli kiloebi [mesxur-
javaxuri, aWaruli, imerxeuli] (S. ZiZiguri, 1975, (gv. 139).
isev geografiul kriteriumis, oRond mTisa da baris mixed-
viT ajgufebs qarTul kiloebs akad. arn. Ciqobava; dajgufebisas
is iTvaliswinebs enobriv faqtorebsac da mis mier qarTulad miC-
neuli kiloebis Semdeg konfiguracias gvTavazobs:
I. baris kiloebi: saliteraturo qarTuli enis sayrdeni di-
aleqti - qarTluri (mesxur-javaxuriTurT), kaxuri (qiziyuriTa
da ingilouriT), imeruli (leCxumuriT), guruli, aWaruli, im-
erxevuri, fereidnuli;
II. mTis kiloebi: xevsuruli, TuSuri, fSauri, mTiuluri
(gudamayruliTurT), moxeuri, raWuli. mTisa da nawilobriv ba-
ris kiloebs ukavSirdeba mozdokisa da yizlaris qarTvelTa mety-
veleba (arn. Ciqobava, 1965, gv. 5-6).
e.w. eTnografiuli TvalsazrisiT - saqarTvelos kuTxeebis
mixedviT (oRond, samegrelos, lazeTisa da svaneTis gamotovebiT)
warmoadgenen qarTvelTa kiloebs i. gigineiSvili, v. Tofuria da
i. qavTaraZe; isini qarTuli enis Semdeg kiloebs asaxeleben:
xevsuruli, moxeuri, mTiuluri, gudamayruli, TuSuri, fSauri,
Tianuri, yizlar-mozdokuri, kaxuri, ingilouri, fereidnuli,
37
qarTluri, javaxuri, mesxuri, imerxeuli, aWaruli, guruli,
imeruli, leCxumuri, raWuli (sul 20 dialeqturi erTeuli).
xmovanTkompleqsTa cvlilebis xasiaTis mixedviT g.
nebieriZe qarTuli enis dialeqtTa 6 tips gamoyofs: 1. Zveli
qarTuli, gloluri, mTaraWuli; 2. qarTuli saliteraturo ena,
qarTluri, kaxuri, qiziyuri, Tianuri, zemoaWaruli; 3.
xevsuruli, moxeuri, mTiuluri, gudamayruli, fSauri,
ingilouri, fereidnuli; 4. zemo da Suaimeruli, leCxumuri,
qvemoraWuli da imerxeuli; 5. qvemo imeruli da TuSuri; 6.
guruli da aWaruli (g. nebieriZe, 1965, gv. 21).
imave xmovanTa transformaciis (xmovanTa regresuli
asimilaciis) mixedviT o. kaxaZem (1981, gv. 38) qarTuli enis
kiloTa 3 jgufi warmoadgina: 1. jgufi: gloluri, TuSuri,
Rebur-Wioruli, xevsuruli, fSauri, yizlar-mozdokuri,
Tianuri, mTiulur-gudamayruli, ingilouri, fereidnuli,
mesxur-javaxuri, imerxeuli (am dialeqtebSi sistematuri
xasiaTis xmovanTa regresuli asimilacia an ar gvxvdeba, an
asimilacia moudis erT (a) an or (a, o) xmovans; 2. jgufi: raWuli
da leCxumuri (romelTaTvisac damaxasiaTebelia a, o, e xmovnebis
asimilacia; 3. jgufi: aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis baris
kiloebi: qarTluri, kaxuri, guruli, imeruli da aWaruli (am
kiloebSi asimilacias ganicdis a, o, e, i).
1989 wels gamoqveynebul fundamentur gamokvlevaSi:
"qarTuli dialeqtologia" akad. b. jorbenaZe "eTnikuri niSnisa
da geografiuli gavrcelebulobis mixedviT" qarTuli enis dia-
leqtebs or jgufad warmoadgens (1989, gv. 216-218):
I. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos kiloebi, sadac gamoiyofa sami
qvejgufi: a) mTis dialeqtebi: xevsuruli, fSauri, TuSuri,
moxeuri, mTiulur-gudamayruli; b) baris dialeqtebi:
qarTluri, kaxuri; kaxuris ganayofia ingilouri, fereidnuli; g)
samxreT-dasavluri dialeqti - mesxur-javaxuri.
II. dasavleT saqarTvelos kiloebi, sadac sami zona
gamoiyofa: a) zemo zonis dialeqti - raWuli (mTaraWuli bevri
niSniT uaxlovdeba mTiulursa da moxeurs); b) Sua zonis
dialeqtebi: imeruli, leCxumuri; g) qvemo zonis dialeqtebi:
guruli, aWaruli, imerxeuli.
38
b. jorbenaZis dasaxelebul naSromze miTiTebiT da b.
jorbenaZis saxeliT gansxvavebul klasifikacias aqveynebs g.
gogolaSvili (romelsac Tavisi saxeliT raime klasifikacia Tu
damatebiTi argumentebi arsad gamouqveynebia); kerZod, 2005 wels
gamoqveynebul "qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebSi (t. IX,
gv. 129) da 2007 wels gamoqveynebul "krebulSi": "qarTveluri
enebi da dialeqtebi" (gv. 101) g. gogolaSvili erTsa da imaves
wers: TiTqosda, b. jorbenaZis mier qarTuli enis kiloebi sam
ZiriTad jgufadaa gandasebuli: I. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
dialeqtebi; II. samxreT-dasavluri dialeqti (mesxur-javaxuri) da
III. dasavleT saqarTvelos dialeqtebi.
rTuli saTqmelia, g. gogolaSvilma sxvadasxva dros
(orjer!) ra motivaciiT gamoacxada damoukidebel jgufad b.
jorbenaZis pirveli jgufis mesame qvejgufi. g. gogolaSvilisve
azriT, a. SaniZis, arn. Ciqobavas, S. ZiZigurisa da b. jorbenaZis mier
qarTuli enis eTnikur-teritoriuli dialeqtebis
(terminisaTvis ix., b. jorbenaZe, 1989, gv. 29, 40; g. gogolaSvili,
2004, gv. 29) "gandaseba" xdeba "eTnikur-teritoriuli
principiT" (2005, gv. 129; 2007, 102); arc es azria sinamdvilis
adekvaturi.
mocemuli yvela klasifikacia garkveulwilad pirobiTi da
metnaklebad sakamaToa; mag., daismeba kiTxvebi:
- a. SaniZes fSauri kilo zogjer ratom (ar) Seaqvs fxour
kiloebSi?
- mkvlevarTa mier ramdenadaa argumentirebuli zemoimerulisa da
qvemoimerulis warmodgena or damoukidebel dialeqtad?
- arn. Ciqobavam ratom miiCnia javaxuri metyveleba qarTluri
kilos nawilad?
- S. ZiZiguris mier zemo raWis metyveleba ratom iTvleba baris
raWulad?
- "qarTuli dialeqtologiis" (1961) avtorebisa Tu g. nebieriZis
mier ramdenadaa argumentirebuli Tianurisa da fSauris CaTvla
sxvadasxva dialeqtebad?
- ramdenad adekvaturia: e.w. "eTnikur-teritoriuli principi" da
terminebi: "eTnikuri dialeqti"? "eTnikur-teritoriuli
dialeqti? da sxv.
39
 problemuri kiTxvebis analizis Semdeg moxsenebaSi
qarTveluri qvesistemebi dajgufdeba: eka dadiani
1. e.w. centri-periferiis principiT, romelic, pirvel
rigSi, gulisxmobs mocemuli idiomis fonematuri, kidev erTxel qarTvelur ena-kiloTa
morfologiuri, sintaqsuri da semantikuri struqturebis dajgufebis Sesaxeb
siaxlove-siSores samwignobro enis monacemebTan: erovnuli
enis standartul saxesxvaobas miT ufro Sordeba mocemuli qarTvelTa enobrivi samyaros Sedgenilobis Sesaxeb
kuTxuri (/saSinao) metyveleba, rac ufro Sorsaa am kiloze specialur literaturaSi arsebuli mosazrebebi or
metyveli farTo sazogadoeba kulturul-politikuri ZiriTad jgufad SeiZleba davyoT:
centrisgan. a) erTi ena, aTeulobiT dialeqti: qarTuli
2. erovnuli enis qvesistemebSi warmodgenili sametyvelo (qarTveluri) enobrivi samyaro, iseve rogorc qarTveli
bgerebis refleqsebis mixedviT.
eri, erTiania; qarTvelTa erovnuli ena - qarTuli ena
warmoadgens erTian sistemas, romelic qvesistemebis saxiT
3. erovnuli enis qvesistemebSi warmodgenili e.w. IV seriis
moicavs qarTul saliteraturo enasa da calkeul kuTxeTa
mwkrivebis mixedviT.
metyvelebebs/dialeqtebs, maT Soris megrul-lazur da
svanur kiloebs. qarTvelTa erTi enis Teoria
safuZvels iRebs saistorio qarTuli mwerlobidan
("qarTlis cxovreba"); qarTvelTa erT enas asaxeleben Zveli
Tu axali Taobis mkvlevrebi: i. giuldenStedti, fr. alteri, m.
brose, r. erkerti... p. Waraia, s. xundaZe... t. futkaraZe, T.
gvancelaZe, m. tabiZe, r. Serozia, m. naWyebia...).
b) ramdenime ena, aTeulobiT dialeqti:
qarTveluri enobrivi samyaro Sedgeba sami/oTxi enisgan:
qarTuli, megruli/lazuri, svanuri. TiToeuli maTgani
warmoadgens calke enobriv sistemas, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
Sedgeba qvesistemebisagan/dialeqtebisagan. maTgan
damwerloba sakuTriv "qarTuls" aqvs, megrul-lazur-
svanuri ki "umwerlobo qarTveluri enebia". es mosazreba
saTaves iRebs XIX saukunis meore naxevridan, gabatonebuli
iyo sabWoTa periodSi da dRes mas iziarebs enaTmecnierTa
arcTu mcire nawili.
monaTesave enobriv erTeulTa dajgufeba sxvadasxva
kriteriumis mixedviT xdeba (istoriul-eTnografiuli,
geografiuli, lingvisturi, centri-periferiis principiT
da sxv.).
zogadad, ena-dialeqtis mimarTebis sakiTxi sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi sxvadasxvagvarad aris gadawyvetili, kerZod, ama
Tu im saxelmwifos interesebidan gamomdinare, sxvadasxva

40 41
kriteriumis (eTnokulturuli, saxelmwifoebriv- saenaTmecniero literaturaSi zogadadaa aRniSnuli
politikuri, lingvisturi, religiuri...) gaTvaliswinebiT. qarTvelur ena-kiloTa Soris arsebuli msgavseba-
qarTvel mkvlevarTa nawili qarTvelur ena-kiloTa gansxvavebani.
kvalifikaciisas ZiriTadad lingvistur princips aniWebs qarTvelur ena-kiloebis erTgvarovani enobrivi
upiratesobas. maTi azriT, megrul-Wanur-svanuri movlenebi adridanve iqcevda qarTvelolologTa
metyvelebebi lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT aris enebi, yuradRebas; bevri enobrivi faqti gaanalizebulia
sociolingvisturad anu socialuri statusis mixedviT ki p.Waraias, arn.Ciqobavas, v.Tofurias, S.ZiZiguris, g.rogavas,
dialeqtebia36. lingvistur kriteriumebad asaxeleben a.kizirias, o.kaxaZis, b.jorbenaZis da sxvaTa naSromebSi.
bgeraTSesatyvisobas37 da gagebinebas38. warmodgenil naSromSi SevecdebiT konkretuli masa-
lingvistur kriteriumad samarTlianad ganixileba lis analizis safuZvelze (samecniero gamokvlevebze
"sistemurobis principi". sakiTxisadmi midgoma aqac dayrdnobiT) SedarebiT vrclad ganvixiloT qarTveluri
gansxvavebulia: mkvlevarTa nawilis azriT, qarTvelur ena- ena-kiloebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi enobrivi
niSnebi da vaCvenoT, Tu ra donis msgavseba-gansxvavebTan
kiloTa enobrivi sistema ZiriTadad msgavsia/erTiania
(t.futkaraZe, 2003, gv.206; 2005, gv. 66-67; r.Serozia, 2007, gvaqvs saqme; kerZod: qarTveluri idiomebi ufro
gv.390-392); meore nawili ki amtkicebs, qarTuli, megruli- damoukidebeli enobrivi sistemebia Tu saerTo
lazuri da svanuri, rogorc enobrivi sistemebi, erTi enobrivi sistemis qvesistemebi/variantebi?40.
principul sxvaobebs warmoaCenen (k.gabunia, 2004).
Tavidanve aRvniSnavT: iseve rogorc sxva kriteriumebi, I. qarTvelur ena-kiloTa fonematuri struqtura
Tanamedrove qarTveluri idiomebi fonemaTa
sistemurobis principic ar aris universaluri, vinaidan
raodenobisa da maTi paradigmatuli mimarTebis
"enis" statusis mqone yvela kontinuums erTnairad ver
miesadageba (mag., sistemuri erTgvaroba aqvs moldavursa da TvalsazrisiT arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba saerTo-
ruminuls, magram dRemde enebad iwodeba). qarTvelurisa da samwignobro qarTulisagan.
amdenad, dRemde cnobili arc erTi e.w. "lingvisturi warmodgenilia yvela is fonema (xmovani, Tanxmovani),
romelic istoriulad saliteraturo qarTul enas
kriteriumi" ar aris universaluri39, magram, Cveni azriT, axasiaTebda41:
yvelaze ufro sainteresoa da, Sesabamisad, met msjelobas xmovnebi: a e o i u (i da u sonanturi bunebis bgerebia).
moiTxovs e.w. "sistemurobis kriteriumi", vinaidan qarTul Tanxmovnebi: xSulebi: b, f, p; d, T, t; g, q, k; B, y. afrikatebi: Z, c,
w; j, C, W. napralovnebi: z, s; J, S; R, x; h. sonorebi: v, m, n, r, l.
36
n.mari, 1905; b.jorbenaZe, 1989; a.oniani, 2003; k.gabunia, 2004... ZiriTadi fonemebis gverdiT qarTvelur dialeqtebSi
37
samecniero literaturaSi naTladaa dasabuTebuli, rom "bgeraTSesa- dasturdeba saliteraturo enisagan gansxvavebuli bgerebi;
tyvisobis kriteriumi" ver gamodgeba ena-kiloTa gansasxvaveblad: bevr xmovanTagan: grZeli xmovnebi, neitraluri H xmovani,
monaTesave enas Soris regularuli bgeraTsesatyvisoba ar dasturdeba
(rusuli, belorusuli...); garda amisa, igi dasturdeba dialeqtebad
palatalizebuli (umlautiani) xmovnebi, mokle xmovnebi,
(kilokavebad, Tqmebad, qcevebad...) miCneul erTeulebs Sorisac ki (daw- SemarTva-damarTvis xmovnebi (mkveTri, fSvinvieri,
vrilebiT ix. T. gvancelaZe, 2003, gv. 103-105). aqve aRvniSnavT, rom gark-
veuli bgeraTmimarTeba dasturdeba lazurisa da megrulis kilokavebs
40
Soris, mag.: xof. i - viw-arq., aTin. u, an senak. i, u - zugd.-samurz. H sastatie variantSi vrcel masalas warmovadgenT. XXIX respublikuri
(arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv.11, 20; s.JRenti, 1953, gv. 45-46...). dialeqtologiuri sesiisTvis gankuTvnil moxsenebaSi, reglamentis gamo,
38
gagebineba lingvisturi kriteriumi araa (dawvr. ix.: t.futkaraZe, 2005; vapirebdiT warmogvedgina mxolod ZiriTadi debulebebi.
T.gvancelaZe, 2006...) 41
sayovelTaod cnobili faqtebis warmodgenisas aRar vuTiTebT saTana-
39
msoflio praqtika ufro eqstralingvistur kriteriumebs aniWebs do samecniero literaturas (sruli masala warmodgenili iqneba mono-
upiratesobas. grafiaSi).
42 43
iotiani)... TanxmovanTagan: B (romelic Zvel qarTulSi
gamoiyeneboda), G, F.
grZeli xmovnebis miRebis wesi qarTvelur kiloebSi
saerToa; miiReba: a) identur xmovanTa SerwymiT, b)
dakarguli bgeris sakompensaciod, g) tonuri maxvilis
Sedegad... gvxvdeba: svanur kiloebSi, TuSurSi, mTiulurSi,
aWarulSi, samcxurSi, fereidnulSi, nawilobriv
42
megrulSi.
neitraluri H bgera met-naklebad yvela qarTvelur
kiloSi dasturdeba. niSandoblivia svanuri da megruli
metyvelebisaTvis. svanur kiloebSi H xmovani ZiriTad
xmovanTa rigSi ganixileba. H bgera zogadad warmoadgens: a)
xmovani fonemis poziciur (reducirebul) variants, b)
mavrcob xmovans, g) TanxmovanTgamyars.43
palatalizebuli (umlautiani) xmovnebi (O, è, @)
dasturdeba: moxeurSi, samcxurSi, javaxurSi, imerxeulSi,
livanurSi, taourSi, herul da svanur kiloebSi (garda
laSxurisa). moxeurSi, samcxurSi, javaxurSi, mTiulurSi
ve, vi kompleqsis Semcvel sityvebSi vlindeba, isini
fonemebis doneze ar gamoiyofa. imerxeulSi, livanurSi,
taourSi palatalizebuli xmovnebi ZiriTadad Turqul
sityvebSi vlindeba, sakuTriv qarTuli warmomavlobis
sityvebSi ar Cans. svanur kiloebSi palatalizebuli
xmovnebi fonemebs warmoadgens, xolo herul kiloebSi
fonemizaciis procesi srulyofisaken midis.44
mokle xmovnebi gvxvdeba xevsurulsa da TuSurSi.
rogorc wesi, warmodgenilia sityvis absolutur boloSi.
warmoadgens srul xmovanTa poziciuri variants.45
42
ix. ZiriTadi literatura: arn.Ciqobava,1924; q.lomTaTiZe, 1946;
s.JRenti,1953; a.oniani, 1962; g.maWavariani, 1963; T.uTurgaiZe,1969;
b.jorbenaZe, 1989; b.jorbenaZe, 1998. v.Tofuria, 2002...
43
H bgeris warmomavlobisa da distribuciisaTvis dawvr. ix.: s.JRenti,
1953; n.imnaZe, 1981; b.jorbenaZe, qarTuli 1998; t.futkaraZe, 1998;
m.faRava, 2004; e.dadiani, 2007...
44
ZiriTadi literatura: v.Tofuria, 1928; s.JRenti, 1949; gr.imnaiSvili,
1953; g.maWavariani,1963; m.qaldani, 1969; a.oniani, 1969; g.maWavariani,
1970; T.uTurgaiZe, 1979; a.SaniZe, 1981; v.kuzibabaSvili,, 1991;
b.jorbenaZe, 1998; t.futkaraZe, 1997; t.futkaraZe, 1998.
45
dawvr. ix.: T.uTurgaiZe, 1960; T.uTurgaiZe, 1969; a.WinWarauli, 1960;
b.jorbenaZe., 1998.
44
xmovanTa SemarTvisa da damarTvis samive saxeoba
(mkveTri, fSvinvieri da rbili) met-naklebad yvela kiloSi
gvxvdeba. mkveTri SemarTva-damarTva ZiriTadad dasturdeba
eqspresiul sityvebSi (Sorisdebulebi, nawilakebi),
grafikulad G an & niSniT gadmoicema.
mkveTri SemarTva: TuS.: GuambE `uambo"... mox.: Gis `is",
Gara `ara"... her..: GuTqom `uTqvams"... Wan.: Gar (aTin.) `erTi",
Gides < ides (aTin.) `wavidnen", GikiTxu `ikiTxa"... megr.: Gex
`ex", Gau `auh"... svan.: G@x, Gox, Go~t (v.Tofuria, 1979, gv. 159).
mkveTri damarTva: TuS.: gK GkeT `gaakeTa", gU GkeT `gauke-
Ta"... xevs.: dasturebi G`dasturebi", ho G, ara G, ha G...
fSvinvieri SemarTva-damarTva h niSniT gamoixateba.
dasturdeba: svan., Wan., megr., TuS., ing., mesx., qv.qarTl...
fSvinvieri SemarTvis nimuSebi: svan.: bz. har@y "arayi", havej
"aveji", hal@g "alagi", bqv. heWE "eWvi"... lxm., Cbx. har@k `araki", ha-
riqa `ariqa”... Wan.: viw.-arq. ha~a `es", hea `is", hamuq `aman", haSo
`ase", hasTeri/asTeri `aseTi"... TuS.: haba `aba", hariq `ariqa"...
her.: hegi `egi", hes `es", homobs `omobs", halal `alali"... samcx.:
hamas `amas", hakvani `akvani", hekali `ekali"... javax.: hamas `amas", heW-
vi `eWvi", hegre `egre"... megr.: hai, hat, ha...
rbili SemarTva ~ niSniT aRiniSneba. dasturdeba: he-
rulSi, TuSurSi, moxeurSi, megrulSi, WanurSi, svanurSi...
mag.: her.: ~-emag(/hemag), ~-exla `axla", ~-eriT(/heriT)... TuS.: ~-am,
~-axl, ~-agr... mox.: ~-es, ~-eg, ~-ena, ~-erTi... Wan.: h~ati `cudi",
~ofSa `savse", W~urWa (/WurWa) `WinWala"... (s.JRenti,1953,gv.29-
30). megr.: Za~ami `Zalian", ma~aRuri `molaRuri"... (s.JRenti, 1953,
gv.31). svan.: ~ori ”ori”, ~eSd ”aTi”...
B Tanxmovani daculia svanur da fxour kiloebSi. Se-
darebiT iSviaTia kaxuri dialeqtis qiziyur kilokavSi, fe-
reidnulSi, mesxur kiloebSi (imerxeulSi, livanurSi,
taourSi), herulSi, qarTlurSi (aragvisa da qsnis xeobaTa
metyvelebaSi). mag.:
svan.: liBSde (*li BeSde `yefa"), liBCe (*li BiCe)... (v.Tofuria,
1979, gv.45); fxouri: Beli, feBi, Borci, Bevi, Bma, Bevisberi... her:
Bari, saBnavi... imerx.: baBala, BerBi, Beli, Bari, Bevi, Beli, Bidi...
(S.futkaraZe,1995, gv.6; m.faRava, 2005, gv.47); maWaxl.: BerTvisi,
BevBidi, Bma, Bari... (S.futkaraZe, 1995, gv. 24); taouri: ToBi, Bma,
ferBuli... (S.futkaraZe, 1995, gv. 30).
F kbilbagismieri yru fSvinvieri bgera, rogorc v
fonemis poziciuri varianti, kiloebSi Tavs iCens yru
fSvinvieri da yru mkveTri bgerebis win: F-kiTxulob, F-Tqvi,
45
F-furclav, F-sinjav, ambaF-s, klaF-s... megr.: F-Tasunq `vTesav", F- saxeliTaa cnobili (saliteraturo qarTulsa da svanur
qununq `vfuTav"... Wan.: mo-F-Ti "movedi"... WanurSi F kiloebs Soris xmovanTa mimarTeba ZiriTadad identuria).
umTavresad ucxo sityvebSi dasturdeba: Fukara (Turq.) saerToqarTvelursa da megrul-Wanur-svanurs Soris
`Raribi", eFendi (Turq.) `batoni", oFridi (berZn.) `warbi", cnobilia xmovanTSesatyvisobis Semdegi SemTxvevebi:
karaFi (berZn.) `lursmani"... herulSi (aliabaTurSi) F s.qarTv. a > megr.-Wan. o: koCi `kaci", oSi `asi", do ”da"...
Cveulebriv, Cndeba garkveul poziciebSi fonetikur s.qarTv. e > megr.-Wan. a: ma `me", dRa `dRe", mafa `mefe"...
niadagze: F-Wam, F-Wri, F-Tli (gr.imnaiaSvili, 1963, gv. 82). s.qarTv. i > megr.-Wan. e: mayare (megr.) `mayari", qoTume (Wan.) `qaTa-
47
Gbgera Sorisdebulebisa da CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebis mi"...
dasawyisSi (xmovnis win) SeiZleba yvela dialeqtSi msgavsi SemTxvevebi sporadulad sxva dialeqtebSic
Segvxvdes. igi fonemad ar CaiTvleba da ZiriTadad xmovnis gvxvdeba, kerZod:
magari SemarTvis Sedegad viTardeba. a>o: taniani>toniani (kak.), deda>dedo (aWar.), Wapani>Wopani
megrul-WanurSi Gbgera ZiriTadad warmoadgens y-s (mox.), mzareuli>mzoreuli (qarTl.)...
poziciur variants: Guji "yuri", Gvali "yveli"... e>a: jebiri>jabiri, qeifi>qaifi/qaibi (xevs.), zeiT>zaiT, ki-
dev>kidav, mere>mamre (mox.)...
G bgera damaxasiaTebelia TuSuri kilosaTvis. T. i>e: iyo>eyo (her.), mandili>mandeli (xevs.), xesaviT>xesaveT (imer.),
uTurgaiZis azriT, TuSurSi G bgera damoukidebel fone- unagiri>unageri (raW.)...
mad unda gamoiyos, vinaidan Gzogjer mniSvnelobaTganmasx- rogorc vnaxeT, megrul-Wanuris msgavsi mimarTeba
vaveblis funqciiT dasturdeba, mag.: da Go~ (mamakacis saxeli) xmovnebs Soris raodenobriv doneze sxva qvesistemebSic ga-
da dao~ (naTesavi qali), x i Go~ (mamakacis saxeli) da xio (xeva movlindeba. megrulsa da WanurSi, sxva dialeqtebTan Seda-
46
zmnis II kavSirebiTis forma). rebiT, xmovanTmonacvleobas regularuli da kanonzomieri
CamoTvlili bgerebi (garda B-isa) meoreuli, xasiaTi aqvs.
poziciurad miRebuli bgerebia. am TvalsazrisiT megrul- qarTul-zanuri Sesatyvisobis Sesaxeb arn.Ciqobava aR-
lazuri da svanuri metyvelebebi qarTuli enis niSnavs, rom sxvaobas iwvevs artikulaciis cvla, kerZod, za-
dialeqtebisagan faqtobrivad arafriT gansxvavdebian. nurSi moxda bgeraTa warmoTqmis (warmoebis) ukan gada-
saerToqarTveluri enis xmovanTa istoriuli weva. mkvlevris azriT, aRniSnuli procesi erTbaSad ar
dialeqturi variantebi (xmovanTSesatyvisobani).
saerToqarTveluri xmovnebi dialeqtebSi nairgvar 47
e:i monacvleobis Sesaxeb g.rogava aRniSnavs, rom zanurSi e xmovnis ga-
cvlilebebs ganicdis. ama Tu im xmovans megrul-Wanur-
dasvla i xmovanSi poziciuri xasiaTisaa. am SemTxvevaSi unda moqmedebdes
svanurSi sxva varianti Seesabameba. samecniero zogi kilosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ea xmovanTa kompleqsis gadasvla ia-Si:
literaturaSi xmovanTa Seupirobebeli monacvleoba, mware>mwaria, eama>iama (fS.)... aq saqme gvaqvs xmovanTa disimilaciasTan,
romelsac morfologiur-semantikuri datvirTva ara aqvs, ukeT, garkveul xmovanTa kompleqsis difTongizaciasTan: ea>ia/~a. me-
xmovanTmonacvleobad, alternaciad an substituciadaa grulSi disimilacias adgili aqvs maSinac, roca e da a xmovnebi Tanxmov-
niTaa gaTiSuli: deda>dida, venaxi>binexi, ena>nina, netavi>nite, mteva-
saxeldebuli. ZiriTadad samwignobro qarTulsa da ni>tiani, mwevari>wiari... (ix. g.rogava,1975.
megrul-Wanurs Soris dadgenili amgvari xmovanTa monacvleobis msgavsi faqtebi dasturdeba megrulsa da Wa-
xmovanTmonacvleobis SemTxvevebi bgeraTSesatyvisobis nurs Soris:
a>e: JaSxa/JeSxa (megr.) `kvira", WaWa/WeWa (Wan.)... (Sdr.: rabe (kak.)/rebe
(aliabaT.), fayi (aliabaT.) /feyi (kak.) `fexi")...
i>e: dixa(megr.), dexa(Wan.) `miwa"; qoTomi (megr.), qoTume (Wan.) `qaTami".
u>i: Wan. quri/megr. qiri, Wan. Juri/megr. Jiri, Wan. juma/megr. jima, Wan.
46
dawvr. ix.: i.yifSiZe, 1914; arn. Ciqobava,1936; s.JRenti,1953; guruni/megr. girini...
T.uTurgaiZe, 1960; gr. imnaiSvili, 1963; n.kiziria, 1980; n. imnaZe,1981; viw.-arq. lumji/xof. limji, viw.-arq. nusa/xof. nisa, viw.arq. fuqu-
b.jorbenaZe, 1998; n.quTelia, 2005... ri/xof. fiqiri `yvavili"... (Sdr.: SaaJdina (aliabaT.)/SaaJdOna (kak.)...
46 47
momxdara, igi TandaTan viTardeboda da sabolood Camoya-
libda rogorc garkveuli bgeraTSesatyvisoba
(arn.Ciqobava, 1938, gv. 6-9, 441-442). aqve ismis kiTxva: Tuki
artikulaciis ukan gadaweva moxda, ratom ganicada es mxo-
lod fonemaTa mcire nawilma (mag., d, T, t ratom ar gadai-
wia Z, c, w-d)? garda amisa, a > o procesis gansaxorcieleb-
lad sakmarisi ar aris enis ukan gadaweva; a > o labializa-
ciaa, Sesabamisad, artikulaciis win gadmoweva ufroa (Sdr.,
agreTve: da - da, da - do (kavSiri), Sen - si tipis mimarTebe-
bi)...
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom megrul-WanurSi s.qarTv. a
xmovani yvela SemTxvevaSi ki ar gadadis o-Si, aramed zogjer
a ucvleli rCeba. aseve gamonaklisebi aqvs s.qarTv. e : zan. a
Sesatyvisobasac.48
saerToqarTveluri enis TanxmovanTa dialeqturi
variantebi (TanxmovanTSesatyvisobani). saerToqarTve-
luri enis Tanxmovnebi qarTvelur qvesistemebSi ZiriTadad
ucvlelia. gansxvavebul suraTs qmnian sibilantebi.
zanursa da svanurSi sibilantTa cvlileba kanonzom-
ier da regularul xasiaTs atarebs da TanxmovanTSesatyvi-
sobis saxeliT aris cnobili.
a) sisina TanxmovanTa refleqsebi
specialur literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom megrul-
Wanur-svanuri SiSina Tanxmovnebi s.qarTveluri sisina Tanx-
movnebis Sesatyvisad aris Sedegi artikulaciis ukan gada-
wevisa (arn.Ciqobava, 1938, gv.6-9, 441-442; s.JRenti, 1949,
gv.130-133; g.rogava, 1953, gv.42-43; v.Tofuria, 1960, gv.150).
garkveul SemTxvevebSi saerToqarTveluri sisina
Tanxmovani megrul-Wanur-svanurSi imave sisina TanxmovniT
aris warmodgenili, mag.:
s.qarTv. mZaRe, megr. ZuRe, svan. mH-ZiR; s.qarTv.
cxemla, megr. cxemuri/cximuri, svan. cxum/cxHm/cxEim....
kanonzomier SesatyvisobaTagan gadaxvevebi specialur
literaturaSi sxvadasxvagvaradaa axsnili:
48
saerToqarTvelur xmovanTa refleqsebi literaturaSi sxvadasxvagva-
radaa gaanalizebuli; ix.: i.yifSiZe,1914; arn.Ciqobava,1938; g.maWavariani,
1958; T.gayreliZe, g.maWavariani, 1965; t.futkaraZe, 1989; t. futka-
raZe,1990; t.futkaraZe, e.dadiani, 2005...
48
mkvlevarTa nawili (g. maWavariani, k. Smidti, g. wereTeli,
m. qurdiani...) varaudobs saerToqarTvelurSi spirantebisa
da afrikatebis sami rigis (wina, Sua da ukana) arsebobas.
nawili mecnierebisa (g. rogava, m. Cuxua...) sisina Tanx-
movnebis Semcvel sityvaformaTa arsebobas megrul-Wanur-
svanurSi qarTulis gavleniT xsnis: an SeTvisebulia qar-
Tulidan an kidev qarTulis gavleniTaa saxecvlili.
ufro logikuria imis aRniSvna, rom saerToqarTve-
lur sityvaTa erTi nawili ucvlelad aris Semonaxuli
qarTvelur dialeqtebSi, xolo meore nawili fonetikurad
Tu semantikurad aris saxecvlili. bgeraTcvlilebis ga-
momwvevi fonetikuri faqtorebi dRes ucnobia.
b) SiSina TanxmovanTa refleqsebi
s.qarTvelur SiSina Tanxmovnebs megrul-Wanursa da
svanurSi, rogorc wesi, bgeraTkompleqsi Seesatyviseba: Si-
Sina Tanxmovani + ukanaenismieri xSuli: s.qarTv. (na)biji,
megr. ge-bijg-afa ”dabijeba”, svan. bijg ”nabiji”; s.qarTv. Suidi,
megr. SqviTi, laz. SqviTi/SqiTi, svan. iSgEid...
s.qarTv. *J fonemis arseboba saeWvod miiCneva. a.SaniZis
azriT, J meoreuli bgeraa. Sesabamisad, Sesatyvisoba J:Jg/zg
ar aris dadasturebuli.
bolodroindeli gamokvlevebis mixedviT,
s.qarTvelurSi gamovlenilia iseTi fuZeebi, romlebic
adastureben bgeraTSesatyvisobas: qarT. J - zan. JR/Jg, rac
utyuars xdis s.qarTv. *J fonemis rekonstruqcias.49
aRniSnuli bgeraTfardobani megrul-Wanur-svanurSi
xSirad darRveulia:
a) s.qarTv. S-s Sesatyvisad s gvaqvs: s.qarTv. Sen - megr.-Wan. si
- svan. si...
b) s.qarTv. SiSina Tanxmovnebis Sesatyvisad warmodgeni-
lia sisina Tanxmovniani kompleqsi (Zg, cq, wk, sq/sg):
s.qarTv. Suenis, Svenieri - megr. sqvami - svan. musgEan `mSve-
nieri"...
49
mag.: s.qarTv. Jlet, zan. JgarT/Jgart ”daxeTqeba, magrad cema, dabeg-
va” (v.Sengelia, 1996, gv. 28).
s.qarTv. Jroba (gur.) ”neli xarSva”, damJRnari ”xili damWknari” (saba),
zan. JRirafa/bJRirafa ”Wknoba”; s.qarTv. Juvili ”dabuJebuli xorcis
Cxvleta” (saba), zan. JRirini, uJRiruans ”uxurs, sCxvlets, ubJuis”
(r.abaSia, 2003, gv. 5-9).
49
 g) SiSina Tanxmovani ucvlelia, ar ganiviTarebs ukanenis-
mier Tanxmovnebs. mag.: s.qarTv. Rreja - megr. Rranjua ”daReja” -
svan. mH-Rlij/mH-Rij ”dakreWili (kbili)”...
d) svanurs ori yru Tanxmovnisagan Sedgenili bgeraTkom-
pleqsi ar axasiaTebs: disimilaciis safuZvelze meore yru
Tanxmovani mJRerdeba. amave dros xdeba afrikatTa spiran-
tizacia, mag.: W>Wk>Sk: qarT. Wedva - megr.-laz. Wkadua - svan. li-
50
Sk@d-i ”Wedva”...
sibilant TanxmovanTa megrul-Wanur-svanuris msgavsi
refleqsebi iSviaTad sxva dialeqtebSic dasturdeba, mag.:
sisina>SiSina: Skami<skami, qiSti<qisti (mox.), uStvens<
ustvens (kax.), neSto<nesto, Stoli<stoli (z.imer.), Strafili<
strafili (qarTl.)... Suvaze Jis<zis (her.), JRmartli<zRmartli
(alg. qarTl.)... amovjirkve<amovZirkve... gabeCeba <gabeceba (kax.,
javax.), derCiki<derciki (kax.)... Wirixta<wirixta (alg. qarTl.),
naWvreTi<nawvreTi `naWrilobevi" (xevs.), WveTi<wveTi (gur.)...
SiSina>TanxmovanTkompleqsi: Wkde<Wde (xevs., mT., TuS.),
Wknavi< Wnavi (aWar.), Wkortl<mWvartli (her.), Wkriali<Wriali
(leCx.)... (ix. b.jorbenaZe, 1995, gv.51-57).
rogorc vxedavT, qarTvelur qvesistemebs Soris
gansxvaveba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom dialeqtTa nawilSi
TanxmovanTmonacvleobas intensiuri da kanonzomieri xasi-
aTi aqvs, nawilSi ki sporadulad vlindeba. am SemTxvevaSi
50
SiSina Tanxmovnebis nairgvari refleqsi samecniero literaturaSi
sxvadasxvagvaradaa axsnili, kerZod, mkvlevarTa nawili (arn.Ciqobava,
1938; g.rogava, 1960) miiCnevs, rom bgeraTfardobaSi S - sq/sg amosavalia
sisina varianti. qarTulSi Tavdapirveli s>S, megrul-Wanur-svanurSi ki
s ar Secvlila, oRond mis Semdeg dairTo ukanaenismieri Tanxmovani;
m.Cuxuas azriT, sisina rigis sibilantebSi artikulaciis ukan gadaweva
sisina>SiSina gardaqmnis garda miiRweoda sisina sibilantis momdevnod
ukanaenismier xSulTa ganviTarebiT (m.Cuxua, 2003). T.gamyreliZe,
g.maWavariani varaudoben, rom Sq/Sg da sq/sg kompleqsebi erTi da imave S
fonemis refleqsebia, romelic Sepirobebulia poziciiT, kerZod: S-Sq/
Sg>sq/sg procesi megrul-Wanur-svanurSi SeiZleba aixsnas v/E bgeris ar-
sebobiT, agreTve, S bgeris palataluri bunebiT. S s-sTan SedarebiT
ufro palataluria. palataluri da labialuri bgerebi erTmaneTis me-
zoblad ver Zlebs, amdenad, enaSi kanonzomieri procesi ganviTarda:S>s
(T.gamyreliZe,1959; g.maWavariani, 1965).
SiSina Tanxmovnebs mudmivad axasiaTebs TavisTavadi labializacia. Tu
aseT Tanxmovans mosdevs labialuri xmovani, Tanxmovani, maSin xdeba de-
labializacia, SiSina TanxmovanTa gasisineba (t.futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 272).
50
mniSvnelovania ara raodenobrivi xasiaTis gansxvaveba, ara-
med is, rom am movlenas erTi saerToqarTveluri safuZveli
warmarTavs. movlenaTa araerTgvarovani xasiaTi sxvadasxva
mizeziT SeiZleba aixsnas.
`sakuTriv romelime dialeqtisaTvis arakanonzomieri
procesi saerToqarTuli potenciis gamovlinebaa... is, rac
amJamad calkeuli faqtebis saxiT daCndeba mavan dialeqtSi,
SesaZloa istoriulad yofiliyo misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
an Semdgom gaxdes misi fonetikuri ier-saxis ganmsazRvre-
li" (b. jorbenaZe,1998, gv. 150).
”is, rac amJamad qarTvelur enaTa bgeraTSesatyviso-
bad ganixileba, istoriulad am enaTa dialeqtebisaTvis da-
maxasiaTebeli movlena iyo” (b.jorbenaZe, 1995, gv. 56).
”monaTesave enebsa da imavdroulad maTsave dialeq-
tebSi sakmaod mravladaa saerTo safuZvlis mqone movlene-
bi’” (b. jorbenaZe). e. i. Tvisebrivi sxvaoba ar arsebobs fu-
Zeenasa da Tanamedrove variants Soris. saerToqarTvelur-
Sic bunebrivad unda davuSvaT sityvaformaTa paralelu-
roba Tanamedrove viTarebis analogiurad (t.futkaraZe,
1996, gv.23-24).
vfiqrobT, dasadgenia mizezebi, ra SemTxvevebSi mivi-
ReT sayovelTaod cnobili bgeraTSesatyvisobani. sainte-
resoa is faqti, rom g. eliavas leqsikonSi W bgeriT dawye-
buli identuri sityvebi Seadgens 40%-s, Sesatyvisoba gvaqvs
29%-Si, xolo 31% sakvlevia. bevri identuri sityva mkvle-
vrebs leqsikonSi ar SeaqvT. amdenad, gaumarTleblad gveC-
veneba saerToqarTvelurSi ori W-s (an ori w-s, Z-s, c-s) re-
konstruireba, aseve, identuri formebis sesxebiT axsna. sa-
varaudoa, rom kanonzomieri da regularuli bgeraTSesaty-
visobis saxeliT cnobili mimarTebani saTaves iRebs saerTo-
qarTvelurSive arsebuli fonetikuri variantebidan. amas
gvafiqrebinebs msgavsi faqtebis arseboba qarTvelur qve-
sistemebSi.
amdenad, ufro logikuri Cans e.w. qarTveluri Sesaty-
visobebis mizezi fonetikur garemocvaSi, an sxva faqtoreb-
Si veZioT da ara "artikulaciis ukan gadawevaSi".
51
 fonetikur cvlilebaTa tendenciebi51 qarTvelur
qvesistemebSi ZiriTadad saerToa. mravalferovan foneti-
kur procesTagan ramdenimes SevexebiT:
metaTezisis SemTxvevebi qarTvelur qvesistemebSi
sakmaod xSiria. aq nimuSad I piris v- niSnis metaTeziss gan-
vixilavT52.
v- prefiqsis metaTezisi gvxvdeba: TuSurSi, herulSi,
megrulSi, svanur kiloebSi. iSviaTad: imerulSi, aWarulSi,
javaxurSi...
fonetikuri procesi aixsneba Tavkidur poziciaSi
warmoqmnili arabunebrivi kompleqsis gamartivebis Zlieri
tendenciis arsebobiT. -v prefiqsis gainfiqseba dasturde-
ba rogorc TanxmovniT dawyebul fuZeebTan, ise xmovanpre-
fiqsebTan Sexvedrisas.
I. sityvis Tavkidurad morfemaTa zRvarze v- prefiqsi-
sa da fuZiseuli Tanxmovnisagan Sedgenili bgeraTkompleq-
sis v/E+C cvlileba kiloebSi SeiZleba orgvarad warimar-
Tos, kerZod:
a) erT SemTxvevaSi v-/E- prefiqsi gadainacvlebs fuZi-
seuli Tanxmovnis momdevnod da warmoiqmneba qarTvelu-
risTvis ufro bunebrivi kompleqsi (C+v-/E-), mag.: TuS.: v-
daob>d-v-aob, v-tiri>t-v-iri, v-CeC>C-v-eC, v-Wam>W-v-am... imer.,
aWar.: v-xnav>x-v-nav... (msgavsi faqtebi samecniero literatu-
raSi axsnilia enis miswrafebiT, Seqmnas mzardi napralovno-
bis kompleqsebi) (T.uTurgaiZe, 1976).
svanur kiloebSi I piris niSani TanxmovniT dawyebul
fuZeebTan, Cveulebriv, infiqsad iqceva, mag.: z.sv., lnt. t-E-
ixe `vabruneb` miRebulia *u-tix-e formisagan, bqv. r-E-agdi
`vlaparakob` formisTvis amosavalia *E-ragdi forma
51
xmovanTa reduqciis Sesaxeb qarTvelur qvesistemebSi mravalricxovani
literatura arsebobs: i.yifSiZe, 1914; m.nikolaiSvili, 1984; s.JRenti,
1953; T.uTurgaiZe,1976; a.SaniZe, 1981; m.cikolia, 1950; m.cikolia, 1954;
b.jorbenaZe, 1998...
xmovanTkompleqsTa transformaciisaTvis qarTvelur qvesistemebSi ix.:
i.yifSiZe, 1914; arn.Ciqobava, 1936; a.Rlonti,1936; v.Tofuria, 1954;
m.cikolia,1954; k.kublaSvili, 1959; b. jorbenaZe, 1995; S. ZiZiguri, 1998;
o.kaxaZe, 1981; o.kaxaZe, 1999; g.kartozia, 2005; n. quTelia, 2005...
52
dawvrilebiT ix.: t.futkaraZe, e.dadiani, 2004.
52
(v.Tofuria, 1967, gv.10). Sdr. laSxuris viTareba, sadac I
seriaSi zmnebs E prefiqsi ar gaaCniaT, mag.: tHxe "vabruneb",
texni "vbrundebi", gargli "vlaparakob"...
Tuki fuZe iwyeba labialuri TanxmovniT da mas mos-
devs e, i xmovnebi, palatalizebuli xmovnebis mqone svanur
dialeqtebSi (bz., bqv., lnt.) E niSani metaTezisis Semdeg e,
i xmovnebs erwymis da viRebT palatalizebul (umlautian)
è, O bgerebs, mag.: bz. pèrni, lnt. pèreni `vfren` miRebulia
ase: pèrni<p-E-erni<E-perni, bz. bèWkEni<b-E-eWkEni<E-beWkEni
"vskdebi" (v.Tofuria, 1967, gv.10).
analogiuri viTareba gvaqvs herulSi, oRond, svanuri-
sagan gansxvavebiT, herulSi palatalizebuli xmovnebi mii-
Reba nebismieri Tanxmovnis mezoblad, mag.: v-f-iqrob>f-v-
iqrob>f-O-qrob, v-r-ecxav>r-v-ecxav>r-è-cxav...
b) meore SemTxvevaSi Tavkidur poziciaSi arsebuli
TanxmovanT-kompleqsi (v+C) martivdeba v-s gadasmiT momdev-
no marcvlis Semdeg, mag.: imer., javax.: v-naxe>na-v-xe (Sdr. ing.
noxe<n-vaxe<v-naxe); svan. (ecer.): E-feSgni>feSgEni "vixsnebi", E-
necxni>necx-E-ni "viRviZeb"...
megrulSi v- prefiqsi fuZiseuli marcvlis momdevnod
gadajdeba garkveul SemTxvevaSi, kerZod, bagismieri (b f p
m) TanxmovnebiT dawyebul fuZeebTan (amasTanave, v- niSani
icvleba momdevno Tanxmovnis gavleniT):
v-barunq > ba-v-runq > ba-b-runq "vbarav"
v-forunq > fo-v-runq > fo-b-runq "vfarav"
v-putorunq > pu-v-torunq > pu-p-torunq "vputav"
aRniSnuli fonetikuri movlena gamoxatulebaa gark-
veuli enobrivi kanonzomierebisa. cnobilia, rom qarTulSi
(Sesabamisad, qarTvelur qvesistemebSic) identuri an erTi
lokaluri rigis bgerebi (fonemebi) erTimeoris momdevnod
ar gvxvdeba erTi morfemis farglebSi sityvis Tavkidurad
(T. uTurgaiZe, 1976, gv. 78).
aseve, arabunebrivi Cans qarTveluri kiloebisaTvis
v/E+i bgeraTmimdevroba da misi superacia sxvadasxva gziT
xdeba.
megrulSi v- prefiqsi i xmovanprefiqsis mezoblad ver
Zlebs da, rogorc wesi, infiqsad iqceva. procesi garkveuli
wesis dacviT mimdinareobs:
53
 1. Tu fuZe arabagismieri TanxmovniT iwyeba, metaTezi-
si kontaqturia, v- niSani gadaismis zmnuri xmovanprefiqsis
momdevnod fuZis win, mag.: v-i-rduq>i-v-rduq>i-b-rduq "vizr-
debi", v-i-Wyanq>i-v-Wyanq>i-p-Wyanq "viwyeb"...
2. xolo Tuki fuZis Tavkidurad bagismieri Tanxmova-
nia warmodgenili, maSin adgili aqvs distanciur metaTe-
ziss, v- morfema fuZis pirvelive marcvlis momdevnod ga-
dajdeba (c.janjRava, 1989, gv.44), mag.: v-i-birq>i-b-i-v-rq>i-bi-b-
rq "vmReri", v-i-fiqrenq>i-fi-v-qrenq>i-fi-f-qrenq "vifiqreb"...
process ver abrkolebs zmniswinisa Tu nawilakis
darTva, mag.: qi-bi-b-rq "vimRereb", mi-fi-f-qrenq "movifiqreb"...
v- niSnis metaTezisi ucxoa WanurisaTvis. Tumca Wa-
nurSi (ZiriTadad viwur-arqabulsa da xofur kilokavebSi,
iSviaTad aTinurSi) aris tendencia, Tavkidur poziciaSi
xmovanTa win v- prefiqsi b-Ti Seicvalos da amiT Tavidan
iqnas acilebuli v+i mimdevroba, mag.: b-i-di "wavedi", Sdr.
megr. i-b-di, b-i-mgar "vtiri" Sdr. megr. i-m-garq, b-i-Sqvider
"vixrCobi" Sdr. megr. i-f-Sqviduq, b-o-re "var" Sdr.megr. v-oreq...
v+i bgeraTmimdevroba herulSi SeiZleba palatali-
zebuli O xmovniT Seicvalos: vici>Oc, viq>Oq "vSvrebi"...
v+i bgeraTmimdevroba Tavkidur poziciaSi arabune-
brivi Cans rogorc dialeqtebisaTvis, aseve saliteraturo
qarTulisaTvis. amaze metyvelebs is faqti, rom qarTuli
enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis rvatomeulSic, o.qajaias me-
grul-qarTul leqsikonsa da v.Tofuriasa da m.qaldanis
svanur leqsikonSic Zalze iSviaTia iseTi fuZeebi, romel-
Tac Tavkidurad v+i mimdevroba udasturdebaT. arc isaa
SemTxveviTi, rom saerToqarTvelurisaTvis mxolod erTa-
derT formaSi, isic dupletur vin/min nacvalsaxelSi aRd-
geba v+i bgeraTmimdevroba.
v- prefiqsis metaTezisis SemTxvevebidan gamomdinare,
SeiZleba davaskvnaT: morfemaTa zRvarze morfonologiuri
cvlilebebi qarTvelur qvesistemebSi saerTo fonematuri
kanonzomierebis safuZvelze mimdinareobs da igi Sepirobe-
bulia arabunebrivi bgeraTkompleqsis moSlis tendenciiT.
labialur kompleqsTa cvlilebani
qarTvelur qvesistemebSi va, ve, vi kompleqsebi
Semdegi fonetikuri nairsaxeobebiT realizdeba, kerZod:
a) va (Ea) > o, b) ve (Ee) > o / è, g) vi (Ei) > u / O.
54
va(Ea)>o gavrcelebulia: fxour kiloebSi, qarTlur-
Si, ingilourSi, fereidnulSi, raWulSi, imerulSi, leCxu-
murSi, gurulSi, aWarulSi, samcxurSi, taourSi, megrul-
Si... mag.: oJi<vaJi, sityo<sityva, sxo<sxva (xevs.), yoili<yvavili,
yovi<yvavi, zovi<zvavi (fS.), Zoli<Zvali, gagogebina <gogogebi-
na<gagvagebina (mox.), oBSami<vaBSami, cxori<cxvari,
uyors<uyvars (mT.-gud.), marcoli<marcvali, gadausoms< ga-
dausvams (qarTl.), soms<svams, xovi<xvavi, SauSo<SauSva (kax.),
oCuqeb<vaCuqeb, goqav<gvaqvs, icoms<icvams (ing.)... wogorTo<
wagorTo<wagvarTva, cxori<cxvari, Zoli<Zvali (fer.)... sxomis<
sxvamis, icoms<icvams, Caso<Casva, gauSo<gauSva raW. (z. raW.,
glol.), sxogan<sxvagan, miarTo<miarTva (imer.), meirToms<
moirTvams (leCx.), sxogan<sxvagan (gur., aWar.), usomda<usvamda,
marxo<marxva (mesx.), qobai<qvabi (taouri), uGors<uGvars ”uy-
vars”, Rorans <Rvarans ”yviris”, Toli ”Tvali”, qora<qvara `mu-
celi" (megr.)...
2. ve(Ee)>o procesic met-naklebad yvela dialeqtSi
gamovlindeba:
qood<qveode ”mTlad, srulad” (xevs.), qoyana/xoyana ”qveya-
na” (fS.), goZaxis ”gveZaxis”, Con ”Cven” (mox.), godga ”gvedga”, qoiT
”qveviT” (mT.-gud.), uSofs ”uSvefs”, qoiT ”qveviT” (qarTl.), na-
korCxali ”nakverCxali”, daCouli ”daCveuli” (kax.), gobara ”gve-
bara” (fer.), Soboda ”Svreboda, wouloba ”wveuleba” (z.raW.,
qv.raW.), yoliferi ”yvelaferi”, moyoba ”moyveba” (imer.), axovs ”ax-
vevs”, soldeba ”sveldeba” (leCx.), gåSofs ”gauSvebs, Couleba
”Cveuleba” (aWar.), SedRoben ”SedRveben” (imerx.), qomoT<qvemoT
(livan.), yoli<yveli, qomo<qvemo (taouri - S.futkaraZe, 1995,
gv.16,31); Coni<Cveni, xownebi<xvewnebi (taouri; m.cincaZe, 2001).
ve (Ee)>è dasturdeba ing., mox., nawilobriv samxr.
qarTlursa da samcxur kiloebSi: kvercxi>kèrcxi (ing.),
gverdi>gèrdi (mox.), qvevri>qèvri (samcx.), Tve>Tè ( qarTl)...
3) vi (Ei)>u SedarebiT iSviaTia: mSudoba ”mSvidoba”,
akurdebis ”akvirdebis” (mox.), sakurveli ”sakvirveli” (mT.-gud.),
wuvi ”wvivi”, yiuli ”yivili” (qv.qarTl.), guTxres ”gviTxres”,
gudga ”gvidga” (fer.), rasakurvelia ”rasakvirvelia”, wuma ”wvima”
(raW.-gloluri, rivnisTauri), gaTxouli ”gaTxovili”, wums
”wvims” (imer.), Runo ”Rvino, alus xe ”alvis xe” (leCx.)...
vi (Ei)>O gvxvdeba: ingilourSi, moxeurSi, nawilo-
briv samcxur-javaxursa da qv. qarTlurSi: wOma~ ”wvima”, gOan
55
”gvian” (ing.), SOdi ”Svidi”, gOTxra“”gviTxra” (mox.), kOci ”kvici”,
53
ZmisTOn ”ZmisTvin” (samcx.-javax.), wyOli ”wyvili” (qv. qarTl.).
II. brunvaTa sistema
megrul-Wanur-svanurSi Tvisobrivad erTgvaria brun-
vaTa sistema (rogorc brunvis niSnebi, ise brunebis proce-
si). calkeul brunvebs ganvixilavT saliteraturo enasTan
da sxva dialeqtebTan mimarTebiT.
saxelobiTi brunvis niSnis alomorfebi qarTvelur
ena-kiloebSi aris: i/~/0, romlebic dialeqtebis mixedviT
ase nawildeba:
-i/-~ alomorfi xmovanfuZian saxelebTan gamovlinde-
54
ba : qarTlurSi, kaxurSi, fSaurSi, moxeurSi, TuSurSi,
xevsurulSi, mTiulur-gudamayrulSi, imerulSi, aWarul-
Si, gurulSi, samcxurSi, javaxurSi, kakurSi...
qvemoimerulSi, zemogurulSi, leCxumurSi, megrulSi,
svanurSi a xmovanze daboloebul saxelebTan (garda erT-
marcvliani fuZeebisa) sax.brunvis niSani erwymis fuZiseul
a-s da bolokidurad -e gvaqvs: ai>ei>e~>e:
z.gur.: baRane, babue, Zamie (s. JRenti); leCx.: iasone, vasile,
tariele... (m.alaviZe, 1941, gv.232); qv.imer.: bebie, kalaTe, bicole
(k.kublaSvili, 1985, gv.98); marTaie, yvele, nucaie... (q.ZoweniZe,
1973,gv.233);deide...(o.kaxaZe,1981,gv.183-192);svan.:mKra+i(e?)>mKre
kaci" (v.Tofuria, 1954,gv.450); megr.: bambe, Winke, tomare, karTe...
megrulSi e-s Sexorceba fuZesTan damTavrebulia: igi
yvela brunvaSi gadahyveba saxels (moTxr. bambe-q, mic. bambe-
s... (v. Tofuria, 1954, gv. 450).
53
dasturdeba piruku procesic: o>va, o>ve, u>vi. mag.: sabanava<sabanaod
(kax.), xorbali> xvarbali, durbindi>dvirbindi (mox.), xoragi>xvaragi
(imer.)... oraguli>veraguli (xevs.), osi<vasi, orsuli< varsuli, gior-
gi<givargi, niori<nivari, eyofa<eyvafa (mT.); gatyorcna> gatyvarcna...
tot(lSx.)>tvet(Col.) ”xeli”, Txum (lSx.)>Txvim (Col.)”Tavi”... megr.:
Wvitua<Wutua ”moWutva”...
54
xmovanfuZian saxelebTan sax. brunvaSi ~/0 alomorfTa gamovlena ukav-
Sirdeba qarTuli enis fonematuri sistemis dawolas morfologiur
sistemaze. fonematuri kanonzomierebiT erTi morfemis farglebSi ikr-
Zaleba xmovanTa uSualo Tanmimdevroba (T.uTurgaiZe, 1976,gv.26). ena
miiswrafvis, xmo-vanTkompleqsi aqcios erTmarcvlovan segmentad:ai>a~,
ae>ai>a~, ou>oE, oa>ua>Ea (t.futkaraZe, 1998).
56
imerul-gurul-leCumurSi -e xmovani ZiriTadad da-
culia saxelobiT, naTesaobiT da moqmedebiT brunvebSi
dasturdeba, Tumca aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac e daboloe-
biani forma fuZed gaiazreba da e sxva brunvebSic gayveba:
bicolei, bicolem, bicoles... (b.jorbenaZe, 1989, gv.459).
aRniSnuli erTgvarovani movlenebi literaturaSi
erTian konteqstSia ganxiluli. v.Tofurias azriT, am
saerTo movlenas saerTo safuZveli aqvs: warmoiSva wminda
fonetikur niadagze asimilaciis gziT uTuod sxvadasxva
dros da sxvadasxva gavrcelebulobiT da intensivobiT
(v.Tofuria, 1954).55
saxelobiTis i niSani boloTanxmovnian saxelebTan
xSirad ikargeba da saxeli fuZis saxiTaa warmodgenili. es
movlena gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia svanuri da
fxouri dialeqtebisaTvis; gvxvdeba, agreTve, megrulSi,
fereidnulSi, kakurSi, qarTlurSi... mag.: did Tovli (fS.); aq
val aRar gvaqv... (xevs.); kaxeleb mTaSi midiodnen (qarTl.); Bar
waEyoni (kakuri)... koC meurs ”kaci midis”, boS Waruns ”biWi wers”
(megr.)... W@S @Wme“”qmari Tibavs”, B@n aBni ”xari xnavs” (svan.).
specialur literaturaSi aRniSnuli movlena dax-
uruli marcvlisken qarTuli enis midrekilebiT aris axs-
nili (T. uTurgaiZe, 1976, gv. 132).
amgvarad, saxelobiTi brunvis niSani (i/~/0) saerToa
yvela qarTveluri qvesistemisaTvis.
moTxrobiTi brunva saliteraturo qarTulSi -ma/-m
alomorfebiT aRiniSneba. qarTvelur dialeqtebSi
moTxrobiTi brunva gaformebulia gansxvavebuli niSnebiT:
q (megr.-Wan), -em/-d... (svan).
specialur literaturaSi arqauli samwignobro enisa
da qarTveluri kiloebis monacemebi erT konteqstSi
ganixileba.
qarTveluri ergativis niSnis ZiriTadi alomorfi
ukavSirdeba CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelisgan momdinare
determinaciul "man" morfemoids.
sayovelTaod gaziarebuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, -
ma/-m sufiqsi momdinareobs man III piris nacvalsaxelisagan
55
amave azrs aviTareben m.qaldani (1974) da b.jorbenaZe (1995).
57
(arn.Ciqobava, 1939, gv.168,173; g.klimovi, 1962, gv.55;
g.deetersi, 1930, gv.95).
b.kikviZisa da g.maWavarianis azriT, svanurSic gvaqvs
man/aman ganmsazRvreli nawevari, romlisganac miRebulia
ergativis -em/-m niSani. Zveli qarTulis moTxrobiTisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli aman nacvalsaxeli unda aRdges svanur-i -
em/n niSnisTvisac da amnem "aman" formis fuZisTvisac:
*aman>*aman-em>amn-Lm; sadac -Lm meoreuli danarTia (b.kikviZe,
1958, gv. 91).
g.maWavarianis azriT, qarTvelur enaTa
diferenciaciis periodSi moTxrobiTi brunva
gaformebuli ar iyo. qarTvelur enebSi es brunva saerTo
principis mixedviT - nacvalsaxeluri warmoSobis
elementebis gamoyenebiT gaformda. mkvlevris azriT,
svanuri -m uSualod ar momdinareobs qarTuli -man
nawevarisgan; svanurSic arsebobda Zveli qarTulis tipis
"gansazRvruli bruneba" (msazRvreli iyo *-aman CvenebiTi
nacvalsaxelisgan momdinare nawevari); substantivisa da
postpoziciuri nawevaris erTad brunebis gamo,
enklitikurad darTuli nawilaki Seerwya substantivs:
*mKr-ad a-ma-n(a)/e-ma-n(a) > *mKrKman/*mKrLman > ~<s: qarTlurSi, kaxurSi, herul kiloebSi: bze-~ raRa-
*mKrKm/mKrLm (g.maWavariani, 1960, gv. 102-103).
sarwmunoa svanur kiloebSi gamovlenili man-iani
ergativis -m niSnis qarTveluroba (vidre misi adiRuri
warmomavloba): svanuri ergativis -m/-em warmoiqmna
saerToqarTveluri *man/-iman nawevaris cveTis gziT
(rogorc samwignobro qarTulsa da qarTvelur e.w. sisina
kiloebSi): mara-iman>mareiman>marLman>marLm.
megr.-Wan. ergativis -q sxvadasxvagvaradaa axsnili:
q- sufiqsi i-g-i, e-g-e nacvalsaxelis Zireul g-s
ukavSirdeba: g>q (arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv. 173-174).
-q (<*g<*go) zanurSi imave funqciis mqone elementia
warmomavlobiT, rac -n sufiqsi qarTulSi (Sdr., ma-n, zan.
mu-q) (k. gabunia, 1998, gv. 38).
-q momdinareobs mtkicebiTi qo nawilakisagan: saxelis
bolokidur poziciaSi -qo gamartivda (gacvda): -qo>-q;
Sedegad -q-m dakarga dadasturebiTobis funqcia, ris gamoc
frazaSi xelaxla gaCnda qo nawilaki; Sdr., frazis dinamika:
koC qo morTu>koCq qo morTu>koCq qomorTu "kac movida"
58
(nawilakisgan afiqsis warmoqmna sxva enebisTvisac ar aris ucxo;
t.futkaraZe, 2008, gv. 122).
literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom qarTveluri
ergativis formireba dakavSirebulia gansazRvrulobis
kategoriasTan. determinireba esaWiroeba mxolod III pirs.
saxeluri fuZis gansazRvra SesaZlebeli iyo rogorc
CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelisgan momdinare -man nawevariT, aseve,
dadasturebiTi -qo morfemoidiT: dadasaturebiToba da
gansazRvruloba garkveulwilad gulisxmobs erTmaneTs
(t.futkaraZe, 2008, gv.123).
micemiTi brunvis mawarmoebeli ZiriTadi formanti
qarTvelur qvesistemebSi aris -s:
wyal-s, wign-s, mze-s, ca-s.... wyar-s `wyals", osur-s `qals",
boSi-s `biWs", bJa-s `mzes", TuTa-s `mTvares" (megr.); koCi-s `kacs",
osure-s `qals", bere-s `Svils", kuCxe-s `fexs" (Wan.); mKra-s `kacs",
zurKl-s `qals", JeR-s `ZaRls", xoCa-s `kargs" (svan.)...
micemiTis -s morfema Semdegi alomorfebiT dastur-
deba: -s, -sa, -h, ~, (//-~s, -~h, -~hs), c, 0). isini fo-
netikuri cvlilebiT aris miRebuli.
h<s:ra h<ras, Zmah<Zmas (samcx.-javax.) (b.jorbenaZe, 1998,
gv.550).
~ uzam? (qarTl.); ima-~ uTxra(kax.); ena~ nu ugdev `enas nu iCleq,
fenavs sufra~, iwyoven saxelev dadma~ (her.).
-s>-h>~//-~s//-~h//-~hs: qarTl., mTiul.: de-
das>dedah>deda~/deda~s/deda~h/ deda~hs (qarTl.), sizma-
ras>sizmara~s (mTiul.). am SemTxvevaSi -~s, -~h, -~hs rTuli
bgeebia, romelsac SemarTva ~-si aqvs, xolo damarTva s-s an h-si.
-c<s: megrulSi (i.yifSiZe, 1914, gv.024; g.klimovi, 1962,
gv.69-70; a.lomTaZe, 1987, gv.10); agreTve gurulsa da aWarulSi
(s.JRenti, 1936; i.megreliZe, 1938; S.niJaraZe, 1975). mag.: megr.:
uwå muSi cxen-c &&uTxra Tavis cxens" (xub. 218,33), koCi qHmeTxozH
irem-c kaci misdevs irems", paRur-c quCanTuanc `panRurs ur-
tyams" (xub. 185,36). gur.: wal-c<wald-s, var-c<vard-s, studen-
c<student-s... (i.megreliZe, 1938); gul-c<gul-s, wyal-c<wyal-s,
sadil-c<sadil-s (gr.imnaiSvili, 1966, gv.250); aWar.: bRavil-c...
(S. niJaraZe, 1957, gv.31).
0: kax., qarTl., aWar., javax., kak., imer., laSx., lent.,
megr. dialeqtebSi: as nabijze kvercx-0 artyamda, irmeb-0 qamando
iWerda (qarTl.). pol-0 recxen, Cedian qorwil-0 (kak.). cxen-0 sa-
Zovari misca, TaTreb-0 dauZaxa, xurjin-0 piri moxsna (javax.). ma-
59
tyuara xalx-0 ver iponi iqa. veqsil-0 douwerden (z.imer.). me-
zoblef-0 duriges. kardlef-0 mEakalief (z.aWar.), ima-0 moyvebian
(raW.)...
micemiTis brunva qarTvelur qvesistemebSi ZiriTadad
erTnairad aris gaformebuli.
naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis alomorfebia: -is/-isa/-
isi, -s/-sa/-si, -iS-i,/-S-i, -i~ (/-i~s, -i~h), -~s, -~h, -iz, -
iw, -i, 0.
amaTgan samwignobro qarTulSi warmodgenilia -is/-s/-
si/-~s/0, dasturdeba dialeqtebSic. naT. brunvis niSnis
alomorfebi ase nawildeba:
-~s (Zv. qarTulis msgavsad) dasturdeba xmovanfuZian
saxelebTan qarTlurSi, leCxumurSi, aWarulSi: miartya
ZuZu-~s Tavzeda (qarTl.), uro-~s (leCx.), agvisto-~s TveSi
(aWar.)...
-is>-ih (samcx.-javax.): x-is Ziri>x-ih Ziri, Tav-is(i)
qali>Tav-ih qali (b. jorbenaZe, 1998).
-i~s, -i~h, -ih gvxvdeba algeTis xeobis qarTlurSi:
qal-i~s-Tvina/qal-i~h-Tvina (T.saraliZe, 1978, gv. 55).
-i~ (<is/iS)/~(<s,S) alomorfebi dasturdeba: qarTl.,
kax., megr... mag.: pur-i~ Wama, gz-i~ pira~... (kax.); xemwif-i~ coli
(qarTl.); xoj-i~ Toli "xaris Tvali", dRa-~ sinTe "dRis sinaTle"
(megr.)...
-iz varianti gvxvdeba -gan TandebulTan: kac-iz-gan, im-
iz-gan, arafr-iz-gan...
-iw varianti gvaqvs megrulSi -kala/-kuma `Tan"
Tandebulis mezoblad. brunvis niSniseuli S Tanxmovani
Tandebuliseuli k bgeris gavleniT icvleba da, nacvlad Sk
kompleqsisa, viRebT wk kompleqss, sadac w aris naT.brunvis
niSnis fonetikuri varianti: koC-iS-kela>koC-iw-kela "kacTan".
-i (<-is/-iS) alomorfi TiTqmis yvela qarTvelur
dialeqtSi gvxvdeba. naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis
TanxmovniTi elementi xSirad ikargeba sazRvrulis
winamaval TanxmovanfuZian da fuZeukvecel msazRvrel
saxelebTan, mag.: isxams wifl-i xeSi, dajda sufr-i Tavsao, mawvn-i
qila (qarTl.); maml-i nayiv TarafSi "mamlis danayivleb mxareSi"
(kak.); pur-i Wama, saxl-i patroni, gz-i piras (javax.); ru-i pirze
(kax.)... beb-i GuCa "bebiis saxlSi"... svan.: B@n-i muW `xaris rqa"...
0 dasturdeba prepoziciur msazRvrelTan, agreTve
-Tan, -Tvis Tandebulebis win (imer., qarTl., megr.): qali-
60
Tvin, ami-Tana.. pur Wama~, patra zma~ Tav daaZebnela miv (ing.)...
babu Gude (megr.) "babuis saxli"... zuRa-piji“(<zuRaS piji) (Wan.)
"zRvis piri".
-iS, -S (<-is,-s) warmodgenilia zanur da svanur
dialeqtebSi. zanur-svanuri -iS/-S kanonzomieri
Sesatyvisia -is-/s sufiqsisa. -iS _ TanxmovanfuZian
saxelebTan, -S _ xmovanfuZianebTan56: megr.: koC-iS saxeli
`kacis saxeli", ja-S Gude `xis saxli"... Wan.: kuCxe-S(i)
`fexis", orZo-S(i) `skamis", katu-S-i `katis"... svan.: B@n-iS `xa-
ris", JeR-iS "ZaRlis"...
herulSi, fSaurSi, moxeurSi, kaxurSi, megrulSi, Wa-
nurSi naT. brunvis -is niSans emfatikuri daniSnulebiT
SeiZleba i xmovani daerTos57: kar gaaRes kidobn-is-i, Cama~Res
qobi wyl-is-i (aliabaT.). RmerT-is-i-c saxelis Wirimen, im qal-is-
i-c mal dovlaT a~Res. Ge qal Cem zm-is-i (<zm-is-i-a) (kakuri); Zm-is-
i-a, im dro-s-i (mox.); arafer ar mesmis am qveyn-is-i (fS.); yamda ori
vaJiSvili, umfrosi rva wl-is-i (kax.)... koC-iS(i) Gude `kacis
saxli", qobal-iS(i) qviri `puris fqvili" (megr.)...
qarTvelur qvesistemebSi naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis
alomorfebi saerTo fonetikuri kanonzomierebis
safuZvelzea miRebuli.
moqmedebiTi brunvis niSnebi qarTvelur dialeqtebSi
(garda svanuri kiloebisa)58 ZiriTadad samwignobro
qarTulis msgavsia. Taviseburebebidan aRsaniSnavia Semdegi:
a) dialeqtTa nawilSi (mTaraW., aWar., gur., her.)
xmovanfuZian saxelebTan (TanxmovanfuZianebis msgavsad),
gvaqvs -iT (>-~T): rZe-~T, erbo-~T, dila-~T (mTaraW. _ S. ZiZi-
56
lazurSi naTesaobiTis niSnad -s alomorfic dasturdeba (r.erkerti,
1895, gv.347; h.aWariani, 1899, gv.69; n.mari, 1910, gv.12; g.kartozia, 2005,
gv.78). g.kartozias azriT, -s niSniani formebi -S formantiani
naTesaobiTis fonetikur variants unda warmoadgendes; bolokidur
poziciaSi S>s (g.kartozia, 2005, gv.78-80).“
57
megr.-laz. naTesaobiTis -i daboloebis Sesaxeb arsebobs sxvadasxva
Tvalsazrisi: 1) naTesaobiTis -i emfatikur xmovania (arn.Ciqobava, 1942,
gv.71). 2) i nanaTesaobiTari saxelobiTia (g.kartozia, 2005,gv. 63-83).
58
svanur kiloebSi moqm. brunva gaformebulia -ES/-SE alomorfebiT: -ES
- xmovnis momdevno poziciaSia: dMna-ES `qaliSviliT"... -SE - Tanxmovnis
momdevno poziciaSi (am SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia SE/ES monacvleoba):
Ban-SE (/Ban-ES) "xariT"... g.Tofurias azriT, svanuri moqmedebiTi
brunvis niSnisaTvis amosavalia saerToqarTv. -T sufiqsi, kerZod:
T>Sd>S (g.Tofuria, 1997, gv.113).
61
guri, 1970, gv. 199); tungo-~T, baRana-~T (aWar. _ j.noRaideli,
1972, gv.69); Zma-iT, da-iT mdidaria, gaTfa mze-iT (gur. _
s.JRenti, 1936). Sdr. Zv. qarT.: wyaro-~T/wyaro-~Ta, ZuZu-~T/ZuZu-
~Ta (a.SaniZe, 1976, gv.38-39; i.imnaiSvili, 1957, gv.145-146).
b) qarTl., kax., her., z.imer., megr. dialeqtebSi moqme-
debiTi brunvis -iT alomorfi SeiZleba gavrcobil iqnes i
emfatikuri xmovniT: kib-iT-i adian, modis Toxis Zal-iT-i, Caia-
ra ferx-iT-i (qarTl.). herulSi xmovanfuZianebTan gvaqvs ~T-i:
daambes cxeni zua-~T-i ”daabes cxeni ZuiT”, wasul Sina-~T-
i“"wasula Sinidan"...
WanurSi i-s nacvlad e xmovania: koCi-T-e(n) `kaciT",
kuCxe-T-e(n) `fexiT", arguni-T-e(n) `najaxiT"...
WanurSi -T gvaqvs yvela saxelTan: injili qvaT ifSu
"margalitis TvliT aivso"; xoji do safaniT
xonumtes“"xariTa da saxnisiT xnavdnen" (g.kartozia, 2005, gv.84).
g) herulSi -iT/-~T > -i/-~: urmi vzidavT `urmiT
vzidavT"... kri zeda~ `karis zedaiT, zemodan"...
viTarebiTi brunvis niSnebad dialeqtebSi ZiriTa-
dad is alomorfebia warmodgenili, rac saliteraturo
enaSi. -ad/-d alomorfebi TiTqmis yvela kiloSi ixmareba.
viTarebiTi brunvis niSnad svanur dialeqtebSi yo-
velgvar saxelTan erTaderTi sufiqsi -d gamoiyeneba: b@C-d
`qvad", dMna-d `qaliSvilad", mKra-d `kacad" (v.Tofuria, 1944,
gv.342-343; g.klimovi, 1962, gv.80-84). a<ad (v.Tofuria, 1956,gv.32;
T.gamyreliZe, g.maWavariani, 1956, gv.183; a.oniani,1989, gv. 209).
megrulSi kanonzomieri fonemuri Sesatyvisoba gvaqvs:
-oT/-T (<-ad/-d): TanxmovanfuZianebTan -o, xmovanfuZia-
nebTan _ -T: did-o "didad", cxen-o "cxenad"; baRana-T "bavSvad",
WiTa-T "wiTlad"....59
viTarebiTis niSnis dayruebis procesi d>T TiTqmis
yvela kiloSi dasturdeba: kac-aT ar varga, glax-aT meiqca
(gur.); gagzana saomr-aT, sanadiro-T gamovida (qarTl.); saxel-aT,
mindvr-aT (javax.), sofl-aT, cixe-T (kax.); sanadiro-d/T (her.)...
59
Tanamedrove WanurSi viTarebiTi brunva ara gvaqvs, Tumca dasturdeba
viTarebiTi brunvis formebi, rogoricaa: dido kai `Zalian kargi", moT
”ratom, rad”, mjveSoT ”Zvelad”, arToT ”erTad”, lazuroT ”lazurad”;
a.lomTaZe, 1986, gv.112; g.klimovi, 1962, gv.82-84; g.kartozia, 2005, gv.85).
amdenad, es brunva `WanurisaTvis principulad ucxo ar aris" (arn. Ciqo-
bava, 1936, gv 17). sainteresoa Wanuri mimarTulebiTi brunvis formebi:
Cqim-da, koCi-Sa (<*koC-iS-da)... -da<ad-a- (-ad viT. brunvis mawarmoebelia).
62
aseve, viTarebiTi brunvis niSnad -a (<ad) alomorfi
(Zveli qarTulis msgavsad) gvxvdeba Semdeg kiloebSi: xevs.,
fS., her., mesx., raW., imer., gur., aWar., imerx... mag.: ROne~ daa-
level-a Tqúnsa maaxlúvar (her.); amoigava misi gvareuloba Zirian-
a (javax.); is lamaz-a iubnebs (fS.)...
amgvarad, viTarebiTi brunvis niSnis mixedviT qarTve-
luri qvesistemebi TiTqmis ar sxvaoben.
daniSnulebiTi brunva miRebulia naTesaobiTi brun-
vis formisagan viTarebiTi brunvis niSnis darTviT (iS+oT)
(arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv.54; v.Tofuria, 1937, gv.182). megru-
lis daniSnulebiTi brunvis (koC-iS-o(T) `kacisTvis", jima-
S-o(T) `ZmisTvis") fuZe (koC-iS, jima-S) kanonzomieri Se-
satyvisia salit. qarTulis naTesaobiTi brunvis formebisa
(kac-is, Zm-is), xolo -oT sufiqsi geneturad igive niSania,
rac salit. qarTulis viTarebiTi brunvis -ad: kac-ad
(arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv.54).
megrulis daniSnulebiTis forma zusti fonetikur-
morfologiuri ekvivalentia xevsuruli dialeqtis daniS-
nulebiTi brunvis formebisa: kac-is-ad, Zm-is-ad, amxanag-is-
ad (arn. Ciqobava, 1936, gv. 52).
v.Tofuriac daniSnulebiTs nanaTesaobiTar vnebiTad
(viTarebiTad) miiCnevs. nimuSad mohyavs xevs., fS., gur., svan.
msgavsi warmoebis formebi:
xevs.: erT dRisad daamzadebs (=erTi dRisTvis).
fS.: qmr-is-ad saxelis mZebneli (=qmr-is-Tvis).
gur.: im-iz-a ar gaq xeiri (im-iz-a < im-is-da `im-is-Tvis".
svan.: mLrma ladR-iS-d asdenix `meore dRisTvis darCebian"
(ladR-iS-d = dR-is-ad).
svanurSi -iS-d daboloebiani nanaTesaobiTari
viTarebiTi, Cveulebriv, gadmoscems daniSnulebiTis
mniSvnelobas (mu-eS-d `mamisTvis", ladR-iS-d `dRisTvis", qalaq-
iS-d `qalaqisTvis", gum-iS-d `gulisTvis" (v.Tofuria, 1937, gv.
180-181; g.klimovi, 1962, gv. 96).
i-za daboloebiani formebi gvxvdeba leCxumurSic:
madl-iz-a, momavl-iz-a, gil-iz-a... (b.jorbenaZe, 1989, gv.503).
amgvarad, formobriv-semantikuri TvalsazrisiT
megrulis daniSnulebiTi forma identuria svanuri da
fxouri kiloebis, gurulis, imerulis, leCxumuris
Sesabamisi formebisa (Sdr. nanaTesaobiTari viTarebiTi
kuTvnilebiTi daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba Zvel qarTulSic:
63
da vqmneT sami talavari: erTi Sendad, erT mosYsad, erTi
elia~sad, mrk. 9).
mimarTulebiTi brunva iwarmoeba naTesaobiTis
formisagan a (<da) viTarebiTis sufiqsis darTviT: ko-C-iS-
a... nacvalsaxelTan -da gvaqvs: Cqim-da... mimarTulebiTis
formaSi ZiriTadad warmodgenilia viTarebiTis a xmovniTi
elementi (ad>a), Tanxmovani dakarguli Cans (-da nacval-
saxelTan Semonaxulia).
megrulSi -da sufiqsiani formebi mimarTulebas gad-
moscemen: sqan-da `Sensken, SenTan", Cqin-da `Cvensken, Cven-
Tan"... Tanamedrove salit. qarTulsa rig dialeqtebSi da-
niSnulebas gamoxatavs: Sen-da `SenTvis"... imiza `imisTvis"...
arqaul qarTulSi da>a sufiqsiani formebi (Cem-da,
maT-da/maT-a, mis-a...) gadmoscems rogorc kuTvnilebiT da-
niSnulebas, ise mimarTulebas (T.SaraZeniZe, 1956, gv. 425-426;
i.imnaiSvili, 1957, gv. 493-495; a.martirosovi, 1968, gv. 114-119).
mimarTulebiTobis funqcia dakarga, Semoinaxa kuTvnilebi-
Ti daniSnulebisa, megrulSi ki da>a sufiqsian formebs mi-
marTulebiTobis funqcia SemorCaT. kuTvnilebiTi daniS-
nulebis funqcia ki o(T)(<*-ad) sufiqsianma formam Semoi-
naxa.
arqaul qarTulSi -isa/-~sa/-Ta daboloebiani saxelu-
ri formebi mimarTulebiTi brunvis (lativ-is) funqciiT
gvxvdeba: mivediT esavisa, Zmisa Senisa... sukudili miavlina
ufalman iakobisa.60
amgvarad, mimarTulebiTi brunva megrulisTvis speci-
fikur movlenas ar warmoadgens, aramed igi saerToqarTve-
luri movlenaa. nanaTesaobiTari viTarebiTis forma Tavi-
dan mimarTulebiTobisa da kuTvnilebiTi daniSnulebiTo-
bisTvis saerTo (saziaro) forma iyo. misi diferenciaciis
60
mkvlevarTa nawili (a.SaniZe, 1976, gv.213; c.qurcikiZe, 1960, gv.31-42;
a.WinWarauli, 1960, gv.14-15) amgvar formebs naTesaobiT brunvad miiC-
nevs, nawili (v.Tofuria, 1956; i.imnaiSvili, 1957, gv.379-80;
a.martirosovi, 1968, gv.169-178) nanaTesaobiTar viTarebiTad Tvlis.
T.uTurgaiZe maT brunvis formebad ar miiCnevs, radgan funqciiT zmnize-
debia da araferi aqvT saerTo brunebis paradigmasTan (T.uTurgaiZe,
1986). v.Tofurias azriT, mimarTulebiTi brunva nagenetivari nawilakia-
ni brunvaa: a (<da) nawilaki.
64
Sedegadaa Camoyalibebuli kuTvnilebiTi daniSnulebisa da
mimarTulebis gadmomcemi brunvebi Zvel qarTulSi (kac-is-
ad/kac-is-ad-a... Cem-da, ufl-is-a), dialeqtebSi (kac-is-ad,
Cem-da, kac-iz-da > kac-iz-a), svanursa (ladR-iS-d `dRisT-
vis") da megrul-WanurSi (koC-iS-o(T) `kacisTvis", Cqimda
`CemTan", koC-iS-a `kacTan").
III. mwkrivTa warmoeba
qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi Tvisobrivad erTgvaria
zmnuri sistema (pirisa da ricxvis niSnebi; ZiriTad mwkriv-
Ta warmoeba, zmnuri yalibebi...).
yvela is mwkrivi, romelic Tanamedrove qarTul sam-
wignobro enaSia, gvaqvs qarTvelur dialeqtebSic.
I seriis mwkrivTa warmoebis principi qarTvelur ki-
loebSi ZiriTadad saliteraturo qarTulis msgavsia:
sayrdenad gamoyenebulia awmyos fuZe. yoveli momdevno
formisTvis amosavalia winamavali formis struqtura, ro-
melsac, Tavis mxriv, daerTvis axali formanti:
salit. qarT. ag-eb-s _ ag-eb-d-a _ ag-eb-d-e-s
megr. og-an-s _ og-an-d-u _ og-an-d-a-s
svan. ag-em _ ag-@m-d-a _ ag-@m-dLd-s
awmyos fuZis warmoeba gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva ti-
pis (gardamaval, gardauval) zmnebSi; am mxrivac qarTvelu-
ri kiloebi arsebiTad erTnair tendencias amJRavneben.
a) gardamaval zmnaTagan TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba
TemisniSniani formebi. Temis niSnis darTva-daurTvelobis
TvalsazrisiT qarTveluri qvesistemebi 2 jgufad daiyofa:
a) dialeqtebi, romelTac martivfuZiani, uTemisniSno
warmoeba axasiaTebs (igulisxmeba im rigis zmnebi, romleb-
mac Semdgom -av Temis niSani dairTes II seriis fuZisgan gan-
sasxvaveblad);
b) kiloebi, romelTa fuZe Temis niSniT aris garTu-
lebuli.
awmyos fuZe gansazRvravs I seriis danarCen formaTa
struqturas; Tu awmyos fuZe uTemisniSnod iwarmoeba, aseve
Temis niSnis gareSe iqneba uwyvetelsa da kavSirebiTSic. da
piriqiT, Tu zmna awmyoSi Temis niSans dairTavs, Temis niS-
niT iqneba warmodgenili misgan nawarmoebi sxva mwkrivis
formebic.
65
 arqauli (uTemisniSno) warmoeba umTavresad fxour
da svanur kiloebSia daculi: xevs.: x-Boc-s ”xocavs”, s-Tib-s
”Tibavs”, R-recx-s ”recxavs”... svan.: lnt. a-Bn-i, a-B@n-i ”xnavs”...
SedarebiT iSviaTia sxva kiloebSi: Tes-s, recx-s (imer.);
xvet-s, Cex-s, ket-s (gur.); Tib-s, nay-s (aWar.); recx-s, kep-s (raW.)...
TemisniSniani warmoeba damaxasiaTebelia qarTl., kax.,
ing., samcx., javax., imer., leCx., gur., aWar., megr., Wan. kiloe-
bisaTvis, mag.: v-wer-av (qarTl., kax...), v-wer-am (javax.), p-War-un-q
(megr.), v-Waruf/um (Wan.) `vwer".
megrulsa da WanurSi unifikacia damTavrebulia: yve-
la gardamavali zmna TemisniSniania. sxva dialeqtebTan Se-
darebiT, megrul-WanurSi procesi Sors aris wasuli da aw-
myo-wyvetilis fuZeTa gansxvavebas mTlianad Temis niSnis
darTva-daurTveloba gansazRvravs: War-un-s `wers" (aw-
myo)>do-War-u `dawera"(wyvetili), xant-un-s `xatavs"(awmyo)>do-
xant-u `daxata" (wyvetili).
saliteraturo enaSi gardamavali zmnebi awmyos
mwkrivSi specialur niSans ar dairTaven. asea dialeqtTa
did nawilSi.
svanur kiloebSi awmyos fuZe dasrulebulia i, e, a
niSnebiT, an kidev uniSnodaa warmodgenili: axt-@E-i `xatavs",
amKr-e `amzadebs", xay-a `hyavs", agem `agebs", iked `iRebs"...
megrulSi awmyoSi zmnas (rogorc gardamavals, ise
gardauvals) mx. ricxvis I da II pirSi daerTvis daerTvis q-
sufiqsi. WanurSi gardamavali zmnebi raime mawarmoebels ar
dairTavs. uRlebis nimuSi:
megruli
mx ricxvi mr. ricxvi
v/p-War-un-q ”vwer” v/p-War-un-T“”vwerT”
War-un-q “”wer” War-un-T “ ”werT”
War-un-s ”wers” War-un-a(n)“ ”weren”
Wanuri
p-War-uf/um ”vwer” p-War-uf/um-T“”vwerT”
War-uf/um “ ”wer” War-un-uf/um-T“ ”werT”
War-uf/um-s ”wers” War-uf/um-a(n)“ ”weren”
b) gardauval zmnebs awmyos mwkrivSi saliteraturo
qarTulSi specialuri mawarmoebeli aqvs: I-II pirSi daerT-
vis -i sufiqsi, mesameSi dakargulia (a-s gamo): v-Tbeb-i (Ip.),
Tbeb-i (IIp.), Tbeb-a (IIIp.)... Sdr. Zvel qarTuli: gan-tf-eb-i-s...
arqauli viTareba daculia fxour kiloebSi: dg-eb-i-s
”dgeba”, e-xvev-i-s ”exveva”, keTd-eb-i-s ”keTdeba”... sxva dialeqtebi:
66
imal-v-i-s ”imaleba”, enatr-eb-i-s ”enatreba” (raW.); ixarS-v-is
”ixarSeba”, ib-m-i-s ”ibmeba” (aWar.)... izil-i-s ”izileba”, ikiTxvis
”ikiTxeba=iswavleba” (imerx.), iyid-v-is ”iyideba”, iW-m-i-s”iWmeba”
(maWaxl.) (S.futkaraZe, 1995, gv.13, 27).
megrulSi gardauvali zmnebi, gardamavalTa msgavsad,
awmyos I-II pirSi dairTavs -q sufiqss:
mx. ricxvi mr. ricxvi
v/p-tibu-q “”vTbebi” v/p-tibu-T “ ”vTbebiT”
tibu-q “ ”Tbebi” tibu-T “ ”TbebiT”
tibu-(n) “ ”Tbeba” tibu-n-a(n) ”Tbebian”
WanurSi -q sufiqsis nacvlad warmodgenilia -r:
p-tubu-r “”vTbebi” p-tubu-T “”vTbebiT”
tubu-r “ ”Tbebi” tubu-T “ ”TbebiT”
tubu-n “ ”Tbeba” tubu-n-an ”Tbebian”
megrulSi q- sufiqsi yovelgvar zmnas moudis, WanurSi
ki r- mxolod gardauval zmnaTa garkveuli jgufisTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli.
megrul-Wanuri q-, r- sufiqsebis warmoSobisa da funq-
ciis Sesaxeb specialur literaturaSi sxvadasxva Tvalsa-
zrisia gamoTqmuli:
Wanuri r- da megruli q- sufiqsebi erTmaneTs SeiZleba
daukavSirdes morfologiuri funqciis mixedviT
(arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv. 112, 115, 135).
megr. q- da Wan. r- erTi da imave warmoSobis sufiqsebia.
maT, iseve rogorc meSvel zmnebs afxazursa da yabardoul-
Si, ekisrebodaT statikurobis, mdgomareobis, arsebobis
aRniSvna. q- da r- sufiqsebi ore(n) `aris" meSveli zmnis
naSTs warmoadgens (qoren>qo nawilakdarTuls megrulSi
da uamnawilakod WanurSi), romelic megrulSi zmnas, qar-
Tuli zmnis msgavsad, I TurmeobiTSi unda darToda. aqedan
unda iyos is gadasuli awmyoSi _ jer statikur vnebiTSi da
Semdeg saSuali gvaris garkveul zmnebSi (q.lomTaTiZe, 1946,
gv.134).
megr. q- miRebuli unda iyos mtkicebiTi qo nawilakisa-
gan xmovnis dakargviT, ris Sedegadac enklitikurad
SeuerTda zmnur formas: qo-v-Warun-q<qo-v-Warun-qo...
(t.futkaraZe).
uwyvetlis mwkrivi qarTvelur qvesistemebSi erTnai-
ri wesiT iwarmoeba: sayrdenad iyenebs awmyos fuZes, romel-
sac daerTvis mwkrivis savrcobi da niSani. -d sufiqsi saer-
67
Toa yvela qarTveluri kilosaTvis. mwkrivis niSnebis mxriv
garkveuli Taviseburebebi SeimCneva (gansakuTrebiT svanur
kiloebSi).
saliteraturo qarTulSi rogorc gardamaval, ise
gardauval zmnebs uwyvetlis I-II pirSi mwkrivis niSnad da-
erTvis -i sufiqsi (III pirSi ikargeba). mwkrivis savrcobad
gardamaval zmnebTan -d sufiqsi gvaqvs: v-wer-d-i, wer-d-i, wer-
d-a...
aseve iuRleba -av, -am TemisniSniani zmnebi Tanamedrove
saliteraturo enaSi: v-kl-av-d-i, kl-av-d-i, kl-av-d-a... Sdr. Zv.
qarT.: v-kl-ev-d(i), kl-ev-d(i), kl-v-i-d-a...
dialeqtebSi -av, -am TemisniSniani zmnebi gansxvavebu-
lad iwarmoeba:
a) qarTl., kax., her., mox., mT.-gud., fS., imer. dialeq-
tebSi -av, -am ucvlelia: kl-av-s>kl-av-d-a, ab-am-s>ab-am-d-a...
b) xevs., TuS., mox., qarTl., fer., imer., raW., aWar.,
samcx., javax., imerx., livan., maWaxl. kiloebSi -av, -am > -ev, -
em: kl-av-d-a>kl-ev-d-a, ab-am-d-a>ab-em-d-a... rwy-ev-d-a, Tib-ev-di
(imerx.), ker-ev-d-i-T, xarS-ev-d-en(maWaxl.), vxn-ev-d-i-T, ab-em-d-
a(livan.) (S.futkaraZe, 1995).
g) gur., aWar., maWaxl., z.raW. kiloebSi -av>-v: kl-av-
s>kl-v-i-d-a, xat-av-s>xat-v-i-d-a... gurulsa da maWaxlurSi -ev-d, -
em-d>v-i-d, m-i-d samive pirSi dasturdeba: vasx-m-i-d-i-T, ic-m-i-d-
a (maWaxl.) (S.futkaraZe, 1995, gv.27); v-mal-v-i-d-i (gur.)...
Temis niSanTa gadabgereba gavrcelebulia svanur ki-
loebSic, dasturdeba e>@: agem`agebs">ag@m-d-a`agebda", ab-
61
em`abams">ab@m-d-a`abamda"... (b.jorbenaZe, 1995, gv.379-382).
61
mkvlevarTa nawili fiqrobs, rom -ev da -em aris Temis niSnebi, romle-
bic enacvleba -av, -am niSnebs, e.i, Temis niSanTa monacvleobasTan gvaqvs
saqme (arn. Ciqobava, 1948, gv. 98-100); nawili ki -ev, -em niSnebs fonetikur
niadagze xsnis: d-s momdevno i imsgavsebs a-s nawilobriv da e-d aqcevs:
vkl-av-d-i-T>vkl-ev-d-i-T. procesi jer mr.-is formaSi ganxorcielda,
Semdeg ki analogiiT mxolobiTSi gadavida (l.kiknaZe, 1957, gv.317-344).
kl-v-i-d-a tipis formebSi i TanxmovnaTgasayari xmovani unda iyos, ro-
melic mas Semdeg gaCnda, rac III sub. piris niSnebma SekumSes Temis niSnebi.
a xmovnis amogdebis Semdeg Tavi moiyara ramdenime Tanxmovanma, romelTa
gasaTiSad ganviTarda i (i.imnaiSvili, v.imnaiSvili,1996, gv.128).
68
megrul-WanurSic, gardamaval zmnebs I-II pirSi mx. da
mr.-Si i daerTvis, savrcobad ki megrulSi -d sufiqsi ga-
moiyeneba, WanurSi d>t:
megruli
v/p-War-un-d-i“”vwerdi" v/p-War-un-d-i-T ”vwerdiT"
War-un-d-i ”vwerdi" War-un-d-i-T ”werdiT"
War-un-d-u ”werda" War-un-d-es ”werdnen”
Wanuri
p-War-um-t-i“”vwerdi" p-War-um-t-i-T ”vwerdiT"
War-um-t-i ”vwerdi" War-um-t-i-T ”werdiT"
War-um-t-u ”werda" War-um-t-es ”werdnen”
-d uwyvetlis mawarmoebeli ZiriTadi sufiqsia svanur
kiloebSi; igi umTavresad i-ze daboloebul zmnebTan aris
warmodgenili: a-Bn-i-d-a `xnavda"... I-II pirSi d-s emateba -@s
(bz., lnt. xE-a-Ban-d-@s `vxnavdi"), -@sgE (beC.: xE-a-Bn-id-
@sgE) elementebi.
xE-a-xt-@E-d-@s (*xEaxat-@E-i+d@s) `vxatavdi" l-a-xt-@E-da-d `vxatavdiT"
xE-a-xt@E-da-d `vxatavdiT" (eqskl.)
x-a-xt-@E-d-@s `xatavdi" x-a-xt-@E-da-d `xatavdiT"
a-xt-@E-d-a `xatavda" a-xt-@E-da-x `xatavdnen".
b) gardauval zmnebs uwyvetlis mwkrivis niSnad
igive -i sufiqsi moudis, xolo savrcobad _ -od/-d. -d
gvxvdeba uyvars tipis zmnebTan: uyvar-d-a, sZul-d-a... -od _
vnebiTis formebTan: Tbeb-od-a, jdeb-od-a...
Sdr. Zvel qarTulSi -odian zmnebs uwyvetlis I-II pir-
Si (mx. da mr. ricxvSi) mwkrivis niSnad -e sufiqsi moudiT: v-
tir-od-e, s-tir-od-e...
arqauli viTareba Semonaxulia TuSurSi: vapireb-d-e
`vapirebdi", apireb-d-e `apirebdi".
megrulSi gardauval zmnebTanac -d savrcobi gvaqvs.
tib-u-d-u ”Tbeboda” War-u-d-u ”ewera”... (i.yifSiZe, 1914,
gv.071-072; arn.Ciqobava, 1937, gv. 112; 1948, gv.107; g.rogava, 1954,
gv.82; g.maWavariani, 1959; k.danelia, 1976, gv.169-170; r.Serozia,
1981, gv. 203).
-d savrcobi uwyvetlis formaSi gvxvdeba svanur ki-
loebSic: xE-a-yur-d”viweqi”, x-a-yur-d ”iweqi”, a-yur-d-a”iwva”...
awmyos kavSirebiTi iwarmoeba uwyvetlis fuZisagan
Sesabamisi sufiqsis darTviT. erTnairad awarmoebs yvela
tipis zmna. saliteraturo qarTulSi awmyos kavSirebiTs
erTaderTi -e sufiqsi daerTvis: v-wer-d-e, v-mal-av-d-e, v-Tb-
69
eb-od-e,v-i-jd-e... Sdr. Zvel qarTuli: -d savrcobianebTan
yovelTvis -e ixmareba, xolo -od sufiqsianebTan i sufiqsi
(a.SaniZe, 1927, gv.117-118; a.SaniZe, 1945, gv.835-844).
dialeqtebSi kavSirebiTis mwkrivTa warmoebis Tval-
sazrisiT met-naklebad gansxvavebuli viTarebaa:
xevsurulSi kavSirebiTis nakvTTa mawarmoeblad er-
TaderTi -a sufiqsi gamoiyeneba: CeC-d-a-s "CeCdes", wer-d-a-s
”werdes”... mx.r. I-II pirSi a>ĭ/H:
v-CeC-d-a/H/ĭ “”vCeCde” v-CeC-d-a-T “”vCeCdeT”
CeC-d-a/H/ĭ “ ”CeCde” CeC-d-a-T “”CeCdeT”
CeC-d-a-s “ ”CeCdes” CeC-d-a-n “”CeCdnen” (a.WinWarauli, 1960).
xevsurulis identuri viTareba gvaqvs WanurSi, sadac
aseve kavSirebiTis -a sufiqsi erTaderTia.
p-War-um-t-a“”vwerde" p-War-um-t-a-T ”vwerdeT"
War-um-t-a ”werde" War-um-t-a-T ”werdeT"
War-um-t-a-s ”werdes" War-um-t-a-n ”werdnen”
megrulSi I kavSirebiTis mawarmoeblad -a, -e niSnebi
gamoiyeneba. mx. ricxvis I-II pirSi paralelurad warmodge-
nilia -a/-e niSnebi. mx. ricxvis III pirsa da mr. ricxvis samive
pirSi -a sufiqsi ixmareba (i.yifSiZe, 1914, gv.065-067;
arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv.140):
v/p-War-un-d-a/e“”vwerde" v/p-War-un-d-a-T ”vwerdeT"
War-un-d-a ”werde" War-un-d-a-T ”werdeT"
War-un-d-a-s ”werdes" War-un-d-an ”werdnen”
arn.Ciqobavas azriT, kavSirebiTis ”-a unda iyos qar-
TulSi kavSirebiTis mawarmoebeli ZiriTadi sufiqsis -e-s
kanonzomieri Sesatyvisi... -ee unda iyos fonetikurad ga-
martivebuli damxmare sityva ere rom (arn.Ciqobava, 1936,
gv.139-140). arn.Ciqobavas mosazrebas iziarebs g. rogava
(1945, gv.647). g.kartozias mtkicebiT, e-niani formebi mi-
Rebulia a-nian formebze ini kavSiris darTviT. am SemTxve-
vaSi Semdegi fonetikuri procesi igulisxmeba: bWarunda-
ini>bWarundeini>bWarundeeni>bWarundLni(g.kartozia,1958, 231).
svanur kiloebSi I kavSirebiTis mawarmoeblebad das-
turdeba -Ld, -dLd (bz.), -ade, -ide (bqv.), -de, -Hde (bqv.,
qv.svan.) sufiqsebi.
I kavSirebiTis yalibia: namyo usrulis fuZe + e.
d-s Semcveli niSnebi daiSleba ase: -d (namyo usrulis for-
manti) + -e (kavSirebiTis niSani). -e sufiqsi dasturdeba
70
(balszemourSi xSirad mokvecilia): uSg. a-mKr-Ld-e-s, bqv. a-
mKr-a-d-e-s, lSx. a-mKr-d-e-s `amzadebdes" bz. a-mKr-Ld-s...
bz. -Ld/-dLd formantebis Sesaxeb v.Tofuria aRniS-
navs: e sufiqsian zmnebze darTuli -Ld miRebulia boloki-
duri e-s mokveciT, ramac gamoiwvia wina e-s dagrZeleba:
*@mCe-de-s `aberebdes > @mCL-s. am formaTa analogiiT unda
iyos miRebuli akl@E-dLd-s tipis formebi, sadac -dLd
calke formantad iqna miCneuli (v. Tofuria, 1967, gv. 112).
myofadis mwkrivis warmoebis principi qarTvelur
ena-kiloebSi identuria; gamoiyeneba:
1. zmniswini + awmyo, romelic myofadis mwkrivis
yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxea: qarTl., kax..: weravs - daweravs...
TuS.: keTdeb(is) - gakeTdeb(is)... xevs.: recxs - gaRrecxs, SWri - da-
SWri; ing.: do~Wer `daviWer", Ca~coms `Caicvams", gaFclO
`gavcvli"... fer.: Caicmen, daixoven; Wan.: faTxumT - dofaTxumT
`gavferTxavT", ptkamumT - doptkamumT `davtkepniT"... megr.: Wa-
runs - doWaruns `dawers", xantuns - doxantuns `daxatavs"... svan.:
aBni - adB@ni `daxnavs", axt@Ei - adxatEi `daxatavs", axz@Ei - anxa-
62
zEi `daxazavs"...
2. formaTa Senacvlebac saerToqarTveluri movle-
naa. mag.: muSaobs - imuSavebs, mReris - imRerebs; ing.: énadirev ”vi-
nadireb", écxovrev ”vicxovreb"... megr.: muSens ”muSaobs" - imuSens
`imuSavebs", Ralatens ”Ralatobs" - uRalatens `uRalatebs", ore
`aris" - iGuafu/iGii - ”iqneba", arZens ”aZlevs" - meCans ”miscems"...
svan.: li ”aris" - Mri/Mra ”iqneba", esREa/esREe ”miaqvs" - @~Lsgi
”waiRebs"...
3. WanurSi myofadis warmoebis ZiriTad tips war-
moadgens kavSirebiTis formaze meSveli zmnis darTva,
rac kilokavebis mixedviT gansxvavebulia. xofurSi II kavSi-
rebiTis formas daerTvis unon `unda" meSveli zmna: mx. ricx-
vi: b-kiTxa-minon `vkiTxav", kiTxa-ginon, kiTxas-unon... Sdr.: Cxa-
lur TqmaSi zmna icvleba rogorc piris, ise ricxvis mixed-
viT, meSveli zmna ki mas erTvis ucvlelad, mx. ricxvis III p.
formiT: mx.: b-kiTxa-unon, kiTxa-unon, kiTxas-unon...
62
zmniswinis darTva svanurSi nairgvar cvlilebebs iwvevs formaSi, ris
gamoc awmyo-myofadis formebi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan.
71
 viwur-arqabulsa da aTinurSi unon meSveli zmnis nac-
vlad daerTvis ere63, romelic sxvadasxva fonetikuri va-
riantiT (re, e, r) ixmareba. mag., mx.: b-kiTxa-re, kiTxa-re,
kiTxas-ere/kiTxas-e. mr.: b-kiTxa-T-ere/b-kiTxaT-e, kiTxaT-ere/
kiTxa-T-e, kiTxa-n-e/kiTxa-n-e-n.
II kavSirebiTis myofadis mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba Wa-
nurSi arqauli faqtia, meSveli zmnis darTva ki dialeqtu-
ri movlenaa.64
wyvetilis mwkrivis mawarmoebel sufiqsebad sali-
teraturo qarTulsa da dialeqtebSi -i, -e, 0 niSnebi
gvxvdeba.
arqauli qarTulis nulsufiqsiani zmnebi gaformebu-
lia -i sufiqsiT: movxan(i), movkal(i)... daculia fxour ki-
loebSi (xevs., TuS.).
-i, -e, 0 alomorfebis ganawilebis wesi qarTvelur
ena-kiloebSi met-naklebad gansxvavebulia:
-e sufiqsi mwkrivis niSnad TiTqmis yvela kiloSia:
qarTl.-kax.: davxat-e, gavaR-e, daviwy-e... megr.: do-v/p-W-e `Sevkere",
guaT-e `gavaTave", do-v/p-kil-e `davkete"... svan.: ad-xatE-e `dax-
ata", ad-kar-e `gaaRo"...
megrulSi wyvetilis niSnebad -i da -e sufiqsebi ga-
moiyeneba. mag.: fxant-i ”vxate", pkvaT-i ”vWeri"... ptyabar-e ”va-
tyave"... git-e ”gagiSvi", pWy-e ”vwyevle"...
63
ere-s warmomavlobasTan dakavSirebiT sxvadasxva azria gamoTqmuli;
ere<ore `aris" (n.mari, 1910, gv.53;); ere warmoSobiT kavSiria (Sdr. svan.
ere `rom" (arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv.148-49). -ere sufiqsi TurmeobiTis for-
mebSi meSveli zmnisgan aris momdinare (q. lomTaTiZe, 1946, gv.137-39;
n.naTaZe, 1961, gv.32; ir.asaTiani, 1970, gv.147; z.WumburiZe, 1986, gv. 153).
64
myofadis meSvelzmniani formebi dasturdeba svanurSic. lentexurSi,
sxva kiloebisagan gansxvavebiT, myofadis formas xSirad erTvis meSveli
zmna. meSveli zmna erTvis ara mimReobas (rogorc es ingilourSia), ara-
med uSualod myofadis formas. mag.: xEira ”viqnebi" zmnis paralelurad
lentexurSi ixmareba xEiraxEi, xira/xiraxi ”iqnebi". aseve:
lamTHre/lamTHre-xEi ”davlev", laxTHre/laxTHrexi ”dalev", anBEedeni/
anBEedenixEi ”moval", anBedeni/ anBedeniri ”moxval"... myofadis es saxeoba
z. WumburiZes enis ganviTarebis Sinagani kanonzomierebis gamoxatulebad
miaCnia (z.WumburiZe, 1986, gv. 127, 213).
72
WanurSi unifikaciis Sedegad erTi niSani (i) aris ga-
batonebuli, romelic I-II p. formas daerTvis: b-zum-i, zum-i,
zum-u... (i.qavTaraZe, 1973, gv.33).
Wanuris identuri viTarebaa xevsurulsa da ingi-
lourSi (III pirSi -a gamovlindeba): a-v-i-R-i, a-i-R-i, a-i-R-a;
ga-v-i-g-i, ga-i-g-i, ga-i-g-a... (Sdr., aliabaTurSi wyvetilis
mwkrivs -e sufiqsi awarmoebs: vican-e, mamec-e, wevel-e...).
svanuri kiloebi wyvetils awarmoeben: a) -e sufiqsiT,
b) fuZis saxiT.
-e sufiqsi mx. ricxvis I-II pirSi ar gvaqvs. Tumca isto-
riulad unda yofiliyo yvela pirsa da ricxvSi. e-s dakargva
fonetikuri faqtoriT ixsneba:
1. zsv. oT-z@E < *aTE-a-zaE-e *da-v-a-zave-e"
2 aT-z@E < *aT-a-zaE-e *da-h-a-zave-e"
3.ad-zaE<lnt. ad-a-z@E-e *da-a-zav-e-a (v.Tofuria,1967, gv.140).
Sdr. Zv. qarT. IIIp. formebi: mx.: wer-a (*wer-e-a), mr.:
wer-es (*wer-e-es).
nulsufiqsian zmnebs III piris formebSi mokvecili
aqvT niSani. preverbad iyeneben a-s. I-II pirSi maxvils atarebs
windebuli an maqcevari (sufiqsi), III pirSi ki _ Sida
xmovani fuZeSi: @/@, o/N, O/U. preverbiseuli a-s dagrZeleba
la-Si, sigrZis ugulebelyofa I da II pirSi... gamowveulia e-
s mokveciT da maxvilis ”moqmedebiT” (v.Tofuria, 1967, gv.
152-153).
svanurSi wyvetilis formas Seadgens: preverbi + piris
prefiqsi + maqcevari + -e an 0 (nuli) sufiqsi.
bz. mx. ricxvi mr. ricxvi
o-xE-m@r `movamzade" inkl. al-mKr-e-d `movamzadeT"
eqskl. O-xE-mKr-e-d `movamzadeT"
a-x-m@r `moamzade" a-x-mKr-e-d `moamzadeT"
an-mKr-e `moamzada" an-mKr-e-x `moamzades"
arcTu iSviaTad wyvetilis I-II pirSi (mxolobiTSi) i
daboloeba ikargeba: megr.: gegnaGoT(i) `gadaagde", qomiR(i)
`moitane", doWar(i) `dawere"... xevs., TuS.: gavig ”gavige”, gaig
”gaige; gadavugd ”gadavugde”, gadaugd ”gadaugde”...
zogjer wyvetilis daboloebaSi mTeli marcvali
ikargeba: megr.: moica(de), qomu(Ci) `momeci" (Sdr.: moica(de),
mome(ci), daxe(de), momye(vi), gaswi(e)...).
-e sufiqsis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva azria ga-
moTqmuli:
73
 -e sufiqsi momdinareobs ev-sgan (arn.Ciqobava, 1938,
gv.405; 1936, gv.135-38; g.rogava, 1945, gv.651-653); -e namyos
saxeobaTa saerTo niSania (v.Tofuria, 1955, gv.459).
g.rogavas azriT, wyvetilis III piris formaSi ev gada-
sulia u-Si (o safexuris gavliT): ogur-u-u<ogur-ev-u. I-
II pirSi gaorkecebuli e (ee) unda iyos miRebuli e-sTan i-s
asimilaciiT: voguree<vogurei (g.rogava, 1945, gv.648-
653).(Sdr. vogurei tipis forma literaturaSi kontamina-
ciur warmoebadaa miCneuli (arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv.136).
megr. bragadei (<bragadevi) formis sruli analogia
dasturdeba dialeqtebSi: viCivlei<viCivlevi, avi-
Rei<aviRevi (v. Tofuria, 1925, gv. 143). Sdr.: devnaxeviT,
gaaR-ev-i (imerx.), viyid-ev-i, devnax-ev-i (livan.), daangri-ev-i,
gavwald-ev-i (maWaxl.), deviWir-ev-i-T, eikid-ev-i (taouri)... (S.
futkaraZe, 1995).
II kavSirebiTis warmoebis principi qarTul salite-
raturo enasa da dialeqtebSi identuria: sayrdenad iRebs
wyvetilis fuZes, romelsac urTavs Sesabamis mawarmoebels.
saliteraturo qarTulSi II kavSirebiTs awarmoebs -e,
-a, -o sufiqsebi. maT ganawilebas ZiriTadad wyvetilis
fuZe ganapirobebs, kerZod:
a) -a niSani II kavSirebiTSi gvxvdeba maSin, roca wyvetil-
Si zmna -i sufiqsiT an uniSnodaa warmodgenili: vTqv-i -
vTqv-a, davwv-i - davwv-a...
b) -e niSani gvaqvs im zmnebTan, romlebic wyvetils -i
sufiqsiT awarmoeben:davec-i/ davec-e, waved-i/ wavid-e...
g) -o sufiqsi gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, roca wyvetilSi
-e gvaqvs: vwer-e - vwer-o, vtex-e - vtex-o...
svanur kiloebSic II kavSirebiTis niSanTa (-a, -e, -i)
ganawilebas wyvetilis daboloeba gansazRvravs, kerZod:
a) -a sufiqsi II kavSirebiTSi gvaqvs im SemTxvevaSi, roca
wyvetilis III piris formaSi zmnas -e gaaCnia: ad-kalE-e
"galewa" - ad-kalE-a-s "galewos"...
b) -e sufiqsi gvaqvs fuZedrekad zmnebTan: adig "gaaqro" -
adHg-e-s "gaaqros"...
g) -i daboloeba II kavSirebiTSi gvaqvs maSin, roca
wyvetilis III piris formebSi -e mokvecilia (nulsufiqsiani
74
wyvetilis zmnebTan): anq@C ”moWra" - anqC-i-s ”moWras”...
(v.Tofuria, 1967, gv.164-167).
WanurSi II kavSirebiTs (iseve rogorc I kavSirebiTs)
erTaderTi -a sufiqsi awarmoebs (piris, ricxvis ganurCevlad):
(do)-p-War-a "davwero" (do)-p-War-a-T "davweroT"
(do)-War-a `dawero" (do)-War-a-T "daweroT"
(do)-War-a-s `daweros" (do)-War-a-n "daweron”
Wanuris msgavsi viTarebaa xevsurulSi:
da-v-wer-a da-v-wer-a-T
da-wer-a da-wer-a-T
da-wer-a-s da-wer-a-n
megrulSi II kavSirebiTi mx. ricxvis I-II pirSi para-
leluri -a/-e niSniTaa warmodgenili:
(do)-v/p-War-a/e "davwero" (do)-v/p-War-a-T "davweroT"
(do)-War-a/e "dawero" (do)-War-a-T "daweroT"
(do)-War-a-s "daweros" (do)-War-a-n "daweron” 65
III seria rigi morfologiuri da sintaqsuri Tavise-
burebebiT xasiaTdeba.
megrul-Wanur-svanurSi, saliteraturo qarTulTan
SedarebiT, dro-kiloTa III jgufis mwkrivTa warmoebis
principi gansxvavebulia: I da II seriis formebis msgavsad,
aqac mwkrivebi sawarmoebeli fuZis mixedviT aris dalage-
buli: III seriis formebisaTvis amosavalia I TurmeobiTis
fuZe: domixantu - domixantudu - domixantudas“”damixatavs
- damexata - damexatos”.
svanur kiloebSic namyosrulis (Turm. I) fuZe aris
amosavali namyo winarewarsulisaTvis (Turm. II). am ukanask-
nels ki koniunqtivi III (kavS. III) eyrdnoba: bz.: xoxtaE-a -
xoxtaE-Pn - xoxtaE-Ln-s (uxatavs - exata - exatos) (v. Tofu-
65
i.yifSiZes SeniSnuli aqvs II kavSirebiTis warmoebaSi garkveuli kanon-
zomierebani, kerZod: zmnebi, romlebic namyo srulSi -ee niSniTaa war-
modgenili, II kavSirebiTSi miiReben -ua/-ue daboloebas: govTiree _
govTirua/govTirue "gavcvalo"... (i.yifSiZe, 1914, 060).
II kavSirebiTSi -ua/-ue sufiqsebs dairTavs, agreTve -i/-ii niSniani formebi:
`vuwii - vuwua/vuwue `vuTxra", fTqvii - fTqua/fTque `vTqva" (i.yifSiZe, iqve).
ganxiluli rigis zmnebSi kavSirebiTis niSnad igive -a/-e sufiqsebi ga-
moiyofa, romlebic kavSirebiTTa paraleluri warmoebisas gvaqvs. rac
Seexeba u xmovans, igi, g.rogavas azriT, -ev sufiqsis Serwymuli saxeoba
unda iyos: vogurua<voguroa<*vogureva (g.rogava, 1945, gv.650).
75
ria, 1967, gv.177).
I TurmeobiTs sxvadasxva tipis zmna sxvadasxvanairad
awarmoebs.
Tanamedrove salit. qarTulSi gardamavali zmnis I
TurmeobiTis fuZed gamoyenebulia I da II seriis fuZe.
a) gardamavali zmnebidan rig Taviseburebebs warmoa-
Cens -av, -am TemisniSniani formebi. am tipis zmnebisaTvis I
TurmeobiTSi amosavalia awmyo-myofadis fuZe. Tu zmna aw-
myo-myofadSi TemisniSniania, mas Temis niSani eqneba I Tur-
meobiTSic. daerTvis -i, -u prefiqsebi. wesi ugamonaklisoa
Zveli qarTulisaTvis: gauZarcvavs (awmyo: Zarcvavs), mou-
qargavs (awmyo: qargavs), daudgams (awmyo: dgams).
roca sax.-Si dasmuli obieqti III pirSia, uRleba mar-
tivia: momiklavs me igi, mogiklavs Sen igi mouklavs mas igi...
gansxvavebuli viTarebaa maSin, roca obieqtad I-II pi-
ria warmodgenili. am SemTxvevaSi Zvel qarTulSi meSveli
zmna ar Cans: mouklav mas me, mouklav mas Sen, mouklavs mas igi...
aRniSnuli tipis zmnebs Tanamedrove qarTulSi daer-
To meSveli zmnebi: movuklav-var, mouklav-xar.
sxva tipis gardamaval zmnebTan I TurmeobiTSi Zveli
qarTulis i-e-s daboloeba -i-a daboloebiTaa Secvlili.
arqauli uTemisniSno zmnaTa nawili dRes TemisniSnia-
ni gaxda: rekavs, Tibavs, Tesavs, kenkavs, ketavs, kecavs, rec-
xavs, wewavs, Wedavs, xexavs, xocavs... amgvar zmnaTa nawili -av
Temis niSans I TurmeobiTSic gamoavlens: dauxocavs, gau-
recxavs, daurekavs... Tumca ufro xSiria uTemisniSno for-
mebi: dauxocia, gaurecxia, daurekia... am SemTxvevaSi amosa-
vali Cans II seriis fuZe.
fxour kiloebSi (xevs., fS., TuS.) gardamaval zmnaTa I
TurmeobiTi. (roca realuri obieqti III piria) -av (<av-i-
s) formantiT iwarmoeba: gaukeTeb-av(i-s) ”gaukeTebia”,
gaug-av(i-s) ”gaugia”, ausxam-i-s ”ausxams”... bolokiduri -i-s
xSirad mokvecilia.
megrul-WanurSic I TurmeobiTi nawarmoebia stati-
kuri vnebiTis i, u prefiqsiani (sasxviso qcevis) formiT da
eyrdnoba I seriis fuZes an sawyiss: m-i-War-u "miweria", m-i-
keT-eb-u "mikeTebia"... m-i-Tqual-u "miTqvams", m-i-Gidir-u
"miyidia"...
76
megrul-WanurSi I TurmeobiTSi yvelgan -u daboloeba
gvaqvs: (miZiru(n) "minaxavs", mixantu(n) "mixatavs"... fuZe wy-
vetilisaa, magram -u awmyos sufiqsia. gamoyenebulia awmyos
fuZis saobieqto qcevis forma, romelic warmoSobiT sta-
tikuri awmyo unda iyos (Warun `sweria", miWarun `miweria".
mx. ricxvi mr. ricxvi
(do)m-i-War-u (do)m-i-War-u-n-a(n)
(do)i-War-u (do)i-War-u-n-a(n)
(do)u-War-u (do)u-War-u-n-a(n)
b. jorbenaZe: megrulSi gardamavali zmnis III seriaSi
gamoyenebulia aoristis fuZe, romelic formdeba I seriaSi
dadasturebuli sufiqsebiT (Sdr. qarT. orpiriani gardau-
vali zmnebi, romlebic gaformebulia meSveli zmniT (erT-
piriani zmnebis analogiiT), awmyo: ewereba - dasweria - das-
weriyo - dasweriyos (Sdr. iwereba - dawerila - daweri-
liyo - daweriliyos).
WanurSi inversiuli TurmeobiTebi masdaris mqone
yvela gardamavali zmnisagan iwarmoeba; im zmnebs, romelTac
masdari ar ewarmoebaT, TurmeobiTebic ara aqvT: mag.: migna-
fun ”gamigia”, miTqun ”miTqvams”, uSumunan ”usvamT”, miWko-
mun ”miWamia””... (g. kartozia, 2005, gv. 99)66.
fuZis Cvenebis mixedviT megrul-Wanuris gardamavali
zmnis III seria realurad II seriis paradigmas warmoadgens.
svanur kiloebSi I TurmeobiTis erTaderTi dabo-
loeba aris a: miSTxr-a ”miTxria”, mimKr-a `mimzadebia", misy-a
`mikeTebia"...
-a warmoSobiT awmyos sufiqsia, qarT. -av da zan. -u su-
fiqsebis kanonzomieri Sesatyvisi (g. maWavariani).
b) Zvel qarTulSi orpirian gardauval zmnaTa I
TurmeobiTSi (saerTod III seriaSi) ar gvxvdeba meS-
velzmniani formebi: da-v-h-viwy-eb-i-e, da-h-viwy-eb-i-e, da-h-viwy-
eb-i-e-s... da-m-viwy-eb-i-e-s, da-g-viwy-eb-i-e-s, da-h-viwy-eb-i-e-s...
66
lazuris TurmeobiTebTan dakavSirebiT sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisia ga-
moTqmuli: 1. lazurSi inversiuli TurmeobiTebis warmoeba iSviaTia
(n.mari, 1910, gv.46; arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv.153; a.kiziria, 1967, gv.70-71); 2.
inversiuli TurmeobiTebi WanurSi xSirad gamoiyeneba (i.yifSiZe, 1911,
gv. 3-4; J.diumezili, 1967, gv.7, 11; g.kartozia, 2005, gv. 97-102). litera-
turaSi gabatonebulia n.marisa da arn.Ciqobavas mosazreba lazurSi in-
versiuli TurmeobiTebis SezRuduli gamoyenebis Sesaxeb.
77
 amgvari warmoebis gverdiT gvaqvs I TurmeobiTis -ia
daboloebiani formebic: damitevebia, dahviwyebia, mqonebia...
statikuri zmnebi III seriaSi ZiriTadad iseve iwar-
moeba, rogorc Sesabamisi dinamikuri formebi: aRweriTad
an organulad.
orpirian statikur zmnaTaTvis sayrden fuZed gamoye-
nebulia moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnis awmyo-myofadis Temaze
damyarebuli masdari, romelsac I TurmeobiTSi emateba meS-
veli zmna, II TurmeobiTsa da III kavSirebiTSi ki -od-i, -od-
e sufiqsebi: vbmi-var, vbm-od-i, vbm-od-e.
orpiriani statikuri zmnebis warmoeba yovelTvis ar
emTxveva Sesabamisi dinamikuri vnebiTis warmoebas: uweria -
swerebia... xureboda.
dialeqtebSic saliteraturo qarTulis msgavsi war-
moeba gvaqvs.
gardauvali relatiuri zmnebi III serias sinTezurad
awarmoeben. I TurmeobiTSi meSvel zmnas dairTaven, xolo II
TurmeobiTsa da III kavSirebiTSi gamoavlenen -od sufiqss.
analizuri warmoeba dialeqtebisaTvisac ar aris ucxo.
imerulSi zogi orpiriani gardauvali zmna I Turmeo-
biTs aRweriTad awarmoebs: mofereb-larien (k. kublaSvili,
1985, gv. 165).
megrulSi orpiriani gardauvali zmnebi I TurmeobiT-
Si sxvadasxva fuZes iyeneben. warmoeba meSvelzmniania:
a) amosavalia I seriis fuZe, romelsac daerTvis meSve-
li zmna. awmyoseuli -u sufiqsi gvaqvs I TurmeobiTSic: qo-
davbadebuq ”davbadebivar”, mordu(u) ”gazrdia”, doSqvi-
du(u) ”daxrCobia”...
b) amosavalia sauRlebeli zmnis sawyisi, romelsac
daerTvis meSveli zmna: goWyoladu ”daviwyebia”, qogoTana-
fu ”gasTenebia”, qaxvalamu ”Sexvedria”...
g) erTpiriani zmnebis dro-kiloTa III jgufis for-
mebi qarTulSi Camoyalibda analizuri warmoebis safuZ-
velze: namyo drois saobieqto mimReoba + meSveli zmna (I
TurmeobiTSi awmyos - ”ars”, II TurmeobiTSi namyos - “”iyo”
da III kavSirebiTSi II kavSirebiTis -“”iyos” formiT): dax-
atula(rs), daxatul-iyo, daxatul-iyos.
Zvel qarTulSi erTpirian zmnaTa aRweriT formaSi
mxolod meSveli zmna iuRleboda, mimReobas piris niSani ar
78
moudioda. Tanamedrove qarTulSi III pirSi orive sityva
gaerTianda, amas mohyva piris niSnebis gadmotana TavSi. I-II
piri ormagi prefiqsiT gamoixata: v-Cveul-var, h-yofil-xar...
III pirSi meSveli zmna gamartivebulia: mosul-a, wasul-a...
erTpiriani zmnebi yvela qarTvelur qvesistemaSi aR-
weriTad iwarmoeba. calkeul dialeqtebSi (imer. gur.,
leCx.) meSveli zmna srulad Cans III pirSic: mosul-arien,
yofil-arien, damalul-arien...
xevsurulSi meSveli zmna zogjer“”as” saxiT gvxvdeba:
mamkvdaras... SesaZlebelia a-c gauCinardes da mxolod mi-
mReobiT gadmoices I TurmeobiTi: amabrunvil
(a.WinWarauli, 1960, gv. 136).
asea Wanursa da megrulSic. megr.: dopWveleq
"davmwvarvar", dopWveledi "davmwvariyavi", dopWveleda
"davmwvariyo":
-ere sufiqsiani warmoeba megrulSi mxolod erTpi-
rian gardauval zmnebs axasiaTebs67, Wanuri ki TurmeobiTis
warmoebaSi ar ganasxvavebs gardamaval da gardauval zmnebs.
megrul-WanurSi erTpirian zmnaTa nawili I Turmeo-
biTs organulad awarmoebs (iyenebs inversiul formebs):
megr.: midamirTumu, mingaru... Wan.: mixTimun ”wavsulvar”,
unjirun ”uZinia”... (g.kartozia, 2005, gv. 98).
svanur kiloebSi I TurmeobiTi yovelgvar zmnasTan ga-
formebulia -a sufiqsiT. qvemosvanur dialeqtebSi subieq-
turi wyobis paradigmis I-II piris formebSi xE-i `var", x-i
`xar" meSveli zmnaa warmodgenili (v. Tofuria, 1967, gv.169-
171).
II TurmeobiTi
a) gardamaval zmnaTa II TurmeobiTis warmoebisas
samwignobro qarTuli iyenebs dinamikuri zmnis II seriis
fuZes. warmoebis yalibi yvela zmnisaTvis erTia: forma
eyrdnoba saTanado zmnis wyvetilis fuZes da formobrivad
warmoadgens Sesabamisi eniani vnebiTis wyvetils. mwkrivis
niSnebia: -i, -e sufiqsebi da nuli.
67
megrulSi -ele(<ere)-iani warmoebis gverdiT gamoiyeneba gamartivebuli, -e
elementiani formebic: Goferedas/Gofedas "yofiliyos", doRureledas/ do-
Ruredas `momkvdariyos", doWveledas/doWvedas `damwvariyos"... miuTiTeben,
rom e<ere (m.margvelaSvili, 1982, gv.97).
79
 Zvel qarTulSi gvxvdeba II TurmeobiTis mokle forme-
bi: aRmeSYna, dameteva, ganmeaxla, momemzada, medida... Tana-
medrove saliteraturo enaSi isini -eb-in-a daboloebiTaa
warmodgenili: ameSenebina, dametovebina, medidebina... ar-
qauli warmoeba SemorCenilia fxour kiloebSi.
megrulsa da WanurSi II TurmeobiTi imave fuZes iye-
nebs, rasac I TurmeobiTi, oRond mas uwyvetlis -d sufiqss
urTavs: mizim-u(n)>mizim-u-d-u... (arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv.145-
147; i.yifSiZe, 1914, gv.086-088) (Sdr. salit. qarTulis orpi-
riani gardauvali zmnebi: momsvlia>momsvloda, mqo-
nia>mqonoda).
Wanuris nimuSebi: miTqvafutu ”meTqva”, dukidafutes ”ae-
goT”, gunwkimutu ”gaexsna”, ubirafutu ”emRera” (g.kartozia,
2005, gv.100-101).
viwur-arqabulSi II TurmeobiTi zogjer doren/ren
”aris” meSveli zmniT aris garTulebuli: muxtimutu-doren
”mosuliyo”, ugnafutes-ren ”gaegonaT, gaegoT”... (g. karto-
zia, 2005, gv. 101).
svanurSic II TurmeobiTis forma I TurmeobiTisagan
ZiriTadad mxolod mwkrivis niSniT gansxvavdeba. II Turmeo-
biTis mawarmoeblad gvxvdeba: bz.: Pn, bqv.(ecer.) @n, lnt. an,
lSx. Kn/Ln. bz.: mimKr-Pn `memzadebina", jimKr-Pn, xomKr-Pn; mix-
tau-Pn "mexata", jixtaE-Pn, xoxtaE-Pn...
b) orpirian gardauval zmnaTa II TurmeobiTi is-
toriulad warmoadgens I TurmeobiTis namyo usruls; gar-
Tulebulia -od sufiqsiT.
II TurmeobiTis formaTa zogadi struqtura aseTia:
zmniswini + piris niSani + Ziri + Temis niSani + od savrcobi
+ mwkrivis niSani: da-v-h-viwy-eb-od-e, da-h-viwy-eb-od-e, da-h-viwy-
eb-od-a...
Tanamedrove salit. qarTulSi mwkrivis niSnad, -e-s
nacvlad, gvaqvs -i:
da-v-viwy-eb-od-i, da-viwy-eb-od-i, da-viwy-eb-od-a...
orpiriani gardauvali zmnebis organuli warmoebis
gverdiT meSvelzmniani formebic Cndeba. gamoiyofa 2 tipi:
1.amosavalia masdari, -od sufiqsis nacvlad warmodge-
nilia meSveli zmna: viyav, iyav, iyo: hyol-iyo, sjobneb-
iyo, damkarg-viyo, SesZleb-iyos...
80
2. sayrdenia vnebiTi gvaris mimReoba, romelsac igive
meSveli zmna emateba: CamovrCenil-iyav, miaxloebul-
iyvnen... msgavsi formebi xSiria aRmosavlur dialeqtebSi.
orpirian gardauval zmnaTa II TurmeobiTSi parale-
luri warmoebidan Tanamedrove saliteraturo enaSi gaba-
tonebulia -odiani formebi. aRweriTi warmoebis nimuSebi
dialeqtur warmoebad miiCneva.
xevsurulSi, moxeurSi yvela zmna meSvelzmniania: xevs.:
xyvan-iyva, hqon-iyo, SamasCvev-iyo... mox.: gasTeTreb-iyo, gaxfuWeb-
iyo, maswoneb-iyo...
megrulSi orpiriani gardauvali zmnebis warmoeba or-
ganulia: II TurmeobiTi imeorebs vnebiTi gvaris zmnis uwy-
vetels: dabadebu-d-u ”dahbadebia”, Sexvalamu-d-u ”Sexvedroda”,
goWyoladu-d-u "daviwyeboda"...
svanurSic relatiur gardauval zmnaTa formebi gar-
damaval zmnebs misdevs, ZiriTadi gansxvavebas qmnis mxolod
pirTa mimarTebis xmovnebis kleba (v.Tofuria, 1967, gv. 169-
170).
g) erTpiriani zmnebi Zvel qarTulSi mxolod aRwe-
riTad iwarmoeba: sauRlebeli zmnis vnebiTi gvaris mimReo-
bis fuZe + yofa zmnis wyvetilis fuZe: iuRleba meSveli
zmna, mimReoba piris niSans ar dairTavs: warsrul viyav, war-
srul iyav, warsrul iyo...
Tanamedrove qarTulSic warmoebis principi ucvle-
lia. gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom v- prefiqsi meSvel
zmnas CamoSorda da zmniswinis momdevnod hpova adgili, meS-
veli zmna ki mimReobis fuZes Seuxorcda: wa-v-sul-iyavi, wa-
sul-iyavi, wa-sul-iyo...
xevsurulSic yvela erTpiriani zmna II TurmeobiTs
”iyo” meSveli zmniT awarmoebs: werebul-iyva, Camasul-iyo,
sZineb-iyva, zdeb-iyva, Samamdgar-iyva...
megrul-WanurSi erTpiriani zmnebi eyrdnoba I Tur-
meobiTis formas da dairTavs -d savrcobs: doWvele-d-u
"damwvariyo"...
Wanuris nimuSebi: gamuxTimutu ”gamosuliyo”, muxTimutu
”mosuliyo” (g.kartozia, 2005, gv. 101).
III kavSirebiTis warmoebas saliteraturo qarTul-
Si gansazRvravs II TurmeobiTis warmoeba: III kavSirebiTi
iseve iwarmoeba II TurmeobiTisagan, rogorc awmyosa da
myofadis kavSirebiTi uwyvetlisa da xolmeobiTisagan. moq-
81
medebiTi gvaris zmnaTa III kavSirebiTi statikuri vnebiTis
awmyos kavSirebiTs emTxveva.
a) gardamaval zmnebs III kavSirebiTSi daerTvis -a, -
e, -o sufiqsebi.
megrul-WanurSic III kavSirebiTi II TurmeobiTs eyrd-
noba. mawarmoeblad ZiriTadad -a sufiqsia gabatonebuli. -e
SedarebiT iSviaTia.
do)m-i-xant-u-d-a-s `mexatos" (do)m-i-xant-u-d-a-n `gvexatos"
(do)g-i-xant-u-d-a-s `gexatos" (do)g-i-xant-u-d-a-n `gexatoT"
(do)u-xant-u-d-a-s `exatos" (do)u-xant-u-d-a-n `exatoT"
Wanuris nimuSebi: dogirCafutas ”dagefinos”, gikvanda-
futas ”gemaTxovros” (g. kartozia, 205, gv. 102).
megrul-Wanuris identuria III kavSirebiTis warmoeba
xevsurulSi, sadac erTaderTi -a sufiqsi gamoiyeneba: da-m-
e-xat-a-s, da-g-e-xat-a-s, da-e-xat-a-s...
III kavSirebiTis warmoebis principi analogiuria sva-
nur kiloebSic. m-i-mKr-Ln-s<*m-i-mKr-Ln-e-s "memzadebinos". aq
kavSirebiTis -e sufiqsi mokvecilia. svan. sufiqsebi: bz.,
lSx. -Ln, bqv., lnt. -en, bqv. en-e.
b) orpiriani gardauvali zmnebs Zvel qarTulSi
III kavSirebiTSic aqvs organuli warmoebis formebi: da-v-h-
viwy-eb-od-i, da-h-viwy-eb-od-i, da-h-viwy-eb-od-i-s...
Tanamedrove qarTulSi mwkrivis niSnad, -i sufiqsis
nacvlad, gvaqvs -e: da-v-viwy-eb-od-e, da-viwy-eb-od-e-s...
megrul-WanurSi III kavSirebiTis niSnad ZiriTadad -a
sufiqsi gvxvdeba: do-p-Wv-ele-d-a "davmwvariyavi", do-Wv-ele-d-a,
do-Wv-ele-d-a-s...
g) erTpiriani zmnebi Zvel qarTulSi aRweriTad
iwarmoeba: meSveli zmna warmodgenilia II kavSirebiTis
formiT: warsrul viyo, warsrul iyo, warsrul iyos... Sdr. Ta-
namedrove qarTuli: wav-sul-iyavi, wa-sul-iyavi, wa-sul-iyos
megrulSi erTpiriani vnebiTi (dinamikuri) gvaris
zmnaTa erT jgufs dro-kiloTa III jgufSi (aqedan gamomdi-
nare, III kavSirebiTSic) aRweriTi warmoeba axasiaTebs, Tavs
iCens -ele (<ere) mawarmoebeli: mo-v/b-rd-ele-d-a `gavzrdi-
liyavi", mo-rd-ele-d-a, mo-rd-ele-d-a-s...
megrulSi erTpiriani zmnebis nawili organulad
awarmoeben III kavSirebiTs: ucxovrebudas `ecxovros", miZici-
nudas `mecinos", mingarudas `mitiros"... Wanuri: uxtimudas
”evlos”.
82
IV seriis formebi.
qarTvelur qvesistemebSi (megr., imer., leCx., raW.,
svan.) damoukidebel uRvlilebis erTeulebad gamoyofilia
na-/no- prefiqsiani zmnuri formebi. dro-kiloTa sxva jgu-
fis formebisagan maT ganasxvavebs yalibi da funqcia.
aRniSnuli zmnuri formebi adreul gramatikul li-
teraturaSi dro-kiloTa III jgufis formaTa paralelur
warmoebad (variantebad) aris miCneuli (i.yifSiZe, 1914,
089; arn.Ciqobava, 1936, 146; v.Tofuria svanurSi maT I se-
riaSi aerTianebs _ v.Tofuria, 1967, gv. 130-136).
megrulSi no- prefiqsian zmnur formaTa calke seriad
gamoyofa g.rogavas saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli. mkvlevarma
aRniSnuli formebi dro-kiloTa IV jgufSi gaaerTiana da
awmyos TurmeobiTis mwkrivebi uwoda, gansxvavebiT aoris-
tis TurmeobiTis mwkrivebisagan. IV jgufSi Semdegi mwkrive-
bi Sevida: III TurmeobiTi, IV TurmeobiTi, IV kavSirebiTi,
IV pirobiTi.
megrulSi IV seriaSi daculia sawarmoebeli fuZis
principi: III TurmeobiTi aris sayrdeni danarCeni mwkrive-
bisaTvis. III TurmeobiTis forma miiReba no- prefiqsiTa da -
u sufiqsiT nawarmoebi mimReobis formaze ore(n) meSveli
zmnis darTviT: no-Wkir-u-e-(n) < *no-Wkir-u-(o)re(n)
`Wris/Wrida Turme” (g.rogava, 1953, gv.23). uRlebis nimuSi:
viniani wyoba maniani wyoba
I no-v/p-War-u-e-q `vwerdi Turme” no-m/p-War-u-e `mwerda Turme”
II no-War-u-e-q `werdi Turme” no-r-War-u-e `gwerda Turme”
III no-War-u-e `werda Turme” no-War-u-e `werda Turme”
awmyos TurmeobiTisa da aoristis TurmeobiTis for-
mebi gansxvavebul konstruqcias qmnian: awmyos TurmeobiTis
mwkrivebSi gardamavali zmna nominatiuri konstruqciisaa
(Tina noWarue Tis `is werda Turme mas”), xolo aoristis
TurmeobiTis mwkrivebSi _ datiuri konstruqciisa (Tis
duWaru Tina `mas dauweria Turme”). amasTanave, dro-
kiloTa IV jgufSi gardamavali zmna sampirianobas inarCu-
nebs, III jgufSi - ara (g.rogava, 1953, gv.18).
megr. no- prefiqsiani awmyos TurmeobiTis analogiuri
warmoeba gvaqvs imerulSi, leCxumurSi, raWulSi
(S.ZiZiguri, 1938, 129-130; m.alaviZe, 1941, 234; q.ZoweniZe,
1973, 91-92; o.kaxaZe, 1954, 173-174), sadac na- prefiqsiT na-
warmoebi sami mwkrivi gamoiyofa: III TurmeobiTi, IV Tur-
83
meobiTi, IV kavSirebiTi. imer., leCx. da raW. na- prefiqsiani
yalibi megr. no- prefiqsiani yalibis identuria rogorc
warmoebis, ise mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT.
warmoebis principi: na- prefiqsiani warsuli drois
mimReoba + meSveli zmna (a<ars):
viniani wyoba maniani wyoba
I v-na-wera-var m-na-werav-a
II na-werav-xar g-nawerav-a
III na-werav-a nawerav-a (o.kaxaZe, 1954, gv. 174-175).
na- prefiqsiani yalibi aRniSnavs zogadad unaxav moq-
medebas. drois mixedviT gamoxatavs: a. namyo usruls: kowia
leqss ro nawerava, maSvin mosula i biWi da... (=Turme wer-
da); b. konkretul awmyos: gedeons i gogo nayvareba
(=uyvars Turme); g. Sdr. zogadi awmyo: i gogo leqsebs na-
werava (=wers Turme saerTod) (o.kaxaZe, 1954, gv. 174).
e.w. IV seria gamoiyofa svanur kiloebSic. warmodge-
nilia ori mwkriviT: III TurmeobiTi, IV TurmeobiTi
(g.rogava, 1953; z.WumburiZe, 1986; a.oniani, 1998) (Sdr.
v.Tofuria, 1967, 130-136).
svanur kiloebSi III TurmeobiTis yalibia: awmyos fuZe
+ un-a (bqv.), in-a (bz., qv.sv.). qvemo svanurSi mx. ricxvis I-II
pirSi meSveli zmna (xEi `var”, xi `xar”) daerTvis:
bz. xEagm-in-a lnt. xE@gem-na(xEi) `vuSenebdi Turme”
x@gm-in-a x@gem-na(xi) `uSenebdi Turme”
x@gm-in-a x@gem-na `uSenebda Turme”
v.Tofurias azriT, sufiqsi `a egeb n. usrulis mawar-
moebeli iyos” (v.Tofuria, 1967, gv.130). -in/-un sufiqsTa war-
momavloba sakvlevia.
specialistTa mier IV TurmeobiTad miCneuli formis
yalibia: lH-ma + awmyos fuZe + un-e, an: lH-+ma + (awmyos
fuZe) e + meSveli zmna. prefiqsebi yovelTvis saxezea, su-
fiqsebi ki _ ara.
bz. lHmg@mUn xEi lnt. lHm@gem xEi `naSenebvar”
lHmg@mUn xi lHm@gem xi `naSenebxar”
lHmg@mUn li lHm@gem li `naSeneba”
(v.Tofuria, 1967, gv.134).
v.Tofuria: lH- prefiqsi SeiZleba namyos mimReobis
lH- iyos. sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom svanur kiloebSi namyo
drois mimReobis ZiriTad mawarmoeblad swored lH prefiq-
sia, mag.: lH-g-e `agebuli”, lu-qEiT `moparuli”, lH-m-e `SeW-
84
muli”, lH-b-e `dabmuli”... (v.Tofuria, 1979, gv.218-219). na-
prefiqsi warsuli drois formebSi SedarebiT iSviaTia.
amiT unda aixsnas na-s nacvlad lH- prefiqsis gamoyeneba IV
TurmeobiTSi.
svanuri kiloebis IV TurmeobiTi struqturuli
TvalsazrisiT megrul-imerul-leCxumur-raWul na- pre-
fiqsian formaTa gverdiT dadgeba.
svan. III TurmeobiTi da IV TurmeobiTi konstruqcii-
Tac gansxvavdeba: pirveli relatiuria, meore - absoluturi.
IV seriis formebi ar gvaqvs WanurSi (Tumca winaviTa-
rebis no- prefiqsi gamoiyeneba). specialuri literaturi-
dan cnobilia Wanuris TurmeobiTis ori forma: nanamyou-
srulari TurmeobiTi da naaoristali TurmeobiTi. awmyos
TurmeobiTis Sinaarsi gadmoicema nanamyousrulari Tur-
meobiTiT, romelic analizuri warmoebisaa: namyo usrulis
forma + doren (viw.-arq.)//ere(aTin., xof.) meSveli zmna:
viwur-arqabuli xofuri
Ip. ma b-zum-um-t-i-doren b-zim-uf-t-er-e `Turme vzomavdi”
IIp. si zum-um-t-i-doren zim-uf-t-er-e `Turme zomavdi”
IIIp. zum-um-t-u-doren zim-uf-t-er-e-n `Turme zomavda”
(arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv.141).
Sdr. naaoristali TurmeobiTi:
b-zum-i-doren/b-zim-ere `Turme mizomavs”.
Wanuri nanamyousrulari TurmeobiTi funqciuri
TvalsazrisiT igivea, rac megrul-imerul-svanuri Turmeo-
biTebi, xolo SedgenilobiT msgavsia svan. III TurmeobiTisa.
maSasadame, awmyos TurmeobiTis specifikuri warmoeba
damaxasiaTebelia ara mxolod megrul-imeruli... kiloebi-
saTvis, aramed Wanuri da svanuri kiloebisTvisac; e.w. IV se-
riis formebi saerToqarTveluri movlena Cans da ara ro-
melime dialeqtis an dialeqturi jgufis kuTvnileba; Sdr.:
varaudoben, rom na- prefiqsiani formebi qarTuli
enis dasavlur dialeqtebSi megrulis gavleniT aris damk-
vidrebuli (arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv. 146). amgvari azris ga-
ziarebis SemTxvevaSi Zneli asaxsnelia no>na procesi. bge-
raTSesatyvisobis cnobili kanonzomierebis safuZvelze
ufro logikuria vivaraudoT piruku procesi: na>no; Sdr.,
agreTve, r.Serozias Tvalsazrisi: megr. no- prefiqsiani
formebi mas Semdeg gaCnda, rac megruli da Wanuri erTma-
neTs daSorda (r.Serozia, 2004, gv. 86).
85
 Teoriulad marTlac arsebobs albaToba imisa, rom
megr. no- prefiqsiani yalibi iyos amosavali imer.-leCx.-raW.
na- prefiqsiani formebisaTvis (am SemTxvevaSi na- prefiqsia-
ni warmoeba megr. no- prefiqsiani formebis semantikuri
kalkirebis Sedegad unda miviCnioT), magram aqve daismis
svan. IV TurmeobiTisa da megr. III TurmeobiTis mimarTebis
sakiTxic; megrulis uwinaresobis daSvebiT svan. lH- megr.
no- prefiqsis fonetikuri varianti gamodis... vfiqrobT,
svan. lH- momdinareobs la- prefiqsisgan, romelic saerTo-
qarTveluri na-/sa-s ekvivalenti Cans (problema damatebiT
kvlevas iTxovs).
e.w. IV seriis formebis saerToqarTvelurad aRiarebas
ar ewinaaRmdegeba is faqti, rom saliteraturo qarTulsa
da aRm. dialeqtebSi msgavsi warmoebis formebi ar gvxvdeba.
Sesabamis Sinaarss gadmoscems I TurmeobiTis mwkrivi, ro-
melic konteqstis mixedviT imave mniSvnelobas aRniSnavs,
rasac megr.-Wan.-imer.-svan. awmyos TurmeobiTebi.
awmyos TurmeobiTis formaTa mixedviT Tanamedrove
qarTveluri qvesistemebi SeiZleba or jgufad davyoT: a)
dasavleT saqarTveloSi arsebuli qarTveluri kiloebi
(megr., imer., leCx., raW., Wan., svan.), romlebic awmyos Tur-
meobiTis Sinaarss gansxvavebuli yalibiT aRniSnaven, b) sam-
wignobro qarTuli da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dialeqte-
bi, romlebsac awmyos TurmeobiTis specialuri forma ar
gaaCniaT da saimisod I TurmeobiTs iyeneben.
IV. sintaqsi
msazRvrel-sazRvrulis urTierToba qarTvelur
qvesistemebSi Tvisobrivad erTgvaria.
Zvel qarTulSi atributuli msazRvreli sazRvruls
eTanxmeboda brunvasa da ricxvSi. Tanamedrove salitera-
turo enaSi sazRvruli brunvaSi iTanxmebs masTan dakavSi-
rebul atributul msazRvrels, mgaram ricxvSi ver iTanx-
mebs. amasTan, gansxvavebulia xmovanfuZiani da Tanxmovanfu-
Ziani msazRvrelebis urTierToba sazRvrulTan: boloxmov-
niani msazRvreli fuZis saxiTaa warmodgenili (patara saxl-
i, patara saxl-ma...), boloTanxmovniani msazRvreli ki brun-
vis niSans dairTavs (did-i saxl-i, did-ma saxl-ma...).
86
Zvel qarTulSi arcTu iSviaTad marTuli msazRvre-
lic eTanxmeboda sazRvruls brunvasa da ricxvSi: rebeka~si
Zma~, kacisas grZnobas..
msazRvrel-sazRvrulis sintaqsuri damokidebuleba
megrul-Wanur-svanurSi ZiriTadad erTnairia: atributuli
msazRvreli (rogorc xmovanfuZiani, ise TanxmovanfuZiani)
sazRvrulTan urTierTobisas ar icvleba brunvisa da ricx-
vis mixedviT, mag.:
megr.: WiWe ZRabi, WiWe ZRabiq, WiWe ZRabis, WiWe ZRabiS(i), WiWe
68
ZRabiT(i), WiWe ZRabiT... Wan.: morderi WukaniTe "mozrdili qva-
biT" (arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv. 68-69; el. lomTaZe, 1954, gv. 210-211).
svan.: fHri bale "wiTeli foToli", fHri bale-d, fHri bale-s,
fHri balLmiS, fHri bale-ES, fHri bale-d... (a.oniani, 1998, gv.96)
msgavsi viTarebaa imer., leCx., gur., aWar., qarTl., kax.,
fer., livan... dialeqtebSic:
imer.: didi ketis, bevri afxanikebs (q.ZoweniZe, 1973, gv.296);
leCx.: sami baTmanma, sami baTmans (S.ZiZiguri, 1974, gv.174); aWar.:
Teli sofelma, uncrosi Zmam (S.niJaraZe, 1961, gv.114); gur.: didi
kacma, didi kacs (b.jorbenaZe, 1989, gv.536); qarTl.: beberi qalma,
koWli gogom (gr.imnaiSvili, 1974, gv.234); kax.: mdidari kacsa,
axali raions (a.martirosovi, gr.imnaiSvili, 1956, gv.124; fer.: Ce-
mi amxanagebmac, kargi sauzmes (arn.Ciqobava, 1927, gv.215)...
marTuli msazRvreli megrul-Wanur-svanurSic naTe-
saobiT brunvaSi dgas: megr.: koCiS(i) Gude, koCiS(i) Gudeq... Wan.:
bereS(i) nana, bereS(i) nanaq... svan.: B@ni(S) muW "xaris rqa", B@ni(S)
muW-d, B@ni(S) muW-s, B@ni(S) muW-iS, B@ni(S) muWES, B@ni(S) muW-d
(a.oniani, 1998, gv. 98). naT. brunvis niSani fonetikurad icv-
leba: oqro~ burTi (qarTl.), rkini~ kari (kax.), Toxi piri (imer.),
koCi Gude (megr.) "kacis saxli", JeRi gezal (svan.) "ZaRlis Svi-
li"... maWaxl.: Tofi xmaze (S.futkaraZe, 1993, gv.29). taouri:
parxli qilisa (S.futkaraZe, 1993, gv.35).
postpoziciuri msazRvreli, Cveulebisamebr, dairTavs
brunvis niSans: megr.: Gude koCiSi, Gudeq koCiSiq... Wan.: oxoriq
jaSiq, oxoris jaSis... svan.: lusdgv@rs voqvr@S "nawnavebs oqro-
sas"...
v.Tofurias azriT, msazRvrel-sazRvrulis brunebisas
arsebul erTgvarovan movlenebs erTnairi safuZveli aqvs,
68
megrul-WanurSi saxelobiTSi msazRvreli xSirad kargavs -i sufiqss da
fuZis saxiTaa warmodgenili: did koC-i, did koCiq... Jur koCi "ori kaci",
sum bee "sami bavSvi"...
87
kerZod: a) axalwarmoSobili erTnairi funqciis erTnairad
gamoxatva enaSi arsebuli saSualebebiT; b) enis tendencia
rTuli formebis gamartivebisaken da g) enis tendencia
sxvadasxva formis gaerTformianebisaken, unifikaciisaken
(v.Tofuria, 1954, gv.455).
martivi winadadebis struqtura
qarTul saliteraturo enaSi qvemdebare-Semasmenlis
urTierTobas gansazRvravs gardamavloba-gardauvaloba
(pirdapiri obieqtis arseboba): Tu Semasmenlad gardauvali
zmnaa, masTan Sewyobili qvemdebare saxelobiT brunvaSia;
gardamaval zmna-SemsmenelTan dakavSirebuli qvemdebare ki
brunvacvalebadia: I seriaSi saxelobiTSia, II seriaSi -
moTxrobiTSi, mesameSi - micemiTSi.
aRniSnuli sintaqsuri wesi qarTvelur kiloebSi,
garda megrul-Wanurisa, ZiriTadad daculia.
megrulSi qvemdebare yovelTvis moTxrobiTSi dgas II
seriis formebTan (zmnis gardamavloba-gardauvalobis
miuxedavad). WanurSi ki mniSvneloba aqvs gardamavlobas: Tu
zmna gardamavalia, masTan dakavSirebuli qvemdebare yvela
seriaSi moTxrobiTSi iqneba.
Wanuris msgavsi SemTxvevebi SeniSnulia aWarulSi:
xelmwifem klavs; qajebma saCeCeliT deeCxliten... (a.kiziria,
1982, gv.105). agreTve livanurSi: ise ityvian Zvelebma
(S.futkaraZe, 1993, gv.21).
moTxrobiTSi dasmuli qvemdebare saxelobiTis nacv-
lad gardauvali zmnis II seriis formebTan, garda megruli-
sa, gvxvdeba imer., leCx., raW., gur., aWar., imerx., maWaxl.,
qarTl., kax., fer. dialeqtebSi:
qv.imer.: xpom geekida jors; leCx.: am qalma dafiqrda; gur.:
mevida saRamos devma; aWar.: adga am dedaberma; qarTl.: diliT
colma adga; kax.: im biWebma gavidnen kaloze; fer.: mo~da qerimxan-
ma; imerx.: bebrma mivida faSasTan... (a.kiziria, 1982, gv.103-105);
daTvma gamomesxrika (S.futkaraZe, 1993, gv.29).
msgavsi faqtebi iSviaTad dadasturebulia Zvel qar-
TulSi: gardamoBdes mRdelman aRsavalsa sakurTxevelisasa;
madlman Senman Semewios; mamaman maTman qsenefore warvida...
(a.SaniZe, iv.imnaiSvili, z.sarjvelaZe, a.kiziria).
ganxilul sintaqsur movlenasac "saerTo safuZveli
uZevs" (v.Tofuria, 1954, gv.455).
88
kiTxviTi winadadebis struqtura
Zveli qarTulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kiTxviTi -a na-
wilakiani konstruqcia (gnebavsa?) met-naklebad daculia
qarTvelur dialeqtebSi:
arqauli -a nawilaki Tanamedrove saliteraturo enaSi
daikarga, daculia dialeqtebSi: xevsurulSi, fSaurSi, mTiu-
lurSi, TuSurSi, herulSi, raWulSi, megrulSi, svanurSi... iS-
viaTad dasturdeba: imerxeulSi, livanurSi, taourSi, mag.:
imerx.: inegols Sigan xara? aqevrobas cnobilobsa?
(S.futkaraZe, 1993, gv.11); livan.: tanze rasa vicvamTa?
(S.futkaraZe, 1993, gv.18)... svan.: anRria? "modis?"; aSid xaria?
"cocxali xar?" (a.kiziria, 1982, gv.65).
-a nawilakis fonetikuri Sesatyvisia megruli -o69: Te-
na va(g)iCquno? "es ar ici?", Teure meurqo? "iqiT midixar?"
V. leqsika
qarTveluri kiloebis leqsikuri fondis ZiriTadi na-
wili saerToqarTveluria.
megruli dialeqtis leqsikis umTavres nawils qmnis
saerToqarTveluri sityvebi (saliteraturo qarTulis
formaTa identuri, an kidev fonetikurad saxecvlili va-
riantebi). sakuTriv dialeqturi leqsikuri erTeulebis
xvedriTi wili SedarebiT naklebia.
identur formaTa raodenoba Zalze bevria, magaliTad:
adre, zRva, ca, cxeni, kari, dro, xani, wami, wamali, Zala, Ro-
ne, wesi, wirva, xareba, mdidari, Raribi, qoneba, Sara, SeZena,
Secodeba, Sewuxeba, dabadeba, xeloba, wadili, ZRveni, SiSi,
Sori, wynari, swori, didi, mware, ezo, Wiri, Wkua, tvini,
kvali, mxare, kari, ezo, didi, kiseri... udavoa, CamoTvlili
sityvebi saerToqarTveluri warmomavlobisaa da uZveles
leqsikur fonds ganekuTvneba. aRniSnulma leqsemebma
dRemde SeinarCunes Tavdapirveli saxe (rogorc forma, ise
semantika).
mkvlevarTa nawili samwignobro enis identuri leqsi-
kuri erTeulebis arsebobas megrulSi saliteraturo enis
gavleniT xsnis: isini an nasesxebia samwignobro enidan, an
69
WanurSi am funqciiT -i nawilaki gamoiyeneba: si va ganjieni? "Sen ar ge-
Zineba?"; xatije moxTui? "xatije movida?" (Sdr. afxazuri -i nawilaki).
89
kidev saxecvlilia saliteraturo qarTulis saTanado ma-
salasTan Seguebis (adaptaciis) procesSi (g.rogava, 1960,
gv.161-168). vfiqrobT, arasworia maTi nasesxeb (qarTuli
saliteraturo enidan) sityvebad miCneva (sesxeba, rogorc
wesi, ucxo enobriv sistemebs Soris xdeba). megrul-Wanur-
svanuri saerToerovnul enasTan iseTsave mimarTebaSia, ro-
gorc qarTluri, kaxuri, imeruli... dialeqtebi.
amave dros megruls Semonaxuli aqvs uamravi iseTi si-
tyvaforma, romelic Tanamedrove samwignobro enas daukar-
gavs, magram gvxvdeba Zvel werilobiT ZeglebSi; mag.: megr.
wilua ”mokrefa, mowyveta” (Sdr. Zv. qarT. mowilva ”xilis
krefa”); megr. winda ”WuWyi” (Sdr. Zv. qarT. wida ”WuWyi”);
megr.-Wan. gubua/gibua ”xarSva” (Sdr. Zv. qarT. gboba
”xarSva”)... megr. wikua ”dasvra, gaWuWyianeba” (Sdr. Zv.qarT.
mwik ”WuWyi”); megr. kurTa ”qveda sacvali” (Sdr. kvarTi ”ze-
da tansacmeli, grZeli perangi”)...
saerToqarTvelur leqsikur erTeulTa mniSvnelovani
nawili saxecvlilia formobrivad da semantikurad. fone-
tikuri cvlileba SeiZleba iyos poziciuri (kombinatoru-
li) da istoriuli (bgeraTSesatyvisobani).
Zireul, arqaul masalas umTavresad ganekuTvneba na-
Tesauri urTierTobis, sxeulis nawilebis, cxovelebis,
frinvelebis, mcenareebis, bunebrivi movlenebis, dro-Jamis
aRmniSvneli leqsika. agreTve, ricxviTi saxelebi, nacval-
saxelebi, zedsarTavi saxelebi, zmnebi.
saerToqarTvelur Zir-fuZeTa analizi warmodgenilia
arn.Ciqobavas, v.Tofurias, h.fenrixis, z.sarjvelaZis,
r.abaSias, m.Cuxuas da sxvaTa naSromebSi.
warmodgenili masala naTlad warmoaCens qarTvelur
enobriv erTeulTa sistemur erTgarobas. am donis eno-
brivi msgavseba mxolod erTi enis dialeqtebs Soris, anu
erT sistemaSi Semaval qvesistemebs Soris SeiZleba iyos.
qarTvelur dialeqtebSi ar gvaqvs iseTi fonetikur-
morfologiur-sintaqsuri movlena, romelsac analogi sa-
literaturo enasa da sxva dialeqtebSi ar hqondes. amdenad,
megrul-lazur-svanuri wminda lingvisturi (foneti-
kur-morfologiur-sintaqsur-leqsikuri...) niSnebiTac
warmoadgens dialeqtebs da ara enebs.
90
qarTvelur kiloTa Soris arsebuli enobrivi msgavse-
ba-igiveobis fonze ramdenad mizanSewonilia megrul-
lazur-svanuri metyvelebebis danarCeni qarTuli qvesiste-
mebisagan gamoTiSva/gancalkeveba "qarTveluri enebis" saxe-
liT. monaTesave enebs Soris, rogorc wesi, sxva donis mi-
marTebebia (Sdr. qarTuli da afxazuri enebi...).
qarTveluri qvesistemebi, ra Tqma unda, garkveuli Ta-
viseburebebiTac xasiaTdeba (gansakuTrebiT svanuri kiloe-
bi); magram arsebuli gansxvavebebi/ cvlilebebi ar aris im
rangisa, rom axali enobrivi sistemis warmoqmnis safuZvlad
miviCnioT. qarTvelur dialeqtTa Taviseburebani unda gan-
vixiloT qarTuli enis saerTo sistemasTan mimarTebiT da
ara calke, izolirebulad.
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom msgavsi enobrivi struqturis
mqone erTeulebi arcTu iSviaTad damoukidebel enebad
ganixileba (mag., rusuli, ukrainuli da belorusuli;
ruminuli da moldovuri, serbuli, xorvatuli da
slovenuri...)70 anu: sistemuri msgavseba-gansxvaveba ar aris
sakmarisi piroba monaTesave enobriv erTeulTa statusis
dasadgenad. sistemuri erTgvarobis garda
mniSvnelovania, aseve, eTnikuri, kulturuli da
saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri faqtorebi. qarTvelur
enobriv samyaroSi am mxrivac yvelaferi imaze metyvelebs,
rom qarTvelebi, rogorc erTi civilizebuli eTnosi,
mravali saukunea erTi dedaeniT vqmniT kulturas da erTi
erovnuli ena gvaqvs saxelmwifo enad.
yvela piroba gvaqvs vTqvaT: megrul-lazur-svanuri
metyvelebebi "danarCeni qarTuli kiloebisagan ar gansxvav-
deba imaze metad, vidre germanuli, franguli, italiuri,
arabuli, somxuri, Cinuri enebis dialeqtebi erTmaneTisa-
gan" (T.gvancelaZe, 2006, gv.10). udavo faqtia, erTiani
qarTuli saliteraturo enis Camoyalibeba-formirebaSi
megrel-laz-svanebi iseve monawileobdnen, rogorc
danarCeni kuTxis qarTvelebi. megrul-Wanur-svanuris
70
Sdr.: msoflioSi uamravi enaa, romelTa dialeqtebi erTmaneTisagan
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian fonetikur, morfologiur, sintaqsur da
leqsikur-semantikur doneze, magram mainc dialeqtebad ganixileba da
ara damoukidebel enebad (mag., germanuli, arabuli, franguli,
italiuri, sparsuli...).
91
"umwerlobo enebad" gamocxadeba istoriis gayalbeba
ufroa, vidre (enaT)mecnieruli WeSmariteba!
garda amisa, kuTxuri metyvelebebis enebad
gamocxadebis SemTxvevaSi dgeba misi matarebeli sociumis,
sazogadoebis statusis sakiTxic. sayovelTaod cnobilia,
rom ena da eri urTierTganmsazRvreli cnebebia: ena aqvs ers
(nacias, xalxs), xolo dialeqti (kilo) - am eris calkeul
jgufebs (Temebs).
"miuxedavad eTnografiuli Taviseburebebisa da
enobrivi sistemis variantTa (dialeqtTa) simravlisa,
qarTvelur sinamdvileSi ar warmoqmnila arc erebi da arc
enebi, - enas qmnis xalxi, magram aseve ena ayalibebs ers... arc
saliteraturo enisagan gansxvavebuli sistema
Camoyalibebula (r.Serozia, 2007, gv.391).
yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, vfiqrobT,
ufro logikuria qarTveluri enobrivi samyaro erTian
sistemad ganvixiloT: arsebobs erTi erovnuli ena (erTi
enobrivi sistema) da aTeulobiT misi varianti
(saliteraturo ena da dialeqtebi).
P. S. vis sWirdeba qarTvelur dialeqtTa mecnieru-
lad dausabuTebeli iseTi klasifikacia, romelic sauku-
neebis ganmavlobaSi SeduRabebul qarTvelTa erTian eno-
briv-eTnikur organizms danawileba-daqucmacebis safrTxes
uqmnis?
damowmebuli literatura
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velur enebSi, I: arn. Ciqobavas sax. enaTmecnierebis institu-
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r.abaSia, bgeraTSesatyvisobis axalgamovlenili rigisaTvis qarT-
velur enebSi, II: qarTvelologiuri krebuli, III, Tb., 2006.
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92
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saxelTa brunebis istoriisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, I, Tb.,
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v.Tofuria, viTarebiTi brunvis daboloebis sakiTxisaTvis qar-
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v.Tofuria, svanuri ena, Sromebi, II, Tb., 2002.
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93
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qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, VI, Tb., 1996.
g.kartozia, lazuri ena da misi adgili qarTvelur enaTa
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v.kaxaZe, meoTxe seriis mwkrivTa warmoeba dialeqtebSi: qarTuli
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niereba, VI, Tb., 1954.
o.kaxaZe, awmyos TurmeobiTis Sesaxeb qarTlurSi: kreb. arnold
Ciqobavas, Tb., 1979.
a.kiziria, martivi winadadebis Sedgeniloba qarTvelur enebSi,
Tb., 1982.
b.kikviZe, moTxrobiTi brunvis niSnis genezisisaTvis qarTulSi,
komunisturi aRzrdisaTvis, 1960, #2.
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sakiTxebi: Tbilisis universitetis Sromebi, XXXB-XXXIB,
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q.lomTaTiZe, -q sufiqsisaTvis megrul zmnaSi: ike, I, Tb., 1946.
q.lomTaTiZe, damokidebul winadadebaTa erT Tavisebureaba zog
qarTul dialeqtSi, I, Tb., 1946.
a. lomTaZe, saxelTa brunebis istoriisaTvis megrulSi, Tb., 1987.
el.lomTaZe, msazRvrel-sazRvrulis urTierToba megrulSi, ike,
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a.martirosovi, micemiTi da naTesaobiTi brunvebis warmoeba da
funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi: saxelTa brunebis istoriisaTvis
qarTvelur enebSi, I, Tb., 1956.
a.martirosovi, Cemda, Senda... tipis nacvalsaxelTa warmoeba da
funqciebi qarTvelur enebSi, ike, t. XI, 1959.
a.martirosovi, qarTuli enis javaxuri dialeqti, Tb., 1984.
g.maWavariani, brunebis erTi tipis genezisisaTvis svanurSi, Tsu
Sromebi, t. 93, 1960.
g.maWavariani, xmovanTa sistemis daxasiaTebisaTvis svanurSi
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94
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VII, Tb., 1955.
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95
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funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi: saxelTa brunebis istoriisaTvis
qarTvelur enebSi, I, Tb., 1956.
T.SaraZeniZe, açe procesisaTvis svanurSi, ike-s weliw-
deuli, VI, Tb., 1979.
T.SaraZeniZe, svanur-qarTul-zanuri Sesatyvisobis zogierTi sa-
kiTxi: iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba, XXX, Tb., 1991.
v.Sengelia, qarT J : zan. Jg SesatyvisobisaTvis: prof g.rogavas da-
badebidan 90 wlisasdmi miZRvnili saiubileo sesia, moxsene-
baTa Tezisebi, 1996.
96
r.Serozia, no- prefiqsian TurmeobiTebTan dakavSirebuli zogi
sakiTxisaTvis megrulSi: qarTvelologiuri krebuli, III, Tb.,
2004.
r.Serozia, qarTveluri saliteraturo enisa da sulxan-sabas
"sityvis konis" zogierTi sakiTxisaTvis, qarTveluri
memkvidreoba, XI, quTaisi, 2007.
arn.Ciqobava, grZeli xmovnebi mTiulurSi: tf. universitetis
moambe, #4, 1924.
arn.Ciqobava, Wanuris gramatikuli analizi, tf., 1936.
arn. Ciqobava, mimarTulebiTi brunvis mniSvnelobisa, warmoebisa
da istoriisaTvis: enimkis moambe, I, Tb., 1937.
arn.Ciqobava, Wanuri myofadis warmoebisaTvis: saq. mecn. akademiis
moambe, t. V (1), Tb., 1944.
arn.Ciqobava, ergatiuli konstruqciis problema, I, Tb., 1948.
arn.Ciqobava, awmyos fuZis warmoqmnis istoriisaTvis: ike, XIV,
Tb., 1964.
arn.Ciqobava, Wanur-megrul-qarTuli SedarebiTi leqsikoni, tf.,
1938.
arn.Ciqobava, mimarTulebiTi brunvis mniSvnelobisa, warmoebisa
da istoriisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi; saxelTa brunebis
istoriisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, I, Tb., 1956.
arn.Ciqobava, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tb.,
1979.
m.Cuxua, qarTvelur ena-kiloTa SedarebiTi leqsikoni, Tb., 2000-
2003
q.ZoweniZe, zemoimeruli kilokavi, Tb., 1973.
a.WinWarauli, xevsurulis Taviseburebani, Tb., 1960.
z.WumburiZe, myofadi qarTvelur enebSi, Tb., 1986.
b.jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, I, Tb., 1989.
b.jorbenaZe, qarTvelur enaTa dialeqtebi, Tb., 1995.
b.jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, II, Tb., 1998.
И.Кипшидзе, Грамматика мингрельского (иверского) языка с
хрестоматией и словарем, С.Пб., 1914: i.yifSiZe, rCeuli
Txzulebani, Tb., 1994.
Г.Климов, Склонение в картвельских языках сраинительно-
историческом аспекте, Москва, 1962.
97
 megrul-lazur-svanurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli enobrivi
eka dadiani (fonetikuri, morfologiuri, sintaqsuri, leqsikuri)
niSnebi ZiriTadad saerToa qarTuli saliteraturo enisa
da sxva dialeqtebisa (erTgvarovani enobrivi movlenebi
kidev erTxel qarTvelur ena-kiloTa qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi gaanalizebulia p.Waraias,
dajgufebis Sesaxeb arn.Ciqobavas, v.Tofurias, S.ZiZiguris, g.rogavas, a.kizirias,
o.kaxaZis, b.jorbenaZis da sxvaTa naSromebSi).
qarTvelTa enobrivi samyaros Sedgenilobis Sesaxeb moxsenebaSi konkretulad ganvixilavT qarTveluri ena-
specialur literaturaSi arsebuli mosazrebebi or kiloebis masalas, aq ki zogad suraTs warmovadgenT:
ZiriTad jgufad SeiZleba davyoT: 1. qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi fonematuri struqtura
a) erTi ena, aTeulobiT dialeqti: qarTuli arsebiTad identuria: Tvisobrivad erTnairia sametyvelo
(qarTveluri) enobrivi samyaro, iseve rogorc qarTveli eri, bgerebi (rogorc paradigmatuli, ise sintagmaturi
erTiania; qarTvelTa erovnuli ena - qarTuli ena TvalsazrisiT); saerToa bgeraTcvlilebis kanonzomierebebi
warmoadgens erTian sistemas, romelic qvesistemebis saxiT (xmovanTkompleqsTa transformacia, asimilacia, disimilacia,
moicavs qarTul saliteraturo enasa da calkeul kuTxeTa metaTezisi...); bgeraTSesatyvisobis saxeliT cnobili
metyvelebebs/dialeqtebs, maT Soris megrul-lazur da bgeraTmimarTebebi sporadulad sxva dialeqtebSic vlindeba.
svanur kiloebs. qarTvelTa erTi enis Teoria safuZvels 2. qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi Tvisobrivad erTgvaria
iRebs saistorio qarTuli mwerlobidan ("qarTlis brunvaTa sistema.
cxovreba"); qarTvelTa erTi enas asaxeleben Zveli Tu axali 3. qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi Tvisobrivad erTgvaria
Taobis mkvlevrebi: i. giuldenStedti, fr. alteri, m. zmnuri sistema (pirisa da ricxvis niSnebi; ZiriTad mwkriv-
brose, r. erkerti... p. Waraia, s. xundaZe... t. futkaraZe, T. Ta warmoeba, zmnuri yalibebi...).
gvancelaZe, m. tabiZe, r. Serozia, m. naWyebia...). 4. qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi Tvisobrivad erTgvaria
b) ramdenime ena, aTeulobiT dialeqti: qarTveluri msazRvrel-sazRvrulis urTierToba, martivi winadadebis
enobrivi samyaro Sedgeba sami/oTxi enisgan: qarTuli, struqtura...
megruli/lazuri, svanuri. TiToeuli maTgani warmoadgens 5. qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi Tvisobrivad erTgvaria
calke enobriv sistemas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, Sedgeba leqsika; kerZod, megrulis leqsikis didi nawili sxva qarT-
qvesistemebisagan/dialeqtebisagan. maTgan damwerloba veluri qvesistemebis identuri an fonetikurad saxecvli-
sakuTriv "qarTuls" aqvs, megrul-lazur-svanuri ki lia; lazurisa da svanuris leqsikas ufro etyoba ucxo
"umwerlobo qarTveluri enebia". es mosazreba saTaves iRebs enebis gavlena.
XIX saukunis meore naxevridan, gabatonebuli mosazreba iyo yvela qarTveluri qvesistema garkveuli Taviseburebe-
sabWoTa periodSi da dRes mas iziarebs enaTmecnierTa arc biT xasiaTdeba (gansakuTrebiT - svanuri kiloebi); cvlile-
Tu mcire nawili. bebi meoreuli, gviandeli movlenebia, amave dros, ar aris
monaTesave enobriv erTeulTa dajgufeba sxvadasxva im rangisa, rom axali enobrivi sistemis warmoqmnis safuZv-
kriteriumis mixedvit xdeba (istoriul-eTnografiuli, lad ganvixiloT; Sesabamisad, vfiqrobT, qarTveluri enobri-
geografiul-teritoriuli, lingvisturi, saliteraturo vi samyarosTvis ufro argumentirebuli Cans mosazreba:
enasTan siSore-siaxlove da sxv.). Cveni azriT, qarTvelur erTi erovnuli ena (erTi enobrivi sistema) da
ena-kiloTa kvalifikacia-klasifikaciisas ufro adekvatur aTeulobiT misi varianti (saliteraturo ena da
Sedegebs iZleva e.w. sistemurobis principi, romelsac am dialeqtebi). nakleblogikuria, rom qarTvelTa
bolo periodSi aqtiurad iyenebs prof. revaz Serozia. mravalsaukunovan erovnul enas gavuTanabroT romelime
sistemurobis principisTvis arsebiTia enobriv kuTxuri metyveleba.
TaviseburebaTa Tvisobrivi cvaleba: eqobrivi qvesistema
(dialeqti) damoukidebel sistemad (enad) maSin iqceva, roca
raodenobrivi sxvaobebi gadadis TvisebrivSi. Cvens
SemTxvevaSi:
98 99

luiza xaWapuriZe
iakob gogebaSvili qarTvelTa
saTemo kiloebis Sesaxeb
ena-dialeqtis mimarTeba erT-erTi sacilobeli sakiTxia
enaTmecnierebaSi. enisa da dialeqtis gamijvna, SeiZleba
iTqvas, dReisaTvis gadauWrel problemad rCeba.
2000 wels saqarTvelo miuerTda evrosabWos
dokumentebs: "evropuli qartia regionaluri da
umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb" da "CarCo konvencias erovnul
umciresobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb"; Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi
ufro aqtualuri gaxda eTnikuri da enobrivi
umciresobebis Tema.
samwuxarod, saqarTvelos enobriv-eTnikuri situaciis
is aRwerebi, romlebic sabWoTa periodis politizebuli
sqemebis gavleniT gavrcelda saerTaSoriso qselSi,
qarTvelTa did nawils (megrelebs, svanebs, mesxebs, lazebs,
aWarlebs...) umwignobro eTnikur umciresobebad acxadebs.
iribad Tu pirdapir am problemas ukavSirdeba qarTvelur
ena-kiloTa kvalifikaciis Tema. niSandoblivia, rom
Tanamedrove qarTvel enaTmecnierTa wreSi cxare kamaTia am
problemis garSemo.
kamaTis procesSi sadavo gaxda qarTvel klasikosTa
mosazrebebic; mag, mokamaTe orive mxare saTavisod imowmebs
didi erovnuli moRvawis iakob gogebaSvilis nawerebs. Cveni
dRevandeli moxsenebis Temad swored "dedaenis" avtoris
enobrivi koncefcia avirCieT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTvelur ena-kiloTa statusis
Sesaxeb aqtiuri diskusia daiwyo saqarTveloSi ruseTis
imperiis damkvidrebis Semdeg; kerZod, XIX saukunis 60-ian
wlebSi ruseTis imperiis moxeleebi sakmaod daufaravad
acxadebdnen, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifo da qarTveli eri
ar arsebobs. arian mxolod sxvadasxva tomebi: qarTlelebi,
kaxelebi, imerlebi, svanebi, megrelebi, raWvelebi,
gurulebi, aWarlebi da a.S. maT erTmaneTTan Zalian mcire
aqvT saerTo, isini sxvadasxva enebisa da tradiciebis mqone
100
xalxebia71 (am „"damoukidebel’’ xalxebs" ki Tavs axvevdnen
imperiul enasa da kulturas). mefis ruseTis "gaTiSe da
ibatones" politikas win aRudgnen qarTveli sazogado
moRvaweni; xma aRimaRles farTo sazogadoebis
warmomadgenlebmac.
iakob gogebaSvilma qarTveluri enobrivi samyros
Sedgenilobasa da qarTveluri idiomebis statusis sakiTxs
ramdenime naSromi miuZRvna. misi werilebi ZiriTadad
mimarTuli iyo caristul-imperiuli enobriv-eTnikuri
diversiis winaaRmdeg;
i. gogebaSvilTan "mTavari ena", "deda ena" erovnuli
enisa da saliteraturo qarTuli enis sinonimebia; rogorc
wesi, termini "ena" gamoyenebulia rogorc
eTnosis/erovnebis enis (qarTuli ena, rusuli ena,
franguli, somxuri...) aRsaniSnavad:
"yovels ers aqvs mTavari ena, romelic saerTo saunjes
Seadgens am eris yvela nawilisaTvis da iwodeba mis deda-
enad" (ena da kilo, 1902)72... ”rusuli ena ki unda
iswavlebodes, rogorc calke sagani... saSualo
saswavleblebSi... nemecursa da franguls enas
mowafeni rigianad vera swavloben”73...
”aRar gaixseno Seni urTierToba deda-qveyanasTana,
ilaparake mxolod Sens Sinaur kilozed, zurgi Seaqcie
Sens mTavars deda-enasa"74...
”samegrelosa da svaneTis skolebidan deda-ena unda
iqnas gamoricxuli, radgan aq xalxi adgilobrivs
kilokavebsa xmarobso?.. somex xalxsac mTavaris somxuris
garda aqvT provincialuri enebic, magaliTad, zokuri,
romelnic ise ganirCevian maTi deda-enisagan, rom bevrgan
bavSvebs Zilier uWirT am ukanasknelis gageba. miuxedavad
71
Sdr.: caristuli ruseTis imperiis mesveurTa azriT, qarTvelebi
„ers“ ver Seadgenen, ara aqvT erTiani erovnuli ena, erTiani
samwignobro kultura da mxolod provinciuli "Temebis grovas
warmoadgenen", gogebaSvili, 1990g
72
gogebaSvili, 1990g, gv. 516-518.
73
saarako gadaTqma; ”iveria”, 1903; gogebaSvili, 1990a gv.473-480.
74
antipedagogiuri jiutoba "kolxidis” pedagogisa, gaz. "saxalxo
gazeTi", 1911; gogebaSvili, 1990b, gv. 293-300.
101
amisa, yvela somxurs skolebSi ixmarebian saxelmZRvaneloni
literaturul deda-enaze”“ (1903)75.
Tanamedrove qarTulis msgavsad, iakob gogebaSvilis
nawerebSic, iSviaTad, termini "ena" gamoyenebulia
metyvelebis, "sasaubro enis" mniSvnelobiTac da
igulisxmeba kilo-kavi, Tumca, rogorc wesi, "dedaenis"
avtoris SromebSi xalxuri metyvelebis mniSvnelobiT
ZiriTadia termini "kilo".
iakob gogebaSvilma enisa da kilos sakiTxs sagangebo
werilic miuZRvna: "ena da kilo", romelic amave
saTauriT jer daibeWda 1902 wels gazeT
"iveriaSi"“ da 1903 wels v. gunias "saqarTvelos
kalendarSi"; saTauriT: "boroti wadili samegrelos
Sesaxeb" Tavad avtorma Seitana 1903 wels gamocemul Tavis
"rCeuli pedagogiuri da publicisturi nawerebis” I tomSi
(statia "ena da kilo"“ix. danarTSi); aqve warmogidgenT
mcire amonaridebs am da i. gogebaSvilis sxva statiebidan,
saidanac naTlad Cans misi enobrivi koncefcia:
”yvela skolebSi swavleba mowyobilia deda-enazed da
adgilobriv kiloebs xmaroben asaxsnelad da
gansamartavad im saerTo sityvebisa, romelnic adgilobriv
bavSvebs kargad ar esmiT. am saxiT efineba mTels xalxSi
deda-enis sruli codna... aseTi wesia evropaSi, amerikaSi da
yvela kulturuls qveynebSi... aseTi gonivruli wesi iyo
Cvens saqarTveloSiac mas ukan, rac qristianoba miiRo Cvenma
erma. vin moifiqrebda, Tu am gonivruls wessa
mowinaaRmdegeni gamouCndebodnen Cvens saqarTveloSi...
magram mxolod CvenSi da sxvagan arsad... ar aRmoCenila
imisTana Wkua-mokle da ukuRmarTi adamiani, romelsac
eTqvas, skolebSi swavleba Temur kiloebze unda iyos da
ara deda-enazeo.
CvenSi ki aRmoCndnen imisTana WkuiT glaxakni, romelTac
gabedes da warmosTqves, rom samegrelosa da svaneTis
skolebidgan deda-ena unda iqmnas gamoricxuli, radgan aq
xalxi adgilobriv kiloebs xmarobso.
75
boroti wadili samegrelos Sesaxeb; rCeuli pedagogiuri da
publicisturi nawerebi” t. I, 1903; gogebaSvili, 1990a, gv. 357-
360
102
... Cven yvelam wminda movaleobad unda davsaxoT mtkiced
dacva da aRorZineba qarTulis deda-enisa samegrelosa da
svaneTis eklesiaSi da skolaSi” (srulad ix., danarTSi).
“"megrelebi Seadgenen qarTvelTa Stosa. sxva
qarTvelebisagan bevriT arafriT gansxvavdebian, marto
eniT arian cotaTi gancalkevebulni, magram Ziri da cxra
meaTedi megruli enisa sul qarTulia. Rrma mcodneni
qarTulis enisa megrelebs Soris ufro bevrni
moipovebian, vidre sxva qarTvelebSi"; magram iqve
vkiTxulobT: "...maT Tavis saliteraturo enad miiCnies
qarTuli ena, provinciul kilos ki mxolod
SinaurobaSi xmarobdnen"... an “"am 15 wlis widad
samoswavlo biurokratiam moiwadina samegrelo moewyvitna
da ganecalkavebia saqarTvelosgan. daiwyo xmamaRali
RaRadisi, megrelebi qarTvelebi ar arian, sakuTari ena
aqvTo; Seadgenina aSordia-ganSordiebs megruli anbani... am
sakiTxis Taobaze me davwere werili, romelic
moTavsebulia Cems ”rCeuli nawerebis” krebulSi saTauriT
”boroti wadili samegrelos Sesaxeb” (antipedagogiuri
jiutoba ”kolxidis” pedagogisa, gaz. ”saxalxo gazeTi”,
1911)76;
„”marTlac, ras warmoadgens megrelis tipi, Tu ara
qarTvels? ras warmoadgens megruli ena, Tu ara odnav
Secvlil qarTuls. pravansuli ena bevrad ufro
daSorebulia frangulisagan, vinem megruli
77
qarTulisagan”
“”am provinciebs TavianTi Tavi mudam, uxsovari droi-
dan, saqarTvelos nawilebad miaCndaT da qarTuli ena Ta-
vianT deda enad swamdaT. mwerlobaSic imasa xmarobdnen
administraciaSica da samarTalSiac. Sinaur miwer-
mowerasac ki da savaWro dafTrebs qarTulad awarmoeben
qarTulis anbaniTa... megrelebi da svanebi xSirad
laparakoben TavianT saxlSi TavianTebur kiloze,
maSasadame, qarTuli ar unda vaswavloT imaTo, magram gana
somxebi, osebi, TaTrebi _ ki ara laparakoben sxvadasxva
kiloze? maS, imaT raRaT aswavlian TavianT zogad deda
76
gogebaSvili, 1990b, gv. 293-300
77
statia sami axali wigni i. gogebaSvilisa, iveria, 1904, #107
103
enas? qarTvelTa sxvadasxva tomobam vis ra dauSava, rom
imaTTvis akrZaluli xili unda iyos zogad qarTuli
kulturuli ena”“ (Seviwroveba qarTulisa enisa da
qarTvelebisa, swavla-ganaTlebis sferoSi)78;
”sad Tqmula da gagonila, rom ubrZanon mTels mxaresa,
karga bloms nawils qveynisasa: aRar gaixseno Seni naTesauri
damokidebuleba deda-qveyanasTana, ilaparake mxolod Sens
Sinaur kilozed, zurgi Seaqcie Sens mTavars deda-enasa
da daiviwye igi, gadaagde iqiT mSobliuri anbani, Seni mona-
wileobiT mogonili, uarhyav samSoblo literatura, rom-
lis salaroSi arc erT Zmazed Sen naklebi ar Segitania,
gaauqme Seni saRmrTo metyveleba, romelTanac Sexorcebu-
lia Seni sarwmunoeba, daiviwye Seni aTasis wlis is-
toriuli arsboba da gadaiqec velur xalxad, ro-
melmac yvelaferi Tavidan unda daiwyoso” (dabali
Robe erTa Soris, 1894)79
”megrelebma yvela qarTvel tomTan erTad, imTaviTve
aRiares qarTuli anbani Tavis sakuTar anbanad da Tavis sa-
literaturo enad miiCnies qarTuli ena, provinciul
kilos ki mxolod SinaurobaSi xmarobdnen... megrelTa tomi
qarTul enas yovelTvis Tvlida Tavis ZiriTad mSob-
liur enad (deda-enad) xolo Tavis adgilobriv di-
aleqts ucqeroda rogorc mSobliur kilos... megrelebi-
saTvis imis Tqma, rom maT ara aqvT anbani, arc damwerloba,
arc literatura, rom yvelaferi es amieridan unda Seqmna-
so, gana imas ar niSnavs, rom wavarTvaT maT mTeli maTi sax-
elovani warsuli, mTeli istoriuli monapovari, gamovac-
xadoT isini gonebriv Ratakebad da gverdiT amovuyenoT
iseT barbarosul tomebs, romelTac araviTari istoria ar
gaaCniaT?.. frangi mogzauris Sardenis gadmocemiT, romel-
mac XVIII saukunis damdegs inaxula samegrelo, samegreloSi
mcxovreb da mqadagebel kaTolike misionerebs, megruli
kilos Seswavlis Semdeg, advilad esmodaT qarTuli ena”“
(megruli dawyebiTi skolis sakiTxisaTvis, gaz. ”peter-
burgskie vedmosti”, 1903)80.
78
gogebaSvili, 1990g, gv. 519
79
gogebaSvili, 1990a, gv. 102
80
iqve, gv. 460-472
104
”...rom qarTuli mwignobroba megrelTaTvis
sakuTari ar yofiliyo, megrul mwignobrobas TviT
megrelebi Seqmnidnen, Seqmnidnen mraval saukuniT
adre”“ (iqve). amave werilis bolos i. gogebaSvili kidev
ufro Sors midis:
”saRvTo sjulis swavlebas ganuviTarebel megrul
kiloze, romlis saSualebiTac mxolod materialuri
sagnebisa da materialuri urTierTobis gamoxatva
SeiZleba, samegrelos xalxi sarwmunoebis profanaciad,
Tavisi sarwmunoebrivi grZnobis Selaxvad Tvlis... yovelive
zomoxsenebuls Cven saWirod vTvliT davumatoT isic, rom
is, rac megrelTa Sesaxeb iTqva, savsebiT Seexeba qarTveli
xalxis meore Stosac _ svanebs, romleTa araqarTvelebad
gadaqcevas lamoben igive gulmodgine, xepre politikanebi”“
(megruli dawyebiTi skolis sakiTxisaTvis, gaz.
”peterburgskie vedmosti”, 1903)81.
statiaSi ”afxazeTis Sesaxeb”, romelic 1907 wels
gamoqveynda i.gogebaSvili garkveul zRvars avlebs
afxazuris, rogorc enisa da megrulis, rogorc kilos
Soris:
”iSviaTad Semxvedria sofleli afxazi, romelsac
qarTuli laparaki esmoda. imave dros ar minaxavs arc erTi
megreli, romelsac egeve ena ar esmoda. ai ra gansxvavebaa
afxazTa da megrelTa Soris. am gansxvavebis Sedegi iyo, rom
maSin, roca megrelebi yvela saukuneSi saqmian
monawileobas Rebulobdnen qarTuli sasuliero da
saero literaturis gamdidrebaSi Tavisi niWier
nawarmoebebiT. afxazebisaTvis aseTi monawileoba
sruliad ucxo iyo. Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT qarTuli
warmoSobis zogierT aristokrats. afxazuri ena
qarTuli enis kilo ki ar aris, aramed damoukidebeli
enaa” (afxazeTis Sesaxeb, 1907)82.
zogi Tvlis, rom iakobis fraza: "megreli bavSvebi
qarTuls swavloben" miuTiTebs, rom megruli enaa83. srul
konteqstSi moyvanili damowmebuli citata, vfiqrobT,
81
iqve, gv. 468
82
gogebaSvili, 1990b, gv. 134
83
gogebaSvili, 1990g, gv. 516-518
105
amgvari daskvnis safuZvels ar iZleva84; Sdr.: iakobi amave
azrs iqve sxva sityvebiT ayalibebs:
”Cveneburs skolebSi, Savi zRvidan mokidebuli
daRestnis sazRvramde ixmareboda mxolod wignebi saerTo
literaturul deda-enaze dawerilni. gansamartavad
adgilobriv gaugebar sityvebisa da frazebisa
maswavleblebi xmarobdnen sityvierad adgilobrivs
terminebsa da frazebsa, mag., samegreloSi da svaneTSi, da
swavlasTan erTad avrcelebdnen deda-enis sruls
codnasa”“ (ena da kilo, 1902)85.
rbilad rom vTqvaT, sakamaToa g.gogolaSvilis sxva
Sefasebac; kerZod, misi azriT, i.gogebaSvili kilos,
kilo-kavs, mxolod megrelTa da svanTa aRsaniSnavad iyenebs
da ara saqarTvelos sxva kuTxis SvilTa metyvelebis
sinonimad; g. gogolaSvili Tvlis, rom iakob gogebaSvili
termin "kiloSi" enas gulisxmobs "politikuri
mosazrebebis" gamo: ”rac Seexeba teritoriul dialeqtebs
(imeruli, guruli, kaxuri, qarTluri...) maT iakobi amgvari
terminebiT ar ganmartavs, ar moixsenebs amgvarad;
Cveulebriv mianiSnebs: ase ityvian imereTSi, qarTlSi,
kaxeTSi... garTulebuli erovnuli viTarebis gamo wminda
politikuri xasiaTi hqonda TavSekavebas, rom megrulisa da
svanurisaTvis ewodebina ena”“ (gogolaSvili, 2008, gv. 21-
22)86.
"dedaenis" avtorisTvis politizebulobis dabraleba
uxerxulad gveCveneba87; garda amisa, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT,
84
garda amisa, nebismieri kilos mflobeli, vinc ena aidga rome-
lime kiloze, swavlobs standartul enas; Sdr., mag., saenaTmecnie-
ro literaturaSi araerTgan vkiTxulobT: ”saliteraturo ingli-
surs ingliselebi swavloben, rogorc damoukidebel enas. is aer-
Tianebs erT erad inglisurenovan samyaros da ara inglisuris di-
aleqtebi, romlebic didad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan” (nebier-
iZe, 1999, gv. 46); analogiuri situaciaa arabeTSic (Jordania,
1976).
85
gogebaSvili, 1990g, gv. 516-518
86
gogolaSvili, 2008, gv. 21-22
87
miT umetes, iakobi dauRalavad, miukerZoeblad da TavdadebiT
ibrZoda ruseTis imperiis mier politizebuli debulebebisa da
qarTvelTa eTnikur-enobrivi erTianobis dasacavad.
106
iakob gogebaSvili termin "enasac" iyenebs (oRond kilos
gagebiT!)88.
imperiis enobriv-eTnikuri diversiebis winaaRmdeg
i.gogebaSvilis daucxromeli brZolis erT-erTi nimuSia
misi werili ”antipedagogiuri jiutoba ”kolxidis”“
pedagogisa”“(1911 w.); erT fragments davimowmebT:
”am TxuTmetis wlis winad samoswavlo biurokratiam
moiwadina samegrelo moewyvitna da gaecalkavebina
saqarTvelosagan. daiwyo xmamaRali RaRadisi, megrelebi
qarTvelebi ar arian, Tavisi sakuTari ena aqvTo; Seadgenina
aSordia-ganSordiebs megruli anbani, rusuls enaze
aSenebuli da skolebSi Seecada mis gavrcelebas samegrelos
sazRvrebSi. am sakiTxis Taobaze me davwere werili,
romelic moTavsebulia Cems ”rCeuli nawerebis”“ krebulSi
am saTauriT ”boroti wadili samegrelos Sesaxeb”“ (es is
werilia, romelic Tavdapirvelad, 1902 wels, ”ena da
kilos”“ saxelwodebiT gamosca _ l.x.). biurokratiam es
metad iwyina da administracias aakrZalvina am
saganze wera. davwere rusulad werili da b-n Sio
daviTaSvilis rusuls krebulSi ”Весь Кавказ”-Si movaTavse,
magram cenzuram ar gauSva da amosWra. maSin Cemi werili
ufro gavafarTove da moskovSi gaugzavne dasabeWdad
romelsame perioduls gamocemaSi samkurnalo fakultetis
students mixeil gedevaniSvils, axla gamoCenils eqims
TbilisSi. arc erTs moskovis gazeTs ar mieRo
werili, mag Temaze sja akrZaluli gvaqvso.
moskovidan qarTvels studentebs gaegzavnaT peterburgSi,
magram iqac ver daebeWdaT imave mizezis gamo. roca es
peterburgidan Sematyobines, mivwere, calke wignakad
gamoeciT meTqi, da TxuTmeti Tumanic dasabeWdad
gavugzavne. studentebma dabeWdes saukeTeso stambaSi,
Cinebuls qaRaldze da Snoian wignakad gamosces am
saTauriT "megruli dawyebiTi skolis sakiTxisaTvis". es
wigni ki blomad moefina saqarTveloSi... xma amoiRes
88
”ras warmoadgens megruli ena, Tu ara odnav Secvlil qar-
Tuls”“(sami axali wigni i. gogebaSvilisa, ”iveria”, 1904); ”cxra
meaTedi megruli enisa sul qarTulia” (antipedagogiuri jiutoba
”kolxidis” pedagogisa, gaz. ”saxalxo gazeTi”, 1911; gogebaSvili,
1990b, gv. 293-300)
107
megrelma moZRvrebma, inteligentebma, glexebma... sxva
kuTxeebmac Cvenis qveynisam bani misces megrelebsa da Seiqmna
sazogado moZraoba, romelmac mospo boroti ganzraxva da
gaauqma SeTiTxnili megruli anbani...
me viTxovdi Cemis daCagrulis samSoblosaTvis yvela
uflebas, romlis miReba SesaZlebeli iyo im garemoebaSi,
romelSiac imyofeba saqarTvelo. Cemi devizi iyo:
maqsimumi SesaZleblobisa”“(gogebaSvili, 1990, 299-301)89.
Cven vecadeT iakob gogebaSvilis Tvalsazrisi
qarTvelTa saTemo kiloebis Sesaxeb akademiuri
konteqstebiT gadmogveca, patiosnad gveCvenebina is, rasac
miuZRvna man, rogorc saqarTvelos erTiani eTnikur-
enobrivi sivrcisaTvis dauRalavma mebrZolma, Tavisi
sicocxle da Semoqmedeba.
”visac yurni asxen isminon!” (ioane, 13).““
damowmebuli literatura
gogebaSvili, 1990a - i. gogebaSvili, rCeuli Txzulebani,
t. II, Tb., 1990.
gogebaSvili, 1990b - i. gogebaSvili, t. III, Tb., 1990.
gogebaSvili, 1990g - i. gogebaSvili, t. IV, Tb., 1990.
g.gogolaSvili, qarTveluri enobrivi sivrce i. gogebaSvilis
TvalTaxedviT, I respublikuri konferenciis naSromebi,
eZRvneba akad. g. axvledianis xsovnas, wyaltubo, 2008.
nebieriZe, 1999 - g. nebieriZe, enaTmecnierebis Sesavali,
Tb., 1999.
Jordania,1976 - al. Jordania, orenovnebis sakiTxi egvipteSi:
macne (ena-lit. seria), Tb., 1976.
89
gogebaSvili, 1990b, gv.299-301
108
luiza xaWapuriZe
iakob gogebaSvili qarTvelTa
saTemo kiloebis Sesaxeb
ena-dialeqtis mimarTeba erT-erTi problemuri sakiTxia
enaTmecnierebaSi. enisa da dialeqtis gamijvna, SeiZleba iTqvas,
dReisaTvis gadauWrel sakiTxad rCeba.
iakob gogebaSvilma qarTveluri enobrivi samyros
Sedgenilobasa da maTi statusis sakiTxs ramdenime naSromi
miuZRvna. ramdenadac dRes sakamaTo gaxda "dedaenis" avtoris
enobrivi koncefcia, Cven sagangebod SeviswavleT misi naSromebi.
i.gogebaSvilTan "mTavari ena", "deda ena" erovnuli enisa da
saliteraturo qarTuli enis sinonimebia; rogorc wesi, termini
"ena" gamoyenebulia rogorc eTnosis/erovnebis enis (qarTuli ena,
rusuli ena, franguli, somxuri...) aRsaniSnavad; iSviaTad, ena
niSnavs sasaubro enasac - kilo-kavsac, Tumca am mniSvnelobiT
ZiriTadia "kilo"; Sdr., ramdenime citata:
”aRar gaixseno Seni urTierToba deda-qveyanasTana, ilaparake
mxolod Sens Sinaur kilozed, zurgi Seaqcie Sens mTavars
deda-enasa";
„"cnobilia, rom yovel ers aqvs mTavari ena, romelic iwodeba
mis deda enad da Temuri kilo-kavebi, romelnic ixmarebian
adgilobriv";
"megrelebi laparakoben gansakuTrebul qarTul kiloze,
romelsac megruli ewodeba"; “"megrelebi Seadgenen qarTvelTa
Stosa. sxva qarTvelebisagan bevriT arafriT gansxvavdebian,
marto eniT arian cotaTi gancalkevebulni, magram Ziri da cxra
meaTedi megruli enisa sul qarTulia. Rrma mcodneni qarTulis
enisa megrelebs Soris ufro bevrni moipovebian, vidre sxva
qarTvelebSi"; "...maT Tavis saliteraturo enad miiCnies qarTuli
ena, provinciul kilos ki mxolod SinaurobaSi xmarobdnen"...
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros
Sedgenilobis Sesaxeb misi werilebi ZiriTadad mimarTulia
caristul-imperiuli enobriv-eTnikuri diversiis winaaRmdeg;
Sdr.: caristuli ruseTis imperiis mesveurTa azriT, qarTvelebi
„ers“ ver Seadgenen, ara aqvT erTiani erovnuli ena, erTiani
samwignobro kultura da mxolod provinciuli "Temebis grovas
warmoadgenen".
109
 27 noemberi, 2009 weli.
saqarTvelos umaRlesi saswavleblebis
profesor-maswavleblebs
pativcemulo kolegebo!
dRes qarTvelobisTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa
erovnuli enis (dedaenis) istoriisa da awmyoseuli prob-
lemebis mcodne momavali Taobebis aRzrda. samwuxarod,
mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis sferoSi 2004-2007 wlebSi mim-
dinare reformebis procesSi saqarTveloSi moqmed univer-
sitetTa umravlesobaSi mkveTrad SeizRuda qarTuli enis
swavleba; zog universitetSi qarTuli ena, Tundac qarTu-
lenovani terminologia, sul ar iswavleba (bunebrivia, e.w.
"akademiuri wera" ver cvlis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enas -
qarTul enas).
am fonze erTgvar gamonakliss qmnis quTaisis akaki we-
reTlis saxelmwifo universiteti, sadac "qarTuli enis
istorias" (qarTvelologiis Sesavalis formatiT) swav-
lobs humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis yvela pir-
velkurseli (momavali anglistebi, germanistebi, franko-
fonebi, iranistebi, arabistebi, Turqologebi da sxv.).
aRvniSnavT aseve, rom momavali qarTvelologebis
garda "qarTvelur enaTmecnierebas", rogorc damoukide-
bel sagans, swavloben romanul-germanuli enebis specia-
lobis doqtorantebi; istoriis, Jurnalistikis, ekonomi-
kis specialobis bakalavriatis studentebTan ki ikiTxeba
"qarTuli enis praqtikuli kursi".
reformisSemdgomi humanitarul mecnierebaTa fa-
kultetis pirveli kursisTvis akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo
universitetis qarTuli enis departamentis profesor-
maswavleblebis (tariel futkaraZe, JuJuna feiqriSvili, manana
110
miqaZe, marine qacarava, rusudan saRinaZe, ekaterine dadiani,
izolda rusaZe, Tamar lomTaZe, nino fxakaZe) mier 2006 wels
Seiqmna saxelmZRvanelo: "qarTuli enis istoria".
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis araqarTve-
lologi studentebi momdevno kursebze aRar swavloben
qarTul enas, amitom saxelmZRvanelos miznad ganvsazRvreT
ara mxolod qarTvelTa enobrivi samyaros, qarTvelologi-
uri kerebisa da samwignobro enis formirebis istoriis
warmoCena, aramed masSi Tavi movuyareT ZiriTadi enobrivi
faqtebis gansxvavebul interpretaciebsac; Sesabamisad, sax-
elmZRvanelos winasityvaobaSi vwerT:
"warmodgenili saxelmZRvanelos saxelwodeba gark-
veulwilad pirobiTia, vinaidan masSi zogadadaa mimox-
iluli ara mxolod qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros isto-
ria, aramed qarTvelologiis Sesavali kursisa da qarTuli
samwignobro enis normirebis zogi sakiTxi" (qarTuli enis
istoria, 2006, gv. 3).
Cvenda gasakvirad, "qarTuli enis istoriasac" sagaze-
To paskviliT (http://www.opentext.org.ge/09/sakartvelos-respublika/174/174-13.htm)
gamoucxada brZola g. gogolaSvilma, romelic bolSeviku-
ri paTosiT danaSaulad Tvlis "qarTuli enis istoriiT"
swavlebas.
migvaCnia, rom paskvilis avtori laxavs "qarTuli enis
istoriis" avtorebisa da saxelmZRvanelos redaqtoris
Rirsebas, amave dros cdilobs, sagazeTo provokaciebiT
saxifaTo "politikuri vnebebi" gamoiwvios da Tan xeli
SeuSalos qarTul enis istoriis swavlebas akaki wereTlis
saxelmwifo universitetSic.
pativcemulo kolegebo,
warmogidgenT Cven mier Seqmnil saxelmZRvanelos da
gTxovT, SeafasoT wignica da mavanis mier misi akrZalvis
moTxovnis "sabWo"uri stili da motivi.
111
 aqve, humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis dekanTan,
q-n nino CixlaZesTan winaswari konsultaciis Semdeg, Tavs
uflebas vaZlev, SemogTavazoT:
2010 wels quTaisSi CavataroT kolokviumi. kolok-
viumze warmovadginoT 2006-2010 wlebSi saqarTvelos un-
iversitetebSi qarTveluri enaTmecnierebis mimarTule-
biT gamoqveynebuli axali saxelmZRvaneloebi da akademi-
uri oponirebis gziT ganvixiloT isini (maT Soris "qarTu-
li enis istoria").
sasurvelia, kolokviumze warmodgenili iyos sauni-
versiteto gamokiTxvis Sedegebic, romlebSic asaxuli iqne-
ba bakalavriatis studentTa Tu magistrantTa damokide-
buleba gansaxilveli saxelmZRvaneloebisadmi.
amgvari erToblivi samuSao kargi winapiroba iqneba
Cvens umaRles skolebs Soris profesor-maswavleblebisa da
saxelmZRvaneloebis gacvlisaTvis.
pativiscemiT
profesori tariel futkaraZe
"qarTuli enis istoriis" redaqtori,
akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis
qarTuli enisa da zogadi enaTmecnierebis departa-
mentis sruli profesori, qarTveluri dialeqtologiis
samecniero-kvleviTi institutis direqtori
112
d a n a r T i
iakob gogebaSvili
ena da kilo90
„yovel ers aqvs mTavari ena, romelic saerTo saunjes
Seadgens am eris yvela nawilisaTvis da iwodeba mis deda
enad da Temuri kilo-kavebi, romelnic ixmarebian
adgilobriv. xalxis ganaTlebaSi am sityvierebis faqtorebs
kacobriobis keTilgonierebam aseTi daniSnuleba misca:
yvela skolebSi swavla mowyobilia deda enazed da
adgilobrivis kilokavebs xmaroben asaxsnelad da
gansamartavad im saerTo sityvebisa, romelnic adgilobriv
bavSvebs kargad ar esmiT. am saxiT efineba mTels xalxSi
deda enis sruli codna da masTan erTad vrceldeba
ganaTleba. aseTi wesia evropaSi, amerikaSi da yvelgan
kulturul qveyanaSi.
aseTive wesi arsebobs ruseTis xalxTa Soris da, sxvaTa
Soris kavkasielebSic. kavkasiels TaTrebs, magaliTad, aqvT
ramdenime provinciuli ena. adgilobrivi kilo, romelic
didad ganirCeva maTis deda-enidgan, romelsaca hqvian
aderbeiJanuli ena. saxelmZRvanelo wignebi TaTrulis enisa
da rusulisa yvela TaTrulis skolebisaTvis mxolod am
ukanasknels enaze arian Semdgari da es saxelmZRvaneloebi
ixmarebian yvela TaTrul TemTa Soris, sadac ki skolebi
arseboben. Tu mkiTxveli ifiqrebs, rom es TaTruli
saxelmZRvaneloebi romelime patriot TaTrisagan iqmnebian
Sedgenilnio, Zalian mostyuvdeba. maTi avtori aris
90
gogebaSvili, rCeuli Txzulebani, t. IV, Tb., 1990g, gv. 516-518
113
bunebrivi rusi, Cerniaevski, romelic jer Cinovnikad iyo terminebsa da frazebsa, mag., samegreloSi da svaneTSi, da
TaTruls provinciaSi, sadac kargaT Seiswavla TaTruli swavlasTan erTad avrcelebdnen deda-enis sruls codnasa.
ena, merme gapedagogda, gaxda inspeqtorad goris saostato vin moifiqrebda, Tu am gonivruls wess, RvTisagan
seminariis TaTrulis ganyofilebisa da swored am dros dalocvils da kacTagan mowonebuls, mowinaaRmdegeni
Seadgina TaTarTaTvis maTis deda-enisa da rusulis enis gamouCndebodnen Cvens qveyanaSi, saqarTveloSi, magram
saxelmZRvaneloebi da oriveSi mxolod saerTo moulodneli axda, SeuZlebeli acxadda, da acxadda
aderbeiJanuli ena ixmara. axla vikiTxoT: rogor miegeba am mxolod CvenSi da sxvagan arsad, arc somexTa Soris, arc
nabijs saskolo mTavroba? didi siamovnebiT, da aramc Tu TaTarTa Soris da arc sxva kavkasielebSi ar aRmoCenilia
moiwona Cerniaevskis wignebi, aramed saRsaric misca, rom imisTana Wkua-mokle da ukuRmarTi adamiani, romelsac
TviTon avtors gamoeca es wignebi da gaevrcelebina eTqvas, skolebSi swavleba Temurs kiloebze unda iyos da
skolebSi. axla yvela TaTruls skolebSi ixmarebian es ara deda enazeo.
saxelmZRvaneloebi, adgilobrivis TaTrulis kiloebis CvenSi ki aRmoCndnen imisTana WkuiT glaxakni, romelTac
daxmarebiT da avrceleben TaTruls deda-enas gahbedes da warmoTqves, rom samegrelosa da svaneTis
kavkasiel TaTar TemTa Soris, misi SuamavlobiT skolebidgan deda-ena unda iqnas gamoricxuli, radgan aq
codnasa hfenen xalxSi da aerTeben, erTad kumSaven yvela xalxi adgilobrivs kilo-kavebsa xmarobso.
Temis TaTrebsa. ras gviqadis am ukuRmarTis azris sisruleSi moyvana,
aseTi wesia somexTa Sorisac. am xalxsac, mTavaris gaxorcieleba? rasakvirvelia, metad cuds momavalsa. erTma
somxuris garda, aqvs provincialuri enebic, magaliTad, kavkasielma erma kai xania mohglija Cvens samSoblos
zokuri, romelic ise ganirCevian maTi deda-enisagan, rom aRmosavleTis veeberTela kuTxe, saxeldobr zaqaTalis
bevrgan bavSvebs Zlier uWirT am ukanasknelis gageba. mazra, saingilo, yaraiasi, meorem erTis saukunis
miuxedavad amisa, yvela somxurs skolebSi ixmarebodnen da ganmavlobaSi xelT igdo sami didi mazra saqarTvelosi:
ixmarebian saxelmZRvaneloni, romelnic Sedgenilni arian axalqalaqisa, axalcixisa, borCalosi, da amis garda
literaturul deda-enaze. amiTi mTels somxobaSi Rrmad gabatonda aRmosavleTis saqarTvelos yvela qalaqebSi.
idgams fesvebs erTi da igive literaturuli deda-ena, erTi Cvenma samSoblom dahkarga TiTqmis mesamedi Tavisi
da imave codna da mWidrod aerTebs xalxsa. teritoriisa, miwa-wylisa. aRmosavleTis saqarTvelo
aseTi gonivruli wesi iyo Cvens saqarTveloSiac mas ukan, sakmaod Sesustda; magram dasavleTis saqarTvelo Tavisis
rac qristianoba miiRo Cvenma erma da daaarsa skolebi. IV erTianobiT, Tavisi sruli qarTvelobiT Ronieri iyo
saukunidgan dawyebuli dReindel dRemde yvela Cveneburs dabolos xans misi gamWriaxi, unariani, moxerxebuli da mxne
skolebSi, Savi zRvidgan mokidebuli daRistnis eri gaZlierebis gzas daadga. sruli imedi iyo, rom
sazRvramde, ixmareboda mxolod wignebi, saerTo gaZlierebulni imerni gaWirvebuls amerebs
literaturul deda-enaze dawerilni. gansamartavad moeSvelebodnen, zurgs miscemdnen da SeerTebuli ZaliT
adgilobriv gaugebar sityvebisa da frazebisa, daubrunebdnen Zvirfass danakargsa, rogorc TviTon
maswavleblebi xmarobdnen sityvierad adgilobrivs ibrunebdnen wina saukuneebSi Tavisas imerTa SemweobiT.
114 115
magram eSmaks rodi eZina. iman moiwadina TviT imerTa
samSobloc daenawilebina, daequcmacebina, moewyvitna Savis
zRvis napirebidgan da daeuZlurebina. saxsrebic malev
ipovnes: samegrelosa da svaneTis mowyveta, moSoreba
saerTo niadagidgan...
ra moeliT TviT im mxareebs, romelTac mowyvetas
upireben? isini imave sikeTes moimkian, ra sikeTec moelis
totebsa, xidgan moWrilebsa. daWknoba da gaxmoba
aucilebeli Sedegia maTis mowyvetisa saerTo niadagidan.
nu vin moiyvans aq sawinaaRmdego sabuTad mynobas, sxva xeze
Stom SeiZleba ixaros, mxolod axlos naTesavs xeze, magram
Tu igi amynes sruliad sxva gvars xeze, verc gaizrdeba da
verc ixarebs. nawili erisa, romelic moSorda saerTo
erovnuls niadagsa, swrafad midis ukan-ukan, sustdeba,
velurdeba da xdeba msxverplad im gamxrwneli procesisa,
romelic erTma swavlulma ruseTisam daaxasiaTa am
terminiT: sisaZagle aoxrebisa!
diaR, gancalkeveba hRupavs erovnul xesac da misgan
moSorebuls totebsac... xolo RmerTs imisTana didebuli
arseba, rogorc aris mTeli eri, Seuqmnia ara gadaSenebisa
da daqveiTebisaTvis, aramed warmatebisa da
bednierebisaTvis. amitom Cven yvelam wminda movaleobad
unda davsaxoT mtkiced dacva da aRorZineba qarTulis
deda-enisa samegrelosa da svaneTis eklesiaSi da skolaSi,
iseTive mtkice dacva, rogorc mtkiced icavdnen amerni,
imerni _ megrelni da svanni _ am erovnuls saunjes
mraval saukunis ganmavlobaSi, nebiTa da SewevniTa
RvTisaTa.

116