1.1 Introduction:
Transformers are a critical and expensive component of the power system. Due tothe long lead time for repair of and replacement of transformers, a major goal of transformer protection is limiting the damage to a faulted transformer. Some protectionfunctions, such as over excitation protection and temperature-based protection may aidthis goal by identifying operating conditions that may cause transformer failure. Thecomprehensive transformer protection provided by multiple function protective relays isappropriate for critical transformers of all applications
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1.2 POWER TRANSFORMERS:
A transformer is an electrical device designed to transfer alternating current or voltage from oneelectric circuitto aby means of electromagnetic induction.Power transformers convert power-levelvoltages from one level or phase configuration to another.Fig: 1.1 Power TransformersA Transformer does not generate electrical power, it transfers electrical power. Atransformer is a voltage changer. Most transformers are designed to either step voltage upor to step it down, although some are used only to isolate one voltage from another. The1
transformer works on the principle that energy can be efficiently transferred by magneticinduction from one winding to another winding by a varying magnetic field produced byalternating current . An electrical voltage is induced when there is a relative motion between a wire and a magnetic field. Alternating current (AC) provides the motionrequired by changing direction which creates a collapsing and expanding magnetic field.Due to the high cost of transmitting electricity at low voltage and high currentlevels, transformers fulfill a most important role in electrical distribution systems.Utilities distribute electricity over large areas using high voltages, commonly calledtransmission voltages. Transmission voltages are normally in the 35,000 volt to 50,000volt range. We know that volts times amps equal watts, and that wires are sized basedupon their ability to carry amps. High voltage allows the utility to use small sizes of wireto transmit high levels of power, or watts. You can recognize transmission lines becausethey are supported by very large steel towers that you see around utility power plants andsubstations. As this electricity gets closer to its point of use it is converted, through theuse of transformers, to a lower voltage normally called distribution voltage.Distribution voltages range from 2,400 to 25,000 volts depending upon the utility.Distribution lines are the ones that feed the pole mount and pad mount transformerslocated closest to your home or place of business. These transformers convert thedistribution voltages to what we call utilization voltages. They are normally below 600volts and are either single-phase or three-phase and are utilized for operating equipment,including light bulbs and vacuum cleaners in our homes, to motors and elevators wherewe work.This is the point at which the Power Transformer comes into play. It is used toconvert the voltage provided by the utility to the voltage we need to operate variousequipment.
1.3 Transformer Protection Overview:
The type of protection for the transformers varies depending on the applicationand the importance of the transformer. Transformers are protected primarily against faultsand overloads. The type of protection used should minimize the time of disconnection for faults within the transformer and to reduce the risk of catastrophic failure to simplify2
eventual repair. Any extended operation of the transformer under abnormal conditionsuch as faults or overloads compromises the life of the transformer, which meansadequate protection should be provided for quicker isolation of the transformer under such conditions. The engineer must balance the expense of applying a particular relayagainst the consequences of relying on other protection or sacrificing the transformer.Allowing a protracted fault would increase the damage to the transformer and the possibility of tank rupture with a consequent oil fire.Transformers used in required processes are particularly critical, since theunavailability of the transformer can create large generation-replacement costs. The lifeof an average transformer usually depends to some extent on how well it is treated. Sincelarge power transformers can cost several millions of dollars, performing regular transformer maintenance is a very cost-effective practice. Utility companies haveenormous amounts of money invested in transformers of all types, including distributionand power transformers. Utilities also have a long history and have developed methods, procedures, and philosophies that over time have proven very effective in prolongingequipment life. These are collectively referred to as good utility
practices and it isinstructive to review these practices to power transformers. Utility has an instruction thatcovers the testing, inspections, operation, and maintenance of power transformers duringthe entire operating lifetime, which are considered good utility practices.Present days Transformers with modern lighting devices are are reliable devices.However as long as a possibility of failure exists, protection must be provided. The purpose of the Transformer fault protection is to:a)Remove any secondary are overload faults from the Transformer before it getsdamaged. b)Isolate the transformer before it gets totally out of control.c)Removing the damaged Transformer from the system to continue the function.Transformers should be protected from the Following causes and it can protectedfrom the following techniques used.3
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