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) v sn phm ca qu
trnh l s gii phng asen vo nc ngm cng vi sulphat. Theo c ch kh, trm tch cha
cc xit st m trn b mt ca chng hp ph asen s c lng ng cng vi cc hp
cht hu c t nhin, cc vi sinh vt trong t tiu th cht hu c v ly oxy khin mi
trng tr nn c tnh kh theo thi gian, chnh mi trng ny chuyn cc pha st trong
trm tch v dng Fe
2+
ng thi gii hp asen ra khi trm tch v tan vo nc ngm [8].
Trong cc nghin cu nhm tm hiu c ch gii phng As c tm thy cc vng
c kh hu kh cn Argentina. Cc tc gi nghin cu cho rng di cc iu kin kh cn,
cc phn ng phn hy ca silicat v cabonat rt d xy ra v nc ngm thng c pH cao
(6,3 9,2). Chnh iu kin pH cao ny l nguyn nhn chnh dn n s gii hp As t cc
oxit kim loi c mt trong trm tch (c bit l oxit, hidroxit ca Fe, Mn) vo mi trng
nc ngm, mc d s ha tan trc tip ca ni la cng c th l mt ngun gc gy ra s
nhim As trong nc ngm y [21].
Trong mt nghin cu ng bng sng Mekong, tc gi Polizzotto li cho rng As
c gii phng trong cc tng t b mt bi cc qu trnh oxy ha kh v sau c th vn
chuyn i xung tng ngm nc c ct [15].
Nh vy, cc nguyn nhn lm gii phng As t trm tch vo tng ngm nc vn
ang c tranh lun, vn cn nhiu quan im bt ng, mt c ch r rng cho tt c cc
tng ngm nc b nhim As l cha c.
Chng 2. I TNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
2.1. a im nghin cu
a im nghin cu nm x Vn Phc cch th H Ni khong 20 km v pha
ng nam. X ny nm gia con sng Hng v mt con bo v vng ty nam ca thnh
ph H Ni trnh khi l lt hng nm (hnh 2.1). y thnh thong chu b ngp lt vi
ngy trong ma ma. Tng ngm nc gm c lp trm tch mng Holocene v Pleistocene
su > 40 m. Mt s nghin cu trc y cho thy hmlng asen trong tng Holocen
x Vn Phc l khng ng nht, pha Ty Bc khng b nhim, cn pha Nam v ng
nam b nhim cao [10].
2.2. i tng nghin cu
Vi mc ch tm hiu cc nguyn nhn dn n s phn b khng ng nht v hm
lng As trong nc ngm ca khu vc. Chng ti tp trung vo phn tch v nghin cu 3
i tng chnh l :
Trm tch
71 Mu nc ging khoan (29 mu ging khoan ca d n, 42 ging nh dn)
1 Mu nc sng
Chng 3. KT QU V THO LUN
3.1. c im trm tch, hm lng asen v mt s thnh phn ha hc khc trong nc
ngm ti vng nghin cu
Cc kt qu t phn tch bng phng php quang ph hp th nguyn t (i vi 29
ging ca d n) cng nh cc kt qu t b th hin trng (t 42 ging ca h gia nh)
cho thy phn ln cc ging trong khu vc c nng As ln hn 10 mg/L (chim 64% ton
khu vc, trong c ti 57% > 50 gAs/L). c bit c nhiu ging c nng As ln hn
300 mg/l. iu cho thy tnh cht nghim trng v vn nhim As trong nc ngm
ca khu vc nghin cu.
Hnh 4. S phn b As trong nc ging khoan khu vc x Vn Phc
Mt iu rt c bit y l s khc bit rt ln v nng As trong cc ging
khu vc nghin cu, thm ch vi cc ging cch nhau cha y 100 m. Hu ht cc ging
pha bc ca x c nng As thp (100% ging c nng As thp < 10 g/L), trong khi
phn ln cc ging nm pha ng nam ca lng (hu cc ging c nng As cao t 10
n > 400 g/L chim 77%, n=60). Mc d cng xut hin mt s ging c nng As thp
pha nam nhng chim t l rt nh (~11% ging c nng As < 10 g/L, n=60). S phn
b khng ng nht theo khng gian c th hin r hnh 3.1.
Ngoi ra, cc kt qu cho thy c im ha hc nc ngm rt khc nhau gia cc
ging c hm lng As cao v cc ging c hm lng As thp ca khu vc nghin cu. Cc
thng s ha hc cc ging c As cao thng cao hn rt nhiu so vi cc ging t As. y
l kt qu ca cc phn ng oxy ha kh xy ra mnh m trong tng ngm nc mang tnh
kh.
3.2. Phn tch mt s nguyn nhn dn n s phn b khng ng nht v hm lng
As trong nc ngm khu vc nghin cu
3.2.1. Nguyn nhn lin quan n tnh kh th hin trm tch
Khng c s khc bit ln c tm thy trong cc thnh phn ch yu ca cc
khong v a ha ca trm tch khu vc nghin cu, ngoi tr trng thi oxy ha kh ca
Fe oxyhidroxit suy ra t mu ca trm tch v quang ph pht x khuch tn. S khc bit v
mu sc ca ct trm tch cc ging l d dng nhn thy khi chng ti khoan cc ging
a im nghin cu. Mu sc trm tch khng ch khc nhau gia cc ging, m s khc
nhau theo su cng c ghi nhn. Cc ging c nng As cao th ct trm tch trong
tng ngm nc thng c mu xm hn. Nhng ngc li, ct trm tch trong tng ngm
nc cc ging c nng As trong nc ngm thp thng c mu vng hay mu cam
(hnh 3.4; 3.5). C th ly ging AMS1 v AMSNS4 nh mt v d in hnh. Cng
su khong 25 m, ct trm tch ging AMS1 c mu xm tng ng vi nng As > 250
g/L trong nc ngm, trong khi ct trm tch c mu vng ging AMSNS4 ng vi
nng As ~10 g/L (hnh 3.4).
C th suy on rng ct trm tch cc ging c As thp mang tnh oxy ha (Fe(III)
cha b kh), cn ct trm tch cc ging c As cao th hin tnh kh mnh hn. Trong iu
kin kh, ngoi qu trnh kh ha tan cc oxit Fe dn n gii phng As b hp ph ln ,
th qu trnh kh As(V) v As(III) ngay trn b mt cc oxit Fe cng c th din ra. As(III) c
kh nng hp ph km hn As(V), v vy qu trnh ny cng gp phn tng tnh linh ng
ca As trong mi trng. S thay i trng thi oxy ha ca As cn c ngha quan trng
bi s cnh tranh v v tr hp ph ca cc anion khc nh PO
3
, SiO
3
, HCO
3
-
,cng nh
ca chnh As(V). Nh vy khi b kh v As(III) th kh nng gii phng ca As t trm tch
ra nc ngm s ln hn [10, 14].
Hnh 5. S khc nhau v mu sc c
quan st thy t trm tch 2 ging c
nng As khc nhau, ct trm tch
mu xm ng (nh trn) vi nng As
cao trong nc ngm (> 200 g/L) ct
trm tch mu vng (nh di) ng vi
nng As thp trong nc ngm (< 10
g/L).
Hnh 6. S bin i mu sc ca trm tch ly ln t mt s ging khoan khu vc
nghin cu v v tr cc ging tng ng
3.2.2. Nguyn nhn lin quan n tnh kh th hin nc ngm
Hnh 7. Tng quan gia As v Fe, Mn, SO
4
2
, PO
4
3
, NH
4
+
, HCO
3
, DOC, CH
4
, trong
nc ngm khu vc nghin cu
Kt qu nghin cu hnh 3.6 cho thy tng quan rt tt gia As v Fe, y l minh
chng cho vai tr quan trng ca s kh ha tan cc oxit Fe i vi qu trnh gii phng As
t trm tch vo nc ngm khu vc nghin cu. Fe trong trm tch tn ti trong cc
khong nh Fe oxit v nh hnh (ferrihydrite hay HFO), Fe oxit tinh th (geothite (
FeOOH), hematite (Fe
2
O
3
)), hay Fe oxit a ha tr (magnetite Fe
3
O
4
). Trong iu kin
kh mnh cc oxit ny c th b kh v Fe
2+
vi s xc tc ca cc vi sinh vt. Hot ng ca
vi sinh vt ng vai tr rt quan trng trong s kh gii phng st v asen khi trm tch. Mt
s loi vi khun n st oxit trong mi trng kh, As theo thot ly khi b mt lp trm
tch b kh ny. St oxit b kh hoc do tng tc trc tip vi hp cht hu c, hoc ph
bin hn l do tc dng xc tc ca vi sinh vt s dng cht hu c lm cht nn. S tng
quan cht ch gia As v Fe cho thy y c th l qu trnh chnh lm gii phng As t trm
tch ra nc ngm khu vc nghin cu.
CH
2
O + 8H
+
+ 4Fe(OH)
3
4Fe
2+
+ 8HCO
3
+ 3H
2
O
2Fe
2
O
3
.xH
3
AsO
3
+CH
2
O+7H
+
4Fe
2+
+HCO
3
+4H
2
O+2xH
3
AsO
3
Tng quan nghch gia As v SO
4
2
trong nc ngm l rt r rng. iu kin kh
mnh trong tng ngm nc dn n s kh SO
4
2
theo phng trnh sau: 2CH
2
O + SO
4
2
2HCO
3
+ H
2
S. Trong mi trng nhiu Fe
2+
phn ng xy ra nh sau: 9Fe
2+
+ SO
4
2
+
20H
2
O 8Fe(OH)
3
+ FeS + 16H
+
. Pyrite c th c hnh thnh sau theo phng trnh
phn ng: FeS + H
2
S FeS
2
+ H
2
. Hu ht cc mu c nng As cao (> 150 g/L) th c
nng S l thp hn 1 mg/L. Mi tng quan ngc ny c th gi rng As c gii
phng t trm tch vo trong tng ngm nc di iu kin kh mnh, m khng phi l kt
qu ca qu trnh oxy ha sulphide.
S phn hy ca hp cht hu c l mt qu trnh quan trng to ra iu kin kh
trong nc ngm. ng thi qu trnh ny s lm xut hin amoni (NH
4
+
) v HCO
3
, cc hp
cht hu c ha tan (DOC) v CH
4
trong nc ngm. iu ny c ngha nng cc cht
ny l cc ch th cho mc phn hy cht hy c v mc kh ca mi trng. S tng
quan thun ca As v DOC, NH
4
+
,
HCO
3
cng nh CH
4
chng t s gii phng asen gn
lin vi qu trnh phn hy cht hu c. S phn hy cc cht hu c to ra mi trng kh
trong tng ngm nc, tip qu trnh kh ha tan cc Fe oxit lm asen b gii phng t cc
trm tch vo nc ngm.
3.2.3. Bng chng v s khc nhau tnh kh trong trm tch v nc ngm cc ging
c su khc nhau ti cng mt v tr nghin cu
Ngoi s phn b khng ng nht v hm lng As trong nc ngm theo khng
gian th nghin cu cn tm thy s phn b khng ng nht v hm lng As theo su.
3 ging khoan cng mt v tr nm trn mt ct giao gia hai khu vc c As v khu vc
khng c As c su khc nhau (25 m, 32 m, v 47 m) c s khc nhau ln v hm lng
As cng nh cc thng s ha hc trong nc ngm. Hm lng cc thng s ha hc nh
As, Fe, PO
4
3
, CH
4
, NH
4
+
, HCO
3