GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY
CENTRAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL
LIBRARY
D.GA. 79.
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THE Hl'STORY OF C.NDIA
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THI
HISTORY OF INDIA
Told By Itt Own Htetorlan

I THE MUHAMMADAN PERIOD
THE POSTHUMOUS PAPE.RS
or 'tli.X LA n
}31 0
(
_L I . (\ H. M. ELLIOT . :L )
J:v.. ]Vd.A .- f MJL-l>
Edited by Prof. John Oowloo
r (
<:J-5. !: .. 0 2 , .. ,
*ttJ
SUSIL GUPTA (INDIA) LTD

.First Pu)>lisbed 1877
Second Reprint 195i
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PUBLISHI!RS' NOTE
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The present volume, lil>c. its preclece!Sor, i$ made -qp
of tweniy-flve articles which appeared in tl:ie Eigbtll
'\i'olmne o the original edition of 'thjs' wo.rk: wbjcl\
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the light of day in 1877 ..
AF, numerom short articles publli)1ecl in !:he
said volume, the Editm says it is "not .possible to give a
.complete list of the ru ' far
1
ps he co\ud.
" i . ' "\ ( , -
'be gives the na!nes the a rcw. of
artiles the li!f of which given, olow'
L Tar.llth-i S/raltlldat-1 Farrulih Siyar_.:'Jsditor.
2. 'lbral Namo-Editor.
.3. Tarild-i 1/Jraltlm Klum--Major Follcr.
4, 011-i l{a/unat ...... Editor .
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2.
s.
4.
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6.
7.
8.
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10.
II.
12.
15.
14.
15.
I G.
17.
!8.
19.
20.
21.
22.
28.

25.
26.
27.
28.
CONT.ENTS
,,
Far114LU11 Nazirin
Rei8'n of Alamgit D
Tarillhi Fai-c ])akh.sh ...
Harlikatul Akalim.
Jami ]diuin-Numa
Ma-tlsiru-1 Urrt11ra
t:atkiratu-1 Urnara
Sawnttih-i llkbari
...
Siyoru-1 Mula-althkhiritt
M ulaltltkhasu-t T awarilth
Tarikh-i Mamalik.-i Hind
Chahar Gul:ar Shujo/i
.Death of ' Aliwardi Khan
. ..
Tariklt-i Shaho4at-i Farruklt Siyar
Wahi' ati 'l!;f/lri
Balhti-L Mawunk.

Mlirtyrdom of Alamgir 11
Chahar Gulshan
Tarilclt-i Ibrahim Khan
' 'i
...
...

Origin and Genealogy of the Mahrauas
Lttbbu-s Siyar
A.u.safi Asaf
Tarilth of Jugal KJ.shwar
Gulistan-i 'Rahmal
Shah-nama, or Muttawwarn-l Kalan
Tnwariklt ...
Mir-atl Aftab-num/i
IMPORTANT CORRECTION
. ..
PACE
9
14
21
2(i
29
61
37
' 5'1
88
45
'44
47
54
76
;.,
. 19
7fl
81
86
100
101
102
HS
146
146
116
159
160
\60
...
After 56 please treat the 49--M in the
fourth as 57 to . 72. These page numbers ar<r
obvious misprints.
STUDms IN INDlAN HlSTORY
PART ID
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F ARHATU-N NAZIRIN-
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OF -t , !' :
_. .. lt . MUHAMMAD A'SLAM . -t' ; .1 ll.
, ....... ::,.;4" ''. ,, .. ;.f:l 'Cl " ... ()
:A!-"'b'ENERAL Histol'y of indi-a, camj>:osed.. by Muhamnl.9<!
ASlam, son of Muhall}mad Hafizu-1 'Ansari, . and ,... "
ded 'in the year 1184 A.Fl'. "(1770-1 A,D.):: , . : , _,.i,d
This History is aml?liidus <s'tyle, but of
no ,great valuii for its .. The us.
fon hi's :.Preface that, "in die of -iils:'lif!:Iuth, when.
\Vas yet' a studeat; :fn._ :ilie
it'!\ inspire!' - .
m ffi.e ' ear of this meanest . person. of imankind as.
follows:-'0 thou who art the painter of the various
scenes' of the gallery of the world, arid the describer Q'
the works of Nature! Since to thank and praise thooe
who are the worshippers of God is in fact to thank and
the . Almighty Creator . it 'is r prope1
that thou shouldst . compile a work, /
the history of the Prophets, the .Imams, the iMuham;:. ,
#ha&an Emperors, and 'the religious and: .menr,r.tbo/
whose holy . exertions the management of.. thtr C(l)'tntry+:O
or Hindustan has been inVisibly supported-.'' .: :
of this mentions. .
induced hiri::i' attention
as:. the ?esi:fe; tead
wi.th flie uu' 11\.lntv "''lou .
a ......... ,
. the ffiaBUerS'land. cti'.St{jms (5_r:.fue I 0 .Jtlhe .
. , .. "' .......... ' .., ...
wonders . 6f.'>' waflCli " lro'
: ;'. 'h.e ..,.,.,;v.r>"
ffoiri Hook's of
::woietit migltt la'C1i'tailtv'tM'c:!

10
STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY
meet the approbation of . the most enlightened minds. But .
as 'all works must be performed at the time destined for
them/ the till. he completed his
.studies.'' :'
After . he had been . fully educated, he visited the
city of Faizabad in A.H. 1182, where he met the ''most
puissanti t$}a'nd exalted Nazim Jang Mudabbiru-1 ulk
... a,aula Monsieur Qeritil, .an<;! ,petitioned. through
his fof his livelihoqd in the most high .. cq\l.rt
of .the .world-oene_fiting, and noble . wa:ti1 of . Hh;l.dustan,
wpose, is beyon4 all expression. That light of the
edifice of greatness and the sun o dig1.1ity. showed him
great . ltindp.ess, .. and said that he himself . was fond of
knowledge, and. devoted himself to the study of
hist?ries .. Jt . was. <!-esirable' that the author


a . i!lteresting accoup.t, of
.. !J,ndpstan,
the and,;. , .
men; tto ma,ke et4'le ,horse of: his' pen gallop over the
of:. eloquence, a diver :bring from the ocean
'Of his mind S\lch. shining pearl.s as might adorn Hindus
tan light, and be to the ear of curi.
O/iity. $aid _he, such a .. rose-bower as may echo
of the .o the ..
. . ,,pnci.er these happy auspices, he commenced to labour
.. the histories of Hiqdustan, and obtaine4 ,
from .. ?.laces a great number of authentic \
-such as. 'the' T.arikh-i Nz'zamud din Ahmad Bakhshi,
He. also informs us
-carefully ., books, such as the

Tf!.t:'*-hr .Alf, .?.J,!fabt-bus. Szyar, .,
. .Wak& Babar,t.
4,kbar-nama, .Shah ]ahan-nama, 'Alamgir;nama: ,i:;;J;:ar'ilthfi
"V ' <Ji ; fll .
Shah, _et,c: "He .of: , ,
Which ltke Scattered. wex,e , separate
-a4<l strung th(!ffi upon one thread .aftet ,a .peculia( ptan, ..
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S'I'UDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY
11
be remembered by posterity, in this charming garden,
which is en tided Farhatu-n N azirin,. the . 'Delight fof
observers.' ''
. TQ:e . author states that he wrote his Preface in the
'}'!ar, 1184 A.H. (1770 A.D.), and dedicated the work to the
."
1
nrost prudent wazir, the gem of the mine of liberality,
uf most noble extraction, the select of the whole creation,
the leader o the army of. victory, Shuja'u-d daula BaHaddll, .
:in the hope that he would approve of it, and thaf3 t
might go forth like the wind: to the different quarters of
the . earth, and like unadulterated coin might obtain
circulation throughout all . countries. The readers of . this
mirror of the wo:dd are requdted to consider the little
leisure be hadJftoin;his other: avocations) ahd to remove
with the 'sleeve of kindness the. dust of inacd.micy whiCh
might soil. its splendour, and to spare theit . reproaches.''
The auuthor divides his work into an Introduction,
three Books, and a Conclusion; but the latter, which is
. said to contain "an account . of the Prime Minister and
th'e learned and religious of that (his) time," is not con-
tained in the volume I have examined, which end& with
a promise to write more concerning the Prime M:itliite-r,
whose praises he is sounding. The Paris copy also
deficient in this Conclusion, but both contain an atcorint
of the famous men of Aurangzeb's 'time at lfie Close of
b'is reign; but no other reign, either or after it, .
,' has:: any biographital notice of contempO'raries. - .

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i to 17-InttoduCtion, The X.i.f..
pp. l1;t o' 20.:;_Book -r:- Prophet's,,. Patrlarchs: : .
and Imams; PP 20 fo 122-'Bbtikll. The Rajas
tans of India, fio:rti the. "tirli;t'!' ?if Ham, pp. 12'$ .h>i . ..
.Book III. Tititur' a'I1d the "l'lrnuriari: he
twelfth_ year of Shah 'A}am"s reign, .PP; 171 , .
. .,, Th::eParhatu-n Naiirin is very rare in::-In ''
of only ol).e <;opy, and that is in the . ..
. .,, . ;;.;. 'f ..n "''lkh d. F . h. ,... """' . ' ' .
1
: o . '.!.'Otil .. an ;.. tofi;l: ;t . . , erasu.
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. .(., .. ... , if:, f.. f.J.
iw,.
12 s:rUI>rES IN INI>IAN InSTORY
;md inter lineations 1 sho\lld judge it to he an. autograpll.
There is also a copy in Jf.ngland which was available \O
Dr. Lee, {or he quotes it at p. ISO of J1is translation oi
,Ule ;/'ravels qf ,lb11 Baluta, but he does not notiCe it in
:bls wl)ere he the other work$
,1fhlcb he , quo.tes. nor does he mention thC:.Library
j.n ' wlll.cl;, is to found. There is a copy in
,the No. 6942, one also the Royal
at Paris (Fonds Gcntil 47, smrul folio of
ilage&.. :o.f 17 lines each). SJZE-Large Svo., pages of 19
J.i)le$ in each, closely written:

In the third year of S[tah's reign, corrcspon
d!W .\.H. 1160, Ahmad Shah Durranl, with tbc
r:eli.swc,d Jnte-11ti.0n . conquering Hiudustan, in
: or Sodi-a,. and Mir Mu'inu-1 Mulk.
fiJiat"l!!.li: LaP.or9 wtlh army {or tlie pur
posl! of expellil)g' hi.m; Ul.\t. being ttiiable to take the
field M!lint hh.n, I:J.e fiil'O.SC!E. The noble;
aiid mirmr of Dehli hoped that Mir Mannu migllt be
destroyed, and after this des'irable evem they would. take
measures against d1e Abdali. They would thus extirp-
ate tllc thorn which the race of tl.lc Ttu':lnls ' llad
in their side. The Mir requested assistance from tl;\c
r..:..neror .nf Pehli and his minister for four months, btit

all m vam. He was consequently obliged to sue for
peace, and b( persuaded de Durrani to retum to Knn.'
dabar by assigning to him four mahals, viz. Saill<ot.
Parsarur, Gujarat; and Au\'llngabad, which had belonged
to ')'4bul h-on{ time of A.Uungir.' The
jng reaChed Kaiiah'ar; collected a large force, ancr
with the intention

Hinduscan. .
. In 1164 A.Jf: ,!'") Ahmad. came *r
marches to a_nd began to devastate
1n'J1f.e rnomh of Rabc'u-1 he c;twsed t.fic Cbinab;
... : ;
lCgmp<Me Cunning/rams's History of t:fie 'Sikhs, p.
S'l'UOIJI.S IN INDIAN 8JS1'08'Y
13
and encamped benvcen Soora and Wazlrobad. M:n'inul
Mulk also, at the head of a formldable anny
1
aosud
Rairi, \Yhich flows under the city of Labore-, and pitched
h.is tents in (Tont of the invader. For time thete
'"':IS continued 6ring with guns and matClhloclc.s, and
il!.if' whQle country between the Ravi and Cbidab was
desolated by the ravages mas.sal:tcs comm.itted by tlill
])urranis. 1n those days the Writer Of these leaves Was
engaged in leRnililg Lhc Kuran by heart. In the end;
neither party gained
1
any. perceptible advantage.
:Ourranis suddely broke up their quartctl!, with the intcm
don ot crossing the Ravi, and plundering' the district
.and city of Lahore. Mir Maunu marched back in
ruann to the city, barricaded all the' streets, and streng
tbened 'the interior defences. Every day there were
sklimisbcs, dll at htst the supply of ptovisions was closed
on all sides. Tberc was such a dearth of com and grass
that with the utmost d.ifficulty' two si of wheat flour
could be had for a l'upec, to say nothing o{ rice. To
for bones other lornge than rosbes ar houseothat9P
"V'!S next to an impoMibiliiy. Thi$ Mir .Manau
.and hi' :utny to ta'k.e the jjcld. He sallied OUI
r.igbt and left wings, and fanned the . embers of w'il'r fnto
.a llaroe. The chief . agent Qf Mir . Manou wall.a;. man
namdd Koral Mat who had been cbrnlzboai:ldler, and
caul d. .scarcely eam hi& bread, bul. b'ad ina
f'Cl' o immense riches, ll.nd h':l:d> oll!i>!irled .kettle-dnuns
and :with . the governorship With hin1
1
Adina JlltgKhan Dahram Jang .ha'd for certain rcasoh5
.... '=!>
2
(i'llis Aiiioo . dr Dina Blg ](.han, whose name will
jrequently 1'ecui\ iiJ.th-ese pages,, was by caste anc
<ind son of a trntn (}/!annu,. an inliabitpn(."qlfithe
village of neM Lahore. He rqllJ brdught'iJI11' in
it Mughnl fami!)l) nnd-in earl-y life a gD()'ili'tital of
time at Kanj!tire, :and 'Ba'llinwa.
b.e"tamt tr but,,seeml to eh11i
prof4f$ion fo'i' i'ewm!$ work'. He !Jble 'f714n:tan.S
..
14 STUDU:S 1N JM)IAN HISTORY
taken aome cau!e of offence, and retired to bi.s own
goyernment in Lhe Galandhar) Doab. Adina Beg now
reluctantly joined Mu'inul Mulk. against the Du=nis,
:tn.d,. availing h!msel.f of his opportunity in the midst of
instructed one of the Afghans of Kusur to put an
end to the of th.at unworthy wretch Kora Mal
by a musket-ball. In consequence of his death, the
:mny of Mir Mannu suffered a complete defeat, and he
was obljged to send for his horse, and, advancing with
some of his personal attendants, proceeded to ki6S the
tlu;e3hold of the D=nj, wbo honoured him with the
grant of a valuable kllila'al and the title ?f Farumd Khan.
R4ign of '11./amgit II
In tl1e third year of the reign of 'Alamgir II., the mirus
tcr .G.haziu-d din Khan, having released Wain Gaubar.
tho eldest son of 'Alimgir, from prison, took him $o.wards
a good accountant, and he' b,4gan a.i collector of I'M vilk:ge
of Kanak Ludhiyana, from which /tumble position
. he advanced till he was made Governor of Sultaupur, an
office which he held at the time of Nadit Shah's inva-
si<:m. 1-Je died without al t1ear Hoshiyarfmr,
where a fille tomb was erected over his remains.
frarticulo.rs are extracted from a little work called "Ahwal
A.d(na Beg Khan, which is of course eulogistic, but the
stdrie:s ,j t :.tells of him show that IJe was sluewd, a rtf"/,
umomfmlous, and sometimes cruel, as when 1uJ condl:mn
eel a who had declined to supply him with
preserves, to be boiled alive, "a$ he boiled l1is ow11 jam."
The pPor wretc/l was: saved by the inter(e.!sion of Adf!)71's
gllests, but a burning in his body ever ,aftef-
uJards.'' Bolmg or hqlf bot/mg. seems to have a
tprture in USfl at period.] . <' , '
'c. J.1This is opp,osed .to the common account, 111hiclt 'r6'-
presents Kora Mal as Ml/eil ltono11rably in actl.on.
Rrimep't Ro.njeet Singh, p. l2., and Cu.nfii1lgham's Hisl'.
of the Sikhs, p. 103,
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STUDIES IN INDIAN tlJSTOll
15
Lahore. He went as far as L)ldhiyana. and then re-
tumecl, and having sent 0'1 tile daughter of Mu'inu-I
Mulk !torn Lahore, he married her. He d-eprived the
Emperor of all power whatever, and conducted all the
affairs of the State: A misunderstanding arose during
this year between him and Najibu-d daula, which at this.
very day is the cause of all the disorganiz;,.tion which is.
ruining r.he country.
Najibu-d daula, having found means oE secretly
communicating with (he Abdali, invited him to come 'rto
Hindustan. Accordingly; in 'the beginning' .of the foudt
year the reign, he came to Dchli; and,..having' ravaged
it; proceeded to Mmra, where the inbabi
truit&, broke the temples, :mel- having. plundered the town
Of im.mcnse wealth in property and cash, he CUt tlic
very nosl: of Hindustan, and returned to Lahore, where
he gave his youngest son title of Timur Sllah; and
left Jahan Khan there with the dciignation of minister.
Watiru-L mama!ik Chaziud din Khan marched his army
Into the provinces of Allahabad and Oudh, but retnmed
to DehU without meeting with any success. Najib Khan
and J(utb Shah, having collected a force, plundered : the
house of Ghaziu-<1 din Khan, carried off all 'fbe cash,
furniture and jewels whicli were found In it, and al5o
his zenana. Gbaziu-d <lin, assembling a body
of. men, sat watching the ()pporLuiiity ofltvengeance, but
iUvaiJ.l. ' ' :J.,... ..
l :Adlna .!Glan, being so'iely eremd by ihe army
oif me Ai)da!js, invited' Malhar: Ragliu . and othCl\
Maliratta"Cbiefs' fiom the Dak!Un, f.tve tliem' 1ifty ltic.'r 'of
rupee/, and f>roccedeil to imll<lk ihe officers of the :A'baal'i?
He first overblme lhe. Flmjdiil- of Sirliina, whose' Jiame
was 'Abdu!s Sfunad KHan, ahd who w'as stationed .int'ibati
city with a bOdy of 20,000 :Rohillas, b'oner\ind' fOot)
A.ftci subjugating the whole' of that 'distri'd:j A-lliria Beg
to Lahore. "Wh'en he reaci{edi iliiij: 'cityi"Jahan
"' .,, r ' ' Tlf ;.( I
I ai.thor writes it' Shtl!haHndr:{ (!11: .,.! ' I o:(

S"t'tfl)lES. fN H_IS'rOKY
'Khan. with Prince .',fitnure, pitched 'his tents !It K:uracbi; ,
sarai, 31}d-having intlenchlk! l!iinMlf, prepared Jor action.
Adina J3eg! joined his forces with rt.hose of the
Mahrau:as, arid.-J4t.han' Khan, having sustained a defeat\
townrds with two hundred boi-se, leaving
.alii his treasurel and property to be by the
.cnciny!s army. , .
Adina Beg Khan, on the achievement of this \ID
-expectted ictory, the happy occasion to be
.ccl.ebmted .by beat of drums. He disnrused the
amn:y to. rDebli, and hitnsclf .pr<Xcedcd to Batala, where
his head-quarters. He then rurned his at ten
t.i6n to the appointment of governors for the .provinces
.of Multan, Tltatta, and Lahore. Soon after this he died
.a natural deatl1, on the 11th of Muharram, in tl1e fifth
year .of 'Alamgir's reign. and the province of Lahore
again inoo tlle p6sse&ion of the Sikhs. :... ..
' "' ..:Gbazi_.u.-<b .. diru;W!an sent JbanJ,u, t<agaiJJ,t
Najibu-d .. , w,1w, bing 'imable_,., to . ,oppos'e him,
depaned to .Sak"al!tlU on the banks of the Ganges, ,where
he fixed his f'lnd. prepared for resis.tance. He
sent his . envoy to Ahmad Shalt Abdali to solidi assist
aoce. The nrmy of Jhank.u invested biro closely, ancl
af!er four months', fighting, it crossed the Ganges near
'aat:dwarJ where the river was fottnd fordable, and over,
inn the counrry. Nawab Shuja'u-d daula, son of
mamalik Mansuru-1 Mu\k. Safdar J:mg, who
aid daula, arrived soon after,
from the territory or: the
Mgbahsr Kban, O>\ recci9ing tbc news ;of
frOm Dehll and
(;ll the- gamp ofi'\JI:!P!k1,1. He then directed some .Of 'l:li' '
s4JJ/ars. t<:>.,gc>Mo tlw tfou of S.hi!b-Ja.hanabad"' anti
-:Azizud . ' ,.
'!rl'' ln the
$irhind; apd
-which was tptaiferecl in that district. On rereiving the
intelligence, advanced ro . oppO!Ie' the Ahdali.
'
,
STUDn!s IN INDIAN IUSIOR.Y ' 17
Najili . Khm, Jinding !lD opportunity, . joined the
.camp at S2banmpur
1
bY. forced maiThes'. jhm:ku, havlpg
sqstaitled ' lJ-tepulse at that place, came to l:lehli,
be 'f.ought a very severe. battle, but was at last obliged
(0 fly.
The period of 'Alamgir the Second's is said
to be six yea!'$, and that of his life about sixt:l({ Th\l
.events abo,rc related took place in A.H. 1174
1 'Will min.utely telate the Abdall's victory
1hl<hiri army, when we entct upon his history in

1 r.ontent :rq)'llclf. here with giving, concise 11arrative pf
1t ,alf followii. When Jhanku .sustained n. fea1 !rom the
'l!r(lly of the AI?<Ialis ail& fled awa:.p with . Gba2iu-d, .
'lhan" .the Abdali sackecL.DehU and, cn.<::llupec,b, at .(\I}ILP
nagar .. Sh,ujalu..J. 1danla alsp came there and his
tlucshold. After the rainy season, llhao Wlswas Rai,
-with the son of t.be Raja. bi.s master, matched from cl1c
'])akbin :tt the hen<l of 200,000 horse, 20,000 foot, and
'300 guns. Ho entered the city of Dehll, and having
taken the fort front the officers of the Ahdali, proceeded
K.unjpurn and Sirhind. 'Abdus Samacl Khan
>:even other officers who were stationed at the l'pl')ll'e,f
with a body of 20,000 horse and foot.. offered
-resistance, and after a battle of about one hour, we>:e
-;ill slain. Bhao plundertd Kunjpura, who
were taken alive r.o priso11, I,Uld bis. .tenti on the'
of (J1e Jmnna. , ,. ;..
: ;Ahrj!ad,- OJ\ hearing thisj ;ad news, writhc;d
1i.]<. kinc14ng jtlf!! Jjie of anger, .m!'vcd
the-,!l Although the river flowed With
-great yet he for.tled it at .Saghpat,
..:ngage(l .with .the enerq.y, .wh.o, not being af?\o
'1!tand . him i1l lb,e (ield, retreated to. Panipatl ani:! li'x<i<j
their tbeie,, .camp
.lind' wben the ,$tege ha.tlvlastcd fi'!e the.
pne mortling. left theln!nttenchments;
-army in battle array. The. fire of

. '<n:oi'1Yl'lllli!f !til\.' cv,enifg; last the

...
18 STUDIES IN INDIAN &S1'0RY
gale of victory blew o><er the myal flags, and a).l tile
Dal<hin host was cut down by the, swotds or the Mubam.
madan l'(&rriors. Of their cblefs none except Malbar
saved bis life. The dead lay strewn shoulder to shoulder
from the plain o P<Ulipat to Dchli'. About ninety
diollll3nd persons, male and female, were tak,en pvlsoners,
and obtained eternal happiness by embracing tlie_t,{uhai'D-
madan failh. Indeed, never was such ,a splendid victory
athieved, from' the time of Amir Ma!Jmud to.
the present day by any of the Sultans but by this Eo;1pcror
of :Eitlperors. After this conquest, he appointed Waziru.J,
niamallk Shuja'uld daula to the office of Wazir, Najll>
'Khan to that of Bakhshi, and having granted tracts o
land to tbe other Afghans, and them to their
respective abodes, returned himself to Kandahar.
The history of this sovereign is given ill ful
detail ill, its. proper place. _
When Nawab Shuja'ud daula ' atri.ved in his pto-
'\'iiiceih e! welir;.1to ldwthe of Hls Majesty Wala
Gauhar Shah 'Alam, and obtained the high rank of
P,rimc Minisfer. I am now going to relate a full account
of this great Enlperor and his wise Minister.
Shah 'Aiam, son of 'Alamgir tile Secona
That prince of noble extraction, the jewel of the
crown of sovereignty, fought a battle with Ghaziud din
K:nan in the tilth year ot his venerable father's reign,
and 'having Dehli, proceeded to the eastward. None
of the Al'glian chiefs 'received him hospitably, th.rougll
t'ear of Gbll2if'd' din Khan. He was obliged to resort
to that hero 'Of the-World (Shujn'u-d daula) in lbe fort
o Jala!abad, wh'ere be was respectfully ana
,l:ecei"l'cd. After s6me days' halt, he proceeded to m:vade
Dengal. Muharomad ' Khan, Governor of. tlte pro
of Allahabad, and Zainul .' Abidin ' Rban
1
joihcd
him, He allowed, them to remain with the camp, and
ordere-d them to, raise an army. , -
In aofew days a force of about one bundnd. thousand'
STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY 19>
horsemen . was collected, and he went .. to take Patna:
A.Zimabad. After the city was besieged, and much.
blood shed, Miran, son .. of Ja'far 'Ali Khan;
Governor of the province of Bengal, assembled a large
force;' and . having invited the Firingi armies to assisll
him,'' waged war with the Though the ganison
w.a!v.on: the point o being overpowered and . of
.taking to. flight, yet, through the disaffection of
nobles in whom the Emperor confided, and the want
treasure; which can never be amassed without . possessit!,g-
dominion (dominion and treasure twins), great dis
affection arose in the :Einperor's army. Many; from fear
o {&:a'tlcity of provisions; went. to their homes,
who had n<Y .shame,joined with. Ram Natain and
'Ilhe army of th:e Emperor met with a terrible defeat. Just
afterwaTds Miran was killed by a stroke of lightning, an<f
peace was concluded by the agency of the Christians
Muhammad Kuli Khan came to Allahabad and the
news of 'Azizu-d din :Alamgir's reached Shah
'Alam in Patna. on which he was much affl.,icted in his
mind; but ascribing the event . to the wise dispensationso
of Providence, he sat upon the throne of 'sovereignty
the .... 5th of Jumada-1 awwal. Nawab Shuja'u-d . daula
1
.
after a few days, came to the border of hi$ tenitoiies
1
.
and having invited the Emperor from,,
. ol:i.taip.ed .the I honour of an interview, an'd :was
office :of Wazir; . and,. afterwards . ac- .
to Allahabad. is through the .l.U"'"'"''I:';W
".man' . that tlle name uf Sahib Kiran
'(Timtil'), 'still reniajns; otherwise;- .Mi:e Abdali would
. have allb'Wed one. of his desc;;endatits to survive. ,.
The Emperor: now fixed his residence at .
kept the eldest 'Son :of Shuja.;u-d daula in his
: deputy of his whom he permitted td.
the ptovince of Oudh, which is his jagir and:
m \':it .is at this time' .. tbe' .. liSOth year of the .....
. lo. 1 I
here-1184 Ai i{. . '.J
. ::.< ;:) .. ', :. ! '

S'ruOJES IN W.OlA'N 'HJ.ir-i"ORY
.therefore the twelfth year of His Majesty's reign, wb.icli
.commenced from the month of Jumadal Olwwal: May
God. render His Maj!ISty kind towards .all wise and
men, . toward& the poor, and towards all
:su!Jjects:. and may he give him gra(e-.to walk in the
,,paths of Law! ,
\ 'l'o in detail the events of. Shah 'Ala'm's reign
would requ;,c a separate )listory. The w.t.itcr co)ltents
'lllluse!t therefore with giving the above succinct 'account
"'f hillh
- r
Nawabs of Oudh
.Btuilianul Mulk, in considerntion of the valuable
services he bad rendered to tile Emperor, was elevated
.to tile mnk of five thousand personal and tile command
.of>.{lve thousand horse. He also obtained the title of
:IJa/14d<ffl ]llng and the governorship of Agra; and .greauy
el{erte<l.1 himsel. :i.'l! -a1;1cl dg,f;Toy.ing Ill& tebels.
1 ]-i , Sing!t Saw:ai WM sent against
<Churnmal\. Jat, t.he of .the province ef Oudh
wa., confertccl oh Burhanu,} Mulk, and with )t that title,
He took such measures 'thut no trace of revolters remain
.ed within the limits of his province. This is well known
requires no comment.
.At the dme of the invasion of Nadir Sha.b, he came
'"-q;.,Q!l\Jn .with all haste, and 11lthough dissuaded by tile
and the nobles, yet he fought very boldly against
: lbe S4all.U After .the act.lon he visited the Shah, and waa
'l'ecei:ved with: great l1onour. Distressed beyond
:at tile misfortunes y;hich a.fDicted the times, be
bimselt leaving, .Safdar .J>tng: Abul Manslil' Khan, hl4
SQil, as his successor, io wltose forehead the 'light
-." . .. !>w r
. 'The Maa.siml WJS 116 llied of
(vo!. ii. fJ. 42,6) gi.vt:,J <!! roTQantic nccl>,lLnl pf ,his b4
induted to poison himself th1'o_uglq JaMs
.ilup{icity. The Siyam.l Mutaahhhhiri11 says he died of
in the foot (Briggs; v.q(. -i .. p. '429).
of greatJI.csa Aho_oc, and in whose the
of. dignity and grandeur were <.'Qil.spicious. At the titl\Q
of the invA,ion of Ab,mad Shah AbdaJj, w4o Nadir
Shah. and had eome down with a numerQus to
SJifclar Jang, with i!).trcpidity,.
stwc!. 6rro to his gt'QI!Qd, with a view to p!:serve
his >.honour and fame, {ought very severe w11h-
that hardr. and stubborn enemy. Although J4ulttt:4,
din Khan, the min.isler, hadt fallen, and the son of
J ai Sin.g4 Sawai had Ocd from the 6eld; although at the
same time the news of the death of the F.ffipcror was.
reqeived, and the royal anny was routed and dlsprcssed,.
ypt l)c. rcpqlsed hiJt. the flight o
A,bqQ.Ii, !;I!) placed, .1\hmad Shah upot\ ,t,he throne,. and.
apuming the offie of W9zlr, brought 4im to and
turned bis to the administration of tbe Govern
ment. As at all times the creators of disturbance 'V(Cre
their work, a misunderstanding arose between him atld.
the Emperor. For some time he was cng-dged in puni&h-
ipg and subduing t11e insurgeocs, and tried to correct
the conduct Of tile Empctor, who, being addictc<'l to
an,d pleasure, took no care of hi., duties.' llu' .see;iQg,
r.l!t it was all in vain. he left the Emperor, to
the provi11ce wbich 'had been assigned to him: After
wme days he expired, and was succeeded Qy, IJis son, the
tq()l;t upright, accomplished, and bra,ve Jalalu-d diu
. Haldar Sb.uja' u-d daula,. who in tile-f(n;\e of Shah 'Alam
tAe office of and excelled all
_ 'I'J<.gjt and tank. The son even superior tQ-1 !,he
father, :'a,pd 1 of him. i;. given elsewh_ere.
F'Al,Z
-
SHEO PARSHAD
Tbis is a history oJ the 'Afghans of Rohilkqan!!t ancl
tlctags the transactions' between chcrn and
. ... . .. ...
'SeB the admirable letter of
STVDIES IN INDIAN HIS'fORY
Oudb w:itb suclt oopiousness as to render it w.ortb
translatiorJ. It was oompiled at tbe desire of General
Kirkpalrick in A.B. 1190 (A.D. 1776), by Sbeo Parshad,
WhO"' gives . the following account of the J:Casons whiCh
induced him to undertake 1he task. He says that one
day in camp, between Bilgraru and Mallawan, he was
introduced in Colonel Collins's tent by Captain Keel
patrick (?) lo 'hi& brother (Geneml ?) Kirkpatrick, who
had lately arrived from Cbunar, and the author was so
muclt with his affability and condescension! tha't
he his services to that officer, who desired him to
give an account of the Afg)laos of Katehr, from the time
of Nawab ' Ali Muhammad Khan, when they first ac
qu.ired power, to the alfili of Laldong, in order that he
m.igbt translate it into English, and forward it to the
King of England (Farang). When he returned to tbc
he 1 had a sleepless night; and he declares that if
he -were to celli:, all the thoughtt whleh a_ccupied' ' lind
diStracted. his m.ind durii:tg-tbat night-, a volume would
not suffice. Finding on the mouow tbat Kirk-
patriclc. was not able fully to< comprehend his verbal
history, lie determined upon writing it, in order that
that gendeman might at his leisure translate it with the
aid his munshi. l!e a.coordingiy set to work to com'
p6se his narntive, and linished it in March, A.n. 1776 .
. The history by I1aiz Bakbsh, of Faiulbad, is also
known by. the name of Tarikh-i Faiz Bait/Ish; and as
both "Of them treat of the same period, there is great
probability of confounding the two works. The work,
though written by a Hindu, not only opens with the'
usual laud of Deity, but proceeds to celebrate
Muhammad, and the Chahar Yar besides.
SIZE-.9vo., 388 pages, of 13 lines eacl1.
CONTI1.!1'1'$
of God. the Prophet, and Iris frieodS:...:
-.... "
to him by Nizall!lll Mull<, Asiatic Mi.lcellany, vol. i.
p. 48:1)
r
STUDIES IN INOIAN lUS'roRY 23
Account of Nawab Faizu-Uah Khan-City. of Rampur-
The Ko5i river-Introduction-Arrival of. . the Afgb:iru,
and a,. I aceount o lhc X.atchr 'Alarri
Khan 'and Hasan Khan's arrival in Katchr-Shab 'Alam
Khan=.Rise of Nawab Muhammad Khan-The eunuch
defeated and slain--5aifud din routed and, killcd;-
Defcat and dcalh of Raja Barnard Khaltri- Defeat. of
the Raja and conquest oE l'he Kamaun
Muhammad Shah at llangasb-Nawab 'Ali Muhammad
Khan to Katcbr from Sirhind- Nawab Kamru-d
din Khan killed-Death of the Emperor Mubamm.ad
Shali'-'Nawab 'Ali Muhammad Khan take po'sscssion of
tne whOle territor)' ot K'!tehr-'Deatb OK Nawab 'Ali
Nfuhardl:rl:iii .Kh'an-Xutbnd din Khan'
Ja:ng 'slaiii-Arrivill of Srl.dar Jang to seize Jang's
property-Rise of Nawab Ahmad Khan Bangash, and
dcatb of Raja Nuwul Rai--Defeat of Safdar Jang-
Nawab Sa'du-llall Khan proceeds to aid Ahmad Kl1an
Bangasb-Ahmad Khan defeated by Safdal' Jang. and
tal<.cn prisoner in the forest of and
1uxucy of Najib K.han-$ettlemcnt of matters with
Safdar Jang--Nawab Abdullah Khan's return frem
Kandahar to Katehr--Differences betWeen Abdu-llah
Khan, :Faizu.Jlab Khan, Sa'du-llah Khan, and other
Nawabs--'Abdu-Uah Kha.n's animosity Nawab
Fllizu-Uah Khan-Arrival of Nawab" Khan
anO',l..Oihers -in Katehr, and -allowances made. to them-
Ali<Jwiincea fixed for the author'& master and Nawab
Sii'dti-llab Khan::..Dealh of Mu.rtau Khan.....Dcatb of
Allah Yar::fUl:iff-'><Power gained by Safdar Jang-Jawed
Khat( killed 'oy Safdar Jabg.......Ahmad Shah is disgusted
with Safdat .Jang-N?-wab- Sa
1
adat Khan revolts a:t the
instigation of Safltar ']ang-'Rebellion of Safdar
tbe "battle wllich ensued- Disagreement betllceea Zill
likar Jang and Nawab. 6'ifcfar Jang--5uraj"Mal
pr'isoner by 'lmadu-1 Mufk-Captuie of Shah-
or J Alizud din 'Alamgir Badshah throne
Nawab ullc.'. brought <tt
0
r6J.
24
STUD1.1!8 ll<lllAN HIS'fORY
Lahore-Celebration of her marriage-Exchange
turbans between Nawab. Shuja'u,d dau.la and Sa'du-Uah
Khan-Nawab 'lmallul .Mulk coXl'cs to C>fpel Sbuja'u-d
daula from the e11t2tc of the sons of Nawab Fairullah
Ja'far '41i K4an md Khan :AB Rha.n'$
friendship with S;>.ldullah Jan,Jtu ,
Dakhin chiefs coJll,e ag;\i)lst Najjbu. d cjJI,ula-,5ptjja'u-d
daula with lh;e nobility of Katebr pro,cet<js tp hi!fl
-Ahmad Sba,b comes from Kandahar ,co,.aiq
dau!Jl-l'he chief& of Kat!!hr join the ,of A.hzna<!
Purlani-'Bhao and other chiefs the'
.to fight with the DUITani Kipg-The Dakhln chlefs
are deS;Crted by Sutaj Mal Jat; tbey ptocecd to Panipat;
Kutb Shah and Mumiro Khan arc slain-Aiunad
marches from .Anupsh:Uu to punish the Dakhin chiefs-
N:awab ,l)'aizullah l<han reaches the camp of the l(,ing,
a\ld joins him in the crusadc-Bhao and
Dalt!lin clliefs slain-The to :r
.imo

"!'d .
hm m his posse8$Ipns-;. Doab clistpcts
the chiefs oE Ka,tebr-'Imadul tllk !l!ld Ma\hnr Raq.
invest Dehll, and Najibud daula is
Emperor to .the eastern part of the country-
Account of Kasim ' Ali Khan, Governor of Dcngal-
Shuja'u-d daula .comes with the yiew of exp;;ll,i!i
NWJ.ad }(han Bnogasb-De:ttb of Nawab Sa'dullah Khan
jUlan goes to Nawab Shuja'ud dauln to settle
the dip'ut.! which was 1-aiscd bY. Ahmad Khan Baogash
. :lfa(lshah slain by t he bands of Balaba.sh
Khan,-S),lraj Jat killed-J awahir Singh Jat bcsiegCOI
in DeblLGovemment of Rntan
Jat, Kehri Siogh li;Od
1
otbcrs--Fligbt of Nawab
d.1ulo1-H!s at Katehr-Bau:Ic of
l'{avab's th,e Englisb-Dcttt! .
of
MadJ\1\ii Sindiya' anil_. ,
of Dundi o

daulll, authority atqulted byr:.,l\{l!ltanunad .Zabita.

STUDIES IN INlllAN IJJS'l'O&Y
Khan..-Miucli from Allahabld to Ddili1 lind oE
Mubaromad .Zabita Khan-Acoouut ot Sat!llar CatiitF
--Del!th of Sat'dar Khan :Bakbshi, and the of !ii'&-
sons-f.Ahmad Khan and hh son take p:ollk3Si6'il of hi&-
a.nd wealth-Engagement bet.l'leen. 'Ina'yat
.Khan and Hafitu Mulk--Rell!ase of the 6f
lliabita Khan-The Dakbin chie& com<!' to Ram Ghat-
Dispute between Haft?. R';lhmat than and .Ahmad le:llail' ;.
son of the deceased Blikbshi- Death"of Fath Khan K.li:iti-
snmall---Quarrels betWeen his sons-Govcrnor-GeoetaL
Lord (Warren) Hasting&' arrival at !Benares, and hi\.
with Nawab Shuja'-ct
daula suggests the' inVasJOrl of
1
and Hafizul
is slain-Account of MubaDllllad Yar Khan after
lis death-'-Muhibullab Khan an:d Fad!n-llnb Khan-
Account of the Begam of Nawab Sa'dullah Khan-
Interview between Mathu-llab Khan and Nawab Shuja'u-dt
daula......Namb Shuja'u-d daula comes to Anwah- lnter-
view between him and Nawab Muhammad Yar l<hall-
lntervlew of Muhibu-Uah . Khan with Najaf Khan and
nich Khan-Nawab Shnja reaches Bisauli and
'therC-!Muhammad Bashlr come. to confiscate Ariwalir:-
A:tc<i'u.nt of Ymuf Khan of dfriffiOlt-
ed and its inhabitants rulned--Nawab Shuja'nd "dallla
falls sick at Bisauli after th.e .
between Nawab Shuja'lld daula and.' th'e'lGeneml of tbe-
anl)y regarding *i!!ich ft6m Laldong--;-
of, tl'te
Shuja'u:d daula's
co 'tlie .eoafiC!l- oE' Champion's Jercef co-.
'the &lu(tii'-Forty. o'f .. mJl!t .
sent to tM 'm"emllerVof tl:t'e at ..
'ui!Cen b)' tfie tb' :1lr0t'ed the '
Mtlh:h111:fiad Y:lir Khan
""'ul ' " .. " "'""" ' ._:..,. ' =a:<t , v"'"'"' f.
rur "" tile- w > c;{!Jl 0
Sn't!ja'U:li of-NiiWati-
' itnd "f . Ili'th .. 'ilth!fif::Min
. Bt.sbir khli!lli' _
., .
! g ... ..
'' ... .
. ..

.26 IN INDIAN HISTOI\Y
Khan, Himmat Baha(lur and otbers-Death of Mullammad
Mus! ak;i'!' of the property of Nawab
at Faizabad-Libeny of
,pr}s!>ners- at the cost of three laCJ of rupees-
JPI:tll.,Cr03S_es the Ganges-Sbahamat Khan, aon
-of Bakhshi....Sa'adat Khan," son of Klliw,
..,.. _.,.,.., .
son of Ka.tim .slain-.Mukhtaru-d daula and
Ba.sant Khan ldlled-Mirza 'Ali proceeds to
.A.gl'!t- AI:rival of Muhammad llich Khan from A,gra.
HADIKATU-L AKALIM
01!
MURTAZA HUSAIN.
This is an admirable co.mpllation, the celebrity of which
'is by no means. in p,roportion to its merits. It is written
on ilie .p10Cie!" o the :fiaft-IItlim, but is far superior to
llie: wor'i':'Of ' Ahmaa ' Razi and all. othcn I haY'e seen,
'liOtb,.in, aeruracy and, eseaiCh. the geogral?hical
details of the."work; there aiir val'ious minor histories of
xhe events succeeding the deCline of the Mughal
monarchy, and. of the Mahrattas, Rohillas, and the
Nawabs of Oudh, etc., which convey mueh information,
not only from ex.tensive but close
penonal obsenoation . .
The author, Murta!a Husain, ltnown a.s Shaikh
lllah 'ar 'Usmani of Bilgram, says of himself, that from
ll42 to. 1 187 A.K. (1729: to 1778), from the times o
Muhammad- Shah the middle of the reign of Shah
Aliim. lL,''hei had the honour of being employed
.the following nobles of India: 1. Saiyid Sarbuland Kha'n
'Tuoi; 2. Saiyid S:t'adat Khan Naishapuri; S. Muhammad
Khan; 4. !Culi Khan 'Abba&! shashangJlShti
-or SIX-fingered; 5. :A:hniad Khan; 6. Muhammad .Khan
llanga8h of Farrui:habad. besides several others. On
'lhiJ account Ute opportunit' _was afforded. him of being
-in actor In ihe scen.es Iii which they were engaged.
He was mbsequently in, A.H. 1190 (1776
STUDIES IN INDIAN IDS'l'ORY 27
A.D.), w,ijen he was in his fortyseventh year, by his
friend Rajab 'l'\li, to Capt:Un Jonathan Si:on, Pernl)n
Secret'!l')' to Hastings, who immediately appofnt-
cd him ,one of his mumhis, "than which,_ in tlie opinion
gentlemen, there is no higher office; and
receiving encouragement from his employer's lnteUigence
and, .Jovc of lea.tning, he was i.nduced to this
... ,.J,.
WOl'k." . I '
The Hadikatu-1 Akalim contains a description the
Terrestrial Globe, its inhabited quarter, and the seven
grand divisions of the later. A short account of the
won!lers and curiosities of every , country, a brief
of ,the, Prophets. gre,at kjng;s, and celebrat-
ed and men of countries.,>
".Quotations,'' says the author; "from ever}' existil!g
work ha':e been sometimes copied verbatim into this
work. and sometimes, when the style of the original was
too figurative, alteratiorn have been made in the extracts,
my object being tllat my readers might acquire sotue
knowledge both of the ancient and modem style of the
Pcl'Sian language, and by observing its changes shoUld
be led to reficct that every sublunary thing is subject t.o
change-'' The reason is somcwha\ curious, especially as
that moral might be mud more easily learnt .b:om the
vicissitudes _he undertake. to record. ,
The author moreover confesses that he has an eye
to his own interest in this compilation.
1
'1 the work
shall ever, be permed by the intelligent and leaxned
Englisft, it j$ expected . that, taking into their considera-,
don the troubtes, and olp. age of the author, they will
always do, hiitL tl!e f<!vour of maintaining their kind
regards to,'i.ards him "''d. his , C;lciccndants, as ;
this was the first . Persian ,work compiled under utm .
ausplccs, which gave a . of the esta,'Qiishme11t of
the Btjtish Empire.'' This supplication bef n
and his son has been raised to high of!i.ce, th.e
Bri;Wh. Government. He concludes by . sayJnJ. tliat ths ,
worJc;' COn;'pOSed when. he was ii\;.bjs '
sT'unrES rn' iNDIAN rus'roR.v
an(,l . was sub!J1itted for the inspection of. Captain. Stott:
atiO. Colonel Polier before beiflg
It 'is probable . that work
1
is those usedi
qy Capt. Scott iD; his account . of Aurangr.eb's successots;
lmt as in the copies of his history I liave
exairlined; the''"prbi:fiised list' of MS. aufhoridd- is . . not -
n'o (,:knowing- what were the . materials-
which he used as the chief sources of his inform:atiWffF
. P.ages <Jf 25 'linis eachit
. ' ..)i!, p - ; ' } ' . ._!{!
-,. ' .. ltXTRAcr I
'PH-e . British, after tHe riiiriy season, in the' year 1178:
A.)i> (l764 A.D.), rrt<trdi.ed upon Baksat, and in a pitched
1)attle defeated daula, who retreated t()l
The conquerors advanced upon Allahabad,
to :its 'strong fort; . which
whereupon the Nawab :was obliged
d(}Jliinions. ' ROW
.' 'Uffii1't l>itt .
' . . . :tlid . not 'km tor. ;nor : tlid'' tlre
rent-free .'hold.ers and ' peilsidnerS' find any: ca'us'e . t6' eom"
plain. Shuja'u-d !laura. courted tlie aUiimce 'and support
of ,Ahmad Khan Bangash, ruler of F<rrrukhabad, Hafiz-
. Rahmat Khan, an:d Dundi Khan, chiefs of Rohilla,
Bareilly, and Anwala, which they. all declined. . Then 'he.'
to Kalpi, but he . was driven thence by the
.. Blitijsh:
'\: , .. , I
the Emperor of Dehli made an alliance
with B.fitish, and the district of .. Allahabad was.
"t?.'hiPi for his residence. He agreed to grant
to the of the Bengal
return 9r 'he twas, to receive, annually .
. .of .. , . seventy-five. lacs . ., . -.
hun as a: some y,ears ..
the .
. lacs of rupees; 11\i't.}:wben the Emperot:.ret'utne'd tO< .
stipulated pa#fients were
- chiurai 'inaking peace with l oe 'Ertglisn(?W'as' restored .. i6
.,
"" .
of., w!le:r:e. 'he. soon gathered.
a few years Ahmad Khan }.\angash, D$di
:AP.d . other . Rohilla biefs, depaned .
anq of all the Rohilla there
raise the of. sovereignw and,
Rahmat llli.an, from Shah-Jahanpur. Bareillyt a
to qaQla, ,with the aJd :.t9.
the English, , t)le
wbo was kHJ.qd in ' but the .. rvktory was entil:.eJy
.owing The Rob.illa, then
.cAA:ne J ptQ :t:P.e apd great d,is-
Jell. upon . . .. HP itO'
.. ,ed, 1\fo' t.qe.
bro,ugh,t.: on, !:t,lm,la.,,severe d1sease. Bnttsh
he a treaty .with Faizu-Uali ' Kh1m, son of 'Ali
Muhammad KhaJ;J. Rohilla, who obtained under it his
hereditary estates. of Rampur. Shuja'u-d daula, . still
labouring under his tormenting disease,
Laldong to Oudh, and there died. His .son, Mirza Man!,
him, w.ith the. title of Asafu-d 44'!-tlti. .
.JAM-I JAHAN-NUMA .
. OF . .(' '
.. .. K!UiDRATU-LLA:.::, .. ,-:Wi.:J. .:
5['lle, Mirror;' by Shaikli
an inhabit'a.ne of MaVi, near ' .. ,
in RopilkllaJ?.d. He quotes se:veral a1_.1thot .. : . '
;Is 5 <
Tawartkh, which .he
.fnH..\itious lieader to :..i:iere .1 '{ :
a . 'f) ... ,. il" ,
by 1. .
".fhere iS' - i.n the btit .
at . '';ti"e use'ful. It was comm'
,.fhe7ear 1191 and l:Jears tfie:
.. bUt . . ,'ldfe ...
:.:;f'fl.. .d"det:ef t heiDellli: histery, events. dow'n 'ttk ..
, A.H. '(1779 A.rl.y, ,
. ' ; . .. ' !
80 STUDIES IN INDIAN HlSTO& V
elapsed of the reign of Shah ' A! ant, and in evet'Y comer
of ihe kingdom people aspired to exerCise independence-.
Allab'abad, Oudh, Etawah, Shukobabnd, and the whole
country of the Mgbaus (Rohillas) are in the pos.;e.'!Sion
of the Nawab W"'lir A.;afn-d daula, a11d the whole coun
try of Bengal : lias been subjected by the strong arm of
the Firinglsr' The country of the Jats is undet' Na}af
Khan, :ind-"ihd- Dakbin is pa.rtly under Nizarn 'Ali Khan,
'pattly u!1dcr the and P'artly under Haidar
alid Muhammad 'Ali Khan Siraju-d daula Of
G?painatt. The Sikhs hold the whole suba of the
Panjab, and Lahore, and Multan; and Jainagar and
other places arc held by Zabita K.han. In this manner
other have established themselves here and
ilfere. All the world is waiting in anxious expectation
of: t!\c of .Jmam Mahdi, who is to colll'e in
latlet' 'd;l.)'$'. 'Sl\ali 'A!anl. sit$ in ihe palace o{:fieb!i,
":ib.d..-har ii.o thoughr. b'eyond his oWh
pkas\ue;- while 1.deeply 50ri:oWful \ \ncl
grie_vously t>p'pressed r even llilto
1
dellth.' ' Ir is 'to be
regretted that these desponding anticipations are not
occasionally reverted to by the present fortunate genera
tion.
The author gives us 5011le information respecting
h.imsel at the close of his work. He cella us his
arrived in India as early as ihe time
Pttlhi Raj, and that he had a large bOdy of foreign
his command at Sonpat. Spme of hill-
ancestors arc &uried in Sonpat and Ajmir, where
died waging wan.. lo course of time they
lnto Rohilkhand, and. Raja Taj Khan, of the Katel:iua.l
clan, bestowed av.:l aii.d' twelve other yil!ages iil , Kabhr
upon che fatlilly. 'T!i.'cire they have contio,ued,. to
,nd ihcm sevm;at
1
!>iodigici'
and leaJ;Ding: fri tbe coutS;C, !>f fbeir
he many anachromsms and
whicli. throw doubt upon the of: the famJ.l;J!
tree.
STUDIES IN INDIAN lUSTO!tY
CONTENTS
Preface, p. 1-Inrroduction, Creation and J>.re-
Ertt$, p. 8-Chap1er I . Adlun and the Prophet$,.
p. 27- II. Philosopheu, p. Kings of Pmia, in.
lour Sections (makalas), p. '50-iV. Kings of Arabia.
Ishun, p. 197- V. The Prophet Muhammad, in
li'9l: Sections, p. 206-VI. The 'Ummayidc Kh&,lifs,_ p ..
362-VII. .The p. 402- VIII. to
The Samarus, Ghazmvldes. Ghonam, and other Dynil!ties..
p. 421.-XXI. Khundkars of Ru:m, p. 491-XXII"
Kaiasaras of Rum, p. 494--XXill.. The KhatJs of.
Turks, in three Sections, p. 511-XXIV. ehangiz Khan
and' J;ii$ sons, In four sections, p. !ii4.......:xxV. Branch.es
of tb.e Mughals, P. 540-XXVI. Timur and. his sons.
p. 546-XXVII. The Uzbaks, p. 668-XXVIII. The
Safavis, p. 565-XXIX. The seven Climates and the
Subas of Hindustan, in two Sections, p. 570-XXX. The
Rajas of Hindustan. in fifteen Sections, p. 592-XXX.I.
The Sultarus of l!industan from Muhammad Sam to the
present time, in five Sections, p. 630-.XXXII. to
{{XXIX.. Sultans ,of the Dakhin, Gujarat, Tiiatta,_
Jaunpur, Malwa, Kashmir, and .Multan, .p.
--Conclusi<>n, Biographies of learned Doctors. Devotees.
and Saints, and a brief account of the Au.tJtor, ' p.
The. oul y ropy which I know, of f!fi,s is a
clean and correct one, in the of. sa.du,d dto..
lrhmad Khan, a gentleman of : li{uiadabad .
. ' 1378 pages of 21 1iDC3 each.
ri '
A , ' I
MA;4SIRUL OMARA
'" ,1(
OF
SHAll NAVlAz i.RAN SAMSAMU-D
[This work blf.&ll&f the Peerage o.f ' the' 'Mugbaf '
Empjre.J It consists ,of a .Biographical Dictionary of the
illustrious men who' Jiave 8ourisb.ell in Hin\l:uil3in and
I "
ilie Dakhin. ' under th.e h<>t.se oE Tiliiut rrom-Akbar too.
J'J'55 A.H. . "'
1
tD
STtJI.)JJ::S JN lJJS;rORY
[" Amir Kamalu-d d!!il, the ftfth ancestor of Shah
:Nawaz Khan, came from Khwaf to Hindustan In the
uign of Akbar, 'vhose service he 'entered;. and his desceo
.dants hcld in ucces.ipn some of tbe highetlt offices of
:Stafe under the. succeeding Emperors. Na\va:o
Khan, whose origlJ?.fll name was ' Abdur al
Ziusainl, was' bt>m :at Lahore in 1111 A.u. (1699 A.o.).
Early in 'life be went to Aurangabad, most pf his
relatives r<;Sidcd, and he! was not long afterwards ap
point'eil Diwa11 of llir'ar. Having incurted the ,illi
' of Nizamu'l Mulk Asa Jab, by favouring
of' his son Nasir Jnng, he was disgraced, and went
int(> :retirement. It was duting tl1is period tbnt he com
-posed the Ma-aJil'll.-1 Umara, After he bacl llnssed five
years i n seclusion, Asaf Jab, in 1160 A.H. (1747 A.n.),
mortly before bjs death, took him again into favour,
anrl b;,im Pl the DiWII'rli of Bil'llr. Shah :Nawaz
Kha)l the hOno'im Nasir
lhe son an' Asaf J''Jh, a;nd subseqQentJy
became the chief ' minish:r of Salabat Jang, tl\e Subadar
of the Dakbin, and pia-yeo a ' oonspicious part in the
affairs of tbat portion of India, and' the struggles for
supremacy between the English and French. He was
in 1171 A.tt.. (1757 A.o.). Ghulam 'Ali
1mplicatcs Bussy in his murder, but the charge t>P=
-to',Pe wi thout foundation, the native historian being no
-doubt" DUsted by his prejudices.'1 .
' The work was cominence<l by Shah Nawaz Khan
'Samsamu-d dauh, but left it unfinished, and in tbc
'turbulent :scehes succeeded his death, his bouse
"WaS plundered, and his manuscrlt>t scattered in
directions; .I t iii, '\& lost, till Mir G)lu]am
'Ali, surnamed: A:iad, 'ilie au thor of two blpgrap'!i[cal
Saf.IN Khaultlai n:n.q.2:
"f:"" ... .. .,
'7: ,
1
' 'I:ilough :Of
.K/1411111a-i A mira

very full, "f.coutiL, qf the,

of a great porti<>n of tl1e last century, thll,
!?TUI;IlES. IN INDIAN.
. of. collected, tJle por-
tion of. xp.issiQg and restored; th.e w.ork tQ:
enqre a additi_ons, amongst whiCh :was
life})f.the a preface, which gives.
.Of the .. work. : , ...
.. [i'Ghulam 'Ali was a amta biographer .of poet11.
$fe was born in-1116 A.H. (1704 A.n.), but the date
,(Ieath is not known. He was at one time attacheii'.
samsamu-d daula in the capacity of amanuensi$,
travelled into various _parts q Indla, and visited ecca
Medina, . a,nd, _,,to Af!tar,
'af,tcr 1?-is jomneys and p'!-\_9,i &onoured,
h.is, resi"cnce at :
:arid in friencUy .
Nizamucl Mulk Asaf Jab; yet with temptatlOhs he
'l'l.ever engaged in the of the world.'
' 'The biographies in the first edition of
the work extend to Ghulam 'Ali's own time, and are 261
'in number, including the life of . the author by the:
.editor."] . . .. ..
. . At a subsequent . period the son of Samsamu:d
named ' Abdu-l Hai . Khan, completed .. the
'Present form, giving insertion to his . odginal
1ntroductjon
1
a:pd to. the .. of ,rv.i1:
'Ali. .So the -w_ork as it at [f''.T,he
by the Editor.-The Ot'igiM,I of Shah
.. ;preface by . 'Ali-The Li$,. :.
by Index to ;: ..
1
.. in ,:',-.'
,::; short hfe o.
EditOr./ .. ff,al. '-] :: , . _ . ; :, *"' . .
...
STUDIES IN INJ)IAN fnSTOR.V
("The biographies in the second edition are ?Sl in
number, giving an increase of 569 lives not contained
in the former edition. They are very ably written, and
are full of important historical detail; and as they
include the Jives of ill the most emint'Dt men who
fiourished in the time of the Mughal Emperors . of the
House of Timur down to 1194 A.lt. (1780 A.n.), the Ma
tJSiru-1 111nara must always hold its place as one of the
most vlduable books of reference for the student. oE
Indlan History.
1
Abdu-l Hai enumerates no less than
thirty hist6ries and biographical treatises from which he
has drawn the materials for his portion of the work.'']
Colonel Stewart has curiously confused the names o!
the authors of the Ma-asiru-1 umara. He has completely
reversed the relations of father iuld son, observing, "This
compiled by Hal bin ''Abdur Razrak
Shah Nawaz Khan, and finished by his son Samsam:u-d
clailla A.i 1779:' ' He has repeated the mT<ir iti the lii!t
of 'authorides to bis History of Bengal. He
appears to have been misled by the nobleman's
different appellations; his name being 'Abdu-r Razzak,
and his titles uecessively Shah Nawaz Khan ami Sam-
samu-d daula.
, ['''Abdu-l Khan was born in ll'i2 o\.H. e172g
A.n.), and in 1162 A.H. (1748 A.D.) was elevated to the
of K11an by Nizam -Nasir Jang, who also bestowed
u'Pon him the Diwani of Birar . . In the. time of Salabat
Jang he commandant of Daulatabad. On his
father's murder ih 1171 A.a. (1767 -..n.), he was impison
ed in the fortre"" nf Golkonda
1
but he was subsequ.eridy
released in 1'173 A.H. (1759 A.D.) by Nlzamud lbaf
Jab n,. who treated him with great distinction,. and
reinstated mm in hisc paternal title as Sarosainu4 Mull<.
He dlcd in 1196 A.H. (1781 o\.D.).
1
Abdu-f

title
\liii!es in a rather perplexing way. It was atffirst
daula ,Jang. When he was from prison,
. . ("- ' .
Cat. of Tippoo's Library, p . . 19 ..
'STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY
.he received::' his ' father's title, and became Samsamu-d.
;j'ang. in his. Appendix to the Ma-asirU.l
calls himself Mulk
1
and, gives his.
name as Sar{m. Bland refers td' a' work. in
whioh he is called 'Samsamu-1 Dllawar Ifirng."4.]

StzE-Fol. 17 in. b')"lli, pages, 25 lines pag:..

. '>:{;,).
.' 1 EXi.'JtACTS
Mahabat Khan Khan-khanan Sipah-sa[ar
zamana Beg was son. o Gh.uyur Beg Kabuli,
to SaiyidS of. the pu:re stock. Khan-
son of Mahabat Khan, in' a histoty which he
the descent of" his ancestors. ftom tije P,ropbell:
Moses. They were all men of p6siti6n and wealth.
Ghuyur Beg came from Shiraz to Kabul, and settled
among one of the tripes of that neighbourhood. He was ..
enrolled among the military followers of Mirza Muham-
mad Hakim, and on the death of the Mirza he obtained'
employment in the service of the Emperor Akbar, when
he distinguished himself greatly in the campaign against.
lhitor. Zamana Beg in his youtll was entered , among.
'the ahadis of Prince Salim Gabangir), and, Jha-ving>xe-nder
'l'd : some acceptable. services, he, in a short time,
.:a suitable mansab, and was .made .Bakhsh'i;ofJ. the slt'llgirdc
pe_shw. When Raja Uchaina made::ra .fteat}t and ag.ree ...
;mb'nt<>with Mu'azzam Khan Fathput.i::'llt . Allahabad, and
upon t}le Prince, the dty' and its environs.
. Widi his -numerous followers. .Whenever he
and low,. gazed with
ann'oyed the Prince, who
5

one should I be '
this marr?l' ., ,sa'id that ' if pemfasi
given) he:' WO'i:dd i-.. : thltt-very night . settle' ,t1i'S
Having received directions; ,he went alone .. J"\qf .; f :int: .. ..
, the .. <? the . . .. >
.. ... . < , , 1 -. 'tt'tf.;/
.- . . ,;t: large portion of this ar:ticle Jijz;, ,''6:ten; 'Jr..
t<.:;.' .. Mor,ley's .;. ' ( 't
..,.,.! .t' ... :0. ' J
"11.6
STUplE$ IN INDIAN IDSTjJRY
"!t)d fast asleep. He his servant at the door, and
telling the Raja's servant,t to wait outside,
'b<1d a royal me.S!Iage to,. deliver,, he went into the tent,
<!It the Raja's. 1\e!!d, wraPf'ed it in a illlrl camn
out. the sc<rva.nts !hat no one roust go in,
':.bqcause )le ha:d an 'answer to bring, he took the head and
threw it down bofare the Prince. Orders were
' 1y given {or plundering the Raja's followers. When
these discovered' what ha'd happened, they di.spcrscd, and
all the Raja's treasux:e and animals were con!iscated to
the State. Zamana Beg . received the title of
and at the beginning of the reign of .Jahangir he
was -raised to mansab of 5,000, and sent it'\ command o
army agaimt the Rana. . . .
Mtltamad. Khan .
Mu'tamad Khan Muhall\lllad Shanif was a native. qf
On hi( coming :h!
,;g'dd qrtune CliJ!8e,d introduction to Ma.l<ao,i
11\ the: .. thil:d 5Cl\r t)le ei!W 1\c ._ W[IS
-honour<d with th d!Je Qf Mu'tamad He was
Bakhshi of the A.hadiJ for -a long time. 'In the ninth
died Beg Fidai Khan, who was Bakhshi of
tl.le army of Prince S.hah Jaban in the campaign
the Rana. Mu'tamad Khan was then appointed ill th,9.
eleventh

wben the was
,Jl<l:- td:. !W!ke:arrangements m the Dakhm, the office
was1again to him .. .. Although
'llM a r_e.p:qtation for his of history, ye! .i5 .
. appears from his :work Ikba/nama ]altangiri, whicq" i,J
in . 11yle, he
1n histQncal a,. J,JOLwtthst:andtll'g . btgtho1l!l
' ing . the offiee, of .Xh(ft}nttuisi, he has not only_;, 9\lJ
".many ttiJliJig nratters, bU_t even narra.ted
'jmp.o.rtant facts. ""' "'V' ';J:.r;, 4w ' H
h
.,. 1l' 'T 1 r
0
-(T e subsequent of this a
,{ea4,ing Place in the history. of ot and
. .Shah jahan.] o "'- , '
.. (.
..
TAZ'KJRATUL UMARA -
OF
KEWAL RAM
T)ll(is ' a Biographical 'Iecount of the nobles of Hindus
ril'ri, &om the time of 'Akbar ro Bahadm Shah, -by Kewai.
son of Raghunath Das Agarwala, inhabitant or
"X:isma In Bulandshahr, written in the year 'l1941 1\.lt..
(1780 A.o.). It gives an account of all dignitaries above.-
mansab of two hundred, and of the Hindu Raja&.
who distinguished themselves during that period. It
wntains ' very little more than tlie patents of nobility,
privileges and insigpia bestowed upon each pei.t6n,' :iJid
the ocdsion of his promotion. It is altogether' :{ very
meagre compihuion compared with the Ma-asiru-!.'
Umara.
701 pages of 15 lines each.
SAWANlHl AK.BARI
OF
AMIR HAIDAR HUSAIN!
.
. '
'['l'his is a mode1-n history of the Emperor Akbar;" written-.
b'f Amir Haidar Husain! Wasiti of Bilgtiim, whose
a:ncestors came from Wasit fn 'J;li'C' 'Work was
'I'Qmpilcd at ' the .irtstante of daula
cBillllaur Shaukati Jang William and so '
.i\ist nave been. 'Yrltten towards cloSe of the last
dentutf. It no date, and imfortunatcly extendS.
only ;to the end 6 the twc!nty-fouhb year of the reign.
The a'iltho"t tatcs that lie d&hrea his materials from. (lie
' of Abu-! 1'az('the Mtmtakhab of'
the 1'aba!uit ' 61 : :J:.Jizamu'd din Ahmad, Fitisbta, ,l!lie
'l111:b4r-nama of. lJlabdaa Faii Sibrindi, The "1iltwlSiN.'i
'Umara' and other works: He adds ihat he use\!: fhe'tfOiif'
pa1'ts of the lnsha-e Alnt.l fazl, and.
, the fo)lfth part, h!s it. pas been;
so little refered to by h1stormns. ' The Ins/Itt 1s a weU'-
.38 STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY
. .
.;known work, and has 9ften been printed, but in three
parts oD.ly; so, Blochmann. says, "it looks as if Amir
Haidar's copy of the part was unique." But ll
reference made by Si:f: H. Elliot in Vol. V. of this work.
.!()riginal ed.) had access r.a!e portio11;.of .,, .
.the work. The Akbar-nama o Abu-1 Fazl Jhe aq.thonty
:li:tairi.ly tht: lje .!
those supextl4.xtles of __ 'J!'az1
1

.eel for purposes. . . ,
. ; adds uis <t,J:i.!'}'
:historical work . wntten by an Ind1an,'' and lie
recommends it to the notice of

SIZE-Large 8vo., 843 pages of. 15 lines eaeh.J
SIYARU-L
OF .
. , CHULAM HUSAIN KHAN.
' ' >I '<. ., '\ /; f -o:... ): t ,. . , . , , , ,
1
'J' f f
i['l' he first of.' this a description of
.Hindustan, of provip.ces, pr9<lucts. and people.
It 4lso gives su:mri1ary . of the .ancjent' history as derived
.from the Sanskrit works translated by Faizi and others .
. It then notices the rise of the Muhammadan power, and
.adds a Succinct. history of' the reigns of the. various .
0 ...
down to the death of Auxangzeb. Thts constitutes
of the work, and its contents are. general-
those . . of the Khul(lsatu-t
The; aut.Qdr-...Iias been severely condemned by .Col. Le,es
1
fol' in having stated that he .derh{e4
.his . of an . old . w,ith' '' ''
ever mentioning the. name of the author of the, 1?.
t .. : .. sh.own. by Sir
the . itself .
,mracy of an a:nOO}'lllPUs work .
-...<# .. :.-
.. Akbari,: vo?t, ..
.. '"' '
1
[J.9.1!;,":nal of Royal tit.] .
. ' ' ' '
Sl'IJDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY
39
.sirut Tawat-i/J.I, and it may have been th.is very work
that Gbula.rii Husain used, and 'referred to as the prod'!c
tlon of ''some old mrmshi.''] . . . ,
[It is the seoond volume of the work that .11"!'
famous, and to which the title Siyaru,.l Muttl;a.Mkhi-rin}
"Review of Modem T imes.'' is particularly appl,icable.]
.This consists of a general history ot ll).dia from f?OO to
1786 A.D. It contains the reigns of . the last seven ,Ell\'
pcrors of Hindustan, an account of the progtess of the
English in Bengal up to 1781 A.D., and a critical
don of their govem.ment and policy in Bengal. The
autho.r treats these important subjects witb a freedom
and spirit, and wlth a force, clearnffi and . simplicity. o.f
style _very, unusual in an Asiatic writer, and jqstly
-entitles him to pre-eminence among Muhautmadan
historian. ["It is written," says General Briggs, "in the
style of private mcmoin, the most useful and eugaging
shape which ltistory can assume; nor, excepting in the
pecularities whiclt belong to the Muhammadan cltaracter
.and creed, do we perceive throughout its pages any
.inferiority to the historical memoir of .Europe. Thc.Duc
de Sully, Lord Clarendon or Bishop Burnet need ; not
have been ashamed to be the authors or such a ,produc-
tion.'')
The testimony whil:h Ghulam Husain bears to the
merits of the English is on the whole cre.ditable to them.
Dr. Temtant observes that "of injustioe and corruption,
J13' JUdges, the. author entirely our oountrymen;
and- o' croelty and oppression, as rulers, he briugs 'UOt
the"sliglites.t unputation. Fropt his intimate acquintan.ee
:with this suBject; and his bias, i he felt any, being
' ..
[Writers as .'to extU"t T611ding a'Jd
;ng of the ti*. ' It may be Sairul
.'!Review of Modem Times/' rohich Jeems to .be, fdvouri:d'
by the French trlltiSiator and the Calcutta
1
'taitdr;.,-or
Siyaru-l Muta-akhkhiritJ, "Manmrs of t]it ModMrn," as
rendered by Briggs, atld tollow.ed 11)1 Sir-He' M. Elliot.)
..
STUDIES IN INDIA:N IDSTORY
wholly against us, we applaud' our early ... ;;
for haVing obtained this honourable testimony .to' tlteir . .
character. From want _l(nbwledge in language, lie.
-does accuse them <5f having suffered themselves
and satkars;:nor does
.was sornet1mes through.
tthclt .Persian writings .an'd are not
committ.ed tti the press and dmsemiria;fed:by.t
as author's MSS., for many
among the Ihdians.
. no fec\r . of giving offence to.
he brought . forward: This is indeed
ftolli many strictures . he has written abundantly severe;:
nor :does tliere see-m' any intention to please by
in a work. that was never submitted to the perusal of the
. English. . Th'e .P!aises o General Goddard, and of m:my
to be found in the :srya_r?j-J J.:futa-
. t?

.. some I or .of , Fffilatton,

ldhg after p:ifties conce.inea liatrie'ft:'' fu.e country. .
out having ariy knowledge 'of Civil liberty 'in the abstract,
this author posse.ssed the fullest enjoyment of it, .
this his has be!=ome of great.
iinp9rtarice.' '
3
. . , . :
Siyaru-l Muta-akhkhirin, or of tlie
. was col!'lpleted in. the : year 1783 by :.
Gf\ul$'ri{P.M( ' Khai.l a -relation o Nawab- I .....

IIDl<!tl. : His father, .K.lla.n, . .. t

.in o :<P<" ..
Jang; as tlie fllub, .... br deputy, of hts .nephew and, " ;: .. -
Haibat J<l.ng, . was. or . .,:Itiii
gov,ernor, of Panipat; in the n;igii 9r '
.. :mad Shah. On the'i''fiigh,t of: ., Alam fro ;... . .
. ,,;av'Qid the Ghaziu-a . ,, .' 'C:. :
. c$-nioanied him as:
... :'' ' ... .. .. ./"'1
. . i'ndtan' 286. : .. l
.... , .. .. '. .. : : . :r: .. .o\=.:
fOl! 1m son GhullUJ> Hu&aib; tlie
qfr OD 'pllinGipal: secretary; I' and ' fOl! hB.
$tCOJtd son iak.hwd <bula, that of Diwani or ' OV'e!l-
SC\ell! of. Ute houseqold. ofJ Prin:ce a-.
oompcUe<l 'Ali; to bis&tationt
11Wk he. retised to his jagir lnJ Bihu; where he dJed SO<:!D
deposition of K<l-!llm 'JI:ll: Kharr. ' '
< ,, Hi& GhulaJill Maidar, afterwards nctea '.as.
of Kasi1n 'Mi Khan in till hiS.
:11;1Jpeeted attachment to the occmonedl his.
W111Qlolal. He, was then engaged in vari-ous. services undet'"
.;p)f. . o.wn &a.vemtnent, and man')" 11)arks a!
fa voW' from General Goddard, whom. be 'oa-
In a Short ;prefa, liufl;ays, JNI). one
apparep.t!y havillg st6od !brth ' to. write nn account oF
tb.e nobles of Hind since the> death of Aunngzeb. 1 will
brj<llly record what li know on the subjoot, o.r have heard
blo1n trustworthy andl esteemed naua!Ors; to the end: mat
if; h-ereafter any intelligent hisorian sboul'd be inclinud till
Wl'ite 'the events of .former time,, tbe thread oJi suecessi'vl!if
occunenccs might not be entirely brollen- Rel,t_lngs.
the D.ivin'e' aid, I prooeccl, to' the ext tiltion
oi lllJI ta9k, and will put down in langoagie,
from absta;U&etue., ' whaisoeveD J have xelated ; bf,
persons considered! wqrthy. of ro:edk." JiWth't!
'f'll.y ii!ieVi'dont:l. t:boiei/V.IbO'lhi'Y'e :fumishcd
t!_iet-il;lfohllhtl6D. be .answetlableflfrr.
.;: particllliiJSI\ of i 'llutllor may
EQunC>ifll: volumeS' u. -an.d> iift oei(be ' 'll:siatia ilmntidr "
R<fgistd,) iJ)f wh!'clr .I\!' cis' aJ:O given 1-om hjS,
biograph)t. wJI1chr1fS .'aai'dl:'fli have bMD, prefix.ediC to
, bUt appear in; the . prilJ.\!6t
-edJtifmr . r' 't"<rl{!"'
-rf1 'Fhis ':trahslaU!d into .
a,, Frentlh renegade; an1i pqblisl\'ed at dal'CUqa>t!n"lt,78!Hn.
!:'J;..-, lbree' .qulll'to. volumes. .rrhe history of "t(fe!Mnstlhof i&'
not very well known, but it appears from his .. Prefacc-
tbat , lie was in English employ, tbaf.cb'C _was a Milll%m-
s.
42 S'J"YDIES IN: It:i))lANs HISl'ORY
ma<h;n, that he wasj durhag. a .
to .?as a Turkish, and apf .
a alSo. a . perfect . master .<lf . '.
. ;md.:.\ Jlindu:st.ani. i:6ut 1 although . prided
$elf upon his of English, he Was ri;ot
1y versed . :in._d i s . b'e that-
his translation 'r.a5 ma<J,e . into a language c>f",. whiCh. h:e
was not_.,a zh:ater, for his version is full of Gallrcisms,
;althol;lghJ le he not write in any oth_CJ.!
fluently( A large portion of the
wprk :was .lost on its way to England. [and; l, ..
. been a rar.e book, only to be found here and
there in-- public libraries.] : .
.r General Briggs . undertook to bring out a new
he published only volume, con
of the: whole work, .and dlis was
: ... ?of . the . :
Ehal ish than a,. :ilevisien '!Of ,his .
f!!J.,., . ...... r- .,.j) '( , ... ., 1- ... \
1
"' : - . .. .
of;' the : tp -in. .. liat
v,'olpme %Qf Bcott' s History
of the Dec.can . . ; .. ! "'.< .. . . _ . . ' r?
The .Siya,ru-l Mttta . ..akhkhirin' has l>eett printed more
.1than once at Calcutta. : An. excellent' edition <)f the .first .
. was out there. in 1886 by Hakim
'iQ;)n a quarto volpmeof 534. pages: . , . ._, .
. ot

is well known to. English readers hom the .

-many;:q'Q.9tations and abstracts which Mill -h3-S made .. , ;,f:
of . India; Ghulam' Husain is ..
'1.tJite of those ttpres'' . whom ..
has . quoted .of .with approval.' In
native side-.. of GhiiJ:a1Jl . .Hu5ain:s da:
appears in . of. writers; 1 .
upon his atith:ority. . limits
. will .:such
of .. the we*' and .
the .. '
... . .( . ""A . ;-!
': : ., 'I ........ --- ... :...,, .'':; ' ,., , .. .
. .Clav.e. .. 1'
' ' ' ; . ' " { r , I . l
.

STUDIES IN INDIAN mSTORY
most of are' entirely unknown to tthe European
reader. For these reasons no from the work are
here given; but it is gtcatly to he desired that a complete.
translation of this history should be accessible to the
students of lndian hi&tory.]
'
MULAXHKHASO-T 'TAWA.RllU{ ' I :v.o
OF
'FAR7.AND 'ALI HUSAIN
. ,,

T)lii'is an abrldgrileiu of tlie Siyant-1
byFa(1and
1
Aliof 'who saj s himself: :
' to lea.m the history of' thC'
great kings of. r employt!d myself in the study
ot ihe SijaTU-1 the \imivalled coillpeition
of Ghulam " Ali ltharl. As this l;>ook' bas many beauties
and advantages, which are l'ately found in any other-
work on' history, it ha& ever been dear to my heart; but
its extreme prolixity not only demands a long time for
its perusal, but exhausts the' patience of readers; scr :at':-
the request of some of my friends. I made '\i abstrace <lf!
work, and denominated it Mu/akhk.luMUI Tawarihh:"
' This work is divided thl:ee. pattf)' 'I!
:Brief acoount' of the Kings of Ini!Ja; .rrOi:!i. iM reign of:
Timut to ' the twentyseMnd yeat cif:.' Mtihiitlmad S.blih;
t l'att II. A full aCalilht'' Of' tlie
1
'trarnactions' in'
..;1 kirlfa:l?ad, aild' f to the OOinmehcement
ql the Efg!!sh ... ' 178'1 . . i>art m. Trans,ct'ioriil'
fro'm ;q__ Sh'ah up
the 'reign, 1781 A.lD.
It p}:int;?a 'ifr' .a Aliar(6, volume, ,
511 pages ' of t9t Jiiles 'clf.h. .11 .,.n,.
" Tbq-e a:n6ili'!" of
1
MJ114'-
by karirn,
Ollke., Jt- was ptinted .jri.,:OI,If,"'
in
1
1827. under lWllC!,;Q.l-i gubd416
1!-,.wtJ'J,M ; "t '>'\ <i \
,; 0 i
TAlUKRl M<A:MALIKI HIND
OJ'
GHulw\M BltSX'l'
,.
'
This is a compilation by Ghul'am '6a&it;
1
nnd?'takeu at
the suggestion of an English otrwer. The tttle is the
one borne J?y file copy at Bom9a)l wblch' I had the
opportunity o consulting. [llut tllece "is a w6rk. bearing
the title of Tar-ik/l,i, )!asit., wblch. i1 the same
as this.] '
tells u& of himsel, t;hat be had no
of pel'Son or mind, and was- long living. on' the
income of a few: aeres of land which had dc.'lfcndql to
him. xom his aocClStors, when, to his misfortune, bls
, a!OQ!} wiU1: the other Fent-frcc, .tenures in tb,e
.Ou4{1
1
wa.s, resumed, was.
1-)l..-fCc;l.u,_ed the ngteateu
The m, thl$.. ,emet-gcn,cy,. Wlslied ,lh;lit.hflJie .l)f.:
,who a,6o.\lt. thf!if
in tl).e service., of the. of. Hindustau, be' als<>
Jl!igllt enter service . tamilr, . . B:l't altbougll,
he observes, there- ytere tb.ou&i'-1)-PS, and hllp,dreds of tbou-
_sauds of p.c;ople as. insignilicaut as who, notwith-
'!l!n<jing the decline of the_ CIPP;ire, subsisted upon, tp..r
tb,at house, he thtol!gh bls bad Juck was dii!f
a.[>_poi/olJ.IJ... ilt expectati?n and was- obliged to
_9-'!der the-English, who wme notecJ. for the1r
He assu111-ed. !he of
m]Jnth to seGtJie his daUy bread, and through,
the of his he, .M
la.t a rimvislon for arid'
.li.V1 v ' W r--, , 1-;t , -
cwli:tren, li'n<l prayed '-'od for tlie welf,afe .of

had sup.p_om;d ),lim. ,
-c In the_ ytar (1782 4-nS).e 'went to
in l'tikadu-d' ) 'l'asirui'
Charles
1
who dat requested
1
him
1
tO' Wl'l.(-e a brteE accotliit qt "the .Rule;!'$ 'of .H'industarr,
"'hether I\! us ulman or Hind!!, on the authority both ofi
I-
STUDIES IN lf!Sfl)ll.Y
books ancl of ol'lll testimony. .i\' be considere!l gratitude
.paramo1,111t to .'!11 ,ol.her obligations, he abstractet,i precCf!:
ing aqtlJ.OI'S, and noted down all that he .l.t,ad
from tl,!' ;father Shaikh Saifullab of l\ijnor, who baa
!};wpl
1
his whole. life in Lhe royal had
l'!Jaincd the age of hundred and five y_eaJlS.
fl.!Lhough 'be abridged the accounts <Jetiv<;d b'oiJh ;ot,l,w{
I)Jstorians, he did so '\\'Jthout ,the omission of any ll!l\ffii:ial
,pqints; ,and ,on tllC copclusi.on of his Work,
co.py to his and .one for himself. ,
, He nqt state b:oiP. what works he compiled his
bUt in the, course of .it he mentions incidentally,

.t)le !ofatlttu,l. A_mvr,

TMikh.,, Y,a.pm1, tile h1stones of
!ia)i MUhammad Kandahar! and Nitam.u-d din
As Lhesc are aU mentioned by ' Flrishta, fi' is probable
be only quotes them at second-hand.
He appears to .have taken a very short time about
the compilation, for he brings it down to the lOLh of
ltama1.an of the sninc year in' wbich he commenced it,
namely, 1196 A.H. {1782 A,J>,), the tWenty-fourth year 11$
'S,ha'b 1Uarn;s, reign, 1.1pon whose head he invok4;5l 11
. . -
The work is no't divided into regular Bodl<s and
()hapters. 'He begins with the profeells
'flle 'liiirdu Deniigo<ls. ann R:ii'jas to the
' !lfld Sultans of J:lebli'' aown to 'lihe reigning
iii,'Odllroh.' 'Before 1.tt.1fu!g of the '"'I'imurlan Sovereign's,.
!Jil!,li!!tfdauaes nil ao1ount ot th'e Rut:ers of. 'Bind, f-!tdtaa,
Ja\mplll', Bliliin'a,us, tb:e
'BirM, <Cuj:i'rat, Malwa, Khandedl
.and M:atab-ar, " " : '"' .
\l :know .of :"twq clOpics 'of this
belonged to the fFiro< -of illombarAijd <an:oth'ei:o
4 >aw !a.t Ran.auj h \'ith,, th-e. llltle Zubdt>tu-t- 'IJ!d'iilttrilr.'h.
: [The ''Elxttuct ;was tr-anslated b.y .8.'11;- ;anll
<by 1Sir H. :M, lBMiot.) frf w , "
:!!,If 6J'2 of '!I
'
-
STUDIES IN INDIAN lUSTOIW
EXTRACTS
In 1029 A . a. '(l6ll &.n.), dre Emperor Nuru-d din
Jahangir made over the fort of Surat, in the province of
Gujarat, to the English, against whom the Fi.ringis of
Portugal bear a ' most deadly enmity, and both are
thirsty of each otbet's blood. This was the place where
the English lriiade . their litst settlement in \India. For
instance, fliey cbnsider Jesus Christ ' (may the ,peace of
God
1
rc:St on himl) a servant of God and His prophet,
hl!t . d(> not admit that he lYaS the Son of God. ' Th:ey
a:! llo wise obedient to the King of Portuglil, but
their own king. At present, ,\.H. 1196 (1782 ... -DS,
these people have, sway over most parts of
The people of Malibru; are for the ItlOst part infidels,
and their chief 'is called' Ghaiar (Ghamyar?). Their
'ml.:tl'Jagc ceremony cods(scs in tying some writing' roun'a
Of bricie, 'but this is DOl: of lnUcJJ' 'effect, for
Women are bot rcr&iCted l6 .o\tc 'Marriage.' ' 6iie
maY

with of,them by ftims. 'I;'he.cirpenters, blacksmiths,
dy,ers, in short, all excepf . }\rahmihs, fo.rm conncxiom
with each other in this 3.shion. '
Originally the infidel Khokhars of the Panjab,
befo,re embradng Islam, observed a very curious custom,
\ \1 ...
them also polyandry prcvatled. When one
.lius)>and went into house of the woman, he let
a,Oinctiupg. the door a signal, so that, if
b,'!-PPC!'ed .to come at the same time, he migll,t
upon..,.seeil,lg. it ;return. :Besides this, if a 'I'"!'
,born, s)te wis;, ta)c.en, out of the house
it was proclaitnC<f, "Will any person purchase. this gfrJi
!)rnot?" If th,crc, appeared any purchaser,- she, given
to him; othCllWise,.she'f<was put to: death.
.It' is also a custo!ll among ,the !lfalib:irisl' that \n
of there being seveyal eldesi
Is. mowed to m.'lzrY, because in\ that Cll:!e /,llete would be
andi , disptites"'ln'ight .. JE, any of the
STUDIES IN INOJAN HISTORY 47
. I
other desires a woman, he must go to some
common $1:r't)n)pet of the blizilr, but he cannot marry.
If the eldest brother die, the survivors :ire tO . keep
m9um.ing for him during a whole year; and ro on in
proportion for the other brothers. them
make their advances to the men.
The Malibaris are divided into three classes: a
penon of the highest cohabit with of tile
lowest, he is not allowed. to eat until he has batbcdi and
if he should so. eat, he is sold by. the governor to the
people of the lowest class, an'd is made a slave; unless he
managetO C!C".lpc to l!OIOe plate where be is not
In ,the same manner, a persrin of the lowest
, cook far one the nighm; and if the
l.attilJ, eat!l fOQd from die of the fonnei', he <is
d'-graded from his dass.
CHA1lAR GULZAR SHUJA'I
OF
HARI CHARAN DAS
ig .
Tll author of this work is Hari Cbaran Das
1
sQil ofrUdat
Rai, son of Muk.und . Rai, son of ' Sagllr Mal, la.t'l:
and Ml'lltlgo of the pargana of Mirit, . in tlie
province of DehU.. Ht: tell& us h'e in the
employment of Nawab Ka.siin '1\11-1-Khan; ;and in the
firsto ean .of the reign of. "Alamgiq ll1"he. ' accompained
lJI.e.,.;,;Nawab andh1s daughterJ, Najbu-n "Nisa Khariatp,
W.i{e of thcd ate Nawab, Najalilu"<l
K:ha'll, wh.en l;.thc.y to Oudh, . ilO
have;ati:inte.vicw' .wit!Y Nawab'Mina 'Ali Khan lfclkhal:liif,
daula aiid rS'idar Jang the. brothers.-oe.<th:e:
.deceased N:iwabl(and s!Jbs of Nawab.
;daula drll'lan. 'IJ.iu 'l ') .' ,,. $
"-' .. l<.:uirnA.A:li ,X,It,.n, '"'ll"immediatel y aftc.r ;l:;liii.:<* *'M d lr
Faizabad, departed this wbrld, and thd de"aqt that
"ilobl;e kman .wa' a 'heavy blow to ""'ijatio.JU. an\:l
"fijei.lc!Jr "'<l"lie- complier, afier' thi.si la#icnfib'ie

..
. ..
I ;
hwev.er, kindly. il\'etaiined .;in<the o the <lllu:glt<t'&
-a the deaeased Nawab 1an:El s0fis. Shafik 'Ali
ea>Fld -tUa 'Ali Khan. Shafik 'Ali Khan, the elder brdl!her,
was mu:cll tlre dea:th 1df :Ms fatiher, and sl!lir';v.i\iea
.d:litonly a rew by:his sen, Hasain
'Ali Khan, >the same
;hl_s father. had t t>wa'rds .'lltl'e ' compiler) , him,
'1Jlirough ,lihe recommendation of !Sega'ffl;-lto
4lontinae (to Ibis allow-ande. . '1 , , .
1 . bhe 'family o the -deceased Nawab w:ai
liim, yet, on account. o.iioin.l! .
whith he promises to detail, a aonsiderat>le thittl.-gt
pkate in his ci-rcumstances, and :he was not. :so
'!tti'bly . situated as .. fb'efore. :!Having no employmer.u wbiGh
:OOu.lEl oaoap:y h-is attentibn,
1
lmd riot -wishing 'to waste :.llb
in idleness, he devoted himself to the stnHy 'o thi%
tolii'es accounts of the ancient . Kings.
In ; '
1
y bj(
Ibfiilirm 'Alt . t$laas M1:.;ia Khatra_tl, son Of .:H1km:at
.-_mli'ab Khari, Ahm'a:d Shah.
Th.is learned man was a near relation of the deceased
Nawal> K-asim Kh.m, !hnd ilad cb'ine with him ' liO
He :was one of the s&olars.. Qf th'e
,sijne, lia:d. :a tolemMe khowledge :0f tna_nhemati<ls11a'Ad:
m,be.r'!Sciences. He had a 1arge !fl.u.rfibar of
a ;;gr.eit't part of. his)"tim:e
::Being 6-aqu.amted mhh the .
. !Dilthe .!C!Otilpiler, fhe . }(lin,d<l'y !hioni./sevcrid:
as iFiriShta, Mi7';fiJ't/i , . ,, .;
. an:clL others. -'Bat lnot f'( _, .
. "Wiiltlh, il:fWk!., .lthe
bllttE)Urgl.fi ttfte' .Shtilt-n.am:4
1
'BJi.favti,la;, . !)! :

()S' i!: ..
.JJashist from_ the Sanskrit into Persian, whidli ....
'-ildesid'fs ..
lfrien.ds. _. : l! .. {,d.
. .. -,by .. i
. ef .
I
I
S'rUDIES IN INDIAN iiiSTGR>Y
.a work 'lllhich embrace ,an o\llc Ra:jas,
and. Nobles of past ages, according to the , infonnatiqn
derived . {rom the books above enumerated. He also
'>designe<J.i )to continue his work up to the 1199th ye-ar
'<lf the!Hljra era (1786 A.l>,),:to ,produce n histor;y of. co.n
.t'empor-af Kings and Amirs, a.nd of those noblemen
'l'hose eroploymenL he bad been, 11oticing at the same- time
.all t he facts of bistorlcnl importance Which
:under his own ob.servati.o'n tl.uring his long lilc of
years. To this he a:lso intended to add a skerch of. bb
and of his -ancestor's lives, d\at he might leave a
'lllemorlal to ,posterity.
l lro.m the time that , the twriter ca.me to 0udb, some
"lllowance his maintenance was made by Nawal>
Sbuja'ud daula, througu ihe recommendation of. llal>i
-Khanam and Shafik 'Ali Khan, and he continued to ve-
<eive it for seventeen years, that .is, up to 1184 MI. ( 1770
..... o.), when it was stopped by Bcni Bahadur, on account
of some misundersanding which arose betwe:e11 him an&
Babl K.hanam. This involved the writer In great pecu
niar:y distress, but after a few years, when lleni llahadw;
<became blind, and was deprived of his authority, an
was .passed for restoring the payJl!ent$ whidJ tbad
:J>een withheld. Although this was effected the
favour of Dabi K.hanam, <in whose immediate ',emplo.y
<m.tnt he '\liaS, yet he cctmBidettd Jt hls :ducy co make some
,fOr tb.c ob)iglltiona whidt :be was under to
Shllja'u-:(1 dauh<; attd "a, nol:ili'JDan took g;eat
-delight O'in gardens an.d tlihd as every chaptl!r b.f
-this nol'l\:ess '.j)lciasure to !the mind than a wai:Jr.
'through the o .a tgar.del;\, rthe co.mpi)er
,it ,proper to to !him, ,ollnli gave it.thereore th,e
(Of 'Chahar >GuJ.?,Dt.;,Shu;fll/ii, "'['he Four Rose -
iden.ts of Shuj a';.' ':t l nl .,,. ' . ,
,The work. ISJl'levdithel& divided;
flbcifully styled ChiJmlms, or ''patet<cs.'', an. 'appa:c-ent ,
..inllonsiltency derived from >the tact
, lrite especially , with >res peel to ;gardl!tls/ w'iid:l_,
STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTOR.Y
being g6lerally square after the Oriental fashion, are
divided into four even portions, by two transverse roads.
(The preceding account of the work was taken by
Sir H. M. Elliot from the author's Preface. The writer
i very communicative in other parts of his .work as to
IPs family and pecuniary matters, and ho frequently
enters into long details about theln and his employ
ments. He' lived to the age of eighty, and had ' seeu
many of the events which he describes, so that ' his worlr.
is of though it is somewhat discursive . .
Extracts all relate to modern times. They .were
translated for Sir H. M. Elliot by munshis, and have
'been corrected in his handwriti.ng.]
CONTENTS
Bo_ok I. History of Brahma, Mabes, etc.-11. . oAc-
co\int of the Satya Yuga-m. The Treta Yuga and t.\le
Ava;tars-IV. The Dwapara .... :I'he Kali thit
'book is divided into tlvo parts; ' .at : .
Part Raja's 6 'Dclili, : now caile<Jj! SfiaJi.
'}ahannbaa, -ftom the bcginnirig of' thc Kali Yuga! or the
reign.' of Raja Judhish.til:,'in whose !time the great war
took pl:ice, up to the tint irruption of . the Muham-
madam, as taken from the Rajauali Faizi's .transla
ti<l'n of the Mahabharata from Hindi into l'=ian:
'" Part II.-H:istory o the ' Muhammac:iaru-. acco1'ding
to die. most authentic works; anti the author's own
during a long life, frbm the estab!ishment
.ol <fue.lt.. p,dwct: in India to tliis the eightieth year of h'iS:
,agel" and the ;):198tb of the Muhammadan era, correspohli'
;ibgr:witl). the, tw.entylifth of Shah 'A!am's reign.
Parl I:....::Sel:>.i:, Goromenccs from ' Rajil.]1!d"bis)ltit'.
Thirty RiijaS ofthis litl'e ruled during a
. . m0nths and 16 days. The following .are; names
d <N+-:lit.Raja-.:EI!si\iwli, and.: . : hissuci:e$$0I$, fout:(et;n in
reigned ,SOOi o/eilrs 2 .
in. '
><roo.nt)ls_.....vliMJ D1hllndar and
. . .
ST1:JDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY
. his successors, nine in number, reigntd 359 years: '11i
months and 27 days.-v. Raja Sakot.-vi. Raja Bikrariia-
. jit.-vii. Samundarpal; Jundpal, son of Samundarpal; .
. Neipa};:son of Jundpal; Despal; son of Neipal; Nar Singn,
:Pal, of Despal; Sabhpal, son of Nar Singh '.Pal;
son of 'Sabhpal; Gobindpal, son of
Sa-tbpal, son of 'Gobindpal; Balipal1 son of Sarbpal;:
Mehrpal, son of Balipal; Harpal, son .of Mehrpal; BhiW.-
. :pal, son of Harpal; Madanpal, son of Bhimpal; Kannpal,
!On of Madanpa.l; Bikrampal, son of Karmpal. The
,reigns .of, sixteen prin.ces make up a period of 68!)
.. 5 ' months and 20 days.-viii. Raja Tilok Chand;
Bjkl'ani Chand, son of Tilok Chand; Kartik Chand., son

Bikrat;n Chand; Ram son of Kartik,Chan4;

. SOJl of Ram Chand; K.alyan Chand,
. Adhar Chand; Bhim Chand, son of Kalyan Chand;-
.Gil:ah . Chand, son of Bhim Chand; Go bind Chand, son,
of Girah Chand; Rani Premvati, wife of Gobind Chan.d-
ten princes ruled dux:ing a of il9 yeats 11
and 9 days.-ix. Har Prem. Four of ,.tlJ.i.?
'family reigned during 49 years 1'1 months and .20
,Chand, son of Har Prerp.; Gopal or
G<?bu'ld Chand; . Maha Patr, son of Gopal ..
:Dahi Sen; Bal'!-wal Sen, son of Dahi Aeri(t '.-Kesh.U . .
. JWawal Sen; Sen; Sur. .t. ,
.. f' . of. . Madhu . .sen;. Bliun. 'son of Sur Sen;; . I',
. " .a-entson Bhim Sen.;.Hari::'Seny son of Kanak ... - . "
.. Hari :Seh:; 'Narain Sen, son :., .,;;;, ,
... of. Narain Sen; Madr .Seb.; ;/. '<:>:.;
.. .ti.xi.: ItlLja Singh: '
:du:vihg"; 10'7; years and ,7
. of;;;t)ipt S'ing)l; . Ra:j Singh, ,;80 . .
.. Chatat 'Raj . Singhl;. :N'
.. ",,.,-._,. ..... son Of' .
: Uirie' . five p
ana: ,10 .:. .
R!a:i . Pithaura; ' n,,;of :A;b
. I . . m::. :1 .. .... , ...
. i, .. \. . ; .
.. .. -
; ._,-,.; _,.
..
1!12 IN lNDLIN liiS'l'GRY
Mal; Odai .Mal, so.n of Dll!ijan. Mal; Rai, Mai, , sPQ
.of U<!ai Mal.
. IL-Histcn:y of the Muhl\IDm'adan
ifrcim the reign of Spahabud din Giron, V(ho ,int rot;'d
.jn Hindustaq, to the thirteenth year ,of Sl1l!h
Jicjgp, A.H. (1973 a yean. 'l:.bls
;part is into nine 1[T4e
'tinues hia list of contents 'in gre:at derail.] ,<- ''
'hl l!,.X"rRACTS .. ...._
. . .
.1C1ltJ.ndl Rao, sot1 of Mll/har Rao, Mahrlll'ta, killed by
Sural Mal ]at; and Appaji Mahratta by the Rathor
Raj puts
Iu 1160. (1747 A.o.) Appaji, Malbar Rao,
;<iil:ter Mf!llratw, havirig collected a large forq:, JI.o'fo.
ana 'Gujarat, poured like a torrebt up,on Dig
by . S4t\j u.a. Ja't, .
siege 'to _ffi'&re" )tllil' .. ; 11e
war cdnunudi fdr month's, ana Jn""tiie
ldeath of IK:!1anlii Rao:"-wlio w:ls killed m an'
:Suraj Mal. . l
After the death of ' this l:bief, the Mabrattaa,
thelllSclvcs unable to stand' against the Jats, turned tllciir
,a;tms towards the country of Raja Bakht Singh llnll.
lOthet .Ratlior chiefs, and ;demanded ' a contribution from
:the' .Raja, who, immediately on receiving the maasage,
a ..r.ou.ncil of <War, and thus
1
Tcsolutcly address
{ed oall his .chiefs< "Alas I how is the cqndl:
tion of-\Rajpu\5, .that a mean and .c;ontemptitile ttnlflF
itom the tribute from theml
;are thqse .itaJp)lt,& ,gone who we.re !SO brave,
!ttn of them. could !li?Pose la Chol,lsand of lhe
'l"hO once with their sword mf.
. .et1 t\lc rebels who ,..t9Ct11pied .the
. .v:illeys of:.'Kab4J, -but d'tove iG'Ut .,.'tl
maste'l'S df 1 Whil<:
IR:aj'J)lit$qoocupictl 'the a_lld il!ldia, ,II!)
S'IltJDlES IN INDIAN HiSli'0RY.
pewer could force r its way: into this country froni
direct_iolil, nor did any people . ther.e dare t<Y 'disturb the.:
. peaecr, Gff lihe Stlpjects or rise in. rebellion, "gaihst . t_p:e:.
Surely, tile b'tood of true Rajputs altogether
He .uttered many such inflammatory. sentences.
}jft>te the assembly, an.d' a Rajput, roused t;>f. his.
$ffee-Gh, lhroke . and said, "The of' t.bJs.
time possess more' 'Courage than thoSe of former :
but the Rajas of the present time are not so braveor so.
judicious . in coJ,llmand as . of old." "Of
course;" replied the Raja, ''i the soldiers of an army be.
blame i's thr0wn upon the and.
m'3:'&ililty a it& leader."
.\ il'l.! Short;_ after a long dis'cussion, the Rajptlt rose up.
W.ith six other .persons, two of whom were his sons, twO:
his nephews, and two his friends. They all
t'b!ebJ hor-ses, and spurring them on, proceeded direct too
Appaji's camp, which was at the distance of thirty kos .
. from that of Raja Bakht Singh. They alighted from
their horses, and at once entered the tent o. Appaji,
a deaf ear to the guards who stood at aC;>or.
to prevent them from- going in. ''I'he
these. '.brave RajputS, approachtng .tlie--
M:ahratta l. Chiet sat close to his rushit>n( '<h:id freely.- , :
.e_atex<ea:l ' into a conversation Wilil:l aim. him,
of .his Raja; what lie mdmt< ibyJ. coming into
ana: (iemanding ' Oilftibution ' ftrom the:
, .. :$.Iaine A:ppaji, "by .ther,
the. hy right
in. .a e:w
"No,, .n..o/' ..
Of hl'SlVI'11W.
54 STUDIES IN .. INDIAN HISTQRY
'
...
. ,.
to his existence . wHh . blow .. Having sevex:ed-< ,};}:i
head from his bodr,, he made off wfth it, an4 took it to,
. Biikh_t Singh, , while oti,.er compani.ons engage(J,
the Mahrattas,,. who, with .loud shouts;., ran toward'S
ihein; to the death of their chief, . Three of these,
wertt, slain,,,a:pd ,though,. Il}uch\ wounded, ' x
escaped hands of the X : .$.e
of AppaJt,: j;pe. obhged to
l"etu,fn to count;r:y. . , ,
, .... ' t "'oih" f
Death of 'Altwardt Khan, Naztm of Bengal , .
,;;,:. ,.,_ l '-(" !'
'Aliwaidi Khan, the Governor of Bengal, Maksuda
bad and Patna, having no son, and seeing that his . end
.was .fast approaching, appointed his daughter's son as
'hi$ successo:r, and enjoined on him the observance. of
that. he should never .ente.r. ,
. Secow,lly, .. tb.il.t ' .
: .. .
wx th . s\\_GJl . mvoty,e
lJ?. case othts revol.t .. : ,t .. ; . J:'' ... ,,: .' ;\
1
. .,. . t
. Sirajud. daula, ho:wever., , soon forgot these precepts;
and when, after the death of 'Aliwardi Khan, he succeed-
ed to power, he took Ja'far 'Ali , Khan . into his favour,
. and conferred on him a jagir, to which he also
: 9;00p of horse and foot, and placed his whole. ariny
'lirui.ert. h:is command. : The English. at Calcutta punc
-:t ..,.
. . annual tribute, according to the fixed :
dat.tla, through his covetousness
demanded an increase of ..
them, hostile towards them. .. .
ed hy:,J:Us .. pre.sumption! he
them 'in calcuttll;. ttnd:' plundered
, . ..and <:ash, put offi.c'ers .. to'
.. : : . .ea' to - ... : .:r . . .
.' :: .... As the no heed q' ' .
. ., '( l ' ' ., . . .,.;t ' ...>!: '' ..... ':.ti''
d not oppose dir.the . wt . . liut
J.' ... V 'l '\ ' . : ,:.,.:!, ' i. ( . 'I . :. ' : '
.. n.d '; march .
.. ,1_lt ' ' . / .. ol- '
. . . . .-", )' .
(
; ',. '!

boldly .Murshidabad. They also . brought . ovri
Ja'far 'Ali" Kh.an to their in'terest, upon the, promise' or
i the of Benga1 to . 'J.lill?-:
w1thm one or two matclies from
Siraju-d daula 'to
.. 'Ah K,han, who had tP,e command of hxs
wished to capture .. ana surrender ' him ..
English without any battle , being fought; ,but Sici
daula soon became acquainted with his intentions, ari.a
seeing himself in a Sitmatiion, -secretly embarked
alone :in .a boat and :Bed: ' . . : .. ,
w his flight the Engl'ish assigned the ,province of
].3:'ar Kbanl who established;.nbis J.71!le
tliete, . and his deputies in dis6;:kts . . AlL
tHe property of . Sitaju-d daula .was taken ' and divided
between him a.nd the English. When Sira ju-d dailla had
gone thirty kos from Murshidabad, he stopped a
. while, and ordered his servaJ;lt to land in the jungle,
and try to get some fire for his hukka . . Accordipgly the
serv"'nt disembarked, and seeing ,.the cottage of . :a
darwesh, he approached it, and asked the
flre. .. . ..
i , r lt "' is said that the darwesh had -beep a!" o .
c!aula, , and, _ ignominiously, turncil.,out bY;
him . for some ' fault, . : had . . ai . ,fakir;
.up . his: . -t}'!mgle .. When
.li :th.e. S'e1;Vant of. Sit!!:j11"4: a.aula, .ll.
h,aild .. studded! . W;ith,, geni,s, .he instantly,
,, , . . Jlb'! .. b:e. happned .. tQ.
itt: .. -a Simpleton,

; .. him al't to the .
.' .. , ... .; .. j llformed,
'" ,, =--.., arrival. ;;orders 0r
issued by K.han
had rece1vdl them
a boat,-
undei , the .,.
_.l
servants to) Ja'far . 'Ali' K!han-,' whQ- put him'
.A; H. H6& (1747 A:.i>1}. . . . _., ,.
l'Iavit:):g so far gratified his ambia'an, Ja'fai" #li\
B:fl'an with- a sett:fed mincf devoted' h:iY! at'i:ention to .. 'tlf6
o.f and! took ''fif all' tlM
wealth; in4 roya! e-quipage of: S..i:i'aju-c: aaula,. whol1a<:\
' llim:sel'f' in this 4.ang,er by
wi'se g'ralldflither; ' . r. . . ,h, ,:-'
f J 'I.: '' 'I' i ' t ,Jl l . ,,\ ' 1. ': I bll, !., .t.h
!_::., :!! , . $af.d4r Ja.ng a.!lli Sf!.-r;aj. Mgl laP
'When , Safdar Jang li}t
11ibmad . Shah; the d1stncts .wh1<ili, according to. the
established compl'ised the jagir of a minister;
were also granted to him. F-al"idabad; wh:ich is
lc't.Js di'stailCeo ftam. ShahJahanabad, had . been

tli(s jmgir; but. SJncC the time.. of' ' the .Ja.t i .
1
lf .
. .UMist'e'r.," d-aula,. ! a1 n-ear :
.: puu,, the; ;.,
alt..
gavel\ hiro;'.l ]lhe
spirHl .ciif : (${1fdal" _ptngw)nquld not broob
this usage, and he demanded in strong terms the stli'-1
:render. of the district: by Suraj Mfal Jat and: Bal:ram;.
. they: still' retained! it, and: ami:Wexiedr hun. 'eva5i-V.el}< '
, At last, in A.IL 1'160 (1747 A.Di), he maiclied

.
to. p'{Jnish them for theit delay, and: soon ,
fl;@m :Balram: Hl3.ving pitched his . . .
alsb demand'edn hat Suraj Mal should :resigtili < .
a,l,l .tlli'd ,p1aee$l:Whi<lh belonged to the ':' Emperor; l>ut '*e!J.
nhis den:tari<!t, b<!gan.' to. '
posts . e .Dig, an'd! place's '
garrisons) '' a:a<ll; ,..:a.tt. tlhe . mwniliions ot
laving ptepar.ecf f():r- .an -
P!amises :Of : . :
. ,
1
.v_-:-1
"'I"- . ,. .. .. 'I ' ..,,1: .,,.., r "'" "!
. ar.rd;
14
_'?Ju'J1iqf(; J<l!i1h . ?
. . ./'fF:\ :f.> ... !"' . . : .
;])t6211,1.A
1
H ' ' (t'il:4'9' -Jang wat
'
ST\IDl5 IN INDIAN HISTORY
49
cndeavourihg to recover possession of the distdets w.liich.
belonged to the a misunderstancUng arose
. :ll'Ose t>etween J{aim Khan, etc., tbe sons of Muhammad
Bangash Afghan, and Sa'duJlah Khan and other sons.
of " Ali Muhamniad Klian Rohilla; and the two parties,
the Afgh:ms and tbc Rohillas, went so far in their
animosity towards each otber tb'at tbey boUt liacl recourse-
to anns. Many took place between tbem, and.'
at last the contest ended in the .desttuction of .
Khan, tl1c eldest son of Muhamma4 Khan Banga>h.
The Afghans. litter tbe death of their chief, took to-
flig.ht; and the :Rohillas returned victorious to their
bom'es ..
When the news of Kaim Khan's death becamd
known, Safdar Jaog left the matter with Suraj Mal Jar
linSCttlcd, and itnmcdiately came to Dehli. With the
permission of the Emperor, he soon marched to Far
rukhabad, tlte residence o( Kaim Khan, and confiscated'
all the property of the Afghans. leaving only a few
villages sufficient for the maintenance of Ahmad .Khatt
and tbe other sons aod relatives of Muhammad .Khat!.
He placed the estates of the Afghans under the lflailagl-
mcnt of Raja Nuwul :Rai, who acted as the
deputy in the s-ovemorsblp of the province of OudJi andl
Allahabad. himself returned to
]a' far 'A. li Khan and Ka.rim > 4li Jihan
Ja'ar 'Ali . Khan, who bad joined with the English,.
put Sinfu':il daula; liis silted son, who governed
Munliidaba\1, to' death; and himJ<!l became govemor of
the provinoo. ' J<:han, who was one: of hi$:
near relations:- acquired great strength, and collei:teil ;t:
large force on the stfengtb . of bis conncxion.\
governor. Mirnn; .san of Ja' far Ali K.h'an,
deputy of his fathei;;Jand';'. having assemble(i:' a ljrgc!-
arn'ly; lerigaged il\ managing the affai.rs th
4
tP provibtel!."
He resolved OD Kbadlnl '1U$a'iii''' Khan:
P'maniya, who refused to'

.50 STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY
'Ali Khan. Ha\'ing mqrched from Maksuda.bad,. he
r.eacQed. banks of the river which flows op the other
of Puraniya, , and pitched his tents there: After a
of boats was: .. made, Miran de,termine'd to cross
river z:1.ext morning, and a. attack
:upon ' Husain 'Khan. A.s he .L1ad (l ...
'VC1}' large; ai'JP.y, and was him!!elf

Husain Khan was . greatly.
to .escape dpring the night,'
p to invader. But, acddemallf,
.mi<il:dte of the night, who was in his
was struck qead by hghtmng. When hts army was
without a leader, many fled away for fear of
Khadim Husain Khan, .. and the rest,. wi th the . cainp,
to J a'far 'Ali Khan at Murshidabad. It is said-
was . v.ery generous. One ... day [having had .
, ." f:asi9n- besto;w, alms.] }le said; :"Some .evi\ is . a,b.OJ1t
. . ;t night .
lightnipg. t :.!i .. : . :. :.'
Jra 'far , deatl},.
Kasirp .. 'Ni Khim, his . wJw
.. through his kindness had been eriab_led to obtain power,
and collect an army, ]oined. with the Englillh,; and
ii,lg invited them: from Calcutt<t, . took Ja'far. 'Ali
. . The English made Kasim 'Ali Khan
,_ a11d 'Azirnaba4 _instead: of: 'Ali
.. ltl: Jl 76 A.H. . ..
. . ;.t/ ... ' .. ;-;->:l .. '. . ,.
. ,. lam pr.ocee.ds IfaltnJ.ar
.. a&yluXtr o. w.ol'ld, 'Al
the Deputy
1
; ,Q
. e,f. . <!nd taken: a .
. ... of J
...
?; .. Nawab 'd,3rila: .Tlie Nawab>:
.::. i .. .-:. .. ',_ ive .hii. ':tlf, 1lhe.
"' _ . , went,
. wertt v&ry. stroi1 :{frt :tlie' ; h .
,
:_: ,, .. :" .
..
.:
STUDIES IN INmAN fDSTQRY
l1is army JVcnc as fa,r l!S Mahoba, which is. near the
()f T<;dirljar, and oven:m the cpuntry. The Raja oJ
T<alin.i!c was obliged to pay him a contrib"'lon and alsg
(!) promise au annual ,tribute .
. The districts of Jhansi, Kalpi, etc., which belonged
.Bundelas acnd were after many battles 11nd
struggles taken 11:om them, and annexed to the domipion,
the Emperor and Nawab Shuja'ud daula. , . . : Ml:lll'
:Wjlrds tlley crossed tbc Gange, and proceeded to Mahdl
ghat, w)lerc they encamped in J177 A.H. (1?63 A.o.).
.
1
'4-li Khan '4/4m tJd Nnwab
Sl!t!ja:ud daul(1 ;lv 'A;oimqbad, and .. a bp.tlle iJ.,
fought with the English
l{asim Ali Khan, Governor of the province
of Bengal; Maksuclabad and 'Azimabad i>atna, having
Jlcd the English, reached the vicinity of Bena.res.
wl).ich beloqged to Slluja'ud daula, Shah 'AJam and the
N.aw<tb were on the banks of the Jtlmna, af
t hE, o. B!bipur, within the o
settle terms aho\lt the fort of KahnJar. and
c'ifl:e was going on abott\ the matter with Raja
1\:F cllat place a pc:tition was '-rcoeivcd bX the :Eil)pcto'r
.iind a letter by J:be Nawab Kasi(h :f\ti'' K.l)ap
1
'
.SolicltiQg an (Dtervlew. and reguestih(asSist:jnce, 'viti)
;P.t: . . --
of 9te fd Nawab.
.1\' i ' lg)a)t when be amved
Bibig_ll!'
1
riear . th,e
' 'aci 'tli'e' Emperor an51
Sll,uja'yd dahla, he with a _dolf'a;
iii)'! in :cash, curiosities, abrl' ;
' from.' Jl'ut 11s hi
' ' thl>se' days' n question was ' 'under ,wlfli 'RaJ:!>
, , li)!faUP.at,. and l:oultj:'n;ot attend
cf' <111Y 'other matter ' till that was teftle<t.
V,:. p
,.
52
STVDISS IN 1NDIAN IUSTOP.Y
Kha,n, seeing that the Raja would not come to amicable
and that the EmperOl' and the Nawab could not
go to 'Azimabad and .Bengal umil the dispute wu
adjusted, offered his mediation, and after an interview
with the Ra'ja, settled the question. A part oE the
'eonlri_oution, money, wbk.h the Raja had become liable
to p:iyo' Was re:dized and for the remaind&- :Kasim 'Ali
Kh!lil became surety. After this, , be entreated the
Emperor and the Nawab fot assistance, and represented
his despeta'te Circumstances to them. He also ptomisc!d
to pay monthly all the e><pcnses of their nrmies, rill such
time a8 be might obtain victory over the English, and
reinstate hltnscl in the provinces of Bengal and
'Azimabad.
Though some say that the Emperor did not to
in hostilities, nevertheless it was a( last
the J;?IOvinces of )3'engal and should be
_tal<:eJJ. fio)'l,\ t.b,e El)glim and given Jo 'AIL Khan,
and also .that, Englisli
1
Slioil1d ; be punisl\ed. Ac:
eordi.tigly, on tbe; l t .of ?i-l ka'da, ll?S A.H. (20th 'April,
I-765' A.D.).' E'mperor.. Sliuja' ud dijula WaziruI
Mnmalik and Kasim 'Ali Khan marched towards 'AzLma
bad, as far as Benares. The English ,.;bo were at 'Azima
bad Pama trembled like an aspen at the fear of His
ajcaty Shah 'Alam Badsbab and Nawab
daul.a, and they sent petitions to them, soliciting forgive
ness' tbeir conduct. They deputed Shitab Rai on
their .}!art, promising to give tl{> 'Azimabacl, pay what
ever migbJ; h,c demanded as a contribution, and obey any
orders that mlgbt be given, praying also that the El!t'
pcrorah!). the. N awab would 'Tctum from witQ
Ottt attacking thern.
The reqJese . the Englub was not
Rai was of the camp, an!Jtbe ro)'ilJ
. army marched on frpm' Benares. The E?@ish, ,
. -
' .
,, ' f-;T'lif is a .year too iJtle. The re(ll /!ale is 3rd
May, 116!l.]
'
IN INDIAN HlSTQRY 53
informed of this
1
left the city of .Patm .. and havinj
.assembled at Bach Pahari, six kos from .that cityi O'n. tlie
_;road . Benares, fixed thcit: batteries . .. Relying
upgn destiny, they resolved to offer opposition, . and
prqFared to fight. . . , .
. he. , Emperor .and 'the Nawab, having
tom. Benares, proceeded .. by rapid marches, . ; .,
a;rrow shot from a bow, and encamped at five li.es .'! :
Bach Pahari. The action . with d1e shooh ;. !"\i
iing of arrows and firing of muskets, . and it continued. . -.i1:.
. for . days . . The 'third day the . and bold
of-- daula's army, making a vigorous
theix patteries close to -Pahari,
:with tlie who also- spared
-resistance, apd exerted dlt:'mselves to fight. . (
The whole day the warriors of both sides stood
fitm fighting in U1e field. At the close of. the day, when
.the sun approached the horizon. the brave soldiers of
both parties ceased to combat, and the batteries remain-.
ed .fixed in their first positions. But Shuja'u-d daula.
bo/ the advice of some ignorant and inexperienced. ootii:
who: with him, recalled dle warriors ;of .Ji}s
1
.
from to his own tents. Although ShtiJa',.:;K.ub.
Klian an.Cl :others who )'Vere at the .. batteries re1J!:OnSftated
.. _with and .remarked that ' to remove. ,frQm their ...
, bt:! highly ... had
.. great pains,_ and iri
., .. ii! , .. wbuld .:b.e very :difficult . to regain .
pQsi , fl,le' not Jisten. to thern, .
. Jisoldieil's .from Pahari,
batteri_es his . .
) The .. a . favour:,
. the , batteries. of
Nawab
_,,.,.,,.
5
, . ... from same
and ' rain began to fall. :
the Empero:r and.
and .water
STUlUES lN:.INDIAIN, HISTORY
unfit for pie' camp; and His and
:the retr.eated tq, BaK.sar, :which is thirty .kos eas.t'
1? When. ihe .. rains. were over, in consequence
oLthe. war haviQg been.. prolonged for several mon.ths, and
the collection of the revenues from the .. p1ov.inces w!uch
b,ttonged daula having .been delayed OR
account q.f .the. expedition . and the army whrth was
newly . .e.nHsted. by Emperor and the Nawab' for thi.s
W<U' .with the. English, as well as 1:he .veteran . :
hegl\'!l..t<> d.emand their pay, the Emperor and the
:aS\ttd ..Kasim 'Ali Khan for the money which he had
.p.r.omised for the expenses of the army. But lle evaded.
payment by frivolous excuses. As the demand .for
an-ears created a mutinous spirit in the . army, and
Kasim 'Ali Khan, notwithstanding that he was in1por.tun-
.. to pay: the. m01iey, not come to
.iesotr_ed a-to . .j,
t e ... >:.-t we .
'him.fl ;<Wdt?: h;wing .: .him.
'te..i:lt; . put-liiin't.uii:O:er, the-. cust.Pdy; of a.:guati:h
Whatever property of his the-y "ol!.ld .lay thek'hands on,.
such as clephatits and horse's; they , sold; and the
army the proceeds. . .
: When the rainy season was over; the
fron,l pitched . their .tents
the .Emperor's: and tbe Nawab's tamp;
of Hve or six lws. Lines of intrenchment
on: either . side, . and the action commenced

a A . N bSh ., dd 1'
.w.1t a:n .musKets. s .. awa U.JR u- . au a
a.ftiUery.:with him, the: English army
stand aga.inst' i't, and .,they at last prepared to .
.close combat: ... ;When . recourse. was had to
. both par.tie$::;stood their ground
. . ..... Wcm'iors of both' si(.(es,<e:x:pertly using
,. : arl"ows, . opponents;
" ;business .. in the .. :the .


. _
oven:ome
'
.'':,
... , ...
stietched out .their hai1ds plif;pder.. !They-'flll1:.
a great x'lillilber of the01 to the sword, ; and.
drums '. of tr-iumph and conquest. The Nawab
)1is not tO let any one . escape alive. . The a.r.nir
Qf::Shuja'n-d daula surrounded the enemy on all side'sr
. :a']\i'd the English, no way left for coJlected
. ,. ,at e one spot, and having resolved to die, made a 'yei:y
'desperate attack theh opponents: Shuja' . ' .
Khan, 'Isa, who was a: slave .of the N awab, and haff : '..
1000 horse under his . command1 observed the furious. ::: '. .. ;
attack of the English, and cried out to his soldiers-: '_ n :.
'
1
F:rlendst it wal;. for such .. a. day as this. that you pu.t on ':'<:
Form a body, and at once charge
. ;enemy; and p!lt them to lhe sword.'' His fello.:we!S
seemed ready ' to the command. They r<i!ad the
. jatiha, and filled up t heir hands prayer. 'lsa, think-
ing that they would follow him, galloped his horse
. towards the English front, but only five horsemen out
.of four thousand followed him. Of those cowards who ..
1:emained behind, some took to flight, and others , .
idle ori their gr.ound. 'Isa with his . drawn '. sw.Q.:td.
furiously attacked the enemy like. a Rustam. He\_. .
. many,_. arid after astonishing feats of ae- '
. cup. of martyrdom. Having sliown met
with the' .mercy of God.. , ; ' . ':.;'-;-:: .
. Shuja, :K.u1i Khan, aUiiS 'lsaJ ')"slain; all : .
. tOOk to' fligh't; ': and causid COOfu;-" ."
arri).y 'of NaWab. . :O.aula. Tli'e : ..
iri.foi.med, ofJ' .!WitH : great .i!n.pelt.uct'Si-t!yt{
Dent-!Bahadur,
iiad:never
' fled
S'IUDIES IN INDIAN lli STOP.'I'
yourselves to fight, and do not put on the dothes of
women," yet none retUrned, sought safety in flight.
When tbc Nawab and ,the Emperor's forces lied,
English fell upon their camps, and began to plundc1
them. The Nawab hastened in confusion toward.i
llenares, and halted when he arrived there. The
iEJlglish took possession oE his tents, and other
property . . The Emperor also lied to Denares. The
Nawab, after some days, hastened to Allahabad, and
stayL'<I there three months collecting a large army.
lJ"hc English, in the mean rime, laid siege to
Clluna.r. Sidi Muhammad Bashir Khan, the Governor,
oJfered opposition, and, opening his artillery from tho
ramparts, fought very bravely. But when several days
had passed, and nobody C".unC to .reinforce him (for the
fqrt was nea.r llenares. and the Nawab was at Allah
0
bad),
he was obliged to capitulate, and leave tl1e fort in their
He was allowed to go to Nawab Shuja'u-,d.
daula at Allahabad, English ma,de an ;tl.(iance
with Shah 'Alaiil; who was at llenares, aJld marched
with. him from place to Jaunpur. !J'be Nawab
moved towards the same place at the head of a large
army, with the intention of haza.rding 3 battle.
lloth parties encaunped near Jaunpu;r, at the distance
of two or three kos from each other, and skil'lnisbes
place between them. Two or three English officers
fell into the bands of the Mughals of the Nawnb's army,
<ipd ' this obliged the English to propose terms of peace
through the Mugbal chiefs, who at their request advised
.the Nawab to; accept the t<nns. lleni 'Bahadur
1
and
sonl'e other and ignomut people diss1.1aded ,
him from the _English officers: and Jt.ou\d
not agree to -peace. . :r'hs created ennuty and d1sa(l'cc-
tion in the minds of the . Mughal ihe
Nawab, and they .. accord,ingly entered intO an under:
atiu)ding with the that if _tlje
into the hanaa of the Enghsh on the ,da.y of
should be rew.arded wiil) a,ppointlllents in
... . .
STuDl:ES IN INDIAN HiS:rOR:Y
. t::7
.> ...
. ,provinces. The Nawab, . being apprised of this],
.. .bec;ause the Mughals were. the
powerful body in .his army. When the armies prepared
to, eQgage, the Mughals stood aloof, and as the
affairs were to a .desperate ... and, , a
could not be hazarded, he up his camp ,near
:JaQ.npur, towards Lucknow . .
. . When he reached that place, Simru
2
Gardi, who.
at the head of ten or . twelve Gardi Telinga
BOldiers; Gusain Anup Gir, who c6i11D;1anded several
thousand horse; and .'Ali Beg Khan, tab Jang, and
Agha Baldr, who, though Mughals; had n:ot joined 'with
the insurgents, hastened;. to meet the Nawab . Naja
.. Muhammad 'Ali Khan, Agha Rahim and other
Mughal went over to the English, and the :rest . o
the army fled. . . .
On the 9th of Sha'ban, c.H. 1178 ( l . Feb. J 765), the
Nawab with his whole family, ancl all the property
which he could collect, marched f.Tom Lucknow towards
.. which belonged to Hafiz Rahmat Rohilla. 9N
leaving Lucknow, the Nawab encamped at baoli twell);
., R ' :r"'
ustam-nagar. . . . ., . r
,. ' Nawab Shuja'u-d daula, having
which formed the .ta' luka of Hafiz Rahmat }\qhiUa, left
his family there. with .Simru, Garclj, . .the head
9;, thousand horse . . and .foot He him-
' . tO<;.eeded to . Garh . M.uktesar.,'. which is situated on
.<. iik:s',:Qf thirty. from Shah-Jahana
, . bf : .. . -th'e chiefs !Gf.;,the Mahratta
.... anc:l imde..; .ali!- v W!th: .. th:em. Having
,\.- ' thence, }ie 9ame . ... Gusain .
/i'., ::wlio was ... genem1 Ja:P.'i!l .one of the oldes
9 .. the w.itP: -l1im :while . :

of' the Garh

ffiCi' pay of ' hi{. and
' t<> Jawabir / Sif:.i-gh, son of.
. :_ ..
:" 7 I <,
.
ES . S'l:UDIE$ IN INDIAN HISTORY
When Nawab a:rdved at
'bad; he requested Khan and Muhammad Khan
Ba,l!lgaS'h. Hafiz R<!-hll'!alf, Dundi Khan:, Najilr> Khan, an'il
. other-'R.ohilla 'arid' A,fglian chiefs, to him their aid;
. fear-:-. of the' English all to ic-
'cdmpariy him; Gha'zfu-d- din1 Khan 'Imacll!-ll Mulk;- who-
was in those dayd with Ahmad Kh'<lil a-c
accorilpimii!d . datila {Tom Farffikbabadftd the
Mahra:tta's'iH ')K.&a. The 'Malnat'tas wetit wit:h theffi
the:,.f:e+i'y .jajmai.t, on the banks o d1e. Ganges.-
. ,de'ft Allahabad, and came to the same pliree;
8huja'ud dania, Ghaziu-ci. din l{han ana!
the Ma!lrattas resolved to oppose them.
After. an obRtinatc. battle, the army of the MahraWt-s:
. ;::i:onk to flight, and having plundered on way th.C.
,. : city of. Kora, alTivcd at Kalpi. Ghaziu-d .dil1,
.: ..... ,:fled to Fanukhabad.
. a.na,:. .
PV-0J;ltufe ,afoh ta :,file
afjd maki .peace ;:w-i.t!i ;tat,lleii than .. l'toro:
place to :place 'in a state Of embarrassment. He
cordingly c::unc unattended to Jajmau, where the EngHsh
had. encamped: When he approached the daf!lp. an<r
.the .English were informed of his coming, theh
. \v.J,:to were very polite and affable, immediately carrie_ e.hl
. tents, and proceeded ol) foot to 1ncet. .him.
. - . him great hospitality a-nd respect, and.. '"
. him to their tents with due honour..,.
. tO hitn :the provinces Which had ,, '' .
.'ip. and told . ltim that he 'vas at ,:
place' he liked. The Nawab,:> .. ;, .' .
.. . .taken his th.e English, pitched t..
.' .'::' .. .the <?f;{f)uil 'kos ftom theirs . . '
R ' sent -them :.tq
'\;. , Simrti, corruri'andeJiliqf the Gardi
' ;. . . the . .
. ........ _fprmerly .. a'nd; , ..
. .. PJEence (l:t .st!tVJ.ce of .. :"fl
. r-' ', ,;'. . , ,
..
. . .. . . ' '
,.
STUI)tfl.S IN tNlUA'N i;'USTOR.Y
59'
K:uim Ali *han, Guvcmor of Bengal, and ,lvhen the
Kl\an ,vas oruiucd, bad entered at Baksar Into the sen<iee
of Nawab Shuja'ud daula. As peace was now made,.
the English demanded his surrender by the Nawab; bU:t
tlicTNawab, re.<pccting his bravery. and courage, did
;consider it propc' co comply, but dismissed Sim.ru .hom
!lis service. Sim\'U, who was coming with the , family
, of the Nawab from Bw:eiUy to Lucknow, leamt '!be-
news of hl< dismissal on the way. On this he petitioned
fot the a11:e:u-,; of his pay, and resolved to take severe.
me>tsu_rcs in the event of refusal. The Nawab Begam,.
. of Nawab Shuja'ud dauln, itnd ll:thaclur,
p nid' h/.(V whar was due to him near Shaliabad, al)d chco.
(.Usmiss'e'd hi01: Having received his pay, he wei\Vlo-
Jawabir Slugh Jat at Dig aud Kumbher. The umily of
Lbe Nawab. with the K.banam Sahiba and others, arrived:
at the baoli (well), ncar Lucknow, on the 9th Muha:rram-
A.fl. 1179 (28 June, 176!i A.t>.), nnd pitched their tents
rhe,rc.
As by t.bis time the Nawah, in company with the-
!n)lish, had l 'Cached Plruplmmau, ncar Allahabad! bis
fP.llowecl him to the. same place . . f
:ingljsh intimated to h\m ihat he should le.,<Ve tl!e radi()S
of h'ul fain'i,ly :it Fai1.abad, antl then
tq whet-c thei r . chicli resi!fed, 'T!ic Nawab
to.:.d1eix req!Jl(st, dbd
1
-b'avirtg embarked
'h1liit,C:iccoriiphujecl wllter, witlr
:f?'f.'*t When took pla'ce>
'the NawaJii6'n tl1c way
titer showed him
1lospiuilieyJancr"l/ii.idness
1
tiiil'd white libu a Jette>:', in .wllilih
[lie provinces which !fad:
.'ili fron1 him tire $bi;et ,of
wHh '6thet'' trntha11, ehe
. :l'lhil'b": an:muhtea 1#?1 fupees, r
' and . also the district of 'Kora, and they
1
tl'llv,c., tbse
i<-tt> '!fulilt Badsbali. They als& gronU,setl 'to' pay the
Empt:Or annually a sum of liffyrfa4\'lof:rupeos.on.acaoil'n:t'
ef the provices of Bengal . and havii.i8
-placed their officers in of they
a- factory . there, ' the .Qf Rubi'u
1
1 awwal, A.H.
.. the. :Vule 'Yas again

in the
provhites . of Ogdhi and- Th.e ,.Emperor took

'The Enghsh the arip.
ted. a . factory in- 1 Benares .. . Hooper. was
. 'RestdenJ at the. Court of the Nawab. . ' . 'c, ,...:;
. ,_. "
} ' .l . h-h z r , ... ,./JrJ.
.,! . .J.. e zsh . . . "' ,.
-.?!>:Wr};an I suffic1ently extol- the courage, generos1ty, and
justice of the English? In bravery Rustam cannot be
:compared to them, because, with .. only 10,000 foot
they marched from Ma)<sudabad to 'AzimabaQ..
' ., .. the . Kasim 'Ali
: .hprs,e . al\d .foot, aJ;J.d . ; .
.ll. .
.. arnues . ot SnuJau: <l
Emperor, . .. more ,_t,h:<m . .l_OO,QOO, } nfan
try and horse, and .y,t I'e':er the
Moreover, they have the . Maqrattas and
din Khan, and always .with a similar
Hatim Tai, who is said to have been the very pf .
. had not perhaps such a liberal mipdt ap.c;t
.. spirit as they have, because; .. after ob,tain ;. .
over Sirajud daula, they gave
to Ja'fa:r Ali
, ,' Alt . Khan, . and . after conquep:pg
1
:::
Allahabad., they restored -r.tJl
_,. both ht1}a'.ud . d3:ula.
t ion,ed as equitable, but in j:1:1s
. the. ;Eng.li'$H:. inferior -to . . . .;
... : the. city ,f>l and
p1:ovmces. of ,<:i11\4hr'apd,, .. - , . , .f&
' .. .;( ' I ... , f- '"frt .. ;y_ ... ,., '
, .. , . .-. _ .,1'0lJ.r' .. ..:tr "):, ,._
j1_,_. ...
hi< wv 'f" ... ,. ' i
: l-
': . ..
" .J
i,,
.
STtTDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY 6}
. .
they di'd not -butt there even an ant, and in
injured l0t troubled any person. Notwithstanding'-that
njan}r ,: tu.tbulent and seditious characters . irl$tigated-
arlit pdj.nted out to tlle'm the ricb,es of the; penple} tot a
that certain bankers, possessed great wealth,. , a:nd> .
. fitged that it should be exacted from them, ret . l 'these ; .
'righteous peopte allowed no mischief to be 'Qii< ;
the punished these low' infonners, and
them against seelling such WOl'dS again. 'Fhey srriCf.l)l
ordered their soldiers to commit no act of oppressioh or
. extortion! upon -any . individual. Hooper was long a
Resident tit the Coutt of Nawab ' Shuja'u-d:daula, and:
.. yei;) .dilring the. peridd' of .. seven or eight:: year.s: ,he .. s}>
neit'her he him:self nor any <?f his
a single"act of violence against ariy perS'on ..
Monsieur Laintin (?); a Firingi, who was one of the great-
est: Nawab Shuja'ud daula's followers, conducted him-
self in the same exemplary manner; and. although he
sent Syarn Lal, his. diwan, to prison at the instigation of. '
il'iwan's enemies, still he gave him no unnecessary .. W!hR:
Tn short, the goodness of these people is
b'otmds; and -it is on account of their owrt aml "Set :a- "
.wilts' honesty that they .are so fortunate 'an<il .... :;:
) aivahir Sing.h 'tmd .Ratan 'ot
' ' . iznd . s#cces.r6ri !_: ;. :"!"! \ '
:.. . '(' l,l_ ':... .. ., .
jtiroatla-s sani};i'i:J.rlSl: :(Oct. 176
' bf smaj .M:aL.Jaf: marched from
,, ,.,AI ., . ,..... to bathe
of the Hindps.
A.11m'h:. .terri tot}' :of
:u K.adhhwaha;
(b'oJuiiulatv 6 the
..
.
. QJ.l his way, he , wrot(! . to Bijai -Siugh i ,tlc

suspicious of Ml\dbQ a.n.d t);l<!,t, _ if .l;lc;. ;w,ould pPXJP;iJ
.him, would. .Raja }'Jrote .in
Q;,tllY with .hors,q; , Q\lt
.. pt:oceeded wi,tb. al! hi{! qrces
1
Whilili (,)0,00 hq;rse, J 9f ,foot
1
, ,
.O'Q.C smaU r ...
l;te- bathed i.lv the tank,
few days, ,. . ,


.. of his outrages and pluQdcritjlg',h,avm_g .
anch>ther Rajp\lt chiefs, they
.g;ej:"SJd , rt a> great msult, and .c<.mtrary tq cqstom.
havings together, wcqt. Madhu
Singh .. .. proposhig to -.mkc.: revenge. Madlltl
that did \10t tb,ink .. it. of to oppP
1
'>t
.. had bee!} oftl}f
.,
. ,;
... i.l
.. t!i
Smgh. WhQ; {\nd4::;g . WWY.
to fight. A battle . The Racjp!.!t;; shG?C,d bJa-
ve:ry and courage, that they._ destroyed abo,ut 20,0PO
:and foot ofthe army of Jawahir Sin:gh. Many als9
tbe cup 6 death on 'their part'. Singh, not bei'il_g' ..
-. able:.to stand before the cni.cl of the Rajputs, tobk
.. :_ .. ,and with grca\: .difi.'c;: u,\ty ,p<;h)
.. 'J?jg, His .. -
-,., of pomp. mco . the .haf\ds ,af ".,
' Rajpu_ts
1
? ft:w .. on, . the " '- '


.: . ;. . {, ..
. . .Jawahir: s4ame o,f -i thi_s. d.e!c
. mch of tJr,.e ... ..: )
1

: . . . . - ..
. .. ..
lo,di:tJ'lns. _$oltier,. l;la .. , rutlty_ ,o so ,a,ct,
""''f'-/.: .. r .,.,, .., .. ,f.;f.t

' ,.: ... ""' .... r,t t:" .... r, ,_,., ..

.: ,- .

,, ) f
. onli :
2
, \

' .. ' ... ,1 "'; ' '
'1,
STO!/IF.S IN JNDIAN HISTOll Y 63
uking sword and cbield, wem to the place.
Jawnhir Singh was carelessfy. with a few men!
and struck him a blow with his word, saying, ''This iS
the 'Punishment of the disgr:.ce 1 have receive'd." ln
l)IOw t)lcre was an end ot .Jawabir Singh's wlio
<lepP.rted to the world o[ ct.crnity in the month of Safar,
; .J{l2 '.A,tf. Qune, 1768 A.H.). He wa,, succeeded bj bis
brother Ratan Singh. . . .
When Racan Singh was killed by n fakir, cbc ministets
<Ji the State elcvatc<l his infant son, Ranjit Singb, to
plnce
1
and seated him upQn the ma.11uul of the chiefsbip-.
J:'l.IIWUI Singh and llhawani sons of Suraj Mal, but
'By apqther wife, rose in, opposiuon, anQ. pn.arro.y
of ' others, to the number of about 30,0Qq:
llorse, a11d an ectual number of foot soldiers. The miui.<-
ters of Ranjit calleil tJ,>e Sikh farces fmm Labore. These
force& then entered the tetritories of the J at, and stretched
out their bandA to plunder. Although the Jats opposccl
them, yet they did not wlthholcl Lhei.r hands. At
the armies of Ranjit Singh, being .collected,, ,wit!\
tTie Sil<1s, and drove them out o his posses.<ions.' 'Nuwul
Sinflh 'ahd Bhawani Singh went with tl\e Ma\ll1lt!li anny
to{vards Malwa and Ujjain. The S'?'n' of
h'lld raised a rebellion in the territory, and' Wiilied to
'<llienate a fa.rt from it,' and make

waS
-.tls.<:d,>ifflcihin h{s scltcmes,. atlti.coulil t10't sutte'cd in bis
' . . ,, '"-.x
fl)e !llontll '6. Safar: l18S,'"':rr. (june, 1 i69 A>n:),
tlfe' of .!Dig> .R1m1>1ler twice' ca'igbl:' fire. and
thoysand men 'burm. No ;.
was .(3'J{e.o;.,.of -and houses
consumed. ,. '"
1
r- "
: ,In the ,Holkar, .of
Ma l bar Ra,O; Ram Ctiand, 9anesh. and 1\Wit:aftn$
' ) ,., t.
.. was "nb .related to Mal/to.., Ro.o't-,_;
' 1ndtd1;. vol. f. f: ,.163: 'Duff;
"" vol. 'ii. P": i-!16 J;,;l ,;.,
64 STUDIES lN INDIAN HISTORY
proceeded with a army -ofomi
and foot from the Dakhin, and reached the 'territory ;of :
RanJit Singh. A . great . <Jonfiictl took place t4e
Jat .and Mahratta.forces. -and numerous men on both
ell ill; the.'fi,eld . . :But the gale of, blew .in .
favour of the Mahratta and the, Ja:ts- too't<;. ' :tefuge
1
ih the most fortified 'of tlleir strongholds. :; :the .. Ma-hiiatta '.;.
army overran and spread devastation in ilie cl>uiltty'':Whlt:& :
belonge4 to Ranjit Singh Jat, f1.om Agra to Ko'f' ancr' '
f.ale-sar. T-he. Jats, having assembled their
to oppose tl1em, and at last peace was made '
the patties. The Jats gave a contribution o about .
f6tty-five lacs of n1pees to the Mahrattas, and the
country from their depredl\tions. Being restored to
; tihei! .. they banished the fear of the Mahiatta8
., from t.lie'ir ' minds. Civil feud.s . had broken out am6n'g-..
li;aqjit .Singh; ariu other
.
1
: ., ,.:
,.... . ' .. J.'' ,;; I .j q-_ ' "'""' ' ro;. '' 'f ::t'-. l;'it.:
in ' cdnsequetice: ":"' ' .> . ,. ' ,,. >"' ' "'' :: . , ,.
Naja iri th cdmmdncement' of
A.H. (1173 A.D.), made irr!lption into the territories of
the .Jats; the . Biluch.is, Mewattis, and other tribes also
joined with him. He brought many places whiCh
.,longed -to them into his .possession, and has continued, to
disturbances in their territories up to this day,
Jumada-s sani, 1189 A.:a: (August 1775 A.D.). lie
Jats, and reduced the Rajas to subjection, .
as .. , .. we ha-ve in the chapter which r_
his . histo'ty . . NlJ.iaf . Khan took the fortress o pxg. :
storm ftoin the Jats, who according to some,_ also. ''
possession of . Kumbher. This place, as well as. "
. :M:athura, Brindalia.n;' Kol, Jalesar and Kama, ,l\r' :
'.' 9ther mahals, elf iri,to .the of
1
'.. w)lo at d1e pre.sent day, ' *e 1st of the .. ,. .
1192 A.H. (1 .furie, ..
foxi s4me time in tp.e Ma.drehri; . . .. ::
'', .. r
....
.'( J,
$'il'(iorlts tN INDIAN tnsioR.
'.t .
Account ofi , and. Patna
., ... . r>f 'the cities of 'and iliicca . ":,-. ,
. ' ( ' 1 i . . . f
Wll;e.Q,; :!J.e . _English had . driven out Kasim 'Ali Khan
.. :frp . engal; Maksuda).i:i'd and , Aziroabad Patna) th:ey :
.. : .. ed the son Cif Ja'ar 'Ali Khan in the .
, j of Benga1, ana Shitab in that of .;:
;' maBad Patna. The armies which were stationed in.
. .'provinces under ;the c6rnma1ld o'f theoriner
t,', an and the necessary number . of Telinga.
,., :: we.re. .to . be kept at the djsposal of
tl( depU.tfgovernor.s . of the provinces. ri.J.f that a ........ .
'":'ge piactice was introduced: into(
. ( . .. .{ Bhglish . t6 sell. soinc :inefri t ,'
.,.'. 'in.'d
1
' Uiat they '!prohibited other , traders from deiil- ..
i'ng ih !them according to for,th.er, pra<;tice.
In the month of Shaw.wa1, 1183. A.H. (February 1770
A.J>.), in the city of Calcutta, where the English resided,
such strom raged many men' were killed, , and
destroyed by the force of the hurricane. In
sucli a dreadful famine occurred irl .. ,
that iii pla.ces
.. been sold for a ru;pee;
t6 be Obt'altiCd for the
>
1n the same mouth and PJ.e year bail&tones fcll, :tlso
.in city of ,
It is said chat the English are so just and honest, t_bat
cthey_ do no\ i"terfere with the wealth of any ,
.r,nen, and other people w)lo reside in
:thei_r cities, ' but, on the contrary, they ilj:c very kind to
:tjl_osc who arc wealthy. But froil1 th95e wbq ;u-c
1JX!Wer4tl to obtain money ,by dl,eir wisdqm
.a,nd and even by force if neces&al')'; the
. . not Oj?p'ressivc, and never trouble poor pcqple. ; . , .
' i'Arrival of Gover-nor Hastilli)S at Lttcki'I()W '
'When, in 1198 . A.M. (1784 A.o.). the news spread in
Lucknow, an.d other places under the jurisd.ic
dpn of the Nawab Wazirul Mamalik. As.afud
xuler o! the provinces of Oudh and Allahabad, that
GoverA'or was oom.ing' f!om
dauJa, .r-nh q v1ew
!Weirom'il';- him . ftom that dty on. .;:,ije 9th of
CQ\1 Rs:unped' at. Jhu.si, .neat
When. the iiuelligel.l.ce of the' G,ove:rnor General's atl'ival
at 1leriares .;tits receive<\;'' the .Nawab !lie m.inii
(cr, Haidar Beg Klian, acCompanied by Alfuas 'Ali Khan,
Governor of Kora and Etawa, ao officer of great abilitY
.and influence. T hey met the Govemor General
$enares, and haying presented their tla1ftrs, r.emained
rJO, a\tendaucp on him. When the Governor Generat
-rj:achild "'_Allahabad, Nawab Asafu-d daula crossed
an int,c"'[ew ta)<cn place
magnate.s, tl;ley came. to Lucio:) ow . ... Great
rd?iQng$ , by the pcopl,e on e !he
:amval ()f. _tile ,!JOvemor General, . . ... :
' .
DesirJtctign.' f?/ . -. . '
:sver;y year, in the. moiitb o.13aisakll. (>Aprll),
, , I hdia, ili ir.hawar,, .a
, l'l:i(e great sanci!f, fOr ,o:R 11a-rhing: and
:i> for Cit iS.>sald thalfin ]Umadal
"' ' .
. " .
,;
STUDIES IN INDIAN ,.
awwa!, 1J98 .u. (AprH, 1748 AJ).) i!l the (Hindi) mont!\
of when the people had collected as ' muaJ; such
.a dead.)Y blast arose that fi fteen hundred J?nons, men
. died from it in than two lioun. In
!IJame month and year thousands of. persons
rom starvation in l)ebli iri a space bf five- ot six . '
!days, on account of the dearth of com. The.
!l'ilgeCI from Multan dowl') to Bengal nnd: Mali$udab'ati,
wit!' suc'b violence that people were reduced to !!> ver
deplorAble. laboured nndeli' dilflaill
on.e the sca:rci ty lof grain,. and lite other' .tl)e want of
il!mproyment, whieh equally affected hotJi the soldiet
traMsman.
. " .
' Hdsiings, Govr.mor Gene,al, imprisoned and SCI'!
home by orders of the King of EngliJncl
Hastings, who some years previously had been
.appointed by tltc King of England as Governor of Bcn-
-lf<ll, Maksudabad, and 'Arimabad Patna, revolted from
l1u obtdlence, and paid no attention to the . King!&
declaring that he was a servant of the of
.hJ\1ilL
0
The King of England sept anotbLT- tO
Calcutra II\ his place) and when be ardve<! Catcutlia>
.and went to visit Rj\stings. that .gentlelll.an <lu'IIcd
by the power <of his , .
7
, . .
the Xing' of anocher'
\o \il}J place of .\It, Calcutta; bu.t'
tliat qecl.jne<t to. oE ,the govern
ruent. .. oil fighting a duel,
tlio un'ders!aniling the viqo.J; #lould assume the
-of fiJ<c'<.\
1
ai:J,d on that
fc)ugbt but .; .Jf<?Uii.iled
.. m .. wag
obliged "t?f to England. ,,- ;
z::;. ... (t ' "
', 'r;Fhis shori bedu. rUat!;td, 'fl'til 'fgr.Jff

tor IridiatLvi4w, i>ftlfe r ,

of the EMt l!J'ilfa "eo'fflj>liryj .._
. .
-
STUDIES IN INDIAN' I ~ I T O R Y
. ' ' .. . ''\ ~
'1. '
. The .
SHAD A T'-i FARRUKH SIYAR
..
li!,TUDlES lN lNDlAN HISTORY. 77
th.e beginning to the end of the war Ahnla'd .Shah
.Abdali,'' He tecords how in this war he pet;sonally' over,
J;hrew; and granted quartet to thtee Abdali horsemen;
for which exploit he obtained great applause and reward.
A'(tcrwards he served under Khankhanan (ltiz:unu-d
daula), and obtained a mansab df 200, with bi$ ancestral
Litle of Kaswa.r 'Khan; but he adds that this title was
beyond his deserts, and he remained contented with !}is
simple name of Muhammad llakh.;h. Subsequently he.
acted in company 'vi tb 'Imadul Mulk dill
KJ.ian. He seerits to have 'llccn a bold dashing officer,
aqd he hltd brothers and friends with
!iim. "itls name frequently appears in the ciiunie of the
work: when be reco.rds what ' he hitosclf didor 'saw', 2$ in
tile Extract which follows. . .....,
The work bears no special relation to the death of
Fam.tkh Siyar. The author's intention was to write the
history of ''the hundred years from the death of Aumng
zcb to tbe present time, 1196 A.Ji." (1782 A.D.); but Sir
H. M. Elliot's MS. and another in the Library ol the
ll)dia Office close witl1 the 1-eturn of Nndlr .Shan:--a
the death of Zakariya lOlan, governor of Panjlib.
The ,hisidry is very summary up to the beginning o: the
reign of Muhammad Shih, after whiCh' it is illfitteu in
full detail . . The author acknowledges' his oblfgatidns to
the trariklii Muhiiiilmad Shah; 1bilt Teeoriled
txustW'orthy per.;o'hs; "anii. what. he
saw set'V,tng Sult.a:nx ancl- !ltizirs." ' In his Preface h.c
mai:ti6lli !llii' w6l:J(s that-' he used for his Introduction.
The} \uuat aut.boriti& .J.lr.bamama, g:>al!il'
kati :A./i6ari, ikb.itl-na'rii<I'J' Ja'i,ahgiri, "Lhe Journal <wweli
J'abang\r"' in a . very pleas'atit- sty)e,'
1

man'f dtlrer wor!ts: ,rrhere .!U'e'' some "refeceti:cres 'imo tn
ll.h own poei'il:il' produdions.::..a poem -or%'70 ()()upfeu
tlilled Falakashob;' wtittcn, at / 'one, of \fie
iltro'llf fortresses' oF 'Sura:j Mal JatJ'' and: another
i(ar.,wma, '' llook of hi &000 C<Qnplets, wti.,tten b
l:!clebrate ,ioars
78 STUDJE&. IN !NDI,\l'j HISTORY,
In Lb.e eourse of the :Pre[;lee be pe'aks of 'tl\e -Eng!isfr'
1n highly eulogistic tenl1,S/ He mentions
Scott, whl)s,e)earning. and acquirements
.extols, lO. v:erse, and;Jo,.r .. whose encouragement )le i's grate:
ful: He also ackn!rwlf:4J>>es tb,e and kind
M3s.. whJcli, he .\om Colot\Ct Lllcly\ow.
SJ:tE-9 inches. by 8, li?O pages of JU"linc each.]
'
llX1'1VlCI'
' o;:
.. went .. forl.b. t()
Sbah,-.Lb.c author of this work, with hor6&
lll.q of his brethren and near relations, by" the-
sttength o ll,ut with great. dif!kulty and_
muq> management, got in fornt of the elephants of J\s.af
Nizam11-1 Mulk, and arrived first, nt the
, .. . ru:.we, Y<trte al1
1
we had the first The
'.ll,1d o,thers of apny, having
. 'nd pic;l<.lltlltl bO.r5<11, p,!,.4ndcl'inli a!}clr-l'l!nsa\llO
ifrg,;:WJLboytt chat&. - Tliey haft l:!!,e . wests ..
wldi ' blows,o- a:ni:l swbrils, !<lrtl> in,
of go.ld and silver, and }.laying 1Gll ltered, the ,conten!lJ .on
the ground, were Cll!.'llged in picking them. up. Fumi-
especially the culinary utensils of silver and copper,
into the hands of the plunderers. _
Wl.J,el) .we reached the place of meeting, it was darl<,
iuil}ilciycry one, great und small, on the spot he
His Majesty approached with a large
guns with g;ear splendour. Next came
the'ttri!:in '(lie c;hief wazir 'Azimullab Khan Zabiru4
daulll His was in annour, and, he
liiiD;clf' r'Qd.l;l' lli.al');. lwwda, and was clptbed Jn ..
n-om bead, ti'l; oo_t:;" so thAt eye. wete the only
9f his' body He was attended liya Su.i:
escort of and made to '
Jl\Onarch, to Asaf Jab.
Wlt:ii;!<W mamalik: ,1!;\lrad,i!t. . _All tbc
1
..,..were-
on w,ro:' h:oUJfl'as :of
rfders
. ) . .
J
. from' the !{'.'C<Itest tO the were . annl>,
and atmour .from head to foot.] .
,. )I""
....... :'-<!
. .
, ..
( .
WAKl'ATl AZl'ARl
. '1.
['l'aw is one of the wor'ks mentioned hy Sir I{; M. Elliot
a$ _containing matter for the history of Sbali .' Ala!_ll-,

1
nor obtain a copy of the work, and fha.t
about it Is derived frotp a letter to Srr tJy Str
Walter Elliot. It says. ,,-The Walti'at-i Atfori is_ a mbe
antobiography of an in<!ivld1,1al of no note. This Auari
'f itit Gliulam in !)is youth,
,an.! glvc_s li. cw' pat:tkulat'S of eveins Ul\der
'his o;;)i\' 'o!Sservaiibn.'' Fiom exttacrs inClosed in. 'thiS
,!.,e(te.,:it that ' the wo.rl<..' (vas _a,ftCJ' tl1e
deatl\ Gbtilam J<adir, which 1788
:SARRU:L MAWWAJ
01'
MUHAMMAD 'AL! KHAN ANSARI
ot'iffm. utbot . of this work is Kbw
Anaad;;: lban. 'Imatu-do daula H!dayatu-llab
, Shl\insu-4 daula K.han.,S_adil<. 'l'abaw_wur Jallg, ,
< _lleing de_vQted as mdst
rl'i ,oe. to, 'a:na-...studies
. lija:ey t9 , pa'ISing m<:IS'!=- in the company
; spk-e, and Wl'Gtc, sul:jj'ec\S, 'he- dcter-
rnitred .u.pen . and as he ha$1.
l\lread,y of .cbe.PrQpbetll, be ,tho)'ght
he- cl>qll!-'. no.t dO .his time tO a l,ll.ni'e
. HJst6ryr me l i'\les of. the _ J\lb-'0 ,
W. )Vove-.rnted -tlpqu the,earth; so that, througfr
both-liis.labourers Goml;>ined, hc .. might derive
.J.C)Y3,td,of bopeQ.f . upan,.eal'lh,
therefore{ _upon - the help. ai\9W'e9-
""'$e,. parrot of his tongue to !he, ' o\
)lnd after spending, a
--
STUDII>S JN mDIAN JIIS'fORY
his compilation, he completed it iJJ the year A.H.,
<orresponding with A.D. 17!i4-5.
It is a tomp.rehensive and useful 'vork, alwill be seen
.from the list given below, but it presents
D!lthing worthy of extract.
The work. t s nine Chapters, and forty
nie . S&tions; fancifiilly called &eas (bahr) and )"aves
(m;tJ) and .hence the of . -B,ahru-1
JUiJ'!lUII>J, "1'!17 Tempr;atuou;S ,
1
f odNcir:tts
1
"
F[et'ace . . p. !:- Book l. ln si" Chapters: '1. 'Pasbda
"di'ans; 2. X:aianians; 8. Tawaifu-1 kuluk; 4. Sassanians;
5. Akasira; 6. Tubbas of Yemen, p. 8.-II. In tw,o .
"ChaJ?ters: 1. 2. 'Abbasides, p. 64.- IIi ) n
eleven Cliapters: I. 'I'ahirians; 2. SaJiarlans; S.
4. Ghamivides; 5. 6 .Buw.Ubjdcs; 7. Saljul,r.,iam;
8. IDiwarizrmhahis; . Ata\laks; 10. n. Ghie11
of TGlra Khitai and KJrm,aQ, p. 112.-TV. In. 9hap
rem' ,I. 'I'M Gresars; 2. J!aljuli:s-:.o. Rum; 5. Diin.ish-
mandias; 4. Salifias; 5. Mangu.cb;akias; 6. Rulers of Kara
man; 7. Zufl<adarial 8'. Othnhnlis, p. 175.-V, On the
Sharifs of Mecta and Medina, p. 208.-VI. In four
:Chapters: l. Turk .. the son of Yafath; 2. Tatar. and .his
8. The Mughals; 4. Puranjar Kaan, p. 211.
:_v.u. In seven Chapters, on Changit Khan and his
;descendants, p. 2J9,...:..Vlll. In five Chapters: 1. Chan
. banians; 2. Dkanians; 3. Muza!Iarians; 4. Rulers of l<.il>it;
5. p. 2'74.-IX. In Six Chapters: I. Til!lt
.a'nd desceilda(!ts;. 2. His descendants wl10 rukd i.n Iran
and R.Jlurasan; 3. Kara-kuinlu Turks; 4. Akkulnlu,
SaJiarlans;: 6.:-Nad!r shah, Ahmad Shah Abdali, etc., p. !5'19.
Stn- Large .. H7' pages, wiih li'
tQ a page. , ' , . ,
, This work is .1<nli,wi1 to me o.rtly from. a copy :in"tlre
' . of the Raja oi Benares, and I . have
' C?.l .any other. A pondef!>us ori< the ,i<:ui<ln
bears the ' &ame title.
' .
. :..'
STUDJ.ES . IN INDfAN' FITSWR:Y
,
. ' .
The qissatislied. thei;r wtik,ils, al\d ready
fot a " Ojsturbance, sent thlrty or ,forty. .. ttl.OSt,
viober,tt 'lea'den to get redress for rheir 'J The"se
1
'
1

.. arld raiHog tltcir:
to ilie. .. pavilion ,pf the IJ)Ili.ir, and, .collecting .therein a
mob, raised a great The wazir hcmci this.-.and;.
proud, of .his rank and power, came 1eo;rlessly,
disturbance. The reizec\ him, and began ,t<Y
abuse him i n terms U)lmentionable. Nu!Dbers gatbet:e&
togcthl!4' from every side, nnd" tb<nnob increased. Th,cy' '
tore ,off Iiis clorhes, l!hd in the st.rugght bit turban cve11
fro.ro;: his bead Then they dragg,eq through'
. flie of to fhclr .camp. The wa.ftr's fQrtCS
)tearing of . d1Stlti-1illtie<i, and rrcpa1id t$
light; but when t:hcy .. saw th'cii 1na>tcr in the h'apt4 of
the mu tloccrs, .they were bel pies.. The chief of the
dagh went to the wadr with npologics; 011d brOt1ght him
a turban :md such garments as they could gr.t. The
U!tttir, seeing how frightened they were, flew into a rage,
and reviled them. Mcanwhj}c n 111essagc was brough<
b:oi.O the Emperor to the officers, offering to him
s'&ffresponsiblc for their pay if they would:detiver o'VCl:c '
to him a prisoner, arid tbeln if
eS'caped from their bands, tMy ' would b,ave bar<' worJ:..
to get their from birn: .
'I:he'"' pasliions of. tlic mo6 bciJfg somcwhal quieted.
tlltiho du)ugbt tliat thct l:idt ' way' of.su;,;ng t:Jiem
rlu; Enjpe,for's"'lllessage to the
came MmbLy .him. 'with
'' 'llrollght.;an which they
. ffirii., "'l"lara-1?- o..ne toOk hi.>i se'l!E iji
the : howd.a :wJ!h. liiin, and hiro..;a,_, llis se1'WIIl:n
< t9 ijlc doon;ff hi$ tent.' A's as the waz.ir .baa ai'lgbtcdr
itasall -*han alsO;, dlsmountCd !Tom the ;m.cl!
a ofFtti> ''tli'e w?tir entel!t'
. a.na sa( dowt_!.'. 'He
a.od t5_!!11 lie ;w<!nf:' oull.
'and mQu,lti'c(<Pan eicphant:
. . '
snioms ul INDIAN lUSrQI>.)(
disttess. upon the rcalru, .destruction to ShahJaha:ua).)ap,::
l!Jld to the noble.s and the State. . :Ahmad Shah,
Durmni will soon. avenge this disgracefut act and puniSh
" you/' .. R "' .t(.
Shah (Aba.lli), on hearing of
act c:>f 'Imadul Mulk, eamc .hastily fo Lali6re, A:dina
Beg'.Kban, being. unable to fled t(>wards Han$i
:Jmadu-l Mulk. was frightened. and by ttie
good offices of Prince 'Ali Gauhar, he succeeded in effect
ing a reconciliation iiolth the widow o Mu'inlll Mulk.
When, Ahmad Sbali dreW near to Deb.li, 'linadu-L Mulk
llad no resource but submission. so he squght pardon of
.his offcl!r..c through the mediation of die' wtdow.
all the marlt.s of contrition he went fortu to mcet . .:tlic
Shh. and the widow interceding fox him, he was con-
firm.cd in his rank and office, upon condition of paying
.a heavy tribute. On the 7th of Jumada-1 awwal, 1170 A.H.
(28 Jan. 1757 A.o.). he entered. the fortress of Shah
Jahanabad, and had an interview with the Emperor
'AI;lmgir. He remained in the city nearly a month,
pluuderi.ng the inhabitantS, an<l very few peop,le
being p11laged. .
When Ahmad Shah demanded the tribute from
'Imadul Mnlk, the later asked how it could be thought
possible for him 'to have such '.1 sum: ol iJ!bney; but
that .if a force of Durranis .and. t Pxincc of the
bouse or T fmur were sent witlr Jiiill, he' might raise a
large hom .. the country of Slrhind. The Abdal\
named Prince '' t,\li: Gauhar, . but that Prince bad bccJJ
greatly paJned a.nd disgusted, by tl!e wilfulness and want
oE respect ahown. bY. 'Imadul Mulk on their mal'ch to
Lnhore
1
so ,he .. ' Imadul Muik
1
ba.'1; ..
a Coree, went into Oudh!. apd Nawal:l '
daula boldly out <\f Luclt,now to>
h'im, .and took pqst at Sandi: ..
thdll' advanced went on for se:verii!.) 12y
1
but an
- agre.ement' was arrived at through the mediu.n.\' 6('

,.,
. . . ... :.
. Si:QPIE IN' . : . :'. '
. . .. . ' ' . : ' . . ' .: . : . . f, ::.:... .
]ae. of : the .. ...
. 'Ali K,haq;: .relieved i:.:.
. :;_th;e;>PJ;}v.:otd. Which he . had in his lrand,,, an4 ; .: ''' .
. .the. houS.e; the curtains
. : to the ground. 'Mirza Babar, son of I'iiu>d dii) J
of. the' ,"beginning- . to ... fo'M lf-
,y; .. _drew h1s. sword, and wounded .several' '
! Upon this the myrmidons of '-
:..: , .
'; _and 'tOOk him prisoner; atid . having
,. the sword placed hhu. in. a and .
lli:t;n back .. :. Some- ev-ilminded Mughals
the( Emperor in .; the and
liim. therl: . ).mat tended . and a1onc, .. tl;iey.
p, 'On: Tepeated
, :daggers,' brought hi'm to the and then thl'ew i;lis.
:bOdy out of the window, stripped off all the clothes, and
left the corpse naked. After lying on the ground for
.eigl').teeh hours, his body was taken tip by order of Mahdi
'Ali Khan, ' and buried in the sepulchre of the Emperor.
.. Hum.ayun.
3
This tragedy occurred OX)
.,:Mtii of Rabi'u-s sani, 1173 A.H. (30th
!. On , die same a youth
. :: '(iSdfi ''(jf. Nr.Uhiu-s "Sutinat, &on of -*am
. 'i& the throne- Witli 'the .tide: of ,_. T . . l."V;oo
Mwlk nas.tene-d
88
STUD1S IN INDIAN mS' l'OR-.;
sdw no other means of safety than in seeking the
don of Suraj Mal, arid accoroingly departed wiiliout
delay for that chid's tO'i'itory. Please G.o4, a11 account
of the arrival of Shah.D'ummi shall be. related ht-rcafter.'
' Insult to .:Shah 'A lam ,
It is a custo,in am,!>ng the Hindus t:hat at t:he /ioli festivi(l
they throw dust upon eacb, other, and indulge in
jo}f.es. On the 14tll of Jumada-1 awwal, in ' the t'(lent};
eigb.th' xcar of the reign of His Majesty Shab. 'Alain,
wJ:Ien this festival occurred, Anand Rao Narsi dresse\i
' a per59n in fiue garments to reprellent the Emperor, and
applied long false mustaches and .a beard to his lips and
chin. Tf)c person was placi on an old !Jcdstcad, , witb
a lad in his .arms, in the dress of a woman, to
tlie .E,'!'peror'$ daughter, whom be very tenderlY. lovta,
.anp .a1wa:ys kept Jn his . presence when he went out In i
Utrer or on ai:l elephant. T.he bedstead was oam<!d on
the Of fo.ur anq l)eforc it WCJlt several
pe1-sons -ot low caste in the ,habit> the
dantS, with ctut. ' umbrellas, and other iusigm'a .of' royalty
in their bands. In this manner they proceeded in
regular proce!illion, beating drums, and by a
multitude of spectators. Th.:y pasi\<.'<1 by the Jahan
muna palace, wltere the Emperor was . sitting. This
however, e.xdted no, indignation in His
M;a:j'esry) noble nind; but, on the co)'ltrary, he orderc4
a .rewd ""f hundred rupees to be givc.n to .those
penions. Shah Nlzamu-d din, who wns nn enemy o
An!l'Dd Ra
0
, a:vail$cL hiruseU of the opportunity, apd
.having sub!ed:ed' i n !scindling the Emperor's -"rigc\
;represented His MajestY's part to
raja Sindhhi, in whose camp Anand Rao . , . The '
was highly (ncensed on being infor.tnM <if.;tbit
disrespectful and impuaent proceeding, ana imlli:edi:IW
1Y .OJdcred that the 'Qf. An:md Rao follould 'PWil>
darcdJ, and that he shQilld be; sent .. to,, R<!j Muhammad;
. tt.
S'l'IIDI!S IN rNDLIN HISTClRY
..
dhrogha. of sooner was the prder
than hl_s and all his property wei:e .given up, to,
plUI\dc1', . he bimsclf was seized nnd placed in fro)il.t.
.'of a gun. The Emperor, on being infonncd o the ,o:rder;<-- .
which r.he' Maharajn had given, sent one of his eunu.clis
to 'tell the Ma.liaraja that His Majesty was
pajd,on the offender; but that .he hoped, as wltttlirig
' te others, the Maharaja ,Yould turn him oflt of liis
tGamp. Orders. were accordingly given by the Maharaja..
he was called bacl< from tb.c g4n. aru! his life was spared'
but he was disg111ced R,Dd banisl;Jcd.fro,m t he presCO:ce.
A,:nal\d ;Rao. remained"' coneealed -in camp !or a few
<d&ys, ilnd after. having collected. his preperty which wa$
,left from, the. he weJ.1t w l:Jjjain.
.THIRTIJITH \'EAR OF nfli; REIGN, 1202 A.H. (17878 A.D.) .
Atrocities of .Ghulam Ka.dir
[When Ghulam Kadil Khan and ls\na'il Beg Khan bad
p.1ade cbeir way into Debli by we coucrhancc of Na..ir
:}fai\sur 'Ali Kha.n and the connivance of the Mughal
chiefs, Ghulam Kadir assumed the cb.ief aut!lorit.y. He
_bcg-i .to oppress the citizcru, and dcin:\anded IJliP.'ey
_rem .the E.mperpr . .'These. p.toceeding11 made thc;J!)J)lf!C,I;qr
very angry. Kad.ir-. went to the Emperor tq
) imJor tb<>-,pay 9 to
>-maintain hi! oWJl 4ig>}ito, ':Olll <IW!penif !Wli.ed if
lie any
1
, :PJOney;, .be ,wo)llli,.not 'withhold it..

0
ne Princes must .be
1n'%is >migl)t go. and fight wi):h.
.tlie >Tiie Etnp6l:o,ll'!.told him to go out o the
. ,city to hut\t. and that Su)roan should l lte.n pe
to hiln
1
U .- and lixl!4 -his.
ll!e of .Firoz S.bllh:"
, tlleJlrinc;e :was. onra.w . elephant, ahfl: was
t;e.tinuc l<> tfi'e T)le
.11Dffl"f ;1,11d .live" h'fpdret;l'll,{o;rsc, a
at Qfltlie
gp-;._'rd, , ' "-"" ' I :l ,.y \..- \ . "- ' f
y . ... "' ....

. {

STtiDIES IN INDIAN HlSIOORY
Gbulam Kadir proceeded 10 the palace, . . and:
urged the Emperor to procure money from somewhere
and to give it to him, for the pay of the troops. At tills
junctw:e a message was brought to Ghulam Kadir n-om
>the MaJika Zamaniya (the queen dowager), offering to
t"ve him ten .iaFs of .rupees, on oon<;lition of Sliah 'Alam
b'eing depo5ed, of Pri.nce Bedar llakht, son of the late
. .Emperor Ahmad Shah, being raised to the throne, and-
the fo.tl artd city being placed in hii po..ession. Ghulam
.Ka.dit. agr.eed to his, and confirmed the plan by his word .
. and covenam, expressing his devotion to the house < .
.Bab!lf. on the 26th Shawwal, l 202 A.H. (31st July, 1788
A.D.)
1
he went to the palace, attended by five hundred
men, to demand money for the soldiers, and to express
his fears of the Emperor. On the Emperor inqu.iring
what he meant. be replied that his enemies and
\d.d .11aised SU&_\)iclons against him in the Emperor 's. mind,
against tliis' required th'lt -tht i:haq;e o
!he <mould be placed in the_ of' his own'
sp , that hemlg_ht "came and sratc freely what ).le
bad . (J'be- Emperor replied .ll)at l(e seemed
destined to be the ruin of !be royal bouse, an.d that his
name would stand infamous 011 the page of history.
t:{azlr Mansur 'Ali Khan observed that Isrua'il Khan was
.esent with and agreement, ,and th.at . (for
it by oath) he had also brought the Holy
:K,uran.: He was called forward, the oompact was con.fmn
.ea apon tj:le Xuran, under the signatures of himself .
,alid Gnul;l,Jll Ka?U. The .Emperor said., "I place
under .ih:e otection of the Kuran, and submit to. yOUl'
:wishes.'' .
Having
0
SWhed the Emperor's consent, N'pz; ..
placed the gites of., tire palace in. charge\9 Ghul\uh
Kadir's men . .. . . :Eoui- .thousand i ana
the palace, 1 , and all the environs ' wf;re dn tire
o the men. of Gh'ulam . K.ad.lr: Mi=
iBalr,ht). , They took of the
female .apaxtlllcnts
1
be'at : Qi.e
1
1mlclia with . st(H).es and
.i 'ti
: .,tc
t ... : :. ;
. . ' . . . .. " ' ,:' : . :' " . {; :
the goods and ftirniture; a:ttd tool(, , .,, .<,:.
s_tore-rooms out. of . the hands ... ; ;: ..
, .,, .A. few. attendants 'and., "':"' :t r
. remained with the EmperO'l'. Nb one .,, '
. " ' ; could go out to asce!ta:hi what \vas
' ,, was in -great and anxiety .. :,*-'{ tliat
.. .. Prixj.ce Akbar said, ' 'One . choice is le' . .
.. ,,. wi'll. aliow us, . . we will all fall u}X>n th:.
.. i , . qait:oxs, and will brav_ely encounter martyrdom." :
/"' 'r' ('No one can. esca,pe the _decrees .of the
Jl.0'cQ.n,tending. against doom; .'tp.e power is now:
. . 4,;tp:dS o Erince Akbar raised a great lrf, .. '\
;,. ": . i.!s sword, and, placed it to his throat to , : , :
. snatcJJ.ed the sword from. his a!\<Vp)!lt . .i',_
. , 'lt to h1s own throat. A cry arose from all who
,. present, and . the noise spread through the palace ..
. Ghulam Kadir came in alarmed. The Emperor, with
great politeness, called him near, and placing his head
. upon his owri breast, said in his ear, "Twenty lacs of ;
i':Upees p.aye been provided, but let them .be .. v,"Prn
of the Mahrattas, and not in a way
and l asting disgraceupon IJle.:'
.,-' t1ie 27th Shawwal Ghulam Kadir;
an understanding _with Beg ..
: ot.\.'the who

.,.
92
STUDlES IN INDIAN }{18'1'01\Y
ed to the salatin. Ghulam K.a!lir then took the hand of
Pdnce lJcdlu' Ba.k.Qt, and placed bhu ou the royal sca.t,
The chiefs. who were made their offerings, and die
dru= were beatCI\ to prQCiaim the nlll!'e of 'Bedar
Re thus li$CC1ided !)i.e tht:cn\e on ,27th Shawwal, 1294
. :..,.li. (22nd Jllne, 1790). .
,; Ou tb{ .8th .Zil ka'da Ghul<UD 'Ka!lir sent J:lis.
of!icen to lledar .Ba.kht fo( ten lacs of ru}>.ees. He
exCilsCd .himself, tliat the Imperial- familY,. had beep,
.s,w.ept clean, b'ut he would. send what he could $Cil\:,Pe
He sent some vesscls of silver and otl;\cy
jU'tiqes, and said that if more was required, application
. sliou.ld be made co Siudbia and tbe Rajru; who were well
atfect;ed cowards the Imperial tlu'One. Rohill" 'Ali said,
' 'Your Majesty must go into the private .aparunents, for
tltl!' ' n:roncy: will. not be obtained without s<liOe
U any more nion,ey, you wclcom<>
.rG i.t, 1 came o.f the s(l!ati!nritli: a and an old
;PtliJ: you .Kh,ow all
abottt-- 'it," ; Ghulam li:k>li the gold apd; silver
mounted articll:$ from Ore Sl)al\ 'Alam and
the pl'inces and princesses, Lhen piled them !n a . heap
and burnt them, and sent the metal to the lllint to be
t:oined. He took several cart-loads of swords, 'daggers,
alid buskcts, belonging to the Emperor and Princes; some
LO. h4 co.mpanions, and some he sent' to the
store-'hop.se.
;.x -SIJ,-ap. and the Princes were kept as prisoners
' in the'!MQti'.MabaJl. Ghnl:ljll. .K;adir ordered that Prince
Al!,l;>ar .Shukoh should
and Whipp by '. t)le carpet-spreaders. Shah '.A.lam
.exclaimed, "Whal'l!y.er ,is. to b.e done, do to mel Wllese
, .:JlrsJ young Bai;bt n'ow el!D)e in.
, yh!.'!!= Ka<J\1', <fD sed th!l,m, and .pijt ev.e;y. one o! ti!l:em
, _ [!his word as it probab(!y iSo
'11,11. a/Jin'eviatil1n of lifi4o Wli:i4s ft>arttn6itt.s
of the Prhtces. ; ..
...
9.3
in the .,sunshine. Bedar Bakht, having sat a
littl,e while; informed him haw to find )ll!)oey; and saicl,
"y are at your co.mmaod, threatell tllein, ai)'d
ask il" The female of the
then bound, and hot oil bemg poured on tlie
hands and their feet, they gave information bf. ti>'O?
:ice vaults from which a box of gold, silver and
vessels w:u taken .... Shah 'Alam was sitting 'in the suQ
and complaining, when Ghulam ,Ka<!ir said to SI('OO.o
truculent Afghans, ''Throw. this babbler down and blind
him,'' Those men him: down, and passed tile
i.ro.to his eyes . . They kept him .do'll(n s<1fe .on. tl:\c
fSrb"Und for a time with blows of sticks, ':ll"id GhUJam K,adit'
nsked if he ' saw anything, and h'e, rcplied,
"Nothing but the Holy Kuran between me and r,b.u.>'
All night lOng he :md Ius children and the women of his
palace kept up loud cries. Gbulam Kadlr n.mained that
ni!!ht in the Moti Mahall, . and hearing these cries, he
wnthed like a snake, and directed his to beat
-and lUll those who made them. But some of these. nwn
the questioning of the day of judgment, and
their hand..
Pfl the 9th ZH ka'-da, . . . Ghulam. said t?
Betla,r Baklit, "'Come om, , and ,I will sbow you
lie. wcm1 out of the door, and &nt-.down: , 6.httlllln
,Rad'ir to,..Shah 'Aj:un, .atip saj,d;l'Find inc.Sllme gold,
q?'I Wi:lt;sel'll' yo\tM join the di:aA.' ' :. Shah' '' A! am reviled
an.d .reprpiiche'd 1.\illl., saying,.;.N ' Qjll . ijl .)l'
0
ur power, Olt
,olf Pl}\ hea(J; _for better tb' dk than . to live like thil.''
.. Chutarn spraJJg:. upJ. !ID:d. t!11:ew him8clf ilpqh', f.1W'
:Ein.petO.f's boso)il,? . llli!in and Purdll R\.llm
seizea' his. himdsJ 'tKo,.,of tiompanions lleld. Bi5o' futJ
Cote oU:t oile.OfJiis eyes, and,
.. tol'e' .cml other.:wi!h ' Iii$
'<hands, amid the waitiogll of the EmpetOJ:.
gave 9rclcn; that the needle he ).nto
ithC. ,ey.cs . of.&rince. :Akbar, fthuk'ol), .and.
llaklu . . ::the ladies came from cur1alns, bfid
,"{ .. ,, . \J ,

STUDI'li:S IN HIS'l'OJW
threw therosclve. at the feet of Ghulam Kadir, to pray
for mercy; but he kicked them on thcir breasts, and sent
them away. The be;ut of Miyat" Singh was In flames,
and
1
overpowered ;with rage, he , .cried, "Ghulam
cease your . fury, and withdraw your hands from
.t)Jese()lelpless (princes); for if you d,o not, you will hardly
;escilpe .fro!}l roe." Seeing hl6 passion, Ghularo Kadir rose,
.and s.aid,- ' 'Pinion all three of them, and I will conside-r
wha,t to do "Willi them another tjme." He tbtn ordcre.d
wmc of bi3 .followers who were present to beat them with .
. till (:hey were senseless, and to put them in
Then he called for a and said, "Paint my
at once, &itting. l<.nife In hnnd, upon the breast of
'Alar,JJ, digging out his eyes!' He then forbad his atten-
, dants to any food or water (lither to Shah
1
Allim
or his so9s. .
"the ,P.?Or

kept groaning and erying, bUt no,

one heedeii\ .him . da)' lleda> ;Bal,(j).t. sem' two
t,o lil.s-..,vou'!d,, and <>,!'deed hili to be
supplied w1\h;:water; :}Hs,.servao.tS J:ep.orted. 'to l:iim tl1<1t
the poor :Empero<
1
.$ eyes; were tu!;iriing with: ' blood, and
that the (only) water he had to drink wa.$ what flowed
from his eyes .... GhuJam Kadir Went to Shah 'Alam,
aod seizing him by the beard, said, "I have infticted all
.., !Pis. severity upon you for your faults, but I spare iour-
lie<far God's sake, otherwise I should have no 3CtUplc io
ieiiiing: you limb from limb.'' On the 12th Zi-1 ka'da
he into the jewel-hou1e, and took out a chest and
.;( b6;x, of )e'l"els:. be also took. several copies of the l(uran,
- cig.tlt lal;gl)> of books out o the library. Q.n,
' the 18th his informed .him that two
Sulaiman ane five years. and th.c W
bad died &:Om ti;W6t. ' \%eh-l!e 'heard it; he ia!lghed and
"Let them 't1f: .;b,W.ied where tb.ey lie.'' ,0.1\e of
went to Bedai, l\od sai!i, ,. ' !G:httlllli,I .Kiadit
. '[A very doubtfuJ. 'na"e, Jtc u


ctb.]
.writt#J
..
STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTOII.:Y
'
.,
wants the .jewcl3 you have." Tb.e Prince itnnJdiately
brought them out of his private apartments, an.d. hluyfejl
them over. .. ., .
day Ghulam Kadir, taking Bedar Baklit, wi\11
hilp_, w,ent to Malika Zamaniya and Sahiba Maha)\, and
!'Said, "Where is-llle money that was promised?" They
said, "What you demand from us is a mere. faney and
dream of . yours.' ' When he heard this, he sent a penon
into the private with directions to bring
them both out, willl only the g-arments they stood updght
in, ana. to seize upo_n aU the money and valuables which
coulcL be fcmnd. Accordingly they tool( M;illlla Zamaniya
ancl Sahiba Malia!!. in the dresses they were wearing (ba
btulan), and placing them in a rath, conaucted
them with three hundred attendants to the Moti Mahall,
Wo1kmen were then sent in to bre.,.k down the roof and
walls. Neither Nadir Shah, Ahmad Shall Durranl, nor
Taraji llhao, had ever dreamed of plundering the ladies
of the but IWW all the valuables, tbe acrumula
t1ons of lifty or sixty years, were brought out ... .
On the 25th Zi-1 ka'da Ghularn KadiT calle<L.P):i!!ce
.A:kbar, SulailllJ!n Shul<oh, and the other Princ<;S, p\n'Ctcli
i)l number, before him, and with. harsh 'words clalled
upon them to sing and dance before ' hi.tn.
ed; but he would not listen 'to them. sa)\ing th.:it lie had
,b.eard praise$ of their and dancing: Re
cellllllan,deli. his attendants to cut 041: the Princes' -
n&es if.tlleyiiid not sing. Tl;le' Princcs and boys, see.inl
there'wal no, froid fiis conimands, did as tliey,-
wcre diieer,fd, and' sarig and 'fulnced. He was very .{'\eaa:'
ed; and asied tbexn : recompense they
They ,said, ''Out flither ana cJ:li.ldren are in WQllC a
'water aild fdQ<I., .-we- ask for aomc." He ga\>e 1)4 oon-
, 861lt. He' then furned:alll'Jiis attendants out Of rtlle i;oOiii,
an,d.- placing his bead upon the knees of
"' "!" .
[Bolli th'es;. ladies were widows oj M_,uhammad Shah.
The was a daughter of the i"am-u,V, SiJYar:j
'
STUDIES lN INnli\N. lUSTORY
went to sleep, leaving: his sword and knife in their
presence . . He ees for an hour (sa'at), and
then Ketting up; he each of them on the neclC.,
.an<l-. spirits entertain the idea .. ,
,reigning.? .. to your cm,ltage. If you had a
have .made an (,n'ld. of. .m,e with my
Then abusing .the.Ih in: fmif disrmst :
. ' or . ' 1
them out of his presence"' .. . .. , v\ .. ' , :
.. he called for Bedar Bakht .'a-xt<i hi$ "
a.y;d placed wine before them . . With .
times filled the cups, and they continuec:h .
t ill evening, when. they got up and danced and
disg:tacefully. A eunuch came in, and
that a daughter .of Shah 'Alam, a child 0 ten
. die.d of hunger and thirst
. crled, . "Bury her. as she is, .in the
Miyar
'
. .
hartds, n:Ot well tO cast' $Uth" '.snam:e ;Jll!DI
.hononr of pfinces!' It . all depcilded tin
Ghula;tn Kadlr replied that when the ""' ...
j>ll)-n(iered his father':s. private apartments, "they
'lv.orse. ' i:ban that to his Women.
8
,..,.,.","'"''".
bea sight fqr the thne, :for. my mel').
:hands of kings' daught&s; conduct, them
possession of their persons witliotit marriager.'' He ,;.
Ordered 'Wat Khaili 'tO go . and /take .: possession Of '!.
I1ouse of Khairu-n l)isa Began1. <:>f 'Alamf
.:Strip her daughters. women naked, t'o
, jev(els. . After taking ... all they could ' firld .he'
.. , for gold, and they :'Y.o1{'haye
. : . .aJ.I: and we are now rea<:ly.' to 'ai'e," :At Ul . l> ''<l>.<U"
. ': . ruand. the ,stony-hearted . cal:pet-spreaders .beat
' that the blood gushed from. their mouths .and
Then they placed the Princes. in the
Ghulam Kadir heard ftwm Wai Khaili of beaqty
Of the daughters of Mirza Haika and Mirza Jaika (?), and
he was sitting in the Moti Mahall in the
. these unhappy ladies to be
}{t'Wilth"C!ifi::; yeils. or curtains.
showe.d to. his.
o/ "li"'li"""'
-mrnseJf ... :
98
with the daughters of enemies. No one seizes sons and
daughters for the .of their- fathers. Shah 'A! am .did
not callt any cvi! looks upon the daughters or sistet)l of
your father; t;ef:rain from such Ghulam
K,adfr ansWered (itl coa1'se terms to effect) that -he
intended to iakc them into. his harem and make them
as . fo.r he WO\ll!!
g'lVe iliem to h1s Afghans, so that they DUght )!aye il
9)ance .of 6tmging forth n:en of courage. Ra jn Miy:l!
ag'ainst the will of Ghulam Kadir,_ went it;tto the
toom, cMt a sheet over Princesses' ,heads}, and sent
tfiem home.]
'
Death of Gh-ulam Kadir
.(It is said that on the 18th Rabi'u-1 awwal, Ghulam Kadlt
{l;j{er bei\g 'd*ated by, the {&rces of Sit)dhia), s'tarte"-
olf to11 )lis,. home, with only a few
:o9 swift 1:J;! the
the l,a'ig?t hil'u; he . 9ni!
and they. werll;. ne to find tbel'(l,
but did not .succeed. road was full of water and
mud, and the horse' putting his (oot into a hole, rolled
Ghulam Kadir to the ground. The night was dark, and
. the way bri.stled with thorr.y acacias, so that he knew
no_e_ w)lich way to turn. When the morning came, he
around, and seeing some inhabited pl ace, he pro-
ceeded On reaching the be put hi&
heM into the house of a brahman. The maste.t of the
seeint a stranger in such a state, asked him what
was the Ghulam Kadir answered tlmt . . , But.
his own, acliop betrayed him. He took off a dilJlllon!L
' ring ;rmgeF, and gave it to tile hou!ekeeRe;t;
an inducement to gitara him all day, anfl to him
at night towards 'l:!te klie\y of
llis. infamons cliaracter arid ,evil deeds. 1(1\,e, qrdbro(Jit
:arlll\sclf, in days gone by, baa suffered at'. the. ;Rwc:4 oE
- " 1. .,.

words of the- ahswer' ar.t! 110t

!
STUDiES IN INDIAN IDSTOIW
the ru11ian, and his village 'had been ravaged. His
oppressor was now i;ll bis power, and he made tbe
fast. 1
TAe brahrrum went in search of some Chi'ef who
would appreciate the information he. had. to gi.ve, and
was led by fortune to tb,e tents of 'All to whom
he communicated his intelligence. 'Ali ' showed
him great attention, and sent a large party horse
forward with him, while he himself followed. . . The
horsemen entered the brahman's house, seized their
J?rison!
1
and botutd him. . With various indignities they
brought him to Ali Bahadur, . . who to the
fort of the Mahrattas, . . . undO' charge of Rana Kha'l
who put a chain upon his legs, a collar on his Meek, at\d-
conveyed him in a bullock-carriage to Sindhia, guaroed
by two regiments of sepoys and a thousand horse. . . .
On the 4th Jwuada-s &ani, under the orders of Sindhia,
the car< nE Ghulam Kadir were .cut off and hung round
his neck, his face was blackened, and be was canied
round. the camp .and city. Next day his no3e and upf'!'!r
. Hp cut oft. and he was ag-ain paraded, . Op
day he a.. thrown upon ground, Wei
Wm ' .O\lt, and, l}e once. more earri<(d Toilu.d, Af(er
that his were -cut off, therr his' re-et, last of all
hiS .h,ead. ' The 'Was then: O:ownwards
.a .tree . J\. fnistworthy tlia_t a black:
d9f!<,"'whlte:"founc!_. _eyes, 'came and sat under the tree_
and 11p blood as .it 1\f\PJ>Cd. The
1111d: j t, but' still it kept there. On
,the third ,da}ll el).,e. and the dai!' also
vanisb,ed. sent' the eal'S and eye.b'ltlls.
to the Sh'alf.' Alam.] .
. -
CHAHAR' Cill,SHAN
011'
RAM: C}IATAR MAN
'!'his work, w.hich 'is. aho-called Ak'hbaril. /
"ACGOunts . of Rare Things," .was by lu.r
<:!harar Man Kayatli in the year 1178 ut. (1?59 .u.), th-e
last sheets being finished only a week before bis death.
As it was left in au unconncc'tcd shape, it \vas art.lnged
and edited, after his death, by his grandson, RaJ .Bilaf\:
Raizada, in 1201 A.H. (1789-90 A.n.), as is shown: by
chtonogram in the Preface; but as the work ends with
the accession of the nomi.n'al Emperor Sbab Jahan .the
Second in A.M. 11?8, it is evident that the Editor lias
r.o his grandfather's labours .
.'The Editor states that when C.batar Man bad U<ay:el
red road .. et et'emity,- he, a-s a dutiful grandson, wa&
Joll's t.o illoplay thl'$ ttosegy <;it w.isdom to '?l"e'
il'l 6rder that those who wanderJ ill. the .garden. of eloqu
niight; by a dose inspection o it$' J:>eautics
1
which
are endowed with perpetual verdure, feel the bud of
cheir heart expand with delight.
The Chahar Gulshan or "Four Gardens,' ' is, as the
name implies, divided into four Books, and is said by
the Editor to conraln so much information in a small
t;hat it resembles r.he ocean placed in a cup.
'The b.lston"eal part is a mere abstract, and of no value,
11or alill .. any ' authorities quoted for its statements; bu<
ih.(: vrerk b:a't points of interest, ''Specially in tl\e
matter .. of tl)c Biographies .of the Muhammadan s,.ail\u,
which are written lna. crue spirit of belief, thC!tigb !he
_writer is a Hln(ju. ':fhe accounts of t.he H:Jndu fal{i*si
the Itineraries, and the. Statistical Tables of the tw,e'nty
suba.r of Rindustan, are also useful, . though io 13 to ,
'bEr regretted that f:4'c latter '!J'e not given i).l , Sufficient ,
co, enable us to institute safe benveen,
its resul ts and those. given io the A.in'i 1.11tbari.
STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY
101.
CON'I'JtNJ.'s
Book L The Kings of Hindu.stan from Judhishthira tO:
the fall of the Mughal emplre, with a statistical account..
of tbe several .ml>as of Hindustan pxoper, and of thcir
Jl!uJcra and Saints, p. 4-Il. An account or the southern
of India, and of their RI,Jiers and Saints, p,',H7.-
u,r, Itineraries from Dehli to tbc different quarte'1 'o:
India. p. 219.- lV. An account of the Bindi,J 'fakirs",.
p.
The Chahar is common in Indin_. and l:
have seen several nqnc good, except
the -p:.osscssion of Nnwab 'Ali Khan
"'
..,, StzE-Quarto, 660 pages of 13 lines each.
'I'ARlK.HI IDRAHIM T<.H-4-N
[According to !he author's statemenr in his. l'refaee,
"These wonderful events, forming a volume of waming.
for men of sagacity, are chronicled by the hasty pen of
the .bum blest ot slavell, 'Ali Ibrahim Khan, during the
adt:il.iuistration of the illustrious noble of celestial' gran
dew,. t)\e centre of the circle of prosperity, the
p;'ltshing victory, tbc s11n of the firmament of'.w.isdot)l,
the ilnf\ltlcr o the sta11dardS of pomp and.

tbe
; tlie: .of
llllghty.' and .. I'\!lers.-the Guy.ep10r ., .
Gha#es, of Cqrnwal!is
1
;,mlly. last fo!;
;;:. . r. r ... -.; ...
. . At: of tile .W.. e ,e719'foinu\ct
coro,fiQ$C'd P.X the Ibrahim
Baliad4V, w.as' ,itorn begio.nipg:
by t9wn of Jln'd
w:l$ in;'12.'91 ,0786 . , .
' _;:r!lis ,wm-k for ihe ai\d
. ccouni . it of tlte l'ifabtattls,. 'l'he of it
sil- H .. M. Elliot by M:ajqr Full ell,
is here printed with the 9f sQme unim!:;
af l!anipat,-.
..
STUDIES IN lNDI,U( HISTQRY
SWDlES IN INDIAN WSTORYI
19ll
()f Ibtahim 'Adil Shah, wlio was the ruler of the Ko,ka!).
In return for the faithful discharge of hu duties, be
reaciyed in jagir the parganas o Poona, etc., where he
matte a permanent settlement after: the manner of the
Tower& the ctose of his Uc, having
the high honour ofserving the Emptror Jahangir, he
was constantly in attendance on him, while his son SivaF
stayed at the jag&r. As Ibrahim > Adil Shah for space
of two years was threatened with impending death, great
' disorder and confusion prevailed In his territories from
.the long duration of his illness; and the troops and re-
tainen,_ whom he had stationed here and there, for the pur
'>pose of. g=lsoning the .folts, and protecting the ftpntier
of the J<okao, abandoned themselves to negleat in c6nse
(juence of their master's indisposition.
Memoir of Siva, the son of Sahu
. Ultimately, the Etnpel'Or Auranw.cb, the bulwark
()f religion, resolved upon proceeding to the Dalthin, and
1n the year 109g A.R. bestowed fresh htme on the City. of
.;Am;angabad by the favour of his august presence. 'For a
of. twen ty-fivc yean be strove to subvert lil'alua
W. ':rule, but as several valiant ch.!eftains
utmost and a-ctivity in upholding their dynasty, the,i.r
extenn.ibatiom could .not be .' aocoiuplisbed.
To-..:iti'ds, the close, of His lffetime, a truce was
ooncludid with the Mahratta:s: on viz. that
!)u:ee cllitt; out of the .l:evetiuel 'i:IJ;awn from the
Imperial .dolh.inioos ill the should be allotted to
t.J;Iei:n by, 'Way ol sar deshmukhi; ahd accordingly 1'\bsan
Khan, rommonly ca,]Jed Mir 'Malik; set out ffom the
threshold of with the docnments con6l!l;ningo
grant to the , oxder that, af.Cer dtc: treaty
liad: been duly i'aill,ied,. be mjght bdng the chiefs, o,E tha't '
to . the court of .the monarch of the "1\IO'l'fa.- ,How-
ever, before he bad time tO deliver these GQCUlpCrf\S Into'
their custody; a' royal w.is dfrectlng him
and back:thc, pa'pl\?s 'in qpestfon' wtb
'
+
.
. r
STUDIES II! INDIAN HIST09.Y
him. About this time, His Aurangteb Alamgk
ha11t.encd to the eternal gardpns of Paradise, at
period his successor Shah 'Al;I.Dl (llahadur Shah} was.
gracJ.ng the Dak.lrin wl\h hjs presence. The latter
ten .Per cent out the 'Rroduce b)!lon&oing to the peasan-
as sar d.eshmukhi on the Mahra.l;)r.!s, ahd furnished them
e ,.,ith !he Dc'!fCSjaty dCICUill<(lliS tile grant.
When. Sh!!h 'Alatn (llahadur Shah) ret\lmed. from.
the DakbJn to the metropolis, Daud J).han rem.aine!L
benlnd to officiate for l!mmd "wara Zu\fiJw: l{.b,an in
the govarnment of the He cultiva.ted a good.
'understanding with lho Mahrattas, and concluded an
mpicablc treaty on !he following footing, viz. that in
.addition to Lhc above-mentioned grant of n Lithe as sar
a fourth .of wb.'ltevCJ. amount was collected
;n' Lhe country should be their property, while the otb:er
tb:tedol.,rthSJ should. be 'Paid into. the royal exchequer ..
'This o.f was a<fco put in
'nl'.l de.<:d gpai;IJ.iog foaJ:tli. Ire, il).
lhc Dalfllin i!> called chiJ:l!th, W:'!<!l
to the Mahra,ttas. Muhammad .l'arrukh Siyar sat.
as Emp<>ror on the throne of Dohli, he imtcnaincd the
.worst suspicions against Amiru-l mnara Saiyid Hu,am
'Ali Khan, the chief of the Batba Smyi.ds.' He rusmissed'
' him to a distance ftom his presence by appointing hi.m.t
' to the control of the province of the Dakhin. On reach
ins his dcetlnatioo., Lhc latter applied himself rigorously- .

She 1Cbic <:!f the .Malrrattas, and more especially to Rajli.!
Sahu, urging,him to persist in hostilities ,.ith Al?>itu-l!
umara .. ,.
In the year JI.H. {1717 "A.D.), by Lhe intm'.llntiap
of. Muhammad :'AnW'l!' Khan Burhanpuri :md Sankatajf
be conchidd -a , with the om
' . .
.
,
2
Si:,f' Jl ql Jill. p; 408 (Qr$J:tzal _
JI,Il. :II 46'6. {(/I.;.E'tl); , . .

STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY 105
condition that they would refrain from committing qe-
predations and robberies, and would . always maintain
16,00() horsemen out of their tribe wholly at .the
ofi Uu! Nazim o the Dakhin. At cJte time that. this treaty.
was' ratified, he sealed and delivered the documents con
Jirming the gtant of the fourth of the revenues, and the
sar of the province of the Dakhin, as well as
proceeds of the :Kokiln lind otltcr tenitories,
designated <Is rbeir ancient dominions. At the same
pe,riod Raja Sahu appointed Balaji, son of Dasu Natb
Nath), who belonged to the of K.okani.
Dr.ahmins, 'to fill the po<!t of his vakil at the Court of
the E111pero;'; and in all the districts of the six provinces
of the Dakhi'tl. he appointed two revenue
uf his own, one to collc(t the sar de.rltmv.khi, and the .
other to receive the fourth share or chauth. . . .
Amim l wn.ara Husah1 'All, having increased the
rnansabs held by Balaj.i, the son of Basu Nath. and San
kaJ.-aji Malbru., UcputcU theft\ to tlu.: aA'a.it:s of
or the Dakhin, and sent them to join 'Aiim ' Ali Khll.l) .
. .. . . After the deadt of lhlnji, the son of Basu
his. son, named Baji Rao, became )lis successor
1
>and
:Holkar, who was a servant o :Salaji Rn.o, having ltl'_ged
the steed of . daring, at his master's ' instigation, at fuU
. speed from the Dakhin towards Malwa, .pqt She .(.rubodar}
Caridh:u; .. Bahadur to death on the ,Jield of battle.
the go:vet:Jlrne.nt ot that province wru;.
,Khan bttt owing tp.
the ,Mahrattas, qe was unable to
to pt;Opcr ordel'. On, his re111ov:t.l from .. , '
adrninistra:tion o th!lt, WllS entrusted to Raj.a. ;J:U
"Singl.l. Sawai, Unity of, faith .and teligion su:el)gthened:
bpnds of aQlity B.ao ".nd Jai"
.. and<this cu,tcutnstance :l"a5 a
'and inlluen .$oibe .fyrmer, 'dJtr,
1146 (1738 A.u.) ,l,te bad thc,,au4!1:Clt{ tif.'a\\vanc;.e-; :
ana maJ.;e. an inroad: ititQ the :;ol'. Hindustan .,..


wazir '
1 '
.
..
106 -SnJDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY
was first seiected by the Emperor Muhammad tQ
oppose him, and .on the second occasion Muzaffar
the brother of Samsamu-d daula Khan-dauran. These
two; having entered the province of Malwa, pushed on
as far as Sironj, but Baji Rao returned to the Dakhin
without hazarding an engagement. . , . .
.,
In the second year after the above-mentioned date, ..
Baji Rad attempted another invasion of Hindustan, wheri
the -wazir 'Itimadu-d daula Kamru-d din Khan Bahadtlr
.and .the Nawab Khan-dauran Khan went forth from
DehH. t'o give him battle. . . . On this occasion
engagements took place, but victory fell to: the lot o the
wazir; and peace having been ultimately concluded, they
pqth returned to Debli.
In the third year from the aforesaid date, through
. f.jle mediation of Amiru-l UT7UliTa Khan-dauran
the government of Malwa -was bestowed on BaJ:F,"'
influence VIas _:,:.,
fold. in .. having Malwa.:. '\Vil'tfi . _.
a numerohs soon reduced the. province t:o a saiis '
factory state of order. About the same time he attacked
the Raja of Bhadawar, and after putting him to flight,
devasted his territory. From thence he despatched Pilaji
with the view of subduing the kingdom of Antarbed
(poab), which is situated between the Ganges and Jumna.
AMthat very -time Nawab Burhanu-1 Mulk had :moved
. his own province, and advanced through Antarbed
.. to the . :vicinity of Agra. Pilaji , therefore crossed the
Junifla; ,and <engaged in active hostilities against the above-
named 'Nawab;: but having been vanquished in battle!
he was forced ' to take to flight, and rejoin Baji
An immense nuinb'er of his army were drowned_
.crossing the Jumi11i; but as for those who were
.or taken prisoners; . tlie Nawab presented eaCh o,W .. twith
t_wo. rupees and a: 'cicith, .,- and gave him pci:mtWon to
>d.e}1art. Baji Rao, downcast and dispirite9. ,
with th.is, his ...
face from that quarter, and' proceeded towards Dehb .. ; . -.. . !
.. L
' ... 1 :':.' t ,-, ..
. . t . ;
STUDIES lN INDIAN HISTORY 107
Samsamu-d daula Am'iru-1 umara Bahadut, after con-
:Siderable deliberation, sallied forth from Shah-Jahana
bad with intent to check the enemy; but Baji Rao, not ,
dctefuing it expedient at the time to kindle the flame -of
war; retired towards Agra, and Amiru-1 umara, consider
ing himself f0rtunate. enough in having So much,
re-entered the metropolis. This was the first occasion on
which the Mahrattas extended their aggressions so . fa.r
ns to threaten the environs of the metropolis. Though
most of the men, in . the Mahratta army are unendowed
with the excellence of noble and illustrious birth, and
carpenters, and shopkeepers abound among
their soldiery, yet, as they undergo all sorts of toil and
fatigue in prosecuting a guerilla warfare, they .prove
superior to the easy and effeminate troops of Hind, who
for the most part are of more honourable bil"th and call-
ing. I this class were to apply their energies I with equal
.zeal to the and free themselves from the tram
niels of indolence, their prowess would excel that of their
. rivals, for the aristocracy ever possess more spirit
die vulgar herd. The free-booters who fQrm the: virr
g1ia;rd of the forces, and marching in
.()t their main body, ravage the enemy's country, . are
called puikmahsd the Mahratta who are sta-
here and there by way of picquets ''ai . a ' ' ..
. f!,oxH. .. tl}e army, . for the purpose of keeping' a :"
. mati, and chhap'pah is synonymous in .. Y'
:slla1eil't w.ith a night-atta,ck. Their food '/:'<r
.chiefly <>.cakes of jawar, or baj1a,, dal, arhad, witlt...
a tittle hqttei<and n!d pepper; an:d hence it is that, owl :17 ;{
to the 'irasCibil-ity- of. thefr tempers, gentleness . is ... . : .:.';.
met with -IIi -their dispositions. The ordinary,.dtessf :'. . t;,t,\*
by .. turb'an, tunic,
. and : (short, drawers).
)iorses are many mares; and among the .::.,: . '.
'ilsefit by this tribe there aie but few. most
,. . .,, ... ' \': '' '.. ,, .,.;!.
}t_l'.
;f/. I I
j ,/ "' :\-
. .... ' ...
108
STUDIES IN !:<DIAN HIS1'0RY
the men being armed with swords, spe3rs, or arrows
instead. The system of milit;lry service
among them is this: each man, according to his grade.
receives a salanr in and clothes every year.
They caU rb.eu: stables pagah, and the horsemen who at-e
mot!nted on chargers belonging to a superior officer arc:o
styled bargiTs. . . .
, . Balaji's Exploils
Wl\en 'najl Rao, in the year '1153 A.H. (1710 A.D.), on the
of th.e river Ncrbadda, bore the burden of his
,CX.istt'ncc to tltc of non-entity. hiJ< Rahtji Rao,
lJccame his successor. and nftcr the manner of fathc1,
engaged vigorously in the prosecution of hoscilitics, the
organization ancl equipmeut of a large army, and the
, preparation of all tbc munitions of war. His son con
tin11ed t.<l pas.q days, sometimes at war, and at other
_ti;mes at wth the Nal)'ab Asaf Jab. AL Jcpg_th, 1n '
yea't l f6S ,(.p.), Sri>\ Rao, .the of
Sambhaji, passed aw'a'y, and the supreme amhority depart
eel out of the direct line of the 'Bhonslas. Ba.laji .Rao
selected anoUter of that family, in place of
Sabu's sou, to occupy the post of Raja, and seated W.m
on the thro11c. whilst he resct'Vcd Cor himself the entire
l!dministration of all the alfuirs of tho kingdom. Raving
fltCil the ancient chicftai011 from the lofty posi
. H,on. had held. be denuded them of tbei'l' dignity
:ina i,nflucncc, and began aggmndizing the Kokaoi
Brahmin1. who were of: the same caste as h imself. JJ;c
alro con.sfituted his cousin, Sadashco Rao, commonly
called Bhao .. Rao, his chief agent and prime minister.
The individual -hi. question was of acute understandi.og'
1
and .thoroughly with the proper_ of
,government. Thwqgn the i11Ruenee !)f ' Cl)<l,tgetic
coul\Sels, many were cons!antly brought to
a successful isSue, the recital of wWch would, lead to too
great prolixity. In Slioi:t, besides holding the fortress of.
Bijapur, he took possession ane)ll, of .the seat '
.. J,.
. ' .
.. , Jl
,,.
1 : - I,-
STUDIES lN i NJ?IAN HISTORY , I 109
<>f government of the' illustrious sovereigrfs; ..
with districts yielding sixty lacs o rupees, after forcibly
wresting it out of the hands of Nizamu-1 Mulk Nizaril
1
A.ii 'Khan Bahadur. He likewise took into -his sertice .
Khan Gardi, who had a well-org-anized train: .'
. :Of:.;.European artillery with him. . . . ' ,
. ' b
'The Abdali Monarch . '.
. , . . J
Ahmad Shah Abdali, in the year 1171 A.H. (1757-8.
-came rom the country of Kandahar . to-- Hindustan, and
.on the 7th of ..... Jumada-1 awwa,l of that year, had an i'nt'er- ..
. :ViiM with the Emperor
1
Alamgir II., at the phlace 0 .. . ,
:-'Shah-Jahanabad; he exercised _all kinds o. severity_and
-oppres.sion on the inhabitantli of that City, and united.' the
daughter of A'azzu-d din, own brother to His Majesty, in
t he bonds of wedlock with his own son, Timur Shah.
After an interval of a month, he set out to coerce Raja
Suraj Mal Jat, who, from a distant period, had extended
bis sway over the province of Agra, as far as the environs
of the city of Dehli. In three days he captured Balain-
garh, situated at a distance. of fifteen kos from :QenJi-,
. w-hich was furnished with all the for ,.st:ari&;ing_ .
a siege, and was well manned by Suraj MaT.s., followers.
After causing a general massecre of t,he ',gafrfso:h/ he , .
hastened towards Mathuh, and .having ,;razed 'that
.. simctuary of the Hi;,_dus .. to the ground,
the !dolators fal! a prey to his relentless sword. Then -:
t9 Agra, deputed his
Chief
1
Jal'1an Khan, to .. reduce .. all the .forts
the Jat chieftain. .At this ' time a dreadful
'broke with great ; virulence the Shah's
t hat be was forced 'to abandon his
ing Suraj Mal, and unwillingly . made
repair to hl.s' 9Wli . kiJ?-gdom. , ,
. On his retUin,- as soon as he
<Em:p_etor 'Alamgir went forth wi
;BaJladuT, and had an interview with: tlie
: of .t:{ie. Maksu'dabad iake,' when
. .. . ' . . ,. ''';, ...
llO
S11JOI'P.S: lN INDIAN .HIS'I"ORV
plaints against 'lmadu-1 MuH:. Gbaziud din Khan
D11hadur, who was at that time at Jfarrukhnbad, engaged
in exciting seditious tumults. Tile Shah, niter forming
a matrimonial alliance with the daughter of his late
,Majesty Muhammad Shah, and investing Najibu-d daula
with the title of Amriu-! umara and the dignified post of
bakhshi, set out for Lahore. As soon as be had planted
his sublime standard on that spot, he confct'tcd both
the government of Lahore and Multan on his son, Timur
Sluth, a!'.d leaving Jahan Khan behind with him, proceed
.cd himself to Kandahar.
_: J!'ban Khan dcspalcbcd a warrant to Adina Deg
Khan, who at rhat time had mken up hi& residence nt
. L-a'l:hi Jangal, investing him with the supreiUc
1
!)f tbe terl'ito:ry of tbc l)o:.b, along with a l<hil'at of
! . value, and adopted the mosL conciliatory
towards him, whereupon the latter, esteeming
'lhi3 atrucaJ)le attention as,a max:k of good
>!tinuClf, to the pro!""' of . the
Doab. '\.Yben Jaban Khan, ltowc'9er,; surrunott.ed him to
his presence, he did not consid'er it to his advantage co
wait UJlOn him; so, quitting the territory of th,e Doab, he
retired into tbe hilt-country. Aft.er this occurrence, Jaha.n
,Khan appointed a person named Murad Khan to tbe
,charge of the Doab, and sent Sarbuland Khan and
Khan, of the Abdati tribe, along with him to
birn. Adimt Beg Khan, having united rhe Sikh
: na.tion 'to his own forces, advaru:cd ta give battle to
. "uraa: :&Iran. when Sarbuland Khan quaffed the cup of
.martyi'd'om> on ,the field of action, and Murad Khan and
;h -
Sarfarat ueing no resource left tllem but fligh.t,
returned t!>' Jallan 'Khan, and the Sikhs ravaged
. distticts of th<:t Doab. .
. As soon is' active hostilities were comn'lcnccd beMvccn
.N,ajibud daula and _!Imadul Mulk, the latter s_ct out
J!oll! l.'amtkhabad tawar<;ls. to opP?sc tll<; forrner,
and forwarded letters to. Dalaj! Rao and. hiS cousm Bhao,
.soliciting a,id, and inviting ariny to espouse

S'lVl)IES IN lNDIAN HISTORY
111
his cause.. Bhao, who 'alway cherishing plans in hi.i
bead for the national aggrandizement, counselled Balaji
Rao to despatch an army for the conquest of tb,e territories
of liindmtan, which be allitiDed to be then, as it were,
an assetnbl y unworthy of tc"Vcrencc, and a rose devoid of..
tb,orns.
.
Memoir of Raglnmath Rao
In 1171 A.ll. (17.578 A.D.) Raghunath Rao, a brother of
Ba!a.ii Rao, accompanied by Malhar Rao Ho1kar, Sham
8bcr Bahadur, and Jayaj[ Sindbia, started from the
Dakhin toward& Dehli at the head of a gallant and irresist-
ible army, to subdue the dominions of Hindustau. As
soon as they reached Agra, they rurned off to Shah-Jhana
bad in company with 'Iroadu-1 Mulk, the watir, who was
the in.<tigaLor of the irruption made hy this torrent of '
destruction. After a sanguinary engagement, they ejected
Najibu-d daula from the city of Dehli. and consigned the
management of the allairs of govemmcnt to the care of
'Imadu-1 Mulk, the watir.
Raghunath Rao and the rest of the Mahratta chiefs
see-out from Dehli toward! Lahore, at the solicitation of
Adina Beg Khan, of whom mention has been liriefly made
above. After -leaving the suburbs of Dchli, they irrHred
first at Sirhind, where they fought an action with Abdu-s
Samad Khan, who 11.'\d been installed in the gOvernment
of that place by th.e Abdali Shah, :mel took him prisoner.
Turning away from thence, they pushed on to Lahore,
and got ready for a oonflict with Jahan Khan, who was
stationed thefe. The latter, ho,venr, being alarmed 'at
the pau9ty ci'f his troops in compariBon with th,e
tude of the enemy, Tesolvcd at once to seek safety in Right.
Accordingly, in the month of Sha'ban, 1171 <\.it. (l\.pri!,
1758 A.n.), he pursued the road to Kabul with ih:e
speed, accompanied by Tintur Shah, and. n>:ide' a
to th.e e.uemy of the heavy baggage and property that be
had accumulated during his administration of that region. ,,
The Mahratta chieftains in pursuit of 'l'imj!J-
112 . STUDlES IN H.ISTORY.
Shah as far as the river Attock, and then . retraced their
steps to Lahore. This time the Mahrattas extended their
sway up to Multan. As the rainy season had commenced,
.they delivered over the province of Lahore to Adina
, Beg Kliau, 011 his to pay a tributary offering of
.seventy-five lacs o rupees; and made up minds to
return to the Da\iliin, being anxious to behoid ag-ain tlieir
beloved famllies at liome.
reaching Dehli in .the cotn-se of their return,
.fl}.lide str'4ight for their <;lestil1ation, after leaving one . of
. "o/arlike chieftains, named at the head of a
,. . . army in the vicinity of the metropolis. It
. . 41anced that in the year 1172 A.ll. (1758-9 A.D.) Adina Beg
: Khan passed away; whereupon Jankuji entrusted the
. of the prov)nce of Lahore to a Mahratta,
, ,.called Sarna, whom he despatched . thither. He also ap
: ' i te'a. .SP,dik.. .Beg Kh411, one of Adina Beg Khan's .fal-
'1'" -v- 0 -.. ' . . .. ' , ,
,r,; th;e \of ! SirhJ.Ild,, .. .. &'a';e t}'re
,. .i eg . .
' a , ; . pahdFe,. to. the
o govel,"nment, and pushed OJ.;t h1s far as the river
Attock. ln the.' meanwhile, 'Imadu-1 Mulk, the wazir,
caused Shah 'Alamgir II to suffer martyrdom, in retalia-
'tion for an ancient grudge, and placed the son of Muhi'US
:'!:; ... son of Kani B_akhsh, son of Aurangzeb
' the throne of Dchh.
, I,'><H
.. Datta Sindhia
' .... .


Jankuji's ul?-cle, about that time fo.rme.d .
t.}le . the kingdom of.the
da,ula and other Rohilla '
becoming 'o this fact, and .
i)nage of

reflected. in the .
.. wrot,e numerous letters to Jf
: ; ::: :S4.a4; .. and used to.
.. . ;a1,ndustan. vyas .vexed.- on
,of Timur been
:take to flight, .Qver plans:.
.t,t 0.
,
STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY . 113
. of revenge; accounted this friendly .. overture :_ a
advantage, and set himself at once in motion.
:Pa.tta, in company with ,his nephew Janku,_ after
crossing the .Juhna, advanced against Najibud daula,
. 'Imadu-1 Mulk, . wazir, hastened to
:;suppo.rt, agreeably to his request. As the number. -of the
Mahratta troops amounted to nearly 80,000 horse,
'finding his strength inadequate to l'isk
..an open battle, threw up intrenchments at one
.of the places belonging, to Antarbed (the Doab), situated
.oqn the bank of the' rivet Ganges,. and there held .himself
hi rbadiness to oppo'se the enemy. As the . rainy season
ptes'ented an insurmountable obstacle to. .Datta's move-
ments,. he was forced to suspend military operations, and
in the interim Najibu-d daula despatched several lettets
, .to Nawab Shuja'u-d daula, begging his assiStance.
The N awab, urged by the promptings . of valour and
;gallantry, started from Lucknow in the height of the
rains, which . fell with greater violence than in ordinary
years, and having with the utmost spirit apd .resolu.tion
traversed the intervening roads, which were all
. wretched muddy condition, 111ade Shahab?Id the
his camp: Till the . conclusion of the raiD;y ..
-however, he unable to unite :with Najiqu-d daula,
-owing to the over.fl<>:wing of the river Ganges. : ..
.. No sooner the rains. cotne. to an .tlla:n one
Mahratta chieftains; who bore the . appellation of ..
.forded. the stream at Datta's command, .. :: :\ .:,!.:
party
1
of 20,000. cavalry, and allowed no
of Chandpur and many other populous places to .esea :.".;::+
He then ?ctook
.the spot where Sa'di!
7
11ah Khan, Dundi a:111 .
.Ralunat Khan .had assembled, a'fter having J :J
d u'tt d th b 'de t. a. r' '"''t'
. c;tn q 1 c -en: a o s, o atL9 .. i'. P , .;.. : <
.. .. d:aul.a.' . These three, findihg:{ .. : . es ;:.tin- .,
.. to"cope With him; took Tefuge on the ., Y '
,, : bills. . :. ,

' J ' ' :

. ' .;" ' '
Shuja'-u-d daula, being:.Japprised -9 ..
.: . . . :. . ' .
: 114
STUDIES IN INDIAN , fllSTORY
cumst:ancc, mounted t.he fleet steed of resolution, and
in Rabi'ul awwal, 1173 A.a. (Oct. Nov. 1759 A.D.), talting
his troops resembling the in his traitl, he repaired
on the wings. of speed to Chand pur, dose to t.he locality
where Najibu-d daula was statiOne-d. As Gobind Pandit
h,ad reduced the latter's force. as a., hls companions
to great straits, by cutting off their supply of provuions,
Nawab Shuja'u-d daub Dab.adur despatched 10,!)00
cavalry, consisting of Mughals and others, under the
command of Mirza Najaf l<.han Babadur, Mir Bakar
and other leaders, to attack the Pandit's camp. I
He also afterwards sent olf Anupgar Gusain, and Raj
Indar Gusain in rear of these. Tlte leaders in question
having fought with becoming gallantry, and performed
the. most valiant deed, succeeded in routing the enemy.
Our of t.hc whole oC Gobind Pandit's force, 200 were
left weltering in blood, and as many more were captur-
ed: allve, :whilst a vast number were overwhelmed in the
watw 'the lrOJ;ncnse booly <tlsO fell in,to the.
hattds .of the victors, c&mptising every description of
valuable goods, Logcther wit.h horses and cattle. Gobind
Pandit, who after suffering t.his total defeat bad escaped
from the field of battle across the river Ganges, gave
himself up to despair, and took to a prccipilale Bight.
A.s soon as this intelligence reached the ears of Hafiz
l<.han and the rest of the Rohilla chieftains,
tbcy fortb from tbe forests of Kamauo, aod repair
cd 10 . Nawab Shuja'u-d daula's camp. Meanwhile
Najibu-d daula was released from the perils and mi,s
fortunes of his position. .
'Wawab Shuja'ud daula Bab.adur assembleq thi>
Rohilla chiefs/ and offered them advice in the following
strain: "The enemy has an ittnumeiablc army, his
. military prowess is ,formidable, anti he has gained posses
sion of most of the distritts in your territory; it is there
.fore better for you 10 make overtuus for Every
one, both high and low, applauded. the Nawab's
.judicious counsel, an.d voted .that pacific negotiations
S'l'VOU:S (N ll'{OIAN HISTORY 117
should be immediately entered into with .Datta; but the
truce had not yet been established on a secure basis.
whCJl life news of Ahmad Shah Abdali's approach, arta
of his arrival on this side of Labore, astonished the cau.
of 'alL .Datta, with the arrogance that eve filled his-
' :bead, would not allow the preliminaries of peace to be
brought to a conclusion; but haughtily discarding. the
amicable relations that was in pl' OCCliS of contracting,.
moved with a resolute step along the road to Dehli,
with n view to encounter the Abdali Shah. He was ac-
at that dme by 80,000 horsemen, weli armed'
_and eqUipped. I ,
' When dte Shah set out from Lahore in the direc-
tion of Dehli, he thought to himself that on the direct
:ro.1d between these two places, owing to the passage to
and fro of the Mahratta troops, it would be dillicult tO
find any thriving villageo, and grain and. forage would
be ahnot unprocurable. Consequently, in the month
of Rabi'u-1 awwal, 1175 .<.H., he crossed the river Jtunna,
and entered Antarbed. Be it not unknown, Antar-
bed is the name given to the land lying between the
Ganges and its frontier being Hardwar and ;he
l(amaun hills, which are situated in the northern
.quartL'T of Hind . .. .
Ia. short, Ahmad Shah Dur.rnni entered Antarbed,
and Najibu-d daula and the other Rohilla cliiefs, whose
territories were situated io that kingdom, came to join
rho. 'Shah., They likewac brought sums of money, as-
.Vell as grain and pt'Ovisioos, to whatever extent they
could procure them, and delivered them over the Sha1!'s.
use. Through this cordial support of the Rohill a.
the .Shah acquired redoubled strength, and having ll.irtc,t-
:ed his corps- of Durranis, wh.o were employed il) the
campaign on skirmishing duties, to pursue 9J;din:u:y
-route, and be in readiness for an engagement with Datta,
proceeded himself to the eastward, by way .of Antarbed.
. On this side too, Datta, travelling. with the speed of
-wind and lightning, conducted hi$ army \O Sirhin!i;
-
. 116 S"'UDI'BS IN INDIAN HISTORY
where he happened to fall in with the Shah's skirmish
ing parties. As the Dur.ranis are decidedly superior to'
the Mahrat.ta !Toops in the rapidity o their evolutions,
.and in tbeh system of predatory warfare, the moment
they conf1'0nted each other, Datta's army unable to
bold ground. Being compelled to give way, he
retired to DehU, keeping. up a running light the way,
ami' took up a position in the plain of BawaJi; which
!'ies in tl\c vicinity of Shab-Jaha.nabad.. At _that juncture,
.Janl<.ujt proposed ro his nephew with haughty pride, th"l\t
:r)ley should. try ao<l extricate themselves from thein
.&itical situ:1tion, and Jankuji at once diet exactly whal
his respected uncle suggested. In Datta and l1is
troops dismounted from their hones after the manner
of the of Hind a.bout to sacrifice their lives,
J,tnd boldly maint.aip.ed their footing ofi the field of
' battle. ':J'he' Durranis 'l!ssailed the enemy with ar:!")\1(8),
and sworl!s,. '!(>' theJ!l a :no(>
<('() allow a single indi'l'idu11! to escapt in dte
scene of action. : "this eveht tooR: place ill' Jnmadal
awwal, 1173 A.B. Qan. 1760 A.ti.).
\
Malhar Rao Hollr.ar
...
L
As soon as this intelligence reached the quick ear of
Malbar .Rao Holkar, who at that time was staying at
Makandara, he consigned d>e surrounding districts to
'the flames, aud making up his mind, proceeded in
bane to Sura j Mal Jat, and importuned that
Raja-:ro join him in the war against the Durra.nl Sbab.
Tl1e latter; ftowever, strong! y objected to with
his request, stating that he was unable to adyance O.Ut
'Of his own teititory to engage in hosli.lities with theril.
Jls he had not sufficient strength to risk a o;ntle;
:l'nd that if the enemY were to make an attncJs : u pon .
111m, be would scclr.:refnge within his In tbe -lntel)o
1t came to Holk'ar.s khowledge, 'that the AI-ghans
'0. iAhtatbed liad moved OUt 'o,f viUages with
treasure and P,rovisions,' witli iJJteill'< to"coO:Vey to
...
I
STUDim'i 'IN INDIAN HI.STORY 119-
the Shah's and had arrived as far as
whi.cl} i.9, one of the dependencies of An tar bed, situated 'at
a of twenty kos from Dehl{ towm:ds the east.
lje .. them with the utmost
h'aving fallen npon them, delivered theti.1 up to "in-
plunder.
: ; . Tlie Abdali Shah, having .been apprised . of thj.s cir-
p,lmstance, deputed Shah Kalandar Khan and Shall'
Pasand. Khan nun'ani, at the head of 15,000 hotse, tO
. chastise . Holkar. TI1e individuals in. havin!f
.. Dehli from. Nar.naul, : a .distance of: seventy /w.t,
.. in;.,; tw_enty-four arrd having halted durix:g tQe da}'
from their: fatigues, effected a rapid l?assage
the -Jumna, as soon as half the night was over, and
by using the utmost expedition, .succeeded in reachil'lg
Sikandra by sunrise. They then encompassed Holkar's
.army, and made a vast number o his men fall a prey
to their relentless swords. Holkar found himself reduced
to great straits; he had not sufficient leisure to
a saddle on his horse, but was compelled to mount with>
merely a saddle-doth under him. and flee for his life.
Three hundred more horsemen also followec;J,, afteJt hj ifj
in the same destitute plight, but the .remai:pdex; .his
, troops, beirig completely hemmed in, were dtiO:_er:
captured, and an quantity qf: prope_rty, and
l1pusehold good.s, as well as numberS. o fell . into--
. th-e r lrhnds: :0 the Durranis; About this time, too,. the
at :,Debli .from -and took up . hUi;
quahers Ul<the city.
. . 1 _ .. :. (. t . }
. .: .. Forces of the Dakh111.
.-. .. - .., . . . . . . . '
In the year ll72 . A.H, (17589 A.D.
_ li>rotP,er of afl#
. . l ;ahore and Mul t;.m : Beg
. lllnkuji with : a formidable army in
' of Dhli; arrivecl the
1
Shanishe:r; Bahadur, _, Malhar R.ao;,_qv}'_!'''l-"
. Sadash:eo' Rao . BhaoJi;
. . .
... .:
' f
..
.. .
..
'
118 S'IUOIES IN INDIAN HJSTORY
.cousin, and his chief agent and prime minister, began
instituting inquiries as to the receipts and disbursements
made during the invasion of Hind, As soon as it became
.app:ucnt, that after spending the revenue that bad been
1evied from tbe country, and the proceed$ arising fro.nt
the plundered booty, the pay of the so!piery, amounting
to about sixty lacs o ropees, was due; the vain illusion
.,v:u. dissipated from Bbaoji's brain. The latter's dislike
1.0 Raghunath Rao, moreover, had now broken into open
<ontumely and discord, :md Dalaji Rao, vexed and ais-
-gusted at finding his own brother despised and dispal"\g
ed, sent a letter to Bhaoji, declaring that it was es.o;entiaUy
-requisite for him now to unfurl the standard of invasion
in person agninst Hlndustan, and endure the fatigues
;the campaign, since be was so admirably fiued for the
undertak.ing. Bhao, without positively refwing to con
sent to his wishes, managed to evade compliance for a
', olhole year, by having recourse to prevarication and
:SUbterfuge.
JJiswas Rao, the son of Balaji Rao
iBiswas Rao, 'Balaji Rao's eldest son, who was .seventeen
years old, solicited the command of the army from his
'father; and though the latte> was in reality displeased
bis request, yet in the year 1173 A.R. (1759-60 A.D.)
.he sent him off with Bhaoji in company. Malbar Rao,
1?ilaji Jadaun, Jan Rao Dhamadsari, Shamsher Bahadm,
Sabuli Dadaji Rao, Jaswant Rao Bewar, Balwant Rao,
-Ganesh Rao, and other famous and warlike leaders, alon8
'With a force of 35,000 cavalry, were also associated with,
Bhao. Ibrahim Khan Gardi, who was the superintendent
of the European artillery, likewise accompanied him.
()wing to the' sul trincss of the hot scasos:v ,tbc:y
were obliged to rest dery other day, and thus by alterna,te
marches and haltS, they at length reached Gwalior.
As soon as the story of 'Imadu-! Mnlk and Jankuji _
Siodl\ia's having sought refuge in the forts to
Suraj l\tfal Jat, and the particulars of Daua's death a.nd
e
STUDIES IN INDIAN lilSTORY
119'
Holl<.ar's defeat, as well as the rout and spoliation ot
both their forces, were poured into the ears of Biswas
Rao arid Ilbaoji by the reponers of news and the detail
crs of intelligence, VW!t excirement arose so that a wjoU:m
o . Lwo monlhs Look place aL Gwalior. Mall10r Rao
Holkar, who had escaped with his life from the battle
with the Durranis, and in the mean time ' had joil}ed
Biswas Rao's camp, then started from Gwalior for Shah
Jahanabad by Bbao's order, at the head of a formidable
army, and having reached Agra, Look Jankuji Sindhia
along w'iUl him from thence, and drew near to his
destination.
Ahmad ShalL Abdali, on ascertaining this news,
sallied out from the city of Dehli to encounter him; but
the latter, finding himself unable to resist, merely made
some dallhing cxcmsions to the ;right and left for a few
days, nftet rhe guerilla fashion. As the Shah, however,
would never once refrain from pursuing him, he was
ultimately forced to make an ignominious retreat back
along the road he had come, ancl having returned to
Gwalior, went and rejoined Bhaoji. The rainy season was
coming on,. . . . w Ahmad Shah crossed the river Jumoa,
and having encamped at Sik:l.ndra, gave inst.mc6oru to the
officers of his army, to prepare houses of wooa and grass
for Ulemselves, in place of tents and pavilions.
Dhao and Bimas Rao. having marcbed from Gwalior,
after many stages, and tt-avcning long distauces,
as ,soon aA' t!iey :reached Akbarabad, Holklll' and Jankuji,
F Blia\)'S instigation, betook themselves to Raja Surnj
Mal Jat, aJid brought him along with them to have _ap
intet;View. wi.th Bbao. The ' latter went out a , (iaqt
r.amp to meet him, and 'ltnadti-1 Mulk, the Wlfl'ir, als<i
lJ;eld a conference with ' Bbao through Surnj mcid,{;
ation. Sura) 'Mill proposed that the camp:((gli,
be 'conducted on the foll'owi'ng plan, viz., tl>at'tbey sliowd
their extra bagg'gc and heavy guris; together with
relatives, in Ute fort of Jhailsi; by ' the side
o'f Ute iiv.er Chambal; and then proceed' to wage a preda-
' '
1
....
120
SfUDtF.S IN rNOJAN H.!S1'0\l.Y
t(Jry and desultory style of agaiJJSt the enemy;:, :t$
is the usual practice of the Mahtatta troops; for
these circumstances their territory be behind
tbdt backs, atld a constant supply of provisions 'voul<l
not fail to reach their camp in safety. Bhno and .the
other leaders, after heating Sural r.rals obscrvarious,
approved of decision; but Rao, who was ar
inexperienced youth, intoxicated with wjnc' <>f ar{og-
al)Ce, "fOuld not follow hi advice. Bhao accordingly
carried on opm-atlons in conformity with Biswas RaO:S,
and set out from Akbarabad towards Dehli
With the force th:tt be had at his disposal. On Tusedoy,
the 9tl, c>f Zi-1 hijja. lin A.H. (23 September 1760 A.o.).
allout the. time of rising of the world-lllumining sun,
he enjoyed tbe felicity of beholding the fort of Dehli.
command of the gaJTisio)1 there was at t)lat time.-
'llltP.Jstt-4 to 'Ali Khan Bahmanzai, brother: to
Shah Wa!i the l)linister of the Durrani

,VibO, in' Sl.?J!C Of IJ!Ultitude O.f his enemies, w'ouJd n ot
sucrumb, aJ!<:l 'spar ..no exlons to the .fort
lvith the few martial that .he had with him.
Capture of the fort of Dchli
Bbao, conjecturing that the fort of Dehli would be
devoid o the protection of any garrision, and would tlrerF
fore1 iprmediately on bei ng besieged, fall ttodcr his sub-
.. went alld took up a position near Sa'du-llah
.Kban:s -mansion, with a multitude of croops. , .. Ibrahim
k;han Gard:i, who was a confederate of "Bhao, bad the
of the Eumpcatt artillet-y, planted his
thWldering ca.n.non, with their skilful gunners, opP,osife
the fort on' of d)e sandy plain! and havif!S,
the battlemcnl'a , of tlie Octagon Tower and the- ;\Sad'
Burj a mru:k for iji, lightning-darting gons,
' many of the royal :.' edifices. Every day the
i).oise .of attack on of the 'fort die - n'unds
oti. ;;t!Je alar1;n apd apprehension: tne over.
flow;ng ' of:, the . Jumna prejeri'ted . i nsurmountable obs
. ... .. . '
I
\
'
''
'N.' '
tacl,e to .. the crossing Of tlfe Duramii .
:it.)rom affording any succqur: te the .
in the fort were very neady .
.. and;'.Ya'kub 'Ali Khan was fo.rced to enter .negotia- . ;_,
or peace .. He first removed; his' .,.: , :,
.. r and property, from the_fort to the bf:-'..Ni ...
. Matdan Khan, then, havmg crossed d1e nver . r.
from thence on board a boat, .betook ' to. : ... ",,
Shah's camp . . On the 19th ot,the . a.foresaid ... :}
year, Bpao entered thee 'fort .alpng,.with Biswas Rao, .and : . '
. .. posspss!on .of . all .:a'nd goods that he . ,/_
. fi:nd :in the old_.. repositories . of the family.
''He; il,S,o 'broke in pieces the ' silver ceiling of ih.e
Khass;' .. which. he extracted so much of the .. s
t;netal as . to . be able to coin lacs of rupees out
of it. Narad Shankar Brahmin ;was then appointed by
Bhao to the post of governor of the .fort. . .
The Durrani Shah; after. his engagement with Datta,
which terminated in the . destruction of the latter, had
despatched Najibu-d daula . to the province of. d\!9,-h. ,
: a conciliatory epistle, was as it '
f;rie!1dsl1ip, for the purpose of fetching ...
daula Bahadur. Najibu-d

.P, ' ' #. liJ.m: .

$elf way of Eta:va .to Kanauj;
. and .
...... Jl'.CQ.lJLc. the' ferr.y of, _;l\.fal_ldipur,
1
9,fz.the .
on this .side tb,e .. 1-ivet.;_-G;mges, the
.; ......... .,; ... "' :tool<, that.
dohill.').eiit, haci. been
' :coorted by
.. Of
122
afforded blm the gratificatio1.1, on the 4th of Zi-1. l.iijj'!>
1'173 uJ. (18th July, 1760, A,J>.), o: payil)g his respects to
the Shah, and the son of Lhf! laue1:. Ti(nU)'
Shah, iJJ his embrace.
remah1ed som& lime in the fott ef Shah-
, j'.dlanabad, in co)lSequence of' tht rainy seaoon, which
horses ftom stini.qg a foot, and depl'ived
,tb'e cavaly of ilie power of fighting; he . sent a;
.nam:ecl'lllnvahi .Sankar Pandit to Nawab Shuja'u-d dlll!la,
wii.h me ('Ollowing message: ''If it is inconvenient fOr
)'ori alliance with your friends, _you should
.:tt least keep aloof rom the enemy, and rcmam perfectly
.neutrill to both parties." The above-named Pandit, bav
ing crossed the river Jumna, went to Nawab Shuja'u-d
ltul:'r ll'ahadur, and delivered this message. The latter,
'>;itter its drift, despatChed his cun1.1ch Yakut
JOlan, who was one. of the oldc.t and most confi.aentia1
sei'Vlilltt of .governmeiitj in Ompa.llo/ :with.
Shanlpw P;amitt; nns)'ler of thiS <:Iesmp:
tii>n :h .... & uie R,ajas this eln'pire liM the Rorulla
Chiefs were reduced 'to tl:\e''lait !Sy
1
the violcot
aggres.ions of Raghunath Rao, Datta,- H,olkar, and their
subordinateS, they solicited the Abdhli Shah to come to
Hindustan, with the Niew of saving themselves from ,
. fui11. "The seed that they sowed has now begun to bear
Nevertheless, if peace be agreeable to you, from
for our ancient ricndsWp, my bt cndca
;\Your.s' sllall ,be. used towards concluding one.'' Eventu
:ally, that a.s far a.s Sirhirid should be
uniler tlie Sh'al:il.s aominion, and all on this side of. {t
bel'ong to. lllm: but the whole rainy season
<Spent in n:egoti'i\'!;ian; and no peace wa.s
In the intt.T!f.1, Su.raj Mal Jat, who d!sae!Jled
speedy dGWI\11!1 Cif the Mahratta power, :< havj11g
with h.ls u'oops, in eompany with Mull<..
' VJ_e from hb at Satai Badarpltr, -wbil:h is
sit11ated six, hot,ft6tti Dehli onthe eastern ,. II
aide, and fl(fty kor in'one without inform
..._.
>
'
'
lng Bhao. be1ook. himself to Bilimgarb,' wJch is one
of hjs forts. .
As tbc Mahratta troops made repeated complaints
to- Bltao rl!garding the scarcity of grain and forage, Ule,
later. on the 29th of the month of Safar, A..w. (9th
>October, 1760 A.D.). removed Shah Jaban, son of Muhi'u-s
St111nat, ' son oE Kam Bakhsh, son of Amangzeb 'Al,an)gir,
.: a11d having seated the illustrious Prince, . Mirza Jawail
Bakht, the grandson of Alamgir II., on the )bronc. of
Dehli, publicly conferred the dignity of 'wazir on Shuja'ud
object was this, that the Durrani Shah might
to and suspicious of the Nawab in ques-
Leaving Naiad Sh:Ulkar Brahmip,. of whom men-
tion has been made above, behind in the fort of Sba"'
Jahanabad, be hil:nsel set out, with all his partisans
-atlc.l retainers, in the direction of Kunjpura. This place
is fifty-f-our ltos to lile west of Debli, and seven to the
north of the pargantt of Kamal, an.d it is a' dislTict the
.original cultivators of. which were the Robi.llas.
Capttlre ot the fort of
Dft'i\'o, on tl1e lOth of Rabi'u-1 awwal, 1174 (t9'th
)760), cncorupas;ed the fort o with
llis lroops, and subdued it itt the twinkling 9f"an. eye by
the lire of his thundering cannon. ,Sevei:ill chiefs wei'e in tlie
fQrt, one 9f wliom was 'AbdU>s - .d Ab!lali,
o_( wl!o had been by ' '
).tao q. !170. ,.,_'Jf. (1756-7), but had
his re1casc, as 'was related in the narrative. of.
Awn11- l)eg Khllu's There were, . besi<l<:il!
Kut)i Dalil<.Khan, and Nijabat K.lian, aU
%.f'mind4rs Of , in' Antarbed, who .had be$ gu:Uty,
of, col).veying tq Abdali Shah's camp, A
the. foret,.. Bhao. made Abdus Jij),an {llld ,
rf:,r.o . Dig."-Nigtil'-namai' Hind.( . 'w
e & JIOut an<L

garriscm"' -of nearly 30,000
' ' .
125
In the interim Gobind Pandit,, who Wa$ .. the t4h#l;
dar of !he district of Shukohabad, etc., betook himSelf. to
Dehli at Bbao's suggestion, with a body of 10,000 cavali'if:
apd Intercepted the tramport of supplie. to the
.Sh?th's army.' ...
When the basis of the enemy's power had been over
thrown (at Panipat), and' the surface of the .plain bad
been relieved of the insolent foe, the triumphant Cham-
pions of the victorious army proceeded eagerly to pillage
the Mahratta camp, and in gaining
of an unlimited quantity o 'silver and jewels, 500
enonno\ts elephants, 50,ooo horses, 1000 camels, and two
lacs of bull9C]c.s with a vast amount of goods and chat-
tels, and a countless assortment of equipage.
80,000 labourers too, who drew their origin from the
Dak)lin, fell into captivity. T owards evening the Abdali
Shah went out to look at the bodies of the slain, and
fotmd great heaps of oorpses, and running streams pro-
duced by the Rood. of . .. Thirty-two mounds of
slain were counted, and the ditch, p1otected by artillery,
of such immense length tbat it could contain several lacs
of human beings, besides cattle and baggage, was com-
'filled with dead bodies:
Assa.ssination of"Sindhia Janliuji . .,
IR;I'o Kashi Nat.\1, on -seeing jailk\lji, wlio was a youth of
twenty, . witli a handsome count enance, and at. tliat 'time
haC! liip- wounded band hanging .m.,a sling from his ned.
ilceply grieved, the; tears started ttom
.eyes . ... Jankiiji . .raised his head and exclaimed: 4'It
is betfer to . d\ e with one's. Jrieilds than to Jive
one's '
' The Nawab', in .uniso1l '!"itb Shah Wali Kl1an, sorid
'
' Fot accounts of the . skirmishes atut battle' see the
fit.e'll.iOJl.S ("St!ldies in Indian l{istory.v, Part. II}:
7'/ji-r wor/r., ls.more djffu.ye, an4 enters. into gr.eater ddails
1
.. <
b'ti! t'ht t,wo at:r.ountl agree in the :>J"
'
. '
. ,
).26 STUI)LE8 IN INDIAN H(SJ'ORY
ted Lhe Shah to spare Jnnlr.uji's life; whereupon, the Shan
summoned Barlr.hurdnr Khin, and 'constaltcd him on the-
propriety of the to. . \'i'hich Khan in
returned a decideil. n.cgat.ivc. At the sanae lime, one of
Lhe Dutr.utis, at suggt:stion, went
a'nd cut Janluijlts dU:Oat, and buried 1\.i.in u.udel" ground
inSide' the 'i/ecy in whicfr llf wa's imprisoned .
... . , ...

Ibrahim Khan Gilrcl.i
1
s Deao
'Shuja' !l.' l(uJi Khan, a powerful !lllcl inllucQt il!l s'Ctvaot.
of "Lhc Nawab Sbuja'u-d daula BahadUl. having captured
Ibrah'im Khan Gardi on the field of bnttlc, kept him with
t)J.e .s.'lid Nawab's cognilance in his own tcna:. No sooner
did this intelligence bccrnnc public, Lbtut the
b egan .in a body to raise a violent rumult, and damorously
eonS':'egating round the door of the Shab '6 tent, declared
Il).'tl3,him 1\lec):: was "'ls.werablc for the of
:o tlieir and th1\t
whoever souliJ.U ta pThtect him \fOU!d meut
of tlleir 4aula; that
one b'e slain. for a contest
with the Durmnj foccc.s, wltereujiOll there ensued a
fraightCul disturbance. At lenglh, Shah Wali Khan took
Shuja'dcl dania aside privately, anct addressing
him in ll friendly and affectionate tone, proposed, that .be
": sllould deliver up Tht'llhiin Khan Gardi to him, OJ.' the
sal<.e ;tppeasing the wrath of the Du.rran.ls; and after a
W'.!ell, iVhen their evil passions had been allayed, he would
tq him uldividuar entrustccl to bis care. .ln'
short, Wuzra (Shah Wnli Khan), having obtained'
him &oro Nawab, applied a poisonous plaster to b:ls
wounds; so tb,a(;. by the expiration of a weet,
was brought 19, a ..
Discq,tlery of B!laofl's Corpse ..
t.erminarioo of career . has been differently
Nawab Shu)a:\u,d d'aula, h'av;ing "lt\Ottnte<l: aftel:'
the victqry, took Sbisha .Dl1ar Pruldit, ;nd!
' .

'. (' ):- _;' ., . :. ,. .:: .... -::::. .
Sll'UDlES IN xNDlAN ; . : '. . 12,7 .
. ' . 't .. .:-1: .. ..
other associates .. of Bhaoji along
wandering. o:ver the field of battle, searching

.
ses of, ' the Mahratta chiefs, and mote espedal:i.y.
, _,iBna_oji's dead body. They accordingly :. ,' ..
.. o( Jaswant Rao Balwar, Pilaji, and
. >Who' .. had received forty'. lying ..; :: i
-idion; and, in like manner,, those of oth.eX' fam<>il!J. j'
characters .also came in view.. Bhao' s corpse :]
found, when from beneath a dead body three valuable. geJ.DS.; .. ,";'".;.
' unexpecteacily shone forth. The Nawab presented .tb()ge
peru:ls to the Paridits a:bove, and dixected. '-, ;t.
trf. . and recognize that fobn. r.hey 'r.;
l'Jl-: Clomg so through .the scar -of a gunshot wound m the : ..
. fobt, and another on the side be.hind: the

.w:hiclJ; ./.
'Bhao had received in former days. With theii:::..' eyci'
bathed in tear$ they exclaimed: '
1
This is .Bhao, th-rule:r
6 the J;>akhin.''
8
. Some an opinion, tl1at .
after Biswas death, performed prodigies of valour, .
.and then disappeared from sight, and no one ever .t
him afterwards. Tho individuals consequently, boi:h. ,
. natives of the Dakhin, have publicly aSSu1fied the
. ,. .. 9.f Bhao, and dragged a of ,
.... ";,deceitful snare. As a falsehood be :
.. ' qne was eveiJ.t.ually put to
. -in order of.)
,. .
l/
:inaintained a .erecarious .. against the violent
assaq.lts of death for some' :days; but notwithstanding
'.that they used the . mostj strenuous. ex(!rtions . to. effect-
tlleir . e,sC3.P,e in divers dire.ctions. fron;t .Panipat, not a
. on:e was .being slain an,d :elup.dered by
. o that quarter. of lihe wpole. of the
::..- chiefs too, .:with the,. of M.alhar:. Rao . "
,' A;ppaji
1
Ghlkawar . and- 'Bith11. Suded,.- not.;anotb.er . . : ,
ever ,tp reach- the Dakhin. . . . . ' ,' . . ,.
' ,. ' . ,. . ' . . ;.
. .,...., ... ,,.
r 'y (?,.
of Bhaoji's Wife '. '<
in company with Shamsher
uuJU:lcrl , to Balaji Rao, and a party of confidential atten
:tr;aversed a long distance with the utmost celerity,
'betook herself to' the fortress o Dig. There that
lady remained for two. or three days
.husband:, and then m3;de. her '
to
':.
Madhu Rao) son of Balaji
Madhu Rao, after the demise of : his father, was iristaUed
in the throne of sovereignty at Poona; and Raghunath
Rao conducted the administration of affairs as prime
minister, after the manner of the late Bhao.
180 STUDll!S lN lNDJ.AN. HlSl'ORY
the llhao in question sent letters into other pargano.r, and
having sunimoned the revenue officers from ali quartel'3,.
commenced seizing and appropriating all the cash,
property and goods. Whatever horses, elephants or
camels he fotLnd with any one, he immediately sent for,
and kept ln his own pos.cssion. .
'fh.is pretender to the name of Bhao always kept hi&.
face. half covered under a veil, both in public and private,
on the plea that the wound on his visage was still un ..
healed, af\d people were completely deceived by U\e'
no nne could luwe the impudence to scrutinize.
fe:nures. In short, for six months be pCJ:scvercd in his,
itnpO$tUre untO the news reached Poona, when some spies
went over ro him to examine strictly into the case, and
eli $Covered that be was not Bha.o.
About the same pCliod, Malhar Rao Holkar was.
movin(!' from the Dakhin towards Hindustan, aiid hll 1'0ad
happene.;l L'O lie thl'Ough spot where the pretender ;in
bad ''Pitched,. his'. The above; mentioned
S],'ies disclosed: the -particulats the case to Milhiul. R.aar
who thought' to himself, that P,arbati :Bai, the late-
Bhao's wife, had seen this individual with her own eyes,
and all her doubts had been .removed, it would not do
ro inflict capital punishment on the impostor, for fear the
lady shonld think in her heart that he bad killed her
hmband out of spite ansi malice. .For this reason, Malhar
' Roo. merely took the impostor prisoner, and having ap
poinltd; thirty or Eorty horsemen to take care of bini.
fotwat<iod him (rom thence to Poona. The. few weak
minded, bei.n{l$.. who had gathered round bim,
allowed to their several homcs, and
proceeded to" bla :dj!stination. When tbc wai ,
brought to Pqona, 'Madhu Rao likewise, out of fl>t
ihe feelin!l$ of tile :B):lao's wife, deemed it pmp;l,' to'
(lefer his executin. a.' kept him confined in l>J?,e' of:
,the within JUs <;lwn dominions. Strang;<:' co ';say;
people in that fo,n: did not dis<;(>ver -tire fli:l3'ehesS of
the im'FoS:tor's .claims, and l:lieaisetv.es witb hiJI\>t
. . . :"'
<

' '. :,,
I.NDIAN : , , ,
. . .. ..... : .. .- : \ .
so $.at a fresh :riot was very. nearly being ' -
);tao, however; having been appriSed of the .. 4fr.
cut)lsta'.nces, despatche4 him from that fort to . another .
. and-in. the saflle way- r.emoval transfer .. : ,,
: constantly takmg place from vanous forts 111 .succes- .. J'.,
, . tjll he was finally confined in .a stronghold, thflt lies "'
. , < contiguous to the sea on the island of Kolaba, ; which. is :
.. ::,. . a dependency of the Kokan territory. " .. ,: .'
Nawab Nizam 'Ali 'Kha1J Bahadur ..
. .. The is of the o( Madhu R.aa's. '
' _ diwan of. Nawab Nizan1 'Ali Khan ,,
: .advised his master, thilt as the were
then. of influence; lo).nd the supreme was
vested in an inexperienced child, it would be advisa:ble
to ravage Poona. Januji Bhonsla Raja of Nagpur, Gopal
Rao a servant of the Peshwa, and some more chiefs of
the Mahratta nation, approved of the diwan's suggestion,
and led theii forces in a compact mass towards Poona.
When they drew near its frontier, Raghuna.th RaQ, who: .
. was Madhu Rao's chief agent and prime .
tJ'rified. at the enemy's numbers, and fiqgi_ag
to Wit.h :etired . ,.
from Puna. Nawifb NIZam :. 'Ah Qlerl' !, ..
.dty, and , did spru:e .
'ics : . . :. . : : : ' : ... - .
et :. -:time, Raghut}atli: Ra,O' . 'himself,
. ng entere9. :into friendly communication
"- '- the other . Chiefs of his . own
arr. with
lo-f iliese mer\ from the N
. . ;w; separated from
.i:he the: rainy se
to t,he-ii : . es; : Itt the
M''itdlitf ':Ra&' set , . 'to
t . ;; r' ' .
a,""''-''"" Bahadur; I. who; U<:;<,UUl!J}(
:-quarters, beat'
occupying.' When <'--
.-.!.,'
a s ~ ..
.; '".s- I !*'
" SJ'L[.QIES IN INDIAN
'. ... ;, : .... ..; P. l ... (,\ ..
the initiative . in attacking his . ..
in Madhu Rao's force by a series 6 overw .
ing'_a'ss.aults; and even captured the Rao himself, .. "
Nm: Singh Rao. Mter gaining this
:. . ,:as he perceived Madhu Rao to be in safety, .'' and,: hi&; r 1
. : 1( antagonistS OVerthrOWn, he COUld UO,t .,C(i)rltain.' ,
/ _himself for joy. As soon as he returned from the.

.field, to his encampment, . he .. seated Madhu Rao on "a.'
throne, and remained himself standing in. fron't of .. , ..
after the manner of slaves_. Dy fawning 'h*i
, . ._then removed every trace .. of annoyance from Madhu.. <
1
i. : mind, and. requested him to retuill to . Poona . . -",.\
:After.: dismissing him to that city, he .him:5elf '\
his retiime and .soldiery to Nasik. ;
Naik
After the lapse
. '
. . .
priety,
't',
STUDIES IN INDIAN .HISTORY 135
.auil selcCJ:cd an individual for adoplio!}. He constitUted.
.Amrat Rao l1is heir.
.,
. -.
Raghunath At Poo11a
Madhu Rao no sooner cbgnizant of this faci, than
lie eft certain that Raghunath Rao was
.a.lld rebellion, and seeking to usurp a sbare. in 'tl)e
llOVcreignty of the realm. He set out 'fOJ; Nasik
with a fcm;c 25,000 llorsemen, whilst, 011 tbe oilier
.hand, Raghuna,th ll'Oo;ps, and !,-ilt
ready for warfare. Just about' that pCtiod, however,
K.al));.uma Tantia and Takuji Holkar,'
0
who were two of
.the most powerful and inlluential men in
at'tny, declared to him that 'it .wa for them to
xespect their fonne1 obligations to Madhu Rna, and
therefore improper to draw the sword upon him, After
long altercation, they left the Rao where be Wllli, and
dcp-..rted f.rom Nasik: Raghunath, from tbe paucity of
lili troops, not deeming iJ. advant:ageous to light, preferroo
enduring disgrace, and !led with 2000 adherents to
fort of Dbudhat.
11
. Madllu R:.o then entered Nasik, . and commenced
sequestrating hls property and imprisoning .!)is
-"!fter whicli he pitch! .his camp .at the foot of the>
. fort, _placed Jhgh'(ill'ath i H'osE
P,O&tton. Fo1;f:. two or iliree clays tb<.> Incessant diScharge
BE' 'idillery anfmus)(.etry 'caused the. mimes of war to
ibl'aze liigb, but : pact1ic ,negotiations were subsequently,
and . a firin trea!y of friendship entered !tiro,
whereupoli' tlie said Rao dol{n fro!ll the fert;t:atid
.bali a11 intcrv.icw with M_adhu Rao.. The
]>}aced llis tlie .other's feet, and asked . pardon
olr-enees. day, having
names are. very :doubtful j.{$:; 1 'he
'liztter Of!e. u no doubt . .ntenP.ed {or
at DMm<fJ, a fort. in tlid.
;puff, vor. ii. :,P 199.) 'R ,.,
,.
STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY
Rao on his own private elephant, he.liimsel occupied the.
seat usually . assigned to the attendants, and continued for.
several days in this fashion the distance to
Poona. As soon as they entered Poona, Madhu Rao,. . . :.i
, . imitating the -behavious of an inferior to. a :superior, ,.':> ,
,exceeded all in his
, -towards Raghunatlt Rcro. A,fter .that he selecte!f!:a small. !:
.quantity of goods arid a moderate equipment ;horse.$. ..
and elephatits; out of his own establishment, ancf p:a:vipg:
.. them all together in one o the :' ,
.. apartments, s
0
1idted Raghunath Rao in a t ...
. . 'pectful manner to take up. his abode there. The latter
.if , 'flien became awate of his being a prisoner with the semb-
.:.," )a nee .of .. freedom, and reluctantly complied with Madhu
1 .r.equisition . .
,. , Raja of Nagp-ur
, ., .... , .... bls.l.nUn,O: ,
. T> aO:.huna:tb: :R:a:o,.:.,b '
r _ .......
in. the . . . 11, ... :. 0 '
Janp.ji Bhonsla, the Raja of that place,\w.qo11ad been .an : .: .
ally and auxiliary o Raghunath Rao, in one of his engage- '
ments. The Raja in question, not finding himself . '"'r
capal:>le . of lesisting him, fled from his original "'"t
1
that for a period of three montl1s Madhu Rao was- "'
. . engaged in pursuing his . adversary, . and that
: :''q;iffoxtunate outcast 'from his native land was constantly
' . 'him. Ultimately, presented
of rupees, . he drew back ltis.
from: flight, and set out in safety and '
for hts ..
'
' ,
:/: i :!;\iter ch';stisi
.,,, .''\ .. with
; : . .'J:}."l#lself gay .
. -.... ' . ...
a
in' danger:. pn one.
'
S11JDIES IN INDIAN lltSTOi\Y 18?
nath Rao's feet, and. ... asked forgiveness for the faull<'-
of bygone cla)'5. Raghunath Rao grieved deeply on
account of hls youth. .. He applied himself zealously
to the cure of the invalid, and whenever he fo11nd a trace,
in any quarter or direction, of austere Brahmins and
skilful Pandit.o;, le sent for them to admiroster medicines
his recovery. At length, when the sick man to
despair of living, he imitated the example of his deceased
father. and placed his younger brother, whose name
Narain Rao, under the charge of Raghunath Rao, and
having per('Ormed the duty of rccOIIUl)Cndiug llilll to his-
care, yielded up his soul in the yea.1; 1186 A.H (1772 A.D.).
T.he diu'ation of his reign was twelve yearsc
Natain Rao, Son of Balo.ji Rao
Narain Rao, after being seated on the throne of
sovereignty, owing to his te.nder age, committed various.
acts that produq:d an ifl.felling among his adherents,
bqth great and small, at Poona; more especially in
Ragb.unath Rao, on whom he infticted '!nbccomitJg:
jndiginilies. Although Madh!l Rao hocj. not behav<;d
ti>war<Js his uncle with the respect due to Sl!ch a
yet, beyond this much, that hc would n.ot
hint permission to move away .from lM.oM, he
u:eated him with no other inGivi1ity; ill
ways, tili day of his show biin
;ltention from an. icleripr to 11. superior;
and . :suill'liecl _with wealth and proj)'etty far
el!Jlee.dtri"!f tffe lilJlits of his 'j'lllllt!. In short, Raghunatlj
having: begun to -fonn taking Narain .
prisoner; . disclosed hill :SC!P'ct to Sakha Ram
who was Ma<l.!lu Rao's prime mirlister, and haviQg seduced
tl)ilt artlessr _from allegiance, . made hi!IL
. .an aocomp\Jce jn his 'Q'eacherous designs. S(j:<m?+}'l?.l\'1':
Jbg Uiduced Kharak .S.ingh and Singh, the
of, the P.C14Y ro: G_arflis, J.o join' hi consJ?.iracx, raised
r.lit of lnsuprection. Accordil,llh:. ,_tbo.se two
wretclies one day, under the of _
9. .
138 STUIJIJlS IN INDIAN' IUSTOllY
ding pay for the troops, made an nsmlt on the door o{
Narain Rao's apartment, and reduced him to great dis
tress. That helpless being, who bad not the slighest
cognizance of the decitful sttatagems of the conspirators,
. .despatched n <..,. simple-minded adb.erents to oppose the
insnrg'l!nts, and then stealthily to Raghunath
Rao's house. K.harak Singh and Shamsh,ex- Singh, being
apprised of the circumstance, hurried after him, and,
unsheathing their swords, rushed into Raghunath . Rao's
domiCile. Raghunath Rao 6m fell wounded iu the affray;
;a'nd subsequl!.ntly Narain Rao was slain, This event t<rok
}i!acc in the ye.ar 1187 A.H., so that the period. of Nanin
Rao's reign was one year.
Reign of Raghunath Rao
Kha,rak Singh and Shamsht'l' Singh, through whose brains
the fum_cs of arrogance bad spread, in conseque\ce of
th.cirq,utr.ol ovet the. whole train of )european artillcrr. .
wltjl 'lvii.fu.l and heads.a'ong insolence seated
on, tire tl\Xon'e of sovereignty; witbi:lut. tlie
of the other chiefs; and tjl.e'saJP, Rao continued to live
for months at Puna after the manner of ;l'ightful
rulers, After Narain Ra:o had been put to death, a
certain degree of shame and remorse came over the Puna ,.
chiefs, and the of their own overthrow entered "'
<their minds, Sakha Ram Bapu col!sequently, in unison
with Trimbak Rao, commo.oly called Matamadb.ari
Balhah," and others, deemed it advisable to persuade
'Raghu!!ath Rao that he should go forlh from Puna, and
himself in the kingdom. The said Rao
.accordingly/ acteil upon lhe.ir suggestion, and marclied
-out of Poona:; attended by the Mabratta chiefs. As so<)n
.3ll be bad gor to tlJe" distance of two or three stages .from
<the city, lhe wily chiefs, by alleging some elCeuse; ' '<)btaln:
: .. ''"[Grant T?uff calls him 'Mama."
T he word transcribe-it fl'om {he MS.;,as "Balhah" is lltf'Y
.doubt}6t.] ' " ' ' ...,i .
, ..
. ..
STUDIES IN , INDIAN HISTORY
. 139
ed leave .from Raghunath Rao to. return.. and rep$eq
from the camp to the city. They summone&. t@
th:el}J. i.n private all the commanders of the: army, bdth
.f;rMt: an,d when they came to the
deeisidn,. that it- was incompatible with justiceto acquiesce
ih Raghunath .Rao's being invested with the supr.em..e
authority, and that it would be better, as Narain
w.ife was six advanced. in pregnancy, providing
she gav.e birth to a male child, to invest that infant with
and .the affai.rs of .government
agreeablY. to the .details of prudence: . As soon. as they
. }lnan'imousl y settled the question after . this fashion,
a fe-W of the chiefs took up a position in the outskirts o .
:: city of by way of protection, and formed, .'a
sturdy barrier against the Magog of turbulence. Raghu-
nath Rao, having become awa1;e of the designs of the
conspirators, . remained with a slender party in his
encampment. !Iaving brooded over his troubles, he
saw no remedy left but that of forsaking the coun'try,
and was consequently forced to retire towards the
. His object was to collect a sufficient
round him, with which he might return to poonll,. a'n(l: :
hostilities. However, owing to the _' v'"lgal[,,r'Ups>it
attributed N Rao' s; niurd,er .. tq Ji,$.: pJad!! ..
. , gTaSS tpat from. the
. irito flis blciod: For , this) reasdri, 'J.ic'.' found it
. .either 'to stay oi teside: ir:.. the Ga'rnatic, so he .
.. 'to Surat. . . . .
' t .... : ..:r' .. '' ' .... , #'; ,., ' ' 'r .
" '.! :
1

.. <::f Bhao . ., .,
.. Tfre:-t#rest, con,fusion way into k:'
'4n reJ:ort of. Narain Ra.&'
:pretender
n. .. Kokan,/
"' .... , ' ,,, l . . t'
. . ocean, . seiied .
. y. stratagem out a,nJi'"
:fl party .of mh to ..
.. of
.
STIJDIES lN INDIAN JIISTO)l.Y
of that country. He was just on the point of waging open
war, 'had not Si1tdhia .Bahadur set out in the
inter in\ from Puna to the Kokan territory for the purpose
of. coercing him. On reaching his de.,tination, he CugDt,>'Cd
in host.ilitieos with ,the aforesaid Bhao, whereupon th.e
lattet's associates t;ook.to fl.ight, and departed each by his
own road. .1\.s Bhilo was thus left alone, he went on
a s_hip in utter consternation with a view to save
his .life' iiom that vortex of but death gt'l\ntcd
hiin ho respite, and b,e fell alive int(,) the bands of
heroes- who accompanied Mahaji Sindhia Babadur. The
latter brought him along with bim to Poona, and ;removed
lhc dust of uncertainty from the mirror of every mind.
Ultimately he caused the iU-f.ltcd .wretch to be bound to
" and pro:aded round the whole town; after
whiCh. he;. ,p ut i.li.t:.n to death.
.ai1/iu R!>O, the
Pesl1tba Sahib
i:lic Pcsbwa Sahib, , the heir of N.arain Rao, at
the time of his father's mutde,r, was dwelling in his
mothe.r's womb. , , . Wlten sbe bad completed the time
o_f her prcgmll10', a child, in the year 1188 (1774
A..o.), shed a grace over t.hc bosom of its nurse, and
bestowed r.omfort on the illustrious chiefs. . . . He was
:;wvcstcd with tltc appellation of Sawai Mad.hu Rao.
Jdvance of the upo,. Poolll
rughunath Rao, having re<tched Surat, LUmed towards
the leaders of the English army, who dwelt on the
bordcl'll of the sea, and oJ!ered to take upon hilll.6elf .
the '):esponsitiility of showing the way ov'T the varioll8
routes into the :Oa.khin, and lo subjugate that kingdom
w teeming with . djfficulties. As the commanders of the
. English army were, possessed of adequate means f!)t
lll,alclng an invasion, 'iOd had their heads ihfl,atn:ed ;with
the:. Jntoxication of . boldn.e5,1- and int.re,pidi\y, they took.
Rilghun.atli Rao alotl.g -with thelh. .and , moving away
Q-oin Suiat with' their' valiant. troops experi'e!!ccd in wa;
STUDIES . I"N .t:US'I'OR'V 141
;md their lionhearted active ;u tigers, they, set
out to conquer and annex the Dakhin territo1ies.
Having travencd the intervening stages at a resolute
pace, they arrived at Nurghat, which is situated at a
W.tancc of twetity kos from Poona. The M:ilirat't!t
.chieftains also sallied tort)( from l'om:ta with a vast body
-of retainers, end opposed their adancc with Lhc
perseverance at Nurghat; whereupon a tremendous
contest and a frightful slaughter enslled, until the com
batants on both ides llaa the power nor the
inclination left to assail each other any more. At lcngt!l,
:Qy the inter.ention of the obscurity of the tumult
of war suosldcd, nnd the :worldconsumihg fire o! gum
and matchlocks, whose flames arose to the highest
heavens, hid its face in the ashes of night so that the
soldiery on cither side were obliged to retire to their
xcspective quarters. During that night, the prudent
b clllgcrcnts ma<le up their minds to a peace; and in th.e
morning, the chief:s of Lhc rival forces obtained an
imcrv[cw and enjoyed a c:Onrerence. The English lead:e.,rs.
negotiating a truce ancl consolidating the <lf
friendship, delivered up Raghunath Rao, wliq, ha.d 'll_c;,e11
the instigator of th,is confiict a1.1d t4c this
lostilc movement, to the Mabratta- on con.diiion
()f their granting him a fqgir, and hjm ,,;ith .
ldn$lness and COl!sideration. then turo.cd away
:&otp, that quarter with aJJ tr9ops and follow!;l's,
and repaired' to . their .usual place of. 'llbQqe: t
The Mabmtlru chiefs had ormea the fixed detmvdno/
ii'on in; their minds oE taldng vengeance on the ill-fu/M,
b11t .Miliaji'Siiidbia Bahadur, prompted
,. by. his' manly . and gene.rouS: feelings. diverted !!rem. l';r;lim
\their 'hcadl'on:g '(>,ttrposes, $o that tire-
!binn"ledrm&-dft.iU)i nild kindly, <1nd ilie
presented- with a jagi1,
1
t0', 'ftmain at large. The unfortunate! ''ivtit11; howevcl-,
the p)ca.lant vale- ofcx&ter1& to the aCi;i:rt
1 .:Jr ,


STUDll'.S IN INDIAl'-1 HlSTO!\Y
of noncntity, without reaching his destination, for
career of the wicked never ends well.
Mahaji Simlhia Ballaclur
. When the fourth year &om the birth of Sawai Madhu
"Rao, surnamed the Pcshwa Sahib, had elapsed, and
security and repo.se had settled on the minds of high and
iow throughout the territories of the Dakhin, Mana
Sindhia Bahadur, who was distinguished among aU the
Poona chiefs fol' hi.s gallantry and daring:. sagacity and
intelligence, having satis(icd his mind as Lo the sctllement
o,f that kingdom, set out to conquer Gohnd. He succeed
. ed .in taking prisoner Chatra1 Singh, 'vho was in
the citadel, after a siege attended with hard lighting, and
took of the surrounding districts, along with
the fortress of Gwalior, which is a mountain stronghold.
About the same time, a mutual feeling of envy and
llacr,e<r , ha<(. become firmly implanted in the minds q_6
'Uitzi 'Muhan;und Kf]_an and Muh'ammad BC$'
Khan had: . been th.<: Cl,lit!l' office& 'Of
Stl..u: to.the late A.mirul umar'a Najhr: Khan
Balladur. and after his death li:id been partners in the
giw<:;rnrftent of. the province o Agra.-owing to tlJcir each
craving after an increase of power and dignity, which Is
. ever a hindrance to the existence of friendship and good
"feeling among equals and contempo.raries. At last,
>Muhammad Beg Khan Hamad:tni 6eized the opportunity,
duri.flg .an interview, of putting Muhammad Shaft' Khan
to dealjb; .and on this account, Afrasiyab Khan, who .was
the Imperial Miri atish, and one of Amiru-1 umara Mirza
'Naj'a K,han, , Bahadur's proteg4-S, becoming alarmed,
succbut of Mabaji Sindhia Babadur. The
.)atter had firmly, in his mind on repai:ring 1.0 'tlw
,Stl,blilne threshold, but, had not yet fullilled the ,dutY, of
hi$ respects; .:\>{bel\, under the influence of Sindhia-
J!.abar,lu:r's destiny, .. 'Afras*yal;l, Khan. was killed . by the
li.aQd, of an assassin.
, Sindhia B<ihadur's 'aJtUy lia"ing' the
'

/ . '
IN iNDIAN HIS'f<?RY
143-
.
metropolis by its arrival, he ' brought Muhammad Beg
Khan Hamadani, after a siege, completely under his
subjection, and iQ the year 1199 A.H. traversed. the Streets .
of the metropolis. When he obtained the good fortune
saluting the threshold .. . of His Majesty, the shadow
of God, the Emperor Shah 'Alam, . . . . hewas loaded with
princely favours, and distinguis]led by royal marks of
regard, so that he became the chief of the of
government, and His Majesty's most staunch and
injluential adherent. . . .
, AI; Madhu Rao, ,.t:,he Peshwa Sahib, at the present .
. periQd, ' pursues, in contradistinction to his
the path of obedience to . the monarch of Islam,
and +Mahaji Sindhia Bahadur is one of those who are con-
stimtly attached to the ever-triumphant train, hence it
happens that the plant of this nation's prosperity has
struck root firmly into ,the earth of good fortune, and their .
affairs .flourish agt:eeably to their wisJ:?,es ..
LUBBU-S SIYAR
OF
ABU T ALIB LONDON I
, .
S'rUOrP.S IN INJllAN HISTORY.
had no leisure to effect his object till the year above
mentioned, when be ftnished his Abstract. l:!e declares
his intention, if be lives long eilough, of enlarging his
work, and hopes that some one else, if he ,fails to do it,
will undertake tbl,s useful labour, "because he bas men
tioned all the OCC\lrrcnces of theworld, old and new, and
given a connected account of the Prophets, K.halifs,
Sultans, and celebrated men, from the beginning to the
'present time."
.He quotes the various authorities he used, ana
l!>csides others of common note, he mentions a history
oe. tho Kings of I ndia compiled by himself, and n com
-pendions account of the kingdoms of Europe and
America, translated by some English gentleman from his
own tongue, "which in truth contains v,cry many new
tp.atters.'.' This is no doubt the work of Jonathan
&<>!t, li<l' says t\Iat his own history i an of
some thousands , of bOoks, and therefore .he has encltted
it. Siyar 'ilia }aM.tm.up;a, '
1
Thc J!ssence of
Biographies, 11<!, the Worl(j.-R,ellectihg
The author was we son l:llji Muhammnd Khan,
a Turk of jan, who w'as and bred in Isfahan,
and was the Ilm of the family. who came to Hindustan,
where he was inrolled amongst the followers of Nawab
Safdar Jang, the wat.ir. The father is called by another
"tiamc in the Preface of this work, and in the MiftahtH
'i aluan'kh he is styled Muhammad llcg Khan. .
.:\'J:itp. Abu Talib was bom at Lucknow, and was
Jn posts of high emolument under Nawabs
Shuja'il'li .and Asafud da.ula. In the time of tbe
latter he <lost hi& office, and came to seek his subsls\ence
tlle By them he wu bospit:lbly entertain
, , and induced t<!, vifit Europe In 1799. He died and
was burled at . Luc:k'now in the year 1220 AoH. (ISOS A.p,),
as, we . learn from . two composi
at the request o_f Mirza YuSJ-'f. Ba!W:
'sdtt, . whicb ate given . gf the , "!lftah(l
Tawdriklt. t
STuDIES IN INDIAN
' 145
i -
Besides the .Lubbu-s Siyar., he wrote seVeral bther
'.treatises, a Biography of the Poets, ancient and m6defn,
.and ''himself indulged in versification, especially on the
of the females of who aspire
:wH:h the Angels of Paradise, and he was always expatlat-
"tng ori the heart-ravishing strains of the womei,i of t hat .
.country, who used to sing at the pu}:>lic assemblies/'a. . .
,, ' .
CONTENTS
Preface, p. 1-Book I. On the Prophets, p. 2-II .. On
.the events of the Khalifate; in . seven chapteys-Chap. i.
The first four Khalifs, p. 9-ii. The Imams, p. 11-iii.
Tl)e Umrnayides, p. 12-iv. The 'Abbasides and their
.branChes, p. 15-v. The' Isma'ilians and 'their branChes,
p. 17-vi. The Saiyids, p. '19-vii. The Sharifs, p. 20:..:...
.JII. in .. seven chapters-Chap. i. . The
Philosophers of ,Greece, Europe, India and Persia, and
the moderns, p. 20-ii The companions of the Prophet,
p. 30-iii. The. disciples, p. . 31-iv. The religious
teachers, p. 32- v. The learned men of Islam, p. 34-vi .
. The celebrated Poets, p. 37-vii. Other celebrated mt;n
of Islam, p. 38-I'V. On the Sultans, in a Prefac,e) qid.
_eight. Chapters-Preface on the climates, imaginary *d
and the old and new wo:rld, , TB:e :
Sultans of Iran, including,fhe JSa1juks;
'<;Jlori;ms,_ etc., p. 45-ii. Tl1e Sultans A!ab'ia.;. p. 68
. ;8.t.itt The Sultans C?f Rum, p: 73.:.:_iv. Tlie Rttlers of
Egyptt and. p. 76-v. The of the West, p. 82 . ,
;rhe. p. 87-vii. .-
.f> p. " Io".J..._vtu.. The Rulers of
:Hindu Kings of Dehli,-M
:ocher :independent It"
.. 109;' : . .,,)<''' . '! .. :;
S'rUTltF..S IN !NOlAN HJSTORY
Stzx-Folio, !Sl pages, each compruing 23 lines,
closely written.
f\USAF-1 ASAF
An historical sketch of the rop.J family of Oudh, written
A:D. 1795. It Js a useful work, containing also an ac
eounc of contemporary princes.
Srz.e-Largc Svo., 114 pages.
TARIKll
OJ.'
JUGAl. KlSHWAR
This is a general history of .India, by Jugal Kuhwar,
from the time of Humayun to Shall 'Alam. "lt is of no
value, at least in the passages which l have examined.
[Sir lf. M. Jl.Lliot's library does not contain a copy. o
this wox"k:.]
' - .
GULISX.ANl RAI:IMAT
;
NAWAn MUSTAJAB KHAN
Tms is. a history of the Rohilla Afghans, a.nd a life o
,Hafiz Rabmat Khan, written by his son Nawab Mustajab
Khan llabadur. The work has been abridged and troru-
Jated by Charles Elliott. I have seen several histories
ot tl!e Rohillas, but now none superior to this except
Gr.Zi Rahmat noticed in the next article.
: ''l'he.>l\"anslator observes in his Introduction, "ln the
originhl ip.'9l-Y uivial occuuences are noticed wbicll I
have altogether omitted; and the xL-peatcd cucol)ijuqis
lavished by the Nnwab upon the generosity and i11terpi
di ty of his parent, though honourable to ..ius
!eelinll" as a would be deemed extravagant by the
majority of rcade.-s, and indeed would scarcely . admit of
A residence o many years in Robillthand,
where the memory of Hatiz Ra.hmat .Kha11 is held in th.e
.,
IN INDIAN . . 147'
highest veneration, may perhaps have led me to a
greater degree of importance to the work .than it meri.ts;
but as Hafiz acted a distinguished part on .the theatre of
India. for thirty years, and was personally engaged in
ev:ru,iy great . action fought during that time, his life. may
!t:{mish some materials to afd in the compliatiori .of a
. history of that period; and .with this view, I have taken .
pains to correct some chronological errors.
in the original.''
. ''It is ne<;essary to add that Hamilton's History
of the Rohillas will in some parts be at variance .
wi.th this .parrative.: that gentleman appears to have .
his . from the of the Nawab .
oudli, .wh<Y would not be disposed to speak favourably
' H<;tfiz Rahmat and as that work was published
about the time of Hastings' trial, it might have
l,leen intended to frame an excuse for his permitting a
British army to join on the attack in 1774 A.H.''
GUL-l RAHMAT
OF
SA'ADA 'r YAR KHAN
. :.;!it,
f ' t .,' '' '#' .j( I '
:The Gul-z B.ahmat was written by Nawab Yar ..
Khan, grandson of Hafiz Rahroat, and ;. neph-ew of . ,
- 1\ban. It is lliote copio'\)s 'GUlistdni
.. .. though it profeSses 'to .. work. as its
' I t''i$ divided ,irito four : 1: On the Genea
. lqgy<p on .'Ali Khan, .. ., "'
the arrival . of Hafiz:; 'R;ilimat in 'India.-III. HafiZ: d: '.

adm-fnisthltioo , .of Katebx, and o "

. yents:-:w;bic)l: r&,u.r,red: till the time of his
under .
'X't - ! . ' ...
... This workci. , ...
. ed, .. 221 small . . Jt:;:
... ._._ . . .....
:e_ have ... an.sl,:
the Editor: T:hey will,,j J:u>w how t l.
. .. ,!,::
. H8
STUDIES IN II'DlAN ffiSTORY
work diJI'ers rom dtc Gulistani R.ailmat, 311 tr.tnslated
.by Elliot.)
JlXTRAC'rS
lWhen Zablca l<ban l'eceived intelligence of the passage
(of tb,e Ganges) by the Mahrattas, and p.f the deaths of
Sa'adat IOlan, Sadik Khan,. and Karam IOlan, the
officers whom h.e had 54tioncd to guard the ford, he
was overpowered with astonishment, and fled in ,great
bewi)dermem from Sakartal. He crossed the Ganges
with a small c.!COr t, and proceeded to the oJ
]1ab:u-llab Khru1, carrying with him the itucUigcnce of
the Mahraua attack upon Najibabad. Faizu-llah KluU}
.said: "l come here: for the purpose of
you advice; but as you will not listen to my worc:U, I
sb.all now go back to . my own country." On
this declaration, Zabita Kh.an was more
. ,dowricasf, and TCtu.rncd to his own forces. WlieJJ. lie
. '
reached the Gange. the good fonune of the Emperor
plunged him into a sea o he'!'itatio'n, and notwill .. tanding
the number of h.is forces, and: his powerful armament, be
made no attempt to cross the river, but returned to
Faizullah Khan.
When be arrived. he found Faizu-llah !Ulan seated
;on an elephant, about to depart. He mounted Lhe
,elephant, and proceeded witll Faizu-llah to Rampw. On
news of his flight to Katehr reaching Sakartal, his
,s'otdj?n wet:e dispirited. They plundered each OthCI',
and fu.ep, in all directions. On intfi)U
"gence of fJies"C movements, the abrattas quickly advanced
.to, Sakartal, ell ,to plundcling, . . . The garrisorr 'Of
.the fotl of Na1ibabad, who had held out in the , l\Ofic
of relief, were dismayed when they heard of thee 'llighr of
,Zabil.a imd the fort to the royal
:On takmg posseSSIOn of the fort, Lhe people an'd family
.oh Zabita Khan, includ'rn'g liiS san Gbitlani Kadlr, were '
ylaced in conllnement. Ml " the +OOteriel, the treasure

,
IN IND.IAN BJS'IO(lY
149>
11nd artillery collected by Najibu-d dania, fell into
th.eir hands.
On the newa of the advance of the Mahrattas to-
wards Rampur rcachin.g the chiefs of Katehr, aU the in
l\abitants of Anwala and l3isnull assembled. tO;
he attncked by the Mahrattas, they fled in disJllay to
BareiUy. Some of them went to Pilibhit, intending to
proceed to the hills. Hafiz Rahmat Khan
1
was
.from l'arrukhabad to Tilhar when he b.eard of tlte defeat
of Zab(ta Khan. He 'bastencd to Bareilly, where
cheered aud encouraged the chiefs and ol!iCCl'll who were
iher!' assembled, and tried to dissuade them from remov
ill>$ to the hil,ls. He said that the Mnbrattas bad no. in-
tention of attacking Katchr; and if they really did ad
Y1'fiCC, negotiations might be opened with them and with
the Emperor. If tenus were agreed upon, all would be
well; if not, they would fight. His auditors replied that
there was no fotc:ress of 8trength in l3areilly or Pilibhit:
it was therefore desirable to carry off dtcir fiUD.ilies and
property to the hills; !or nfter these were in secu
they themselves would be ready either for business
or or war. Hafiz Rabrnat reluctantly consented tc> tf)ei,v
wishes. After .Shaikh had entered Hafi:r.
Rabmat took bis departure. l!Ud leaving Khan
in Pi1ih9Jt. he .proceeded to Nanak-math, ill ' the skin of
!he hills. From :thence he went YJlth )lis followers. ami
cl1ie& .a.\ld solclie,s to Gaogapur, kos distant in the
WMi an4 jungle, which secures' it
ffom Qf horsemen. There he remained. There-
also arrived Z:lbi.ta }{}jan, in cqmpan_y witn FaizuIJah
. who tb,eir ,. w.ay th'e jungle. Zab,ita '(i:liai-.
remained Gilogpu.r four days. He dten foqnc}. -
.:Shu ja'11-<1' daul11 'lliJ!s camped at Shahabad, h)vihg:
to' t:Pe . of his temtliries on Qf the<
ti(.iliar;u:'ta. rattaCk uJ'Qn, ltarehr. .
< . .. ,.is _getieral/y "Flafizu( .. lrfulk.'.' in th,is
!@,.,..... ... .. . rl ""
".! j
STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY
Zabita Khan went oft in gr;:eat distress from Gangpur
to see Shuja'u-cl daula, and to solicit his assistance in
abtaining .. tlie release of his family. After talking over
. the matter, Shuja'u-d daula postponed any action until
after the arrival of Hafiz Rahmat. Zabita Khan wrote
repeatedly . to Hafir. Rahmat, begging him to com,e
quickly. . . . The chiefs of Katehr suffered much 'Tom
the inclemency of the climate of Gangpur, and .. yielcling
to their solicitations, Hafir. Rahmat proceeded quiCkly . to
Shahabad, at the beginning of the year 1186 A.a.
A.D.), with three or four thousand Inen, horse .and foot.
When he approaChed, Shuja'u-d daula and the General
Sahib went forth to meet him and pay hiiP. due respect.
After they had sat down together, they talked about
the release of zabita !Chan's family, and of the settlement
of his affairs with the Mahrattas. After much debate,
Shuja'u-d daula and the' General Sahib sent their wakils
with .. some of Hafiz Rahmat to the .
sar,dars. A great deal was at . the l(lu.t 'at
, the Mahx:attas sent a m,essage! to :the .eff'ece that
they would not give up .the family of .Khan until
. . this sum of money was paid, nor would they loosen their
hold upon his territory or the country of Katehr. The
. wakils had several meetings, and the Mahrattas at length
. agreed to take forty lacs; but "they demanded. as security
.' for payment a deed under the seal of Shauja'u-d dat'lia.
said. that .he had entered upon the matter
enlillely"' out of :s:egard to Hafiz Rahmat, at).d that if H{-iz .
" woulP:;, a ,bond for the pyament of the money, he
woula ,sen'dliis
1
own bond to the Mahratta All
. the d.f:K:atehr who present at the
pesought :Hafiz, that .he would without
gi.\Ve his bond, , (o\t S,liuja'lld daula, .to secure
.,. Zri:bita Khan, and they would all- iri:.' the
of the money . . Hafiz .R:ahmat, qefrietfd
Z<!ibita Khan, and to gratify t4e chiefs. o Katehf, gave
h) 0i forty lacs'. 8 dau1a. 'The
lat ter theri' 'executed his bond, an.d' seiitit 'to the Mahrattas;
. . .
STUDIES IN lNDIAN HISTORY.
151
ln this he undertook to pay them forty . lacs o rupees,
when they had retired over the .Jumna and entered
Jahanabad, and when they had sent back the of
Zabita Khan, and had withdrawn their hands froni .the
. of Katehr.
, On receipt of this the Mahratt.as sent the
family of Zabita !{han to Shuja'u-d and . Hafiz
Rahmat; they then crossed the Ganges and proceeded
towards Shah-Jahanabad .... When Hafiz Rahmat
heard that Zabita Khan's family had reached
took leave of Shtija'ug datila and General Parker,
went to Pilibhit .... After some days, Hafiz Rahmat
.. called upon the chiefs of Katehl- for the money he had
become responsible for 'at their solicitation, and for which
he had given his bond to Shuja'-d . daula. They all ...
began to lament their destitute condition, and made all
sorts of,.. excuses and evasions. Unable to do what he
wished, Hafiz Ralunat did what he could, and sent the
sum of five lacs out of his own treasury to Shuj'aud
daula . .. ;
.. , The wakils o . Mahaji Sindhia and Taku
.clii'efs of the Mahrattas, waited upon Hafii
itiiormed him that their chiefs were about .to attaCk the
teri:i tories of Shuja'u-u daula, and that 'iChe ]'eiil.
them, he should receive half .of,.whatever , .
.b.!l conq1;1ered . If he decline.d to join them,. they .would ,
country, and. r.eturri . to .bi'rit daula'.s . =
bo.p.df: .Mr rthe forty lacs of rupees, no part of which had: ..
.. paid,:.and give up all chiitn oil . account, pro::
. };le .woula allow. them. a :passage, and would ;
. :(rossing, the. Ganges. In \i' '
' .. liafL.. requested time . fO:
deration ...

.thf.! .wakils with h(in,:
iyhat the. . .... ,
g . uil:denook to forego. P?rf : i?
.ferty lacs o rupees. on: ,_61\-di'tiil>n
.. I!g :. neuti'al. He added, "H ifou ., will send me
sealed bond, 'and will hasten: to, :bp.
-:: . ) .--; ': ......
152.
STUDIES IN IND.IAN HIS'fORY
Mahrattas, I will . dismiss .the . Mahratta. wakils, and will
guard the fords of the .. United, we will beat
the Mahrattas, and them from this country."
Upon receipt of this letter, Shuja'ti-d d,aula itpmed.iate-
ly wrote a reply his gratification), adding:
that he: serit Sai'yid Shah Madan, as
and. that he' would not a hiiir,.s oreadth from
ahy ,agrecunep.t the. Saiyid mak.e ... his.
the Baiyid promised Hafiz Rahmat tl1a:t the
sb'ould be returned to him after the of. 't;he
lilirattas, when he and Shuja'ud daula would soon .$
n:i' eet.. The' Nawab entreated Hafiz Rahmat to banish :- .
. suspicion, for there was no cause of dissension
between them. . . .., ; .
Hafiz Rahmat sent back the wakils with a proper
Shuja'ud daula. On the day he sent
of the Balthshi, in all haste from
From
rejecting their proposals. He then proceeded with his
small force to Whep. the Mahratta wakils
Teturned, they informed their chiefs of the support
given to Hafiz Ralunat, and of the smallness of his force.
Hafiz Rahmat advanced to the distance of three kos from
where Ahmad Khan was encamped, and .in.
of the celerity of his march his whole force: .. ;r:
had: not ,coJ:rie up: he had with hjm only four or five .. .''a
horse and foot. The Mahrattas had ;/;,J
'! .:,, received itii0l!Jil.ation through their spies of the ljnrit<!, ''
number of , h:i$: .'inen, and resolved to attack him.
.the night, .pressed ..
but durmg the dar:lmess they lost thexr way, and came .,
up<m Ahmad they attacked,;::rr:he :
pick.ets which Ahmad .. :&han had, t.h:rown
fulf .. upon pre Were
buxld:ings' <and gardens ef
'-; .... ; ' . lt ... ';
'
S1'UiltS IN I NDIAN HISTORY
botl.y aU, day from mom till eve, and. notwithstanding the ..
num.bers o the Mahratt:as, they were unable t6
over the small body of Mghans. After many
,bad peen slain on both sides, Ahmad Khan, considcrio!g
the l,m.mense force arrayed against him, sent 11 mcssagc to
'raku Holkar and Sinclhia, propos.ing an interview. They
were orily too glad to accede. Ahmad Khan went with a
few followers to meet them.. The Mahratta sardo,rs kept
him with them, and pitched tl>eir camp there.
The intelligence ;.eacbe<l' Rabmat, while l>e
was encamppcl near Asad'pllr, that 60,0'00 Mabrattas had
eroned, ibc ri'ler, anci had attacked Ahmad Khan. He
instantly drew our his forces, and was about to matcb
for the relief of Ahmad but just then the news
came that the Khan bad gone to see the Mallratta chiefs.
Rabmat's chiefs and offic(TS now urged upon hill1
that it was inexpecUeilt with his small force to wage war
against the Mahratta hosts .. ' . Muhibbu-llnh Khan
joiued bhu with two or three thousand men, and
j\{uptakin Khan also arrived with four or five thousand
some others also came ill, so that he now
tor twelve thousand men. In the mo:nling

Rah!1Jnt gave orden for the muslctillg . his fo}.'ces to
auadt , the Mahrauas, all .were Jn
orMrs, when ll).csseogc\"s j lt:th:ed. Shuja'd
tba! . bil!- army close. hand. ;As ..
. sooj) li'r he heard this, Halizl' Ral1irutt ma:rchcd i:o attiti:k
At th.e ,same time the advanced forces ..
'11<1 dapla, Gcoi.ero . Ch,anikin (GJ;(ainpion)
M"biru.b. 'Ali Khan tip at tb.e criti.!l<ll
moll).,ent, and \jtli .their"guns . u!l"lif Jh4
'"'i" : . "
. of the :,were ill
.daullt, ana
H<;>lka:r:; ; Rah.mat . . Both,
, well and bravcl)ii tlJC'' bca;vy .. ot
and tile .. llasn!bSl. swords of.l
IAa4e. them reeede, 4!lglil;
' < i; I "-
10 ..
..
. '
154
Sl'IJDIES IN INDIAN. lllSTOllY. <'
Mahaji Siudhia pa.sed over the Gange. by a bridge of
boats, .and. halted on the otl:i:er side. Taku Holkar was
too hard pressed by the Afghans 'to be able io cross; so
he fied on the .same side of the, river towarlls Sambhah
General Chamkin (Cban1pion) cand 'Ali I< han:
crossed the river in their boats -and uttacl.<ed Sindhii;
;vhcn he precipitately abandoned his baggage a:n'd camp;
and took night, never stopping tlll he had live
lios. Tbe .. General seized upon his camp, took ever.ything
he fo'uqd, and pitched his own. camp upon tl\c spot.
Hafiz R;lhmat pursued Holkar for some distnnoc;
llle Mahi'attas Wl!l'C mounted on swift horses, and traverS
c1l a long distance in the night. Rahmat stopped
near the batdefield to rest his men; Holkru: went nearly
to &am.bbal, and lie s.ent forward his advanced forces t()
tlia*"' plaL'C, and Muradabad and Rampur . ..
followed with: all his force, and when
li:lol\''1" hen:rd ofi .liis near 8J),Proach, he g!WC up his
U{)9n Rampun, fled in ,great disorde.r froin Saml$hal
of'PhaJ?.litc fJ:e reached. the Ganges: amT'.
having crossed if with great exertion b'y swimming, he
united his force .with that of Sindhia:. When Ha6zo
Rahmat heard of his having crossed and effected a june
tion with Sindhia, be proceeded towards l'haphu, and
encamped upon the bank of the river. Afterwards he
'm'!lJ'ched to join Shuja'u-d daula, who was encamped
tlitelv,e kos off in face of Sindhia, to consult with .him
about the release . of Ahmad Khan. After much :J?irlej'
Sindbia agreed to release hi$ prisoner for a ransom 'of C)V'o.
lacs an!l on payment of tbe money, ,A:!Ima:q
Khan liberty. Sindhia then .lllarched 'off ,
towards Deh11; a_a6t Rahmat and Shuja'u-d 4auh; by
war of remained some days at (he .sa'IDo
and the two ba'd Erequenc 'interviews. . t1. , '
Rahmat MUliamntlid' Khlln and 'Abdull,al{.
IDllln . . . to require' from Sfiuja!u-d datda Jthe rerum a(
{or ortr/tics
1
. 16-ii!b tl;l.e verba.\
made. by Shah. t:.!1ll?an, lrii w! HI. ' Sbufa'ud
.lll
' ..
SnJDlES IN
,. '. .,
, . . .. ' . . . . . .. ...
daula that he hl!.d:. ever ma:de. :any.r.proniise .'<to
return itj ' and :that Shah !laadan' could -hi"-ve .
. ! ;<' j1'
S!-lch offer. Hafiz Rahmat's friends urged . tha?t;. .
daula had Written a, letter promisin.g to:
adhere to the made liy sh3){
: They then reqwred that Shah l\1adan should
.; be-' J;>rought forward, .thai' he. might be u}ron -:..' :
: i ' l.he ;point. Shuja'u-d. daula sent for him, and )
. :tryirig to bias him, ,a,sl<:ed . 1-v.hat it was that he had sa'id . ...
. /' to Hafiz Rahmat . abourl the bond. Shah . .Madan was one ' ' ,
,; ,.o thQ .. Saiyids -:of.Shababad, and deerhing.' a i:. .
li? b.,e 1?-is honeur, .. he spoke the whole . : ..
. but the truth, saying, "In crccotda:nce .
. ivith 'the directions of His' Highness; I made, a 4 pr01hrse
f.ot. the :restoration 'af the bond.'' Shuja'ud daula . got
:}pto a :rage,. and it was all a lie and ' a '
for he had never uttered a word of such a prornise. Shah
.. Madan three or four times affirmed the truth of his
statement, and then held his, peace. Khan Muhammad,
.seeing no hope of obtaining the bond, uttered some ,
1!ha:rp . words, at which Shuja'tid daula also waxed W. .
.. ':<:in<t . went into his .private apartments in . .
. Raluhat did not deem it to phfs$:
for the' restoration of the. bond that #Ji.!i, ,'' . .
:Cealing his .; annoyance, he .' said ., _;'
a'\1-d dailla w.as v.ery mtrcbl' . : ,,.
.. "'" ..... ' several days at , the and .
winning .. : over Hafii ,:' Rahmat's officerl! 1and.
: t' ( : '
'
STUDiES .(N INDIAN
. ' : ..
him. He soon made himself master of 'Etawa, a.ad
.prepared to settle . its adininisuation. But Hafiz Rahroat
:wrote to him, protesting against this, imd saying that
.the. o_f. Etawa .had been conferred upo1i hirtr, .
. the battle of Panipat, by Ahmad Shah Durrani, as, .;
.tl)e Ninvab .knew ,:well . . That after the end of the 'iJ
he .had.bbtai!ied P.ossession .of. a large portion of the .:
<:;O.Q{lUy
1
althopgh oircumstaric<:s had made it. :neces
.for h.im. ;to allow the lttnd to pass into .the hands, of '
. ' :t-h,e. Mahrattas, he was about to take measures for recover
it .. , .. ,: :. Sl)uja'ud daula in . answer that 'he .
1;\'0t the. count.ry from -Hafiz Rahmat, but from the- ,
so there was no cause of complaint . . ..
Rahmat :repeatedly urged .the of Etawar;_
but Sb1,1ja'u-d daula, having secured the support of the
.... , was (\.esirOWl b-ringing the . question :to
be gone n'lto,
he to: .. Hafiz
. Lc ..... .... ""'"'
his . forces, and prepared to match into . ,;
Hafiz Rahmat, seeing_ that Shuja'u-d .daula wa$..
intent upon war, wrote 'in reply, "The money which: /
. . . t},le Malwattas received from you has already berl /'
.. , to more from me than
. . Cither received or asked, and to make 1t excgl!e'
:. and. warfare, is qnworthy of . your , high
. .. :" 'lin of everything, you are .resQLved:
war..., I q' . or you.'' On receipt 'of . this . '
v Nawab. :. his forc;es, and prepared
. . . the Ganges of Koriyaganj. Hafiz
.his be.., .pitched outside oL
.. Anwala side. , , - '
.. r.:o 'Ge)leral' Champt'dp:(.,:Whl);. v.ras ;,with
:wrO'te .to Hafii RahnJ:at:;i).;t:r' ,o.g.)tt,sstrtg
.(t1ie: .. :Qloner, dr *ov
.. I
i
STUDIES IN INDIAN ':ftiSTORY' ' .151
. ' ' : :.' ' "' :. .'>
three mont:hs, he.
cnce, _effect .a peace, and cause .Shu ja'':l-d: <!aula,.,, t01fellJ#l1
to.'. hi.s own country. Pahar .Singh, diwan :of . . ,
.[u.rged Hafiz Rahmat to assent to the Ge.neral's advir;ej.' / :;.
deprived hiin of all his
such <IS , and especially of .KI;:l.JUl.;. .;;.
. liis son; l'ic had therefore 'withdrawn his heart from the, . ,,.
world;, and was desirous ,of martyrdom. He said he, . t
. not got the money, . or,.)1e wpt:lld s.end it; .. Y
to ask others for it, to b,y. force,. or .to be undei
any t.o .it, he
$0 tJiat he teave tlxe matfer to tlie'
.. of 'pod., and would welCome .. ' ... . .
: the -ro the, ..
":fllen he. i!lsU:ed a general .order in these

'Let
those think fit accot?lpany me, and let those who
are. unwilling depart. Each man. may do as. he likes. 1
have enemies and few fricrids, but this I heed not.''
On the . 11th. Muhanam, . .1188 A. H. (24th March,
1774 . A.D.) . Hafiz Rahmat marched out of Bareilly with .
. ,a:: nwderate -:fotce, went towards , ." . J,;ne:: . .
;. ... of war havlllg spread, numbers of. :Afgh:a:
'::rv.tau )ins:l .. Farrukl:iapad, and the
, s,ubjects and . strangers,< 1 , ,J. '-
danslup, . gat)le:r:ed r<rtmd Hafiz .. Rahmat: . . ?,
t,.ribe. y;ho had lived
troQps: to:support.: hjm ... so' ;;''>.:
o. ,in mqnl;).ers./ day: .. _:; : . ." "'
m.UJ:'ched :(:tQ:m' Tanda,,:a:(ld . "crossing. the Ram:.: .
, the fe;rd 6( :lie; <e11tered ltaridpur,-
da.ula
'J58 STUDillS IN lUSTI>RY
.the advice of General Gh:unpion, who was the
.accomplisbtd General of the timt, made a march toward!
l'llibhit, and halted at the village of M nsali, where there
was a . wide open plain. Reports of a.n intended atta4
.on P1libhit spread tbtough both armies. Hafiz Rahmat
left Karra, for .tlic purpose of protecting Pilib-
.hit, altd encamped in face of the enemy In the open
plain. . . General Ghampion cheered the drooping bead
of Shuja'u'<l daula and taking tile command, of th.c
.advanced force, he the positions !or tile guns, a11d
made the necessary arrangements for the battle. . '. .
09 the 1'1 th Safar Shuj<I'Ud da11la advanced with
.m, army numbering 115.000 borw and foot .... Hafiz
.Rali.mat wem t.o the tent of llaizu-llah :K:ban, and said.
' ''Myend is !IC<\): at hand .. $o long as l remain alive, do
awa.y from the licld; but when fall, beware,
:ao bac.tlc, .leave tile field directly, and
llee w.itlk lli'y cllild11eo 'lind depeildent.s to the hills. :;t'his
.1$' die bes'c rot yo.u to .. t;tke, hllcf if :you act' upon
my- . fi will be thi! for. ye\t.'' !\!fer giving
directio1lh be -ln'ounied hill hotr6CI,."and marched
.a!fdillllt the'lencmy \vitb ten thousand lmrie and foot. He
.had p1'0tccded only a short distance, when the advanced
force of the enemy came in sight, and fu-e wa.q opened
fron cannons nnd musketS. ... Ahmncl Khan, son of
the wJ1o bad made a secret agteemcnt with
daula, now fell back, aod set the example of
dlglit, which many ochers fo.llowcd. .. :HafiZ Rabm'at,
bad :QP,ly about- fi.fty supporters left when be drew; near tb
the 'llc!ingd$ and English. He l9M recogniied by. his
umblieHa, of Which spies bad given a de&Cl'iption, and' a
.cannon was;.tevel!ed against him. He advanced in fm:nt
, of all his co:mpailions; using his utmost efforts. Tlre
<:anouballs felL ale around, and. . ' .. at length oae:
struck him on the breast: .r.Je. w;ls .lifted . off his b:orse,
.a.nd aftCT taking a sip or two of wtiter, -he dran'k tbe::Cop
.of martyrdom. N .,;. . , ,
. .!.'l":: \., ...... .:J,_ ..
. .
...
OR;
MUNAWWARU-L . KALAM
OF
,_
#- :r"' _,
. . SHE<> DA.S".
.. . .. '
. t'J?lli.s:;compllation commenaes-with the reign of Farruldi' : .. ,,
Siyar, . and w'ith the' . ,fourth year o.f th reign:
Muhammad Sl,lah, but was not . finishc'd befote.the
year 1,?17 A,.H. A.l>).. author . Sheo . D!IS, ()f
:a:e mo'vetl t?, wt ile . the work by the
''he lrad. be ell allowed to ;, rem:ain a
1bhg,;)hne rin .the society' of H:!arned; and:
, 6t\;len:ted men-and ha.d spei1t his- life 'in th_e
: tl;le :g'teat. He . had moreover applied himself ' to ..
ing the art of wdtiug with elegance, and so he deter-
mined to show the .results of his society his .
t ion. He .named his work Shah-nama or Munawwaru-l
Kalam, because he had been on terms of whh.' t.he
and derived advantages _froiD: .He.: /<)lle:Ws
:die f;,tshion of historians, and, althougli a
his work like a dev.out Musulman. ,
'The whole of this work has been. .. . Qr .. it '
ri, ' H. M. : Elliot by ''Lieut.. Prichard,, ..... I
; The work contains a good deal oL att(;i:: ali'ec-
.: dote,: but d1e period 'it covers has .. been. alteady
'Extracts from contemporary. , .
' ' t :I' '' .. ..,._ .t. f1 ' I '
!KRTISARU'l' TAWARllUl
OP
SA WAN SL'<'Cii

Tars Gompcndlum was compose<l in the year 1217 A.H.
(1802 A.o.) by Saw\in Sin,gb, son of Tl1an Singh, a Kayatll
of the Matlm11 u:ilie. It Is pro(eisedly a mere abridg-
ment ot the LubbrH 1'awarikh of Uhara Mal. and U1e
Tiatlikatut Ai<alfm.
CONTENTS
Preface, p. !-Hindu Rajas, p. S-Musulman .K.in(!S
of. Dcltll; Muhammad Som to llallnr, p.
and Bumayun. p. 75-Akbar and Jabangir, p.
Jaban 3tlli Autang-leb, p. 98.:..Shab 'Alam I. to
llhah 'Alron .U., p. 14$.
Stu--Svo., 181 pages, each ciontaining 15 lines.
The Jkh!Man.,t '[alllip;i/t/o, contain not hing worth,
uantlatlon.
Tbe only 'copy 1 .ha11e aeen Qf i:.his wo1k is in the
possession of Maulavi Subhnn Ali; of Amroha, io che
district of Mu.radabad..
0
...
..
. i i ~ .
.. \ ,f!.i :'
lfi':Y't '"' 4
.,. '' l
,1-
,.,. ,.,.
OF
, '1:' ,
. .
History of ZS Vols. EJiiot and Dowson
1
Heritage of India Max MuUer
, ': .. the Rig-Veda . Mrs., Manning
'. .. .
Vedanta. Phit'osophy Ma.x Multer
Yoga-Sut raa of Patanja1i
Philosophy, 4 Vols.
Mediaeval India, 2 Vola.
Yoga Explained
Ballantyne and Sh..,tri Deva
India
..
Dhamliiapada
.
Leading ldeu of Hinduitm
Mystics & Magicians of India
Life of Budclba
Dances of India

. M Muller
.
Lane-Poole .
Yeatt Brown '
Rhya Davida
Beal
AdoYE l(aegi

Max
''
. Monier-Williams
(
Jacolliot '

I
Devi
Studies in .Buddhism
Aooient India
. M Muller
Cowell; Elphinstolte
Hiouen Tbsanatin
' India : . V edie and Post-Vedic
I 1 I' ,
Civilization of An<lient India
r I
Inspired Writipga of Hinduism
Theatre bf the-.Hindua !)'f
I ...
Ran.iit:". Singh < . \ ..
Shivali.'anclthe Ri&e of
. .
.,

.
.
L .,
, ! .
Coldatucker
,
. Osbome:
-.Temple & otllera
' .
. ''\.
SUSIL GUPTA.
,. . . ' ... . ..