Simulation & Analysis Laboratory

SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY
INTRODUCTION
What is Finite Element Analysis?
Finite Element Analysis, commonly called FEA, is a method of nme!ical analysis" FEA
is sed fo! sol#in$ %!o&lems in many en$inee!in$ disci%lines sch as machine desi$n,
acostics, elect!oma$netism, soil mechanics, flid dynamics, and many othe!s" In
mathematical te!ms, FEA is a nme!ical techni'e sed fo! sol#in$ field %!o&lems
desc!i&ed &y a set of %a!tial diffe!ential e'ations"
In mechanical en$inee!in$, FEA is (idely sed fo! sol#in$ st!ct!al, #i&!ation, and
the!mal %!o&lems" )o(e#e!, FEA is not the only a#aila&le tool of nme!ical analysis"
Othe! nme!ical methods inclde the Finite Diffe!ence Method, the Bonda!y Element
Method, and the Finite *olmes Method to mention +st a fe(" )o(e#e!, de to its
#e!satility and hi$h nme!ical efficiency, FEA has come to dominate the en$inee!in$
analysis soft(a!e ma!,et, (hile othe! methods ha#e &een !ele$ated to niche a%%lications"
Yo can se FEA to analy-e any sha%e. FEA (o!,s (ith diffe!ent le#els of $eomet!y
ideali-ation and %!o#ides !eslts (ith the desi!ed acc!acy" /hen im%lemented into
mode!n comme!cial soft(a!e, &oth FEA theo!y and nme!ical %!o&lem fo!mlation
&ecome com%letely t!ans%a!ent to se!s"
Who should use Finite Element Analysis?
As a %o(e!fl tool fo! en$inee!in$ analysis, FEA is sed to sol#e %!o&lems !an$in$ f!om
#e!y sim%le to #e!y com%le0" Desi$n en$inee!s se FEA d!in$ the %!odct de#elo%ment
%!ocess to analy-e the desi$n1in1%!o$!ess" Time const!aints and limited a#aila&ility of
%!odct data call fo! many sim%lifications of the analysis models" At the othe! end of
scale, s%eciali-ed
analysts im%lement FEA to sol#e #e!y ad#anced %!o&lems, sch as #ehicle c!ash
dynamics, hyd!o fo!min$, o! ai! &a$ de%loyment" This &oo, focses on ho( desi$n
en$inee!s se FEA as a desi$n tool" The!efo!e, (e fi!st need to e0%lain (hat e0actly
distin$ishes FEA %e!fo!med &y desi$n en$inee!s f!om 2!e$la!2 FEA" /e (ill then
hi$hli$ht the most essential FEA cha!acte!istics fo! desi$n en$inee!s as o%%osed to those
fo! analysts"
FEA for Design Engineers: another design tool
Fo! desi$n en$inee!s, FEA is one of many desi$n tools amon$ 3AD, 4!ototy%es,
s%!eadsheets, catalo$s, data &ases, hand calclations, te0t &oo,s,
etc" that a!e all sed in the desi$n %!ocess"
FEA for Design Engineers: based on CAD models
Mode!n desi$n is condcted sin$ 3AD tools, so a 3AD model is the sta!tin$ %oint fo!
analysis" Since 3AD models a!e sed fo! desc!i&in$ $eomet!ic info!mation fo! FEA, it is
essential to nde!stand ho( to desi$n in 3AD in o!de! to %!odce !elia&le FEA !eslts,
and ho( a 3AD model is diffe!ent f!om FEA model" This (ill &e discssed in late!
cha%te!s"
FEA for Design Engineers: concurrent with the design process
Since FEA is a desi$n tool, it shold &e sed conc!!ently (ith the desi$n %!ocess" It
shold ,ee% % (ith, o! &ette! yet, drive the desi$n %!ocess" Analysis ite!ations mst &e
%e!fo!med fast, and since these !eslts a!e sed to ma,e desi$n decisions, the !eslts mst
&e !elia&le e#en (hen limited in%t is a#aila&le"
Limitations of FEA for Design Engineers
As yo can see, FEA sed in the desi$n en#i!onment mst meet hi$h !e'i!ements" An
o&#ios 'estion a!ises5 (old it &e &ette! to ha#e dedicated s%ecialist %e!fo!m FEA and
let desi$n en$inee!s do (hat they do &est 1 desi$n ne( %!odcts6 The ans(e! de%ends on
the si-e of the &siness, ty%e of %!odcts, com%any o!$ani-ation and clt!e, and many
othe! tan$i&le and intan$i&le facto!s" A $ene!al consenss is that desi$n en$inee!s shold
handle !elati#ely sim%le ty%es of analysis, &t do it 'ic,ly and of co!se !elia&ly"
Analyses that a!e #e!y com%le0 and time consmin$ cannot &e e0ected conc!!ently
(ith the desi$n %!ocess, and a!e sally &ette! handled eithe! &y a dedicated analyst o!
cont!acted ot to s%eciali-ed consltants"
Obecti!es of FEA for Design Engineers
The ltimate o&+ecti#e of sin$ the FEA as a desi$n tool is to chan$e the desi$n %!ocess
f!om !e%etiti#e cycles of 2desi$n, %!ototy%e, test2 into st!eamlined %!ocess (he!e
%!ototy%es a!e not sed as desi$n tools and a!e only needed fo! final desi$n #e!ification"
/ith the se of FEA, desi$n ite!ations a!e mo#ed f!om the %hysical s%ace of %!ototy%in$
and testin$ into the #i!tal s%ace of com%te! simlations 7fi$!e 8189"
:
Fi$!e 8185 T!aditional and" FEA1 d!i#en %!odct de#elo%ment
Traditional product development needs prototypes to support design in progress. The
process in FEA-driven product development uses numerical models, rather than physical
prototypes to drive development. In an FEA driven product, the prototype is no longer a
part of the iterative design loop.
What is Solid Works Simulation
Solid /o!,s Simlation is a comme!cial im%lementation of FEA, ca%a&le of sol#in$
%!o&lems commonly fond in desi$n en$inee!in$, sch as the analysis of defo!mations,
st!esses, nat!al f!e'encies, heat flo(, etc" Solid /o!,s Simlation add!esses the needs
of desi$n en$inee!s" It &elon$s to the family of en$inee!in$ analysis soft(a!e %!odcts
de#elo%ed &y the St!ct!al Resea!ch ; Analysis 3o!%o!ation 7SRA39" SRA3 (as
esta&lished in 8<=: and since its ince%tion has cont!i&ted to inno#ations that ha#e had a
si$nificant im%act on the e#oltion of FEA" In 8<<> SRA3 %a!tne!ed (ith the Solid
/o!,s 3o!%o!ation and c!eated Solid /o!,s Simlation, one of the fi!st Solid /o!,s
?old 4!odcts, (hich &ecame the to%1sellin$ analysis soltion fo! Solid /o!,s
3o!%o!ation" The comme!cial sccess of Solid /o!,s Simlation inte$!ated (ith Solid
/o!,s 3AD soft(a!e !eslted in the ac'isition of SRA3 in :@@8 &y Dassalt Systems,
%a!ent of Solid /o!,s 3o!%o!ation" In :@@A, SRA 3o!%o!ations me!$ed (ith Solid /o!,s
3o!%o!ation" Solid /o!,s Simlation is ti$htly inte$!ated (ith Solid /o!,s 3AD
soft(a!e and ses Solid /o!,s fo! c!eatin$ and editin$ model $eomet!y" Solid /o!,s is a
solid, %a!amet!ic, feat!e1d!i#en 3AD system" As o%%osed to many othe! 3AD systems
that (e!e o!i$inally de#elo%ed in a UNIB en#i!onment and only late! %o!ted to /indo(s,
Solid /o!,s 3AD (as de#elo%ed s%ecifically fo! the /indo(s O%e!atin$ System f!om
the #e!y &e$innin$" In smma!y, altho$h the histo!y of the family of Solid /o!,s FEA
A
%!odcts dates &ac, to 8<=:, Solid /o!,s Simlation has &een s%ecifically de#elo%ed fo!
/indo(s and ta,es fll ad#anta$e this of dee% inte$!ation &et(een Solid /o!,s and
/indo(s, !e%!esentin$ the state1of1the1a!t in the en$inee!in$ analysis soft(a!e"
Fundamental steps in an FEA pro!ect
The sta!tin$ %oint fo! any Solid /o!,s Simlation %!o+ect is a Solid /o!,s model, (hich
can &e one %a!t o! an assem&ly" At this sta$e, mate!ial %!o%e!ties, loads and !est!aints a!e
defined" Ne0t, as is al(ays the case (ith sin$ any FEA &ased analysis tool, (e s%lit the
$eomet!y into !elati#ely small and sim%ly sha%ed entities, called finite elements" The
elements a!e called 2finite2 to em%hasi-e the fact that they a!e not infinitesimally small,
&t only !easona&ly small in com%a!ison to the o#e!all model si-e" 3!eatin$ finite
elements is commonly called meshin$" /hen (o!,in$ (ith finite elements, the Solid
/o!,s Simlation sol#e! a%%!o0imates the soltion &ein$ so$ht 7fo! e0am%le,
defo!mations o! st!esses9 &y assem&lin$ the soltions fo! indi#idal elements"
F!om the %e!s%ecti#e of FEA soft(a!e, each a%%lication of FEA !e'i!es th!ee ste%s5
4!e%!ocessin$ of the FEA model, (hich in#ol#es definin$ the model and then
s%littin$ it into finite elements
Soltion fo! com%tin$ (anted !eslts
4ost1%!ocessin$ fo! !eslts analysis
/e (ill follo( the a&o#e th!ee ste%s e#e!y time (e se Solid /o!,s Simlation"
F!om the %e!s%ecti#e of FEA methodolo$y, (e can list the follo(in$ FEA ste%s5
Bildin$ the mathematical model
Bildin$ the finite element model
Sol#in$ the finite element model
Analy-in$ the !eslts
The follo(in$ s&sections discss these fo! ste%s
Bildin$ the mathematical model
The sta!tin$ %oint to analysis (ith Solid /o!,s Simlation is a Solid /o!,s model"
?eomet!y of the model needs to &e mesha&le into a co!!ect and !easona&ly small element
C
mesh" This !e'i!ement of mesha&ility has #e!y im%o!tant im%lications" /e need to
ens!e that the 3AD $eomet!y (ill indeed mesh and that the %!odced mesh (ill %!o#ide
the co!!ect soltion of the data of inte!est, sch as dis%lacements, st!esses, tem%e!at!e
dist!i&tion, etc" This necessity often !e'i!es modifications to the 3AD $eomet!y, (hich
can ta,e the fo!m of
defeat!in$, ideali-ation andDo! clean1%, desc!i&ed &elo(5
It is im%o!tant to mention that (e do not al(ays sim%lify the 3AD model (ith the sole
o&+ecti#e of ma,in$ it mesha&le" Often, (e mst sim%lify a model e#en tho$h it (old
mesh, co!!ectly 2as is2, &t the !esltin$ mesh (old &e too la!$e and conse'ently, the
analysis (old ta,e too mch time" ?eomet!y modifications allo" for a simpler mesh
and shorter com%tin$ times" Also, $eomet!y %!e%a!ation may not &e !e'i!ed at all.
sccessfl meshin$ de%ends as mch on the 'ality of $eomet!y s&mitted fo! meshin$
as it does on the
so%histication of the meshin$ tools im%lemented in the FEA soft(a!e"
)a#in$ %!e%a!ed a mesha&le, &t not yet meshed $eomet!y (e no( define mate!ial
%!o%e!ties" 7these can also &e im%o!ted f!om a Solid /o!,s model9, loads and !est!aints,
and %!o#ide info!mation on the ty%e of analysis that (e (ish to %e!fo!m" This %!oced!e
com%letes the c!eation of the mathematical model 7fi$!e 81:9" Notice that the %!ocess of
c!eatin$ the mathematical model is not FEA1s%ecific" FEA has not yet ente!ed the %ict!e"
>
Fi$!e 81:5 Bildin$ the mathematical model
The process of creating a mathematical model consists of the modification o #A$
geometry %here removing e&ternal fillets', definition of loads, restraint material
properties, and definition of the type of analysis %e.g., static' that "e "ish to perform.
"uilding the finite element model
The mathematical model no( needs to &e s%lit into finite elements th!o$h a %!ocess of
disc!eti-ation, mo!e commonly ,no(n as meshin$ 7fi$!e 81A9"Loads and !est!aints a!e
also disc!eti-ed and once the model has &een meshed the disc!eti-ed loads and !est!aints
a!e a%%lied to the nodes of the finite element mesh"
Fi$!e 81A5 Bildin$ the finite element model
The mathematical model is discreti(ed into a finite element model. This completes the
pre-processing phase. The FEA model is then solved "ith one of the numerical solvers
availa)le in Solid Works Simulation
Sol#in$ the finite element model
)a#in$ c!eated the finite element model, (e no( se a sol#e! %!o#ided in Solid Works
Simulation to %!odce the desi!ed data of inte!est 7fi$!e 81A9"
E
Analy-in$ the !eslts
Often the most difficlt ste% of FEA is analy-in$ the !eslts" 4!o%e! inte!%!etation of
!eslts !e'i!es that (e nde!stand all sim%lifications 7and e!!o!s they int!odce9 in the
fi!st th!ee ste%s5 definin$ the mathematical model, meshin$ its $eomet!y, and sol#in$"
Errors in FEA
The %!ocess illst!ated in fi$!es 81: and 81A int!odces na#oida&le e!!o!s" Fo!mlation
of a mathematical model int!odces modelin$ e!!o!s 7also called ideali-ation e!!o!s9,
disc!eti-ation of the mathematical model int!odces disc!eti-ation e!!o!s, and sol#in$
int!odces nme!ical e!!o!s" Of these th!ee ty%es of e!!o!s, only disc!eti-ation e!!o!s a!e
s%ecific to FEA" Modelin$ e!!o!s affectin$ the mathematical model a!e int!odced &efo!e
FEA is tili-ed and can only &e cont!olled &y sin$ co!!ect modelin$ techni'es" Soltion
e!!o!s cased &y the accmlation of !ond1off e!!o!s a!e difficlt to cont!ol, &t a!e
sally #e!y lo("
A closer look at finite elements
Meshin$ s%lits continos mathematical models into finite elements" The ty%e of
elements c!eated &y this %!ocess de%ends on the ty%e of $eomet!y meshed, the ty%e of
analysis, and sometimes on o! o(n %!efe!ences" Solid Works Simulation offe!s t(o ty%es
of elements5 tet!ahed!al solid elements 7fo! meshin$ solid $eomet!y9 and shell elements
7fo! meshin$ s!face $eomet!y9"Befo!e %!oceedin$ (e need to cla!ify an im%o!tant
te!minolo$y isse" In 3AD te!minolo$y 2solid2 denotes the ty%e of $eomet!y5 solid
$eomet!y 7as o%%osed to s!face o! (i!e f!ame $eomet!y9, in FEA te!minolo$y it denotes
the ty%e of element"
Solid elements
The ty%e of $eomet!y that is most often sed fo! analysis (ith Solid Works Simulation is
solid 3AD $eomet!y" Meshin$ of this $eomet!y is accom%lished (ith tet!ahed!al solid
elements, commonly called 2tets2 in FEA +a!$on" The tet!ahed!al solid elements in Solid
Works Simulation can eithe! &e fi!st o!de! elements 7d!aft 'ality9, o! second o!de!
elements 7hi$h 'ality9" The se! decides (hethe! to se d!aft 'ality o! hi$h 'ality
elements fo! meshin$" )o(e#e!, as (e (ill soon %!o#e, only hi$h 'ality elements
shold &e sed fo! an analysis of any im%o!tance" The diffe!ence &et(een fi!st and
second o!de! tet!ahed!al elements is illst!ated in fi$!e 81C"
F
Fi$!e 8 1C5 Diffe!ences &et(een fi!st and second o!de! tet!ahed!al elements
First and the second order tetrahedral elements are sho"n )efore and after deformation.
*ote that the deformed faces of the second order element may assume curvilinear shape
"hile deformed faces of the first order element must remain fiat.
Fi!st o!de! tet!ahed!al elements ha#e fo! nodes, st!ai$ht ed$es, and flat faces" These
ed$es and faces !emain st!ai$ht and flat afte! the element has e0%e!ienced defo!mation
nde! the a%%lied load" Fi!st o!de! tet!ahed!al elements model the linea! field of
dis%lacement inside thei! #olme, on faces, and alon$ ed$es" The linea! 7o! fi!st o!de!9
dis%lacement field $i#es these elements thei! name5 fi!st o!de! elements" If yo !ecall
f!om the Mechanics of Mate!ials, st!ain is the fi!st de!i#ati#e of dis%lacement" The!efo!e,
st!ain and conse'ently st!ess, a!e &oth constant in fi!st o!de! tet!ahed!al elements" This
sitation im%oses a #e!y se#e!e limitation on the ca%a&ility of a mesh const!cted (ith
fi!st o!de! elements to model st!ess dist!i&tion of any !eal com%le0ity" To ma,e matte!s
(o!se, st!ai$ht ed$es and flat faces cannot ma% %!o%e!ly to c!#ilinea! $eomet!y, as
illst!ated in fi$!e 81>"
Fi$!e 81>5 Fail!e of st!ai$ht ed$es and flat faces to ma% to c!#ilinea! $eomet!y
=
A detail of a mesh created "ith first order tetrahedral elements. *otice the imprecise
element mapping to the hole+ flat faces appro&imate the face of the cylindrical hole.
Second o!de! tet!ahed!al elements ha#e ten nodes and model the second o!de! 7%a!a&olic9
dis%lacement field and fi!st o!de! 7linea!9 st!ess field in thei! #olme, alon$ laces, and
ed$es" The ed$es and faces of second o!de! tet!ahed!al elements &efo!e and afte!
defo!mation can &e c!#ilinea!" The!efo!e, these elements can ma% %!ecisely to c!#ed
s!faces, as illst!ated
in fi$!e 81E" E#en tho$h these elements a!e mo!e com%tationally demandin$ than fi!st
o!de! elements, second o!de! tet!ahed!al elements a!e sed fo! the #ast ma+o!ity of
analyses (ith Solid /o!,s Simlation"
Fi$!e 81E5 Ma%%in$ c!#ed s!faces
A detail is sho"n of a mesh created "ith second order tetrahedral elements. Second order
elements map "ell to curvilinear geometry.
Shell elements
Besides solid elements, Solid /o!,s Simlation also offe!s shell elements" /hile solid
elements a!e c!eated &y meshin$ solid $eomet!y, shell elements a!e c!eated &y meshin$
s!faces" Shell elements a!e %!ima!ily sed fo! analy-in$ thin1(alled st!ct!es" Since
s!face $eomet!y does not ca!!y info!mation a&ot thic,ness, the se! mst %!o#ide this
info!mation" Simila! to solid elements, shell elements also come in d!aft and hi$h 'ality
(ith analo$os conse'ences (ith !es%ect to thei! a&ility to ma% to c!#ilinea! $eomet!y,
as sho(n in fi$!e 81F and fi$!e 81=" As demonst!ated (ith solid elements, fi!st o!de!
shell elements model the linea! dis%lacement field (ith constant st!ain and st!ess (hile
second o!de! shell elements model the second o!de! 7%a!a&olic9 dis%lacement field and
the fi!st o!de! st!ain and st!ess field"
<
Fi$!e 81F5 Fi!st o!de! shell element
This shell element mesh "as created "ith first order elements. *otice the imprecise
mapping of the mesh to curvilinear geometry.
Fi$!e 81=5 Second o!de! shell element
Shell element mesh created "ith second order elements, "hich map correctly to
curvilinear geometry.
3e!tain classes of sha%es can &e modeled sin$ eithe! solid o! shell elements, sch as the
%late sho(n in fi$!e 81<" The ty%e of elements sed de%ends then on the o&+ecti#e of the
analysis" Often the nat!e of the $eomet!y dictates (hat ty%e of element shold &e sed
fo! meshin$" Fo! e0am%le, %a!ts %!odced &y castin$ a!e meshed (ith solid elements,
(hile a sheet metal st!ct!e is &est meshed (ith shell elements"
8@
Fi$!e 81<5 4late modeled (ith solid elements 7left9 and shell elements
The plate sho"n can )e modeled "ith either solid elements %left' or shell elements
%right'. The actual choice depends on the particular re,uirements of analysis and
sometimes on personal preferences
Fi$!e 818@, &elo(, %!esents the &asic li&!a!y of elements in Solid /o!,s Simlation"
Elements li,e a he0ahed!al solid, 'ad!ilate!al shell o! othe! sha%es a!e not a#aila&le in
Solid /o!,s Simlation"
88
Fi$!e 818@5 Solid /o!,s Simlation element li&!a!y
Four element types are availa)le in the Solid /o!,s Simlation element li)rary. The vast
ma!ority of analyses use the second order tetrahedral element. -oth solid and shell first
order elements should )e avoided.
The de$!ees of f!eedom 7DOF9 of a node in a finite element mesh define the a&ility of the
node to %e!fo!m t!anslation o! !otation" The nm&e! of de$!ees of f!eedom that a node
%ossesses de%ends on the ty%e of element that the node &elon$s to" In Solid /o!,s
Simlation, nodes of solid elements ha#e th!ee de$!ees of f!eedom, (hile nodes of shell
elements ha#e si0 de$!ees of f!eedom" This means that in o!de! to desc!i&e
t!ansfo!mation of a solid element f!om the com%onents of nodal dis%lacement, most often
the 0, y, - dis%lacements" In the case of shell elements, (e need to ,no( not only the
t!anslational com%onents of nodal dis%lacements, &t also the !otational dis%lacement
com%onents"
What is calculated in FEA
Each de$!ee of f!eedom of e#e!y node in a finite element mesh constittes an n,no(n"
In st!ct!al analysis, (he!e (e loo, at defo!mations and st!esses, nodal dis%lacements
a!e the %!ima!y n,no(ns" If solid elements a!e sed, the!e a!e th!ee dis%lacement
com%onents 7o! A de$!ees of f!eedom9 %e! node that mst &e calclated" /ith shell
elements, si0 dis%lacement com%onents 7o!E de$!ees of f!eedom9 mst &e calclated"
8:
E#e!ythin$ else, sch as st!ains and st!esses, a!e calclated &ased on the nodal
dis%lacements" 3onse'ently, !i$id !est!aints a%%lied to solid elements !e'i!e only th!ee
de$!ees of f!eedom to &e const!ained" Ri$id !est!aints a%%lied to shell elements !e'i!e
that all si0 de$!ees of f!eedom &e const!ained" In a the!mal analysis, (hich finds
tem%e!at!es and heat flo(, the %!ima!y n,no(ns a!e nodal tem%e!at!es" Since
tem%e!at!e is a scala! #ale 7nli,e the #ecto! nat!e of dis%lacements9, then !e$a!dless
of (hat ty%e of element is sed, the!e is only one n,no(n 7tem%e!at!e9 to &e fond fo!
each node" All othe! !eslts a#aila&le in the the!mal analysis a!e calclated &ased on
tem%e!at!e !eslts" The fact that the!e is only one n,no(n to &e fond fo! each node.
!athe! than th!ee o! si0, ma,es the!mal analysis less com%tationally intensi#e than
st!ct!al analysis"
.o" to interpret FEA results
Reslts of st!ct!al FEA a!e %!o#ided in the fo!m of dis%lacements and st!esses" Bt
ho( do (e decide if a desi$n 2%asses2 o! 2fails2 and (hat does it ta,e fo! ala!ms to $o
off6 /hat e0actly constittes a fail!e6
To ans(e! these 'estions, (e need to esta&lish some c!ite!ia to inte!%!et FEA !eslts,
(hich may inclde ma0imm acce%ta&le defo!mation, ma0imm st!ess, o! lo(est
acce%ta&le nat!al f!e'ency"
/hile dis%lacement and f!e'ency c!ite!ia a!e 'ite o&#ios and easy to esta&lish, st!ess
c!ite!ia a!e not" LetGs assme that (e need to condct a st!ess analysis in o!de! to ens!e
that st!esses a!e (ithin an acce%ta&le !an$e" To +d$e st!ess !eslts, (e need to
nde!stand the mechanism of %otential fail!e, if a %a!t &!ea,s, (hat st!ess meas!e &est
desc!i&es that fail!e6 Is it #onMises st!ess, ma0imm %!inci%al st!ess, shea! st!ess, o!
somethin$ else6 3OSMOS /o!,s can %!esent st!ess !eslts in any fo!m (e (ant" It is %
to s to decide (hich st!ess meas!e to se fo! issin$ a 2%ass2 o! 2fail2 #e!dict"
Any te0t&oo, on the Mechanics of Mate!ials %!o#ides info!mation on #a!ios fail!e
c!ite!ia" Inte!ested !eade!s can also !efe! to &oo,s" )e!e (e (ill limit o! discssion to
otlinin$ the diffe!ences &et(een t(o commonly sed st!ess meas!es5 *on Mises st!ess
and the %!inci%al st!ess"
#on $ises stress
*on Mises st!ess, also ,no(n as )&e! st!ess, is a st!ess meas!e that acconts fo! all si0
st!ess com%onents of a $ene!al A1D state of st!ess 7fi$!e 81889"
8A
Fi$!e 81885 ?ene!al state of st!ess !e%!esented &y th!ee no!mal st!esses5 H
0,
H
y,
H
-
and
si0 shea! st!esses I
0y J
I
y0,
I
y- J
I
-y,
I
-0 J
I
0-
T"o components of shear stress and one component of normal stress act on each side of
an elementary cu)e. $ue to e,uili)rium re,uirements, the general /-$state of stress is
characteri(ed )y si& stress components0 H
0,
H
y,
H
-
and I
0y J
I
y0,
I
y- J
I
-y,
I
-0 J
I
0-
Note that #on Mises st!ess is a non1ne$ati#e, scala! #ale" *on Mises st!ess is commonly
sed to %!esent !eslts &ecase st!ct!al safety fo! many en$inee!in$ mate!ials sho(in$
elasto1%lastic %!o%e!ties 7fo! e0am%le, steel9 can &e e#alated sin$ #on Mises st!ess" The
ma$nitde of #on Mises st!ess can &e com%a!ed to mate!ial yield o! to ltimate st!en$th
to calclate the yield st!en$th o! the ltimate st!en$th safety facto!"
%rincipal stresses
By %!o%e!ly ad+stin$ the an$la! o!ientation of the st!ess c&e in fi$!e 8188, shea!
st!esses disa%%ea! and the state of st!ess is !e%!esented only &y th!ee %!inci%al st!esses5 o5,
o:, and @A, as sho(n in fi$!e 818:" In Solid /o!,s simlation, %!inci%al st!esses a!e
denoted as H
8
, H
:
, and H
A
"
8C
Fi$!e 818:5 ?ene!al state of st!ess !e%!esented &y th!ee %!inci%al st!esses5 H
8,
H
:,
H
A
1nits of measurements
Inte!nally, Solid /o!,s simlation ses the Inte!national System of Units 7SI9")o(e#e!,
fo! the se!Gs con#enience, the nit mana$e! allo(s data ent!y in th!ee diffe!ent systems
of nits5 SI, Met!ic, and En$lish" Reslts can &e dis%layed sin$ any of the th!ee nit
systems" Fi$!e 818A smma!i-es the a#aila&le systems of nits"
Fi$!e 818A5 Unit systems a#aila&le in Solid /o!,s simlation
SI, 2etric, and English systems of units can )e interchanged "hen entering data or
analy(ing results in Solid /o!,s simlation E0%e!ience indicates that nits of mass
density a!e often confsed (ith nits of s%ecific $!a#ity" The distinction &et(een these
t(o is 'ite clea! in SI nits5 Mass density is e0%!essed in 3kg4m/5, (hile s%ecific $!a#ity
in 3*4m/5.)o(e#e!, in the En$lish system, &oth s%ecific mass and s%ecific $!a#ity a!e
"e0%!essed in 3l)4in./5, (he!e 3l)5 denotes eithe! %ond mass o! %ond fo!ce" As Solid
/o!,s simlation se!s, (e a!e s%a!ed mch confsion and t!o&le (ith systems of nits"
8>
)o(e#e!, (e may &e as,ed to %!e%a!e data o! inte!%!et the !eslts of othe! FEA soft(a!e
(he!e (e do not ha#e the con#enience of the nit mana$e!" The!efo!e, (e (ill ma,e
some $ene!al comments a&ot the se of diffe!ent systems of nits in the %!e%a!ation of
in%t data fo! FEA models" /e can se any consistent system of nits fo! FEA models,
&t in %!actice, the choice of the system of nits is dictated &y (hat nits a!e sed in the
3AD model" The system of nits in 3AD models is not al(ays consistent. len$th can &e
e0%!essed in 3mm5, (hile mass density can &e e0%!essed in 3kg4m/5.3ont!a!y to 3AD
models, in FEA all nits must &e consistent" Inconsistencies a!e easy to o#e!loo,,
es%ecially (hen definin$ mass and mass density, and they can lead to #e!y se!ios e!!o!s"
SI, 2etric, and English systems of units can )e interchanged "hen entering data or
analy(ing results in Solid /o!,s simlation
E0%e!ience indicates that nits of mass density a!e often confsed (ith nits of s%ecific
$!a#ity" The distinction &et(een these t(o is 'ite clea! in SI nits5 Mass density is
e0%!essed in 3kg4m/5, (hile s%ecific $!a#ity in 3*4m/5.)o(e#e!, in the En$lish system,
&oth s%ecific mass and s%ecific $!a#ity a!e "e0%!essed in 3l)4in./5, (he!e 3l)5 denotes
eithe! %ond mass o! %ond fo!ce" As Solid /o!,s simlation se!s, (e a!e s%a!ed mch
confsion and t!o&le (ith systems of nits" )o(e#e!, (e may &e as,ed to %!e%a!e data
o! inte!%!et the !eslts of othe! FEA soft(a!e (he!e (e do not ha#e the con#enience of
the nit mana$e!" The!efo!e, (e (ill ma,e some $ene!al comments a&ot the se of
diffe!ent systems of nits in the %!e%a!ation of in%t data fo! FEA models" /e can se
any consistent system of nits fo! FEA models, &t in %!actice his choice of the system of
nits is dictated &y (hat nits a!e sed in the 3AD model" The system of nits in 3AD
models is not al(ays consistent. len$th can &e e0%!essed in 3mm5, (hile mass density can
&e e0%!essed in 3kg4m/5.3ont!a!y to 3AD models, in FEA all nits must &e consistent"
Inconsistencies a!e easy to o#e!loo,, es%ecially (hen definin$ mass and mass density,
and they can lead to #e!y se!ios e!!o!s"
In the SI system, (hich is &ased on mete!s 3m5 fo! len$th, ,ilo$!ams 3kg5 fo! mass and
seconds 3s5 fo! time, all othe! nits a!e easily de!i#ed f!om these &asic nits" In
mechanical en$inee!in$, len$th is commonly e0%!essed in millimete!s 3mm5, fo!ce in
Ne(ton 3*5, and time in seconds 3s5. All othe! nits mst then &e de!i#ed f!om these
&asic nits5 3mm5, 3*5, and 3s5.3onse'ently, the nit of mass is defined as a mass
(hich, (hen s&+ected to a nit fo!ce e'al to IN, (ill accele!ate (ith a nit accele!ation
of 8 mmDs:"The!efo!e, the nit of mass in a system sin$ 3mm5 fo! len$th and 3*5 fo!
fo!ce, is e'i#alent to 8,@@@ ,$ o! one met!ic ton" 3onse'ently, mass density is
e0%!essed in met!ic tonne 3tonne4mm/5. This is c!itically im%o!tant to !emem&e! (hen
definin$ mate!ial %!o%e!ties in FEA soft(a!e (ithot a nit mana$e!" Notice in fi$!e 81
8C that an e!!oneos definition of mass density in 3kg4m/5 !athe! than in 3tonne4mm/5
!eslts in mass density &ein$ one t!illion 78@8:9 times hi$he! 7fi$!e 818C9"
8E
Fi$!e 818C5 Mass densities of alminm in the th!ee systems of nits
#omparison of numerical values of mass densities of aluminum defined in this system of
units "ith the system of units derived from SI, and "ith the English %I6S' system of units.
8F
E&' (o: ) *tress analysis of beams
7Sim%ly s%%o!ted, 3antile#e! ; Fi0ed ends9
A+$:
To %e!fo!m dis%lacement and st!ess analysis fo! the $i#en &eams
7Sim%ly s%%o!ted, 3antile#e!; Fi0ed ends9 sin$ solid (o!,s simlation
and analytical e0%!essions"
%roblem Description:
7i9 A dist!i&ted load ; 4oint load (ill &e a%%lied to a solid steel &eam
(ith a !ectan$la! c!oss section as sho(n in the fi$!e 78"89 &elo(" The
c!oss1section of the &eam is 8A:mm 0 :ECmm (hile the modls of
elasticity of the steel is :8@?4a" Find !eaction, deflection and st!esses in the
&eam"
7ii9 A dist!i&ted load ; 4oint load (ill &e a%%lied to a solid steel &eam
(ith a !ectan$la! c!oss section as sho(n in the fi$!e 78":9 &elo(" The
c!oss1section of the &eam is 8>@mm 0 A@@mm (hile the modls of
&eam"
Fi$"8"8
Fi$"8":
8=
7iii9 A dist!i&ted load ; 4oint load (ill &e a%%lied to a solid steel &eam
(ith a !ectan$la! c!oss section as sho(n in the fi$!e 78"A9 &elo(" The
c!oss1section of the &eam is >F:mm 0 88CCmm (hile the modls of
&eam"
%roblem ,+-
Creation of solid model
*olid part ):
Sketch module0
O%en a ne( %a!t file Kselect the !i$ht %lane Kselect no!mal #ie(K
d!a( !ectan$la! sha%e Kselect sma!t dimensions modify the dimensions as
8A: B :EC mm
Feature 2odule0
Select the s,etch8 K select e0t!ded &oss K e0t!de (ith a len$th
A@@@mm K o,"
*olid part .:
Sketch module0
Select the !i$ht end face Kselect no!mal #ie(K d!a( !ectan$la!
sha%e Kselect sma!t dimensions modify the dimensions as 8A: B :EC mm
Feature 2odule0
Fi$"8"A
8<
Select the s,etch: K select e0t!ded &oss K e0t!de (ith thic,ness
A@@@mm K nselect me!$e com%onent K o,"
The model mst &e a solid o&+ect
Refe!ence %oint5
S,etch K %oint K Select the to% s!face K select no!mal #ie( K
locate a %oint Kselect sma!t dimensions modify the location of the
%oint as :@@@ mm f!om !i$ht end K o,"
Select !efe!ence %oint K select s,etchA 7%oint9 ; to% s!face K o,
Analysis the solid model

Ste% &y ste% %!oced!e fo! the analysis"
Simulation Module:
*e!ify that simlation mode is selected in the Add1lns list" To sta!t
Simlation, Once Solid /o!,s Simlation has &een added, Simlation sho(s
in the main Solid /o!,s tool men" Select the simlation Mana$e! ta&"
New Study:
To define a ne( stdy, select Ne( Stdy eithe! f!om the
Simlation men o! the Simlation 3ommand Mana$e! L /hen a stdy is
defined, Solid /o!,s Simlation c!eates a stdy (indo( located &elo( the
Solid /o!,s Feat!e Mana$e! (indo( and %laces se#e!al folde!s in it" It also
adds a stdy ta& that %!o#ides access to the (indo("
:@
Static Study:
To select static stdy in the stdy ta&" Simlation atomatically
c!eates a stdy folde! (ith the follo(in$ s& folde!s5 Static Stdy,
3onnections, Fi0t!es, Loads, Mesh and Re%o!t folde!"
Ri$ht clic, on the Static stdy 1 T!eat the solid %a!t 8 ; : as a &eam
se%a!ately"
Apply Materials:
To a%%ly mate!ial to the Simlation model, !i$ht1clic, the solid
%a!t folde! in the simlation stdyK select A%%lyDEdit Mate!ial f!om
the %o%1% men K This action o%ens the Mate!ial K Select F!om
li&!a!y files in the Select mate!ial so!ce a!eaK Select Alloy Steel"
:8
Calculate the Joints:
To calclate the +ointK Ri$ht1clic, the +oints folde! in Static stdy
K edit K calclate K o, 7afte! findin$ dis%lay of no" of +oints model9
::
Apply Fixtures:
To define the Fi0t!e789 at end AK Ri$ht1clic, the Fi0t!e folde! in
Static stdy K select fi0ed $eomet!y as Fi0t!e ty%e K Select the left
end +oint (he!e Fi0t!e is to &e a%%lied K Select immo#a&le
$eomet!y K o,"
:A
To define the Fi0t!e 7:9 at end B K Ri$ht1clic, the Fi0t!e folde! in
Static stdy K select fi0ed $eomet!y as Fi0t!e ty%e K Select the
!i$ht end +ointK Select !efe!ence $eomet!y as fi0t!e ty%e K Select
the to% s!face as !efe!ence %lane to !e%!esent the di!ection of the
fo!ce K Select the fo!ce di!ection (hich is no!mal to the selected
!efe!ence %lane K Ente! #al#e @ K In the $!a%hic (indo( note the
sym&ols of the a%%lied Fi0t!e"
Apply loads:
/e no( define the load &y selectin$ Fo!ce f!om the %o%1% men"
This action o%ens the Fo!ce (indo(" The Fo!ce (indo( dis%lays the
%o!tion (he!e %oint load ; nifo!mly dist!i&ted load is a%%lied
UDL5
Ri$ht clic, the load folde! K Select fo!ces K
select the solid %a!t8 K select load D m K select the to% s!face as
!efe!ence %lane to !e%!esent the di!ection of the fo!ce" This
illst!ation also sho(s sym&ols of a%%lied !est!aint and loadK
select the fo!ce di!ection (hich is no!mal to the selected !efe!ence
&tton in o!de! to load the &eam (ith :@,@@@ NDm of nifo!mly
dist!i&ted load o#e! the selected face K o,"
:C
4oint Load5
Ri$ht clic, the load folde! K Select fo!ces K
select the !efe!ence %oint K select the to% s!face as !efe!ence
%lane to !e%!esent the di!ection of the fo!ce K select the fo!ce
di!ection (hich is no!mal to the selected !efe!ence &tton in o!de!
to load the &eam (ith :@,@@@ N of %oint load on the selected %oint
K o,"
:>
Create the mesh:
/e a!e no( !eady to mesh the model K Ri$ht1clic, the Mesh
folde! K c!eate mesh
Run the analysis:
Ri$ht1clic,s the simlation mode K Select Rn to sta!t the soltion" A
sccessfl o! failed soltion is !e%o!ted and mst &e ac,no(led$ed &efo!e
%!oceedin$ to analysis of !eslts" /hen the soltion com%letes sccessflly,
Simlation c!eates a Reslts folde! (ith !eslt %lots (hich a!e defined in
Simlation Defalt O%tions"
Results:
/ith the soltion com%leted simlation atomatically c!eates Reslts
folde! (ith se#e!al ne( folde!s in the stdy Mana$e! /indo( li,e St!ess,
Dis%lacement, and St!ain ; Defo!mation" Each folde! holds an
atomatically c!eated %lot (ith its !es%ecti#e ty%e of !eslts" The soltion
can &e e0ected (ith diffe!ent %!o%e!ties"
Select one of the follo(in$ analyses yo (ant to see5
St!ess dist!i&tion
Dis%lacement dist!i&tion
Defo!med sha%e
:E
Ma,e s!e that the a&o#e %lots a!e defined in yo! confi$!ation, if not,
define them" Once the soltion com%letes, yo can add mo!e %lots to the
Reslts folde!" Yo can also c!eate s&folde!s in the Reslts folde! to $!o%
%lots"
To dis%lay st!ess !eslts, do&le1clic, on the St!ess8 icon in the
Reslts folde! o! !i$ht1clic, it and select Sho( f!om the %o%1% men"
%roblem ,ii- / ,iii-
Follo( the same %!oced!e (ith !e'i!ed chan$es"
0esult:
The analysis of the &eam (as ca!!ied ot sin$ the solid(o!,s
simlation and the soft(a!e !eslts (e!e com%a!ed (ith theo!etical o!
analytical !eslts"

:F
E&' (o: . *tress analysis of a 0ectangular plate with circular holes
Aim:
To %e!fo!m dis%lacement and st!ess analysis fo! the $i#en !ectan$la!
%late (ith holes sin$ solid (o!,s simlation and analytical e0%!essions"
Problem description:
A steel %late (ith A holes Amm, >mm ; 8@ mm !es%ecti#ely is
s%%o!ted and loaded, as sho(n in fi$!e" /e assme that the s%%o!t is
!i$id 7this is also called &ilt1in s%%o!t o! fi0ed s%%o!t9 and that the :@ MN
tensile load is nifo!mly dist!i&ted on the end face, o%%osite to the
s%%o!ted face" The c!oss section is 8> mm 0 :> mm" len$th is 8@@mm"
Mate!ial 7Alloy steel9
Creation of the solid model usin solid wor!s
S!etch module:
S,etch789 L O%en a ne( %a!t file Kselect the f!ont %lane Kselect
no!mal #ie(K d!a( !ectan$la! sha%e Kselect sma!t dimensions modify
the dimensions as 8> B :> mmK D!a( th!ee ci!cles as Amm, >mm ; 8@
mm (ith :>mm distance"
T J 8>mm
L J 8@@mm
) J :>mm
DJAmm DJ>mm DJ8@mm
4 J :@,N
Unifo!mly
dist!i&ted
:=
Feature Module:
Feat!e 789 L Select the s,etch 7N9 K Select e0t!ded &oss K e0t!de
(ith thic,ness 8@@mm"
S!etch module:
S,etch 7:9 K select the f!ont s!face Kselect no!mal #ie( K D!a(
th!ee ci!cles as Amm, >mm ; 8@ mm (ith :>mm distance"
Feature Module:
Feat!e 7:9 L Select the s,etch 7:9 K select e0t!ded ct K e0t!de
(ith thic,ness 8>mm K o,
Analysis of the solid model
Simulation Module:
*e!ify that simlation mode is selected in the Add1lens list" To sta!t
New Study:
Static Study:
Apply Materials:
To a%%ly mate!ial to the Simlation model, !i$ht1clic, the %a!t
folde! in simlation stdy and select A%%lyDEdit Mate!ial f!om the %o%1%
men K This action o%ens the Mate!ial K Select F!om li&!a!y files in the
Select mate!ial so!ce a!eaK Select Alloy Steel"
:<
Apply Fixtures:
To define the Fi0t!esK Ri$ht1clic, the Fi0t!e folde! in Static stdy
K select fi0ed $eomet!y as Fi0t!e ty%e K select the left end face K o,
Apply loads:
/e no( define the load &y selectin$ Fo!ce f!om the %o%1% men"
The Fo!ce (indo( dis%lays the selected face (he!e tensile fo!ce is a%%lied
KSelect se !efe!ence $eomet!y K Select the !i$ht %lane as !efe!ence %lane
to !e%!esent the di!ection of the fo!ce" K Select the fo!ce di!ection (hich is
no!mal to the selected !efe!ence %lane &tton in o!de! to load the Model (ith
:@,@@@ N of tensile fo!ce nifo!mly dist!i&ted o#e! the end face"
Create the mesh:
Run the analysis:
Ri$ht1clic,in$ the simlation mode K Select Rn to sta!t the soltion"
A sccessfl o! failed soltion is !e%o!ted and mst &e ac,no(led$ed &efo!e
%!oceedin$ to analysis of !eslts" /hen the soltion com%letes sccessflly,
Simlation c!eates a Reslts folde! (ith !eslt %lots (hich a!e defined in
Simlation Defalt O%tions"
Results:
/ith the soltion com%leted simlation atomatically c!eates Reslts folde!
(ith se#e!al ne( folde!s in the stdy Mana$e! /indo( li,e St!ess,
atomatically c!eated %lot (ith its !es%ecti#e ty%e of !eslts"
St!ess8 sho(in$ in no!mal 0 di!ection
Dis%lacement8 sho(in$ !esltant dis%lacements
0esult:
The analysis of the !ectan$la! %late (as ca!!ied ot sin$ the solid
(o!,s simlation and soft(a!e !eslts (e!e com%a!ed (ith theo!etical o!
analytical #ales"
A@
E&' (o: 1 *tress analysis of a 0ectangular L "rac2et
Aim:
To %e!fo!m dis%lacement and st!ess analysis fo! the $i#en !ectan$la!
L B!ac,et 7/all B!ac,et9 sin$ solid (o!,s simlation and analytical
e0%!essions"
%roblem description:
An L1sha%ed &!ac,et is s%%o!ted and loaded as sho(n in fi$!e A18"
/e (ish to find the Dis%lacements and st!esses cased &y a >,@@@ N (hich
is E@O inclined" In %a!ticla!, (e a!e inte!ested in st!esses in the co!ne! (he!e
the > mm !ond ed$e 7fillet9 is located" Mate!ial ?!ey 3ast I!on"
Creation of the solid model
S!etch module:
O%en a ne( %a!t file Kselect the f!ont %lane Kselect no!mal #ie(K
d!a( the !e'i!ed sha%e Kselect sma!t dimensionsK modify the dimensions
Kselect fillet mode Kente! !adis >mmKselect the s%ecified ed$esKo,"
>@@@N
E@P
A@@mm
8>@mm
F@mm
Q <@mm
Q F@mm
Thic,ness A>mm
A8
Feature Module:
Select the s,etch K select e0t!ded &oss 7 select mid%lane o%tion K
e0t!de (ith thic,ness 8F">mm"
S,etch 4oint5
Select the f!ont %lane K no!mal #ie( K d!a( a line 7s,etch :9
f!om the cent!e of the hole (hich is E@P inclined to the #e!tical"
Select the f!ont %lane K locate the inte!section %oint of E@P
inclined line ; s,etch A Ko,"
Refe!ence %oint5
Select !efe!ence %oint $eomet!y K select s,etch A %oint ;
inne! s!face of the hole K o,"
Simulation Module:
*e!ify that simlation mode is selected in the Add1lns list" To sta!t
New Study:
Static Study:
Apply Materials:
To a%%ly mate!ial to the Simlation model, !i$ht1clic, the %a!t
folde! in simlation stdy and select A%%lyDEdit Mate!ial f!om the %o%1%
men K This action o%ens the Mate!ial K Select F!om li&!a!y files in the
Select mate!ial so!ce a!eaK Select ?!ey 3ast I!on"
A:
Apply Fixtures:
In Fi0t!esK select fi0ed $eomet!y as Fi0t!e ty%e K select the model face
7left end face9 (he!e Fi0t!e is to &e a%%liedK o,"
Apply loads:
Ri$ht1clic, the Fo!ce folde! K Select fo!ce K Select the !efe!ence
%oint K select the !efe!ence %lane to !e%!esent the di!ection of the fo!ce in
o!de! to load the Model (ith >@@@ N of (hich is E@P inclined"" This
illst!ation also sho(s sym&ols of a%%lied !est!aint and load
Create the mesh:
Run the analysis:
Ri$ht1clic,in$ the simlation mode K Select Rn to sta!t the soltion"
/hen the soltion com%letes sccessflly, Simlation c!eates a Reslts
folde! (ith !eslt %lots (hich a!e defined in Simlation Defalt O%tions"
Results:
/ith the soltion com%leted simlation atomatically c!eates Reslts
folde! (ith se#e!al ne( folde!s in the stdy Mana$e! /indo( li,e St!ess,
atomatically c!eated %lot (ith its !es%ecti#e ty%e of !eslts" The soltion
can &e e0ected (ith diffe!ent %!o%e!ties"
St!ess8 sho(in$ #on Misses st!esses
Dis%lacement8 sho(in$ !esltant dis%lacements
Once the soltion com%letes, yo can add mo!e %lots to the Reslts folde!"
Yo can also c!eate s&folde!s in the Reslts folde! to $!o% %lots"
0esult:
AA
The analysis of the L 1 B!ac,et (as ca!!ied ot sin$ the
solid(o!,s simlation and the soft(a!e !eslts (e!e com%a!ed (ith
analytical #ales"
E&'$o'3 *tress analysis of an a&i4symmetric component
Aim:
To %e!fo!m st!ess analysis fo! the $i#en a0i1symmet!ic com%onent"
%roblem description:
Creation of the solid model
S!etch module:
O%en a ne( %a!t file Kselect the to% %lane Kselect no!mal #ie(K
d!a( the !ectan$la! sha%e Kselect sma!t dimensionsK modify the
dimensions 8@@@mm 0 8>mm Ko,"
Select s,etch K d!a( cent!e a0is K o,"
Feature Module:
Select the s,etch K select !e#ol#e 7 select the cent!e a0isK
!e#oltion an$le <@P"
Surface Module:
Select s!face K mid s!face Kselect the t(o ote! faces Ko,"
Ri$ht clic, the s!face model K edit definition K ente! thic,ness
8>mm K o,"
Simulation Module:

New Study:
To define a ne( stdy K select Ne( Stdy Kstatic Ko,"
Static Study:
AC
Apply Materials:
To a%%ly mate!ial to the Simlation model K !i$ht1clic, the %a!t
folde! in simlation stdy and select A%%lyDEdit Mate!ial K Alloy steel K
o,"
Apply Fixtures:
In Fi0t!esK select Ad#anced $eomet!y K select symmet!y K select the
end faces 7left ; !i$ht end face9 (he!e Fi0t!e is to &e a%%lied K o,"
Apply loads:
Ri$ht1clic, the Fo!ce folde! K Select 4!ess!e K Select the inne!
s!face of the secto! KEnte! %!ess!e 8">M%a K o,"
Create the mesh:
Ri$ht1clic, the Mesh folde! K c!eate mesh K select Atomatic
t!ansition Ko,"
Run the analysis:
Select Rn to sta!t the soltion
Results:
The soltion can &e e0ected (ith diffe!ent %!o%e!ties"
st!esses
dis%lacements
st!ains
0esult:
The analysis of the a0i1symmet!ic com%onent (as ca!!ied ot
sin$ the solid(o!,s simlation and the soft(a!e !eslts (e!e com%a!ed
(ith analytical #ales"
A>
E&' (o: 5 $ode fre6uency analysis of a . D component
E&' (o: 7 $ode fre6uency analysis of beams ,Cantile!er8 *imply
*upported8 Fi&ed ends-
AE
E&' (o: 9 :armonic analysis of a .D component
E&' (o: ; <hermal stress analysis of a .D component

AF
E&' (o: = Conducti!e heat transfer analysis of a .D component
AIM:
E&' (o: )> Con!ecti!e heat transfer analysis of a .D component
A=
MATLAB INTRODU3TION5
O!er!iew of the $A<LA"? En!ironment
The MATLABR hi$h1%e!fo!mance lan$a$e fo! technical com%tin$
inte$!ates com%tation, #isali-ation, and %!o$!ammin$ in an easy1to1se
en#i!onment (he!e %!o&lems and soltions a!e e0%!essed in familia!
mathematical
notation" Ty%ical ses inclde
@ Math and com%tation
@ Al$o!ithm de#elo%ment
@ Data ac'isition
@ Modelin$, simlation, and %!ototy%in$
@ Data analysis, e0%lo!ation, and #isali-ation
@ Scientific and en$inee!in$ $!a%hics
@ A%%lication de#elo%ment,
Incldin$ $!a%hical se! inte!face &ildin$ MATLAB is an inte!acti#e
system (hose &asic data element is an a!!ay that does not !e'i!e
dimensionin$" It allo(s yo to sol#e many technical com%tin$ %!o&lems,
es%ecially those (ith mat!i0 and #ecto! fo!mlations, in a f!action of the
time it (old ta,e to (!ite a %!o$!am in a scala! noninte!acti#e lan$a$e
sch as 3 o! FORTRAN"
The name MATLAB stands fo! matri& la)oratory" MATLAB (as o!i$inally
(!itten to %!o#ide easy access to mat!i0 soft(a!e de#elo%ed &y the
LIN4A3M and EIS4A3M %!o+ects" Today, MATLAB en$ines inco!%o!ate the
LA4A3M and BLAS li&!a!ies, em&eddin$ the state of the a!t in soft(a!e fo!
mat!i0 com%tation"
A<
*+$AL+(B +(<0ODAC<+O(:
Simlin, is a $!a%hical e0tension to MATLAB fo! modelin$ and
simlation of systems" In Simlin,, systems a!e d!a(n on sc!een as &loc,
dia$!ams" Many elements of &loc, dia$!ams a!e a#aila&le, sch as t!ansfe!
fnctions, smmin$ +nctions, etc", as (ell as #i!tal in%t and ot%t
de#ices sch as fnction $ene!ato!s and oscillosco%es" Simlin, is inte$!ated
(ith MATLAB and data can &e easily t!ansfe!!ed &et(een the %!o$!ams" In
these tto!ials, (e (ill a%%ly Simlin, to the e0am%les f!om the MATLAB
tto!ials to model the systems, &ild cont!olle!s, and simlate the systems"
Simlin, is s%%o!ted on Uni0, Macintosh, and /indo(s en#i!onments. and
is inclded in the stdent #e!sion of MATLAB fo! %e!sonal com%te!s"
The idea &ehind these tto!ials is that yo can #ie( them in one (indo(
(hile !nnin$ Simlin, in anothe! (indo(" System model files can &e
do(nloaded f!om the tto!ials and o%ened in Simlin," Yo (ill modify and
C@
e0tend these system (hile lea!nin$ to se Simlin, fo! system modelin$,
cont!ol, and simlation" Do not confse the (indo(s, icons, and mens in
the tto!ials fo! yo! actal Simlin, (indo(s" Most ima$es in these
tto!ials a!e not li#e 1 they sim%ly dis%lay (hat yo shold see in yo! o(n
Simlin, (indo(s" All Simlin, o%e!ations shold &e done in yo!
Simlin, (indo(s"
8" Sta!tin$ Simlin,
:" Model Files
A" Basic Elements
C" Rnnin$ Simlations
>" Bildin$ Systems
*tarting *imulin2
Simlin, is sta!ted f!om the MATLAB command %!om%t &y ente!in$ the
follo(in$ command5
LL Simlin,
Alte!nati#ely, yo can hit the Simlin, &tton at the to% of the MATLAB
(indo( as sho(n &elo(5
/hen it sta!ts, Simlin, &!in$s % the Simlin, Li&!a!y &!o(se!"
C8
O%en the modelin$ (indo( (ith Ne( then Model f!om the File men on the
Simlin, Li&!a!y B!o(se! as sho(n a&o#e"
This (ill &!in$ % a ne( ntitiled modelin$ (indo( sho(n &elo("
C:
$odel Files
In Simlin,, a model is a collection of &loc,s (hich, in $ene!al, !e%!esents a
system" In addition to d!a(in$ a model into a &lan, model (indo(,
%!e#iosly sa#ed model files can &e loaded eithe! f!om the File men o!
f!om the MATLAB command %!om%t"
Yo can o%en sa#ed files in Simlin, &y ente!in$ the follo(in$ command in
the MATLAB command (indo(" 7Alte!nati#ely, yo can load a file sin$
the O%en o%tion in the File men in Simlin,, o! &y hittin$ 3t!lSO in
Simlin,"9
LL filename

The follo(in$ is an e0am%le model (indo("
CA
A ne( model can &e c!eated &y selectin$ Ne( f!om the File men in any
Simlin, (indo( 7o! &y hittin$ 3t!lSN9"
"asic Elements
The!e a!e t(o ma+o! classes of items in Simlin,5 &loc,s and lines" Bloc,s
a!e sed to $ene!ate, modify, com&ine, ot%t, and dis%lay si$nals" Lines a!e
sed to t!ansfe! si$nals f!om one &loc, to anothe!"
"loc2s
The!e a!e se#e!al $ene!al classes of &loc,s5
3ontinos
Discontinos
Disc!ete
Loo,1U% Ta&les
Math O%e!ations
Model *e!ification
Model1/ide Utilities
4o!ts ; S&systems
Si$nal Att!i&tes
Si$nal Rotin$
Sin,s5 Used to ot%t o! dis%lay si$nals
So!ces5 Used to $ene!ate #a!ios si$nals
Use!1Defined Fnctions
Disc!ete5 Linea!, disc!ete1time system elements 7t!ansfe! fnctions, state1
s%ace models, etc"9
Linea!5 Linea!, continos1time system elements and connections
7smmin$ +nctions, $ains, etc"9
Nonlinea!5 Nonlinea! o%e!ato!s 7a!&it!a!y fnctions, sat!ation, delay,
etc"9
3onnections5 Mlti%le0, Demlti%le0, System Mac!os, etc"
Bloc,s ha#e -e!o to se#e!al in%t te!minals and -e!o to se#e!al ot%t
te!minals" Unsed in%t te!minals a!e indicated &y a small o%en t!ian$le"
Unsed ot%t te!minals a!e indicated &y a small t!ian$la! %oint" The &loc,
sho(n &elo( has an nsed in%t te!minal on the left and an nsed ot%t
te!minal on the !i$ht"
CC
Lines
Lines t!ansmit si$nals in the di!ection indicated &y the a!!o(" Lines mst
al(ays t!ansmit si$nals f!om the ot%t te!minal of one &loc, to the in%t
te!minal of anothe! &loc," One e0ce%tion to this is a line can ta% off of
anothe! line, s%littin$ the si$nal to each of t(o destination &loc,s, as sho(n
&elo("
Lines can ne#e! in+ect a si$nal into anothe! line. lines mst &e com&ined
th!o$h the se of a &loc, sch as a smmin$ +nction"
A si$nal can &e eithe! a scala! si$nal o! a #ecto! si$nal" Fo! Sin$le1In%t,
Sin$le1Ot%t systems, scala! si$nals a!e $ene!ally sed" Fo! Mlti1In%t,
Mlti1Ot%t systems, #ecto! si$nals a!e often sed, consistin$ of t(o o!
mo!e scala! si$nals" The lines sed to t!ansmit scala! and #ecto! si$nals a!e
identical" The ty%e of si$nal ca!!ied &y a line is dete!mined &y the &loc,s on
eithe! end of the line"
*imple E&ample
C>
The simple model 7f!om the model files section9 consists of th!ee &loc,s5
Ste%, T!ansfe! Fcn, and Sco%e" The Ste% is a so!ce &loc, f!om (hich a ste%
in%t si$nal o!i$inates" This si$nal is t!ansfe!!ed th!o$h the line in the
di!ection indicated &y the a!!o( to the T!ansfe! Fnction linea! &loc," The
T!ansfe! Fnction modifies its in%t si$nal and ot%ts a ne( si$nal on a
line to the Sco%e" The Sco%e is a sin, &loc, sed to dis%lay a si$nal mch
li,e an oscillosco%e"
The!e a!e many mo!e ty%es of &loc,s a#aila&le in Simlin,, some of (hich
(ill &e discssed late!" Ri$ht no(, (e (ill e0amine +st the th!ee (e ha#e
sed in the sim%le model"
$odifying "loc2s
A &loc, can &e modified &y do&le1clic,in$ on it" Fo! e0am%le, if yo
do&le1clic, on the 2T!ansfe! Fcn2 &loc, in the simple model, yo (ill see
the follo(in$ dialo$ &o0"
CE
This dialo$ &o0 contains fields fo! the nme!ato! and the denominato! of the
&loc,Gs t!ansfe! fnction" By ente!in$ a #ecto! containin$ the coefficients of
the desi!ed nme!ato! o! denominato! %olynomial, the desi!ed t!ansfe!
fnction can &e ente!ed" Fo! e0am%le, to chan$e the denominato! to
sT:S:sS8, ente! the follo(in$ into the denominato! field5
U8 : 8V
and hit the close &tton, the model (indo( (ill chan$e to the follo(in$5
(hich !eflects the chan$e in the denominato! of the t!ansfe! fnction"
The 2ste%2 &loc, can also &e do&le1clic,ed, &!in$in$ % the follo(in$
dialo$ &o0"
CF
The defalt %a!amete!s in this dialo$ &o0 $ene!ate a ste% fnction occ!!in$
at timeJ8 sec, f!om an initial le#el of -e!o to a le#el of 8" 7in othe! (o!ds, a
nit ste% at tJ89" Each of these %a!amete!s can &e chan$ed" 3lose this dialo$
&efo!e continin$"
The most com%licated of these th!ee &loc,s is the 2Sco%e2 &loc," Do&le
clic,in$ on this &!in$s % a &lan, oscillosco%e sc!een"
C=
/hen a simlation is %e!fo!med, the si$nal (hich feeds into the sco%e (ill
&e dis%layed in this (indo(" Detailed o%e!ation of the sco%e (ill not &e
co#e!ed in this tto!ial" The only fnction (e (ill se is the atoscale
&tton, (hich a%%ea!s as a %ai! of &inocla!s in the %%e! %o!tion of the
(indo("
0unning *imulations
To !n a simlation, (e (ill (o!, (ith the follo(in$ model file5
sim%le:"mdl
Do(nload and o%en this file in Simlin, follo(in$ the %!e#ios inst!ctions
fo! this file" Yo shold see the follo(in$ model (indo("
Befo!e !nnin$ a simlation of this system, fi!st o%en the sco%e (indo( &y
do&le1clic,in$ on the sco%e &loc," Then, to sta!t the simlation, eithe!
select Sta!t f!om the Simlation men 7as sho(n &elo(9 o! hit 3t!l1T in the
model (indo("
C<
The simlation shold !n #e!y 'ic,ly and the sco%e (indo( (ill a%%ea! as
sho(n &elo(" If it doesnGt, +st do&le clic, on the &loc, la&eled 2sco%e"2
Note that the simlation ot%t 7sho(n in yello(9 is at a #e!y lo( le#el
!elati#e to the a0es of the sco%e" To fi0 this, hit the atoscale &tton
7&inocla!s9, (hich (ill !escale the a0es as sho(n &elo("
Note that the ste% !es%onse does not &e$in ntil tJ8" This can &e chan$ed &y
do&le1clic,in$ on the 2ste%2 &loc," No(, (e (ill chan$e the %a!amete!s of
the system and simlate the system a$ain" Do&le1clic, on the 2T!ansfe!
Fcn2 &loc, in the model (indo( and chan$e the denominato! to
>@
U8 :@ C@@V

Re1!n the simlation 7hit 3t!l1T9 and yo shold see (hat a%%ea!s as a flat
line in the sco%e (indo(" )it the atoscale &tton, and yo shold see the
follo(in$ in the sco%e (indo("
Notice that the atoscale &tton only chan$es the #e!tical a0is" Since the
ne( t!ansfe! fnction has a #e!y fast !es%onse, it com%!essed into a #e!y
na!!o( %a!t of the sco%e (indo(" This is not !eally a %!o&lem (ith the
sco%e, &t (ith the simlation itself" Simlin, simlated the system fo! a fll
ten seconds e#en tho$h the system had !eached steady state sho!tly afte!
one second"
To co!!ect this, yo need to chan$e the %a!amete!s of the simlation itself" In
the model (indo(, select 4a!amete!s f!om the Simlation men" Yo (ill
see the follo(in$ dialo$ &o0"
>8
The!e a!e many simlation %a!amete! o%tions. (e (ill only &e conce!ned
(ith the sta!t and sto% times, (hich tell Simlin, o#e! (hat time %e!iod to
%e!fo!m the simlation" 3han$e Sta!t time f!om @"@ to @"= 7since the ste%
doesnGt occ! ntil tJ8"@" 3han$e Sto% time f!om 8@"@ to :"@, (hich shold
&e only sho!tly afte! the system settles" 3lose the dialo$ &o0 and !e!n the
simlation" Afte! hittin$ the atoscale &tton, the sco%e (indo( shold
%!o#ide a mch &ette! dis%lay of the ste% !es%onse as sho(n &elo("
>:
"uilding *ystems
In this section, yo (ill lea!n ho( to &ild systems in Simlin, sin$ the
&ildin$ &loc,s in Simlin,Gs Bloc, Li&!a!ies" Yo (ill &ild the follo(in$
system"
Fi!st yo (ill $athe! all the necessa!y &loc,s f!om the &loc, li&!a!ies" Then
yo (ill modify the &loc,s so they co!!es%ond to the &loc,s in the desi!ed
model" Finally, yo (ill connect the &loc,s (ith lines to fo!m the com%lete
system" Afte! this, yo (ill simlate the com%lete system to #e!ify that it
(o!,s"
Cathering "loc2s
Follo( the ste%s &elo( to collect the necessa!y &loc,s5
3!eate a ne( model 7Ne( f!om the File men o! 3t!l1N9" Yo (ill $et a
&lan, model (indo("
>A
3lic, on the Li&!a!y B!o(se! &tton to o%en the Simlin, Li&!a!y
B!o(se!" 3lic, on the So!ces o%tion nde! the e0%anded Simlin, title to
!e#eal %ossi&le so!ces fo! the model"
>C
D!a$ the Ste% &loc, f!om the so!ces (indo( into the left side of yo!
model (indo("
>>
F!om the Simlin, Li&!a!y B!o(se!, d!a$ the Sm and ?ain f!om 2Math
O%e!ations2 o%tion fond nde! the Simlin, title"
S(itch to the 23ontinos2 o%tion and d!a$ t(o instances of the T!ansfe!
Fcn 7d!a$ it t(o times9 into yo! model (indo( a!!an$ed a%%!o0imately as
sho(n &elo(" The e0act ali$nment is not im%o!tant since it can &e chan$ed
>E
late!" Wst t!y to $et the co!!ect !elati#e %ositions" Notice that the second
T!ansfe! Fnction &loc, has a 8 afte! its name" Since no t(o &loc,s may
ha#e the same name, Simlin, atomatically a%%ends nm&e!s follo(in$ the
names of &loc,s to diffe!entiate &et(een them"
3lic, on the 2Sin,s2 o%tion then d!a$ o#e! the 2Sco%e2 icon
>F
$odify "loc2s
Follo( these ste%s to %!o%e!ly modify the &loc,s in yo! model"
Do&le1clic, yo! Sm &loc," Since yo (ill (ant the second in%t to
&e s&t!acted, ente! S1 into the list of si$ns field" 3lose the dialo$ &o0"
Do&le1clic, yo! ?ain &loc," 3han$e the $ain to :"> and close the
dialo$ &o0"
Do&le1clic, the leftmost T!ansfe! Fnction &loc," 3han$e the
nme!ato! to U8 :V and the denominato! to U8 @V" 3lose the dialo$ &o0"
Do&le1clic, the !i$htmost T!ansfe! Fnction &loc," Lea#e the
nme!ato! U8V, &t chan$e the denominato! to U8 : CV" 3lose the dialo$ &o0"
Yo! model shold a%%ea! as5
>=
3han$e the name of the fi!st T!ansfe! Fnction &loc, &y clic,in$ on the
(o!ds 2T!ansfe! Fcn2" A &o0 and an editin$ c!so! (ill a%%ea! on the &loc,Gs
name as sho(n &elo(" Use the ,ey&oa!d 7the mose is also sefl9 to delete
the e0istin$ name and ty%e in the ne( name, 24I 3ont!olle!2" 3lic,
any(he!e otside the name &o0 to finish editin$"
><
Simila!ly, chan$e the name of the second T!ansfe! Fnction &loc, f!om
2T!ansfe! Fcn82 to 24lant2" No(, all the &loc,s a!e ente!ed %!o%e!ly" Yo!
model shold a%%ea! as5
Connecting "loc2s with Lines
No( that the &loc,s a!e %!o%e!ly laid ot, yo (ill no( connect them
to$ethe!" Follo( these ste%s"
D!a$ the mose f!om the ot%t te!minal of the Ste% &loc, to the %%e!
7%ositi#e9 in%t of the Sm &loc," Let $o of the mose &tton only (hen the
mose is !i$ht on the in%t te!minal" Do not (o!!y a&ot the %ath yo follo(
(hile d!a$$in$, the line (ill !ote itself" Yo shold see the follo(in$"
E@
The !esltin$ line shold ha#e a filled a!!o(head" If the a!!o(head is o%en,
as sho(n &elo(, it means it is not connected to anythin$"
Yo can contine the %a!tial line yo +st d!e( &y t!eatin$ the o%en
a!!o(head as an ot%t te!minal and d!a(in$ +st as &efo!e" Alte!nati#ely, if
E8
yo (ant to !ed!a( the line, o! if the line connected to the (!on$ te!minal,
yo shold delete the line and !ed!a( it" To delete a line 7o! any othe!
o&+ect9, sim%ly clic, on it to select it, and hit the delete ,ey"
D!a( a line connectin$ the Sm &loc, ot%t to the ?ain in%t" Also
d!a( a line f!om the ?ain to the 4I 3ont!olle!, a line f!om the 4I 3ont!olle!
to the 4lant, and a line f!om the 4lant to the Sco%e" Yo shold no( ha#e the
follo(in$"
The line !emainin$ to &e d!a(n is the feed&ac, si$nal connectin$ the
ot%t of the 4lant to the ne$ati#e in%t of the Sm &loc," This line is
diffe!ent in t(o (ays" Fi!st, since this line loo%s a!ond and does not sim%ly
follo( the sho!test 7!i$ht1an$led9 !ote so it needs to &e d!a(n in se#e!al
sta$es" Second, the!e is no ot%t te!minal to sta!t f!om, so the line has to ta%
off of an e0istin$ line"
To ta% off the ot%t line, hold the 3t!l ,ey (hile d!a$$in$ the mose f!om
the %oint on the e0istin$ line (he!e yo (ant to ta% off" In this case, sta!t
+st to the !i$ht of the 4lant" D!a$ ntil yo $et to the lo(e! left co!ne! of the
desi!ed feed&ac, si$nal line as sho(n &elo("
E:
No(, the o%en a!!o(head of this %a!tial line can &e t!eated as an ot%t
te!minal" D!a( a line f!om it to the ne$ati#e te!minal of the Sm &loc, in the
sal manne!"
EA
No(, yo (ill ali$n the &loc,s (ith each othe! fo! a neate! a%%ea!ance"
Once connected, the actal %ositions of the &loc,s does not matte!, &t it is
easie! to !ead if they a!e ali$ned" To mo#e each &loc,, d!a$ it (ith the
mose" The lines (ill stay connected and !e1!ote themsel#es" The middles
and co!ne!s of lines can also &e d!a$$ed to diffe!ent locations" Sta!tin$ at the
left, d!a$ each &loc, so that the lines connectin$ them a!e %!ely ho!i-ontal"
Also, ad+st the s%acin$ &et(een &loc,s to lea#e !oom fo! si$nal la&els" Yo
shold ha#e somethin$ li,e5
Finally, yo (ill %lace la&els in yo! model to identify the si$nals" To
%lace a la&el any(he!e in yo! model, do&le clic, at the %oint yo (ant the
la&el to &e" Sta!t &y do&le clic,in$ a&o#e the line leadin$ f!om the Ste%
&loc," Yo (ill $et a &lan, te0t &o0 (ith an editin$ c!so! as sho(n &elo(
EC
Ty%e an ! in this &o0, la&elin$ the !efe!ence si$nal and clic, otside it to end
editin$"
La&el the e!!o! 7e9 si$nal, the cont!ol 79 si$nal, and the ot%t 7y9 si$nal
in the same manne!" Yo! final model shold a%%ea! as5
E>
To sa#e yo! model, select Sa#e As in the File men and ty%e in any
desi!ed model name"
*imulation
No( that the model is com%lete, yo can simlate the model" Select Sta!t
f!om the Simlation men to !n the simlation" Do&le1clic, on the Sco%e
&loc, to #ie( its ot%t" )it the atoscale &tton 7&inocla!s9 and yo
shold see the follo(in$"
<a2ing #ariables from $A<LA"
In some cases, %a!amete!s, sch as $ain, may &e calclated in MATLAB to
&e sed in a Simlin, model" If this is the case, it is not necessa!y to ente!
the !eslt of the MATLAB calclation di!ectly into Simlin," Fo! e0am%le,
s%%ose (e calclated the $ain in MATLAB in the #a!ia&le M" Emlate this
&y ente!in$ the follo(in$ command at the MATLAB command %!om%t"
MJ:">

This #a!ia&le can no( &e sed in the Simlin, ?ain &loc," In yo! Simlin,
model, do&le1clic, on the ?ain &loc, and ente! the follo(in$ in the ?ain
field"
M
EE
3lose this dialo$ &o0" Notice no( that the ?ain &loc, in the Simlin, model
sho(s the #a!ia&le M !athe! than a nm&e!"
No(, yo can !e1!n the simlation and #ie( the ot%t on the Sco%e" The
!eslt shold &e the same as &efo!e"
EF
No(, if any calclations a!e done in MATLAB to chan$e any of the
#a!ia&les sed in the Simlin, model, the simlation (ill se the ne( #ales
the ne0t time it is !n" To t!y this, in MATLAB, chan$e the $ain, M, &y
ente!in$ the follo(in$ at the command %!om%t"
MJ>
Sta!t the Simlin, simlation a$ain, &!in$ % the Sco%e (indo(, and hit the
atoscale &tton" Yo (ill see the follo(in$ ot%t (hich !eflects the ne(,
hi$he! $ain"
E=
Besides #a!ia&les, si$nals and e#en enti!e systems can &e e0chan$ed
&et(een MATLAB and Simlin,
E<
*imulation using $A< LA":
E&(o : )5 *imulation of *pring D $ass *ystem
Writing $atlab Functions: Damped spring system
In this e0am%le, (e (ill c!eate a Simlin, model fo! a mass attached to a
s%!in$ (ith a linea! dam%in$ fo!ce"
A mass on a s%!in$ (ith a #elocity1de%endant dam%in$ fo!ce and a time1
de%endant fo!ce actin$ %on it (ill &eha#e acco!din$ to the follo(in$
e'ation5
The model (ill &e fo!med a!ond this e'ation" In this e'ation, GmG is the
e'i#alent mass of the system. GcG is the dam%in$ constant. and G,G is the
constant fo! the stiffness of the s%!in$" Fi!st (e (ant to !ea!!an$e the a&o#e
e'ation so that it is in te!ms of accele!ation. then (e (ill inte$!ate to $et
the e0%!essions fo! #elocity and %osition" Rea!!an$in$ the e'ation to
accom%lish this, (e $et5
To &ild the model, (e sta!t (ith a Gste%G &loc, and a G$ainG &loc," The $ain
&loc, !e%!esents the mass, (hich (e (ill &e e'al to >" /e also ,no( that
(e (ill need to inte$!ate t(ice, that (e (ill need to add these e'ations
to$ethe!, and that the!e a!e t(o mo!e constants to conside!" The dam%in$
F@
constant GcG (ill act on the #elocity, that is, afte! the fi!st inte$!ation, and the
constant G,G (ill act on the %osition, o! afte! the second inte$!ation" Let c J
@"A> and let , J @">" Layin$ all these &loc, ot to $et an idea of ho( to %t
them to$ethe!, (e $et5
By loo,in$ at the e'ation in te!ms of accele!ation, it is clea! that the
dam%in$ te!m and s%!in$ te!m a!e smmed ne$ati#ely, (hile the mass te!m
is still %ositi#e" To add %laces and chan$e si$ns of te!ms &ein$ smmed,
do&le1clic, on the sm fnction &loc, and edit the list of si$ns5
F8
Once (e ha#e added %laces and co!!ected the si$ns fo! the sm &loc,, (e
need only connect the lines to thei! a%%!o%!iate %laces" To &e a&le to see
(hat is ha%%enin$ (ith this s%!in$ system, (e add a Gsco%eG &loc, and add it
as follo(s5
F:
The #ales of GmG, GcG and G,G can &e alte!ed to test cases of nde!1dam%in$,
c!itical1dam%in$ and o#e!1dam%in$" To acc!ately se the sco%e, !i$ht1clic,
the $!a%h and select 2Atoscale2"
The mdl1file can no( &e sa#ed" The follo(in$ is a sam%le ot%t (hen the
model is !n fo! A@ ite!ations"
FA
FC
E&(O:)7 *imulation of Air4conditioning of a house
Ai! 3onditionin$ of a )ose5 Simlation of Room )eate!
This illst!ates ho( (e can se Simlin, to c!eate the Ai!
3onditionin$ of a hose 1 Room )eate!" This system de%ends on the
otdoo! en#i!onment, the the!mal cha!acte!istics of the hose, and the hose
heatin$ system" The ai!Xcondition8"m file initiali-es data in the model
(o!,s%ace" To ma,e chan$es, (e can edit the model (o!,s%ace di!ectly o!
edit the m1file and !e1load the model (o!,s%ace"
O%enin$ the Model
In the MATLAB (indo(, load the model &y e0ectin$ the follo(in$
code 7select the code and %!ess F< to e#alate selection9"
mdlJYai!Xcondition@8Y.
o%enXsystem7mdl9.
The )ose )eatin$ Model
$odel +nitialiEation
/hen the model is o%ened, it loads the info!mation a&ot the hose
f!om the ai!Xcondition8"m file" The M1file does the follo(in$5
Defines the hose $eomet!y 7si-e, nm&e! of (indo(s9
S%ecifies the the!mal %!o%e!ties of hose mate!ials
3alclates the the!mal !esistance of the hose
4!o#ides the heate! cha!acte!istics 7tem%e!at!e of the hot ai!, flo(1
!ate9
Defines the cost of elect!icity 7Rs"C"@@D,/h!9
S%ecifies the initial !oom tem%e!at!e 78@ de$" 3elsis J >@ de$"
Fah!enheit9
Note5 Time is $i#en in nits of ho!s" 3e!tain 'antities, li,e ai!
flo(1!ate, a!e e0%!essed %e! ho! 7not %e! second9"
$odel Components
*et %oint
2Set 4oint2 is a constant &loc," It s%ecifies the tem%e!at!e that mst
&e maintained indoo!s" It is set at =E de$!ees Fah!enheit (hich is e'al to A@
de$!ees 3enti$!ade"
By defalt" Tem%e!at!es a!e $i#en in Fah!enheit, &t then a!e
con#e!ted to 3elsis to %e!fo!m the calclations"

<hermostat
2The!mostat2 is a s&system that contains a Relay &loc," The
the!mostat allo(s flctations of > de$!ees Fah!enheit a&o#e o! &elo( the
F>
desi!ed !oom tem%e!at!e" If ai! tem%e!at!e d!o%s &elo( =8 de$!ees
Fah!enheit, the the!mostat t!ns on the heate!"
/e can see the The!mostat s&system &y the follo(in$ command in
MATLAB 3ommand (indo("
o%enXsystem7Umdl,GDThe!mostatGV9.

:eater
2)eate!2 is a s&system that has a constant ai! flo( !ate, 2Mdot2,
(hich is s%ecified in the ai!Xcondition"m M1file" The the!mostat si$nal t!ns
the heate! on o! off" /hen the heate! is on, it &lo(s hot ai! at tem%e!at!e
T)eate!
7>@ de$!ees 3elsis J 8:: de$!ees Fah!enheit &y defalt9 at a
constant flo( !ate of Mdot 78,$Dsec J AE@@,$Dh! &y defalt9"
The heat flo( into the !oom is e0%!essed &y the E'ation 8"
E'ation 85 7dZDdt9 J 7T
heate!
[ T
!oom
9\Mdot\c
(he!e c is the heat ca%acity of ai! at constant %!ess!e"
/e can see the )eate! s&system &y the follo(in$ command in
o%enXsystem7Umdl,GD)eate!GV9.
Cost Calculator
23ost 3alclato!2 is a ?ain &loc," 23ost 3alclato!2 inte$!ates the heat
flo( o#e! time and mlti%lies it &y the ene!$y cost"
The cost of heatin$ is %lotted in the 24lotReslts2 sco%e"
:ouse
2)ose2 is a s&system that calclates !oom tem%e!at!e #a!iations" It
ta,es into conside!ation the heat flo( f!om the heate! and heat losses to the
en#i!onment" )eat losses and the tem%e!at!e time de!i#ati#e a!e e0%!essed
&y E'ation :"
E'ation :
7dZDdt9
losses
J7T
!oom
[ T
ot
9 D Re' (he!e Re' is the e'i#alent the!mal
!esistance of the hose"
/e can see the )ose s&system &y the follo(in$ command in
o%enXsystem7Umdl,GD)oseGV9.
$odeling the En!ironment
/e model the en#i!onment as a heat sin, (ith infinite heat ca%acity
and time #a!yin$ tem%e!at!e Tot" The constant &loc, 2A#$ Otdoo!
Tem%2 s%ecifies the a#e!a$e ai! tem%e!at!e otdoo!s" The 2Daily Tem%
*a!iation2 Sine /a#e &loc, $ene!ates daily tem%e!at!e flctations of
FE
otdoo! tem%e!at!e" /e can #a!y these %a!amete!s and see ho( they affect
the heatin$ costs"
0unning the *imulation and #isualiEing the 0esults
/e can !n the simlation and #isali-e the !eslts"
O%en the 24lotReslts2 sco%e to #isali-e the !eslts" The heat cost and
indoo! #e!ss otdoo! tem%e!at!es a!e %lotted on the sco%e" The
tem%e!at!e otdoo! #a!ies sinsoidally, (he!eas the indoo!s tem%e!at!e is
maintained (ithin > de$!ees Fah!enheit of 2Set 4oint2" Time a0is is la&eled
in ho!s"
e#alc7Gsim7mdl9G9.
o%enXsystem7Umdl GD4lotResltsGV9,

Rema!,s
This %a!ticla! model is desi$ned to calclate the heatin$ costs only" If
the tem%e!at!e of the otside ai! is hi$he! than the !oom tem%e!at!e, the
!oom tem%e!at!e (ill e0ceed the desi!ed 2Set 4oint]"
E&(O: )9 CA$ and FOLLOWE0 *F*<E$
A cam and follo(e! system is systemDmechanism that ses a cam and
follo(e! to c!eate a s%ecific motion" The cam is in most cases me!ely a flat
%iece of metal that has had an nsal sha%e o! %!ofile machined onto it"
This cam is attached to a shaft (hich ena&les it to &e t!ned &y a%%lyin$ a
t!nin$ action to the shaft" As the cam !otates it is the %!ofile o! sha%e of the
FF
cam that cases the follo(e! to mo#e in a %a!ticla! (ay" The mo#ement of
the follo(e! is then t!ansmitted to anothe! mechanism o! anothe! %a!t of the
mechanism"

E0aminin$ the dia$!am sho(n a&o#e (e can see that as some e0te!nal
t!nin$ fo!ce is a%%lied to the shaft 7fo! e0am%le5 &y moto! o! &y hand9 the
cam !otates (ith it" The follo(e! is f!ee to mo#e in the Y %lane &t is na&le
to mo#e in the othe! t(o so as the lo&e of the cam %asses the ed$e of the
follo(e! it cases the follo(e! to mo#e %" Then some e0te!nal do(n(a!d
fo!ce 7sally a s%!in$ and $!a#ity9 %shes the follo(e! do(n ma,in$ it ,ee%
contact (ith the cam" This e0te!nal fo!ce is needed to ,ee% the follo(e! in
contact (ith the cam %!ofile"
Dis%lacement Dia$!ams5
Dis%lacement dia$!ams a!e me!ely a %lot of t(o diffe!ent dis%lacements
7distances9" These t(o dis%alcements a!e5
8" the distance t!a#elled % o! do(n &y the follo(e! and
:" the an$la! dis%lacement 7distance9 !otated &y the cam

F=

In the dia$!am sho(n o%%osite (e can see
the t(o diffe!ent dis%lacements
!e%!esented &y the t(o diffe!ent a!!o(s"
The $!een a!!o( !e%!esentin$ the
dis%lacement of the follo(e! i"e" the
distance t!a#elled % o! do(n &y the
follo(e!" The msta!d a!!o( 7c!#ed
a!!o(9 sho(s the an$la! dis%lacement
t!a#elled &y the cam"
Note5 An$la! dis%lacement is the an$le th!o$h (hich the cam has !otated"
If (e e0amine the dia$!am sho(n &elo( (e can see the !elationshi%
&et(een a dis%lacement dia$!am and the actal %!ofile of the cam" Note
only half of the dis%lacement dia$!am is d!a(n &ecase the second half of
the dia$!am is the same as the fi!st" The dia$!am is co!!ect f!om a
theo!etical %oint of #ie( &t (old ha#e to chan$ed sli$htly if the cam (as
to &e actally made and sed" /e (ill conside! this a little mo!e in the the
follo(in$ section 1 Unifo!m *elocity"

Unifo!m *elocity5
F<
Unifo!m *elocity means t!a#ellin$ at a constant s%eed in a fi0ed di!ection
and as lon$ as the s%eed o! di!ection donGt chan$e then its nifo!m #elocity"
In !elation to cam and follo(e! systems, nifo!m #elocity !efe!s to the
motion of the follo(e!"
No( letGs conside! a ty%ical dis%lacement dia$!am (hich is me!ely a %lot of
t(o diffe!ent dis%lacements 7distances9" These t(o dis%lacements a!e5
8" the distance t!a#elled % o! do(n &y the follo(e! and
:" the an$la! dis%lacement 7distance9 of the cam
Let s conside! the case of a cam im%a!tin$ a nifo!m #elocity on a follo(e!
o#e! a dis%lacement of A@mm fo! the fi!st half of its cycle"
/e shall ta,e the cycle in ste%s" Fi!stly if the cam has to im%a!t a
dis%lacement of A@mm on follo(e! o#e! half its cycle then it mst im%a!t a
dis%lacement of A@mm^8=@P fo! e#e!y 8P t!ned &y the cam i"e" it mst
mo#e the follo(e! @"8EFmm %e! de$!ee t!n" This distance is to mch to
small to d!a( on a dis%lacement dia$!am so (e (ill conside! the
dis%lacement of the follo(e! at the sta!t, at the end of the half cycle, the end
of the fll cycle and at ce!tain othe! inte!#als 7these inte!#als o! the
len$th of these inte!#als (ill &e decided on late!9"

Angle the cam has
rotated through
Distance mo!ed by the
follower
*tart of the Cycle @P @mm
End of first :alf of the
Cycle
8=@P A@mm
End of the Full Cycle AE@P @mm
/e shall conside! this in te!ms of a dis%lacement dia$!am5
Fi!st (e (ill %lot the $!a%h" Befo!e doin$ this (e mst fi!st conside! the
inc!ements that (e (ill se" /e (ill se millimete!s fo! the follo(e!
dis%lacement inc!ements and &ecase 8P is too small (e (ill se inc!ements
of A@P fo! the an$la! dis%lacement"
Once this is done then (e can d!a( the dis%lacement dia$!am as sho(n
&elo(" Note a st!ai$ht line f!om the dis%lacement of the follo(e! at the sta!t
=@
of the motion to the dis%lacement of the follo(e! at the end of the motion
!e%!esents nifo!m #elocity"
Displacement Diagram for Aniform #elocity
Sim%le )a!monic Motion5
Fo! this ty%e of motion the follo(e! dis%lacement does not chan$e at a
constant !ate" In othe! (o!ds the follo(e! doesnGt t!a#el at constant s%eed"
The &est (ay to nde!stand this non1nifo!m motion is to ima$ine a sim%le
%endlm s(in$in$"

Unifo!m Accele!ation and Reta!dation5
This motion is sed (he!e the follo(e! is !e'i!ed to !ise o! fall (ith
nifo!m accele!ation, that is its #elocity is chan$in$ at a constant !ate"
To conclde this5
A cam can im%a!t th!ee ty%es of motion on its follo(e!5
Unifo!m #elocity Sim%le ha!monic motion
Unifo!m accele!ation and
!eta!dation
Each of these motions can &e !e%!esented &y a dis%lacement dia$!am"
=8
=:
=A
=C
=>
=E
=F
==
Sim%ly s%%o!ted &eam5
=<
<@
<8
<:
<A
<C
<>

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