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IBIS – Interoperability in Business Information Systems© IBIS – Issue 3 (3), 2006
Using Semantic Web Technologies to Build AdaptableEnterprise Information Systems
Bruno CairesDepartment of Communications and ComputingUniversity of MadeiraFunchal, Portugal
bruno.caires@uma.pt 
Jorge CardosoDepartment of Mathematics and EngineeringUniversity of MadeiraFunchal, Portugal
jcardoso@uma.pt 
Abstract:
In most existing software systems, client applications are tightly coupled todatabase systems (client/server), which imply that when changes occur in thedatabase, those changes also have to be propagated to all connected clients. Anotherissue is that since several database engines may exist in the organization, in most casesrelational databases, the integration may be a very difficult process. To overcome theabove-mentioned problems, we propose a solution based on a middleware locatedbetween clients and database servers that provide both an abstraction layer and aunified view over a set of databases. The middleware is based in semantic Webtechnologies and uses a semantic global model specified in OWL. Interoperability withother systems/organizations is achieved providing the middleware services as WebServices. Therefore, our approach allows clients to be loosely coupled from thedatabase servers, minimizing maintenance when changes occur.
Introduction
With the constant grow of enterprises and the need to share information acrossdepartments and business areas becomes more critical, companies are turning tointegration to provide a method for interconnecting heterogeneous, distributed andautonomous systems.
 
Whether the sales application needs to interface with theinventory application, the procurement application connect to an auction site, thePDA calendar synchronize with the corporate calendar server, it seems that anyapplication can be made better by integrating it with other applications [HW04].To confirm the importance that integration has assumed, studies show thatEuropean corporations spend over 10 billion euros in information integration[ABBFLL05]. In addition, integration costs assume an average of 24% of yearly ITbudget [Yag02]. Therefore, integration is one of the most important challengesthat organizations face today.Semantic and semantic Web technologies offer a new way to integrate data andapplications [O06]. These new technologies have find one of their first commercialusers in organizations facing data integration needs [O06] and always seeking forbetter data integration solutions. According to TopQuadrant, a consulting firm that
 
http://www.ibis-journal.net ISSN:1862-6378IBIS – Issue 3 3 2006© IBIS – Issue 1 (1), 2006specializes in semantic Web technologies, the market for semantic technologieswill grow at an annual rate of between 60% and 70% until 2010.Based on semantic technologies [Pal01], the semantic Web is an extension of thecurrent Web in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enablingcomputers and people to work in cooperation [BM02]. Toward this objective, and inorder to achieve the "well defined meaning of information", a fundamental conceptin the centre of the semantic Web is ontology. An ontology is a formal, explicitspecification of a shared conceptualization [Grub93] allowing the definition ofconcepts, attributes and relations between concepts. Ontologies allow data to bedefined and linked in a way that enables its use for more effective discovery,integration, re-use across various applications and machine processing [BM02].Our approach for integrating several Relational Database Management Systems(RDBMS) is achieved by using an abstraction layer, providing a virtual view over aset of data sources in order to allow the data accessibility in real time. This virtualview represents the knowledge that the users of the system want to store andaccess, rather than the data that implements that knowledge. The global model,built using semantic Web technologies is not only human readable but alsocomputer readable. Applications access data sources through a global virtual view,abstracting from aspects like data source type, connection type and data sourcequery language, focussing on the ‘what data’ and not on ‘how to get the data’.Ontologies expressed in Web Ontology Language (OWL) constitute a good candidateto represent the virtual view of our system. In fact, the shared conceptualization(ontology) can be an abstract model for all the enterprise domain concepts. Thesedomain concepts are explicitly defined and related independently of the underlyingapplications. This model is created independently from the data sources, allowingreuse and distribution of the created ontology among stakeholders. It shoulddescribe the most accurate domain model of the organization, not being limited orrestricted by any existing application or data source schema.A middleware system, that implements the global view, should be built improvingreuse, evolution and organization of the developed system [Rit05]. Thus, onepossible approach to break apart a complicated software system is layering[FRFHM02]. The architecture of our system is based in three layers:
data source
,
domain
and
interface,
described in the following sections. The interoperability ofour system is achieved through the use of a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)[He03] that relies on Web Services [
WS
] to expose and allow clients (bothapplications or external organizations) to interoperate with the virtual view.
Data Source Heterogeneity
When several database systems exist in an organization, a common problemassociated to the creation of a global view is heterogeneity. It occurs when there isa disagreement about the meaning, interpretation or intended use of the same orrelated data. Four types of information heterogeneity may arise: systemheterogeneity, syntactic heterogeneity, structural or schematic heterogeneity, andsemantic heterogeneity [CA06]:
•
 
System heterogeneity: Applications and data may reside in differenthardware platforms and operation systems.
 
IBIS – Interoperability in Business Information Systems© IBIS – Issue 3 (3), 2006
•
 
Syntactic heterogeneity: Information resources may use differentrepresentation and encodings of data. Syntactic interoperability can beachieved when compatible forms of encoding and access protocols are usedto allow information systems to communicate.
•
 
Structural heterogeneity: Different information systems store their data indifferent data models, data structures and schemas.
•
 
Semantic heterogeneity: The meaning of the data can be expressed indifferent ways leading to heterogeneity. Semantic heterogeneity considersthe content of an information item and its intended meaning.The use of Web Services can solve the syntactic and system heterogeneity. XML andXSD (schemas) [W3CXC] can solve the structural heterogeneity because a XML filethat respects a specific XSD Schema has a well-defined structure. Using OWL, as ashared ontology, semantic heterogeneity is resolved [CA06]. These technologies arethe foundation of the system we have developed.
Figure 1: Integration using a shared Ontology
As illustrated inFigure 1, the middleware (middle-tier located between the client-tier and the database-tier) contains the global virtual view over a set of databases.The global virtual view is specified using ontology, described in OWL. There areservices (S1, S2, Sn) exposing and allowing access to databases through WebServices. Service requests and responses are XML messages. Therefore, syntactic,system and structural heterogeneity are achieved.
Motivating Scenario
Let us suppose an organization that has several software systems, each oneconnected to a particular RDBMS database. Examples include the human resourcemanagement system, the accounting system, among others. Typically, developedapplications followed two tier (client/server) architecture. Client applicationswere commonly “Commercial of-the-shelf” (COTS), implemented in a languagesuch as java or php, while database servers were engines such as mysql. With thisapproach, clients were directly connected to servers (databases) and business rules
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