Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bovine
Isolation of Porphyromonas levii from vaginal samples from cows in herds negative
for bovine necrotic vulvovaginitis (BNVV): This pigmented Gram negative bacterium
is part of ruminal microflora and associated with BNVV. The disease is chr by
deterioration of normal vaginal injuries caused by calving to necrotic lesions, primarily in
dairy heifers during the first week after calving. According to this paper P levii was
isolated in Heifers without BNVV.
Diseases and pathogens associated with mortality in Ontario beef feedlots. J Vet
Diagn Invest 18:18–28 (2006). IN order of prevalence-- Fibrinosuppurative
bronchopneumonia (49%), caseonecrotic bronchopneumonia or arthritis (or both) caused
by Mycoplasma bovis (36%), viral respiratory disease (19%), BVDV-related diseases
(21%), Histophilus somni myocarditis (8%), ruminal bloat (2%), and miscellaneous
diseases (8%). Viral infections identified were BVDV (35%), bovine respiratory
syncytial virus (9%), bovine herpesvirus-1 (6%), parainfluenza-3 virus (3%), and bovine
coronavirus (2%). Bacteria isolated from the lungs included M. bovis (82%),
Mycoplasma arginini (72%), Ureaplasma diversum (25%), Mannheimia haemolytica
(27%), Pasteurella multocida (19%), H. somni (14%), and Arcanobacterium pyogenes
(19%).
Naturally infected calves with Akabane virus at neonatal age in calves were presented
with nervous signs (55 day to 15 month old). Microscopic lesions include: Cerebrum:
Perivascular cuffing of lymphocytes and macrophages and diffuse gliosis. Brain stem:
Degeneration and necrosis of neurons with vacuolation of the neuropil. Spinal cord:
Neuronal necrosis and neuronophagia in the ventral horn. (Jubb and kennedy: mineralization in the
meninges, atrophy of the cord and hydromyeleia )
Diagnosis: IHC for viral antigens and RT-PCR for viral s-gene products.
Uterus containing brownish fluid, with fibrinous exudate on the caruncular surface, Endometritis. B.
Necrotizing placentitis C. Fibrinous pleuritis. D. Fibrinous pericarditis.
Microscopic lesions: The most significant lesions were necrotizing and suppurative
placentitis and lymphohistiocytic mastitis in cows, and fibrinous pleuritis, fibrinous
pericarditis and bronchopneumonia in aborted fetuses.
Milk is the ideal sample for bacterial culture besides mammary glands
Multiple Glomus Tumors of the Urinary Bladder in a Cow Associated with Bovine Papillomavirus
Type 2 (BPV-2) Infection Vet Path 2008 Jan: glomus tumor are mesenchymal tumors originate in the
glomus body (neuromyoarterial body composed of afferent arteriole and efferent venule. It has properties
of smooth muscle cells). Digit is the preferential anatomic site for this tumor in dogs and cats. Cells +ve for
actin and vimentin. Tumor chr by numerous blood vessels lined by endothelial cells and surrounded by
round epitheloid cells.
Melanosis of the Urinary Bladder in a Cow Vet Path 2008 Jan: The pigment was present in lamina
propria and the submucosa without any involvement of urothelial mucosa. BPV-2 was isolated but its
association with melanosis is not known.
Sphingomyelinase Deficiency (Niemann-Pick disease) in a Hereford Calf Vet Path 2008 Mar: brain
and spinal cord revealed swollen neurons with distended, foamy, vacuolated cytoplasm; hepatocytes
throughout the liver were swollen and had foamy, vacuolated cytoplasm; Niemann-Pick types A and B are
caused by a deficiency of acid sphingomyelinase, an enzyme catalyzing the conversion of sphingomyelin to
ceramide and phosphorylcholin; Type B disease has little effect on the nervous system; Type C disease is
not a deficiency of sphingomyelinase, but a defect in 1 of 2 proteins involved in the intracellular transport of
cholesterol and other lipids from lysosomes.
Herpetiform Genital Lesions in a Heifer with Mucosal Disease Vet Path 2008 Mar: Gross: pink–red
erosions of the nares and hard palate; ulcers on the tongue and GI tract. Interdigital skin of both rear limbs
was ulcerated and bleeding; and the margins of the vulva contained punctiform red ulcers. A non cytopathic
and a CP BVDV pair may be isolated from MD cases, and these can be distinguished by the appearance of
nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) in the CP virus.
The Fetal Brain in Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus-infected Calves: Lesions, Distribution, and Cellular
Heterogeneity of Viral Antigen at 190 Days Gestation Vet Path 2008 May: Brain is the primary target
of persistent infection (PI) with BVDV. Noncytopathic type 2 BVDV was inoculated intranasally in heifers
at 75 and 175 days of gestation to create persistently and transiently infected fetuses. In only PI fetuses,
encephaloclastic lesions resulting in pseudocysts present in the subependymal zone, areas of rarefaction in
white matter at the tips of cerebrocortical gyri and in the external capsule. Viral labeling was most uniform
in thalamus. Septum pellucidum cavum closure was delayed in PI brain.
Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery (ALCAPA) in Four
Calves. Vet Pathol 45:634–639 (2008). Myocardial hypoxic-ischemic injury results in cardiac
dysfunction, failure, and eventually in patient death. Gross necropsy lesions suggestive of heart failure
included cardiomegaly with atrial and ventricular dilation and/or ventricular hypertrophy, and
hepatomegaly. Histopathologic changes in the heart included cardiomyocyte degeneration; mineralization;
and fiber loss, with replacement by fibrous connective tissue, predominantly in the left ventricular papillary
muscle and the interventricular septum. Changes observed in the liver and lungs, including hepatomegaly,
sinusoidal congestion, centrilobular fibrosis, and pulmonary congestion, edema, and intra-alveolar pigment-
laden macrophages were consistent with heart failure.
REVIEW PAPER: A Review of the Pathology of Abnormal Placentae of Somatic Cell Nuclear
Transfer Clone Pregnancies in Cattle, Sheep, and Mice. Vet Pathol 45:865–880 (2008). the probability
of a successful and complete pregnancy is less than 5%. Failures of SCNT pregnancy are associated
with placental abnormalities, such as placentomegaly, reduced vascularisation, hypoplasia of
trophoblastic epithelium, and altered basement membrane. evidence implicates aberrant reprogramming of
donor nuclei by the recipient oocyte cytoplast, resulting in epigenetic modifications of key regulatory genes
essential for normal placental development
Detection of Bovine viral diarrhea virus from three water buffalo fetuses (Bubalus
bubalis) in southern Italy. J Vet Diagn Invest 21:137–140 (2009). The sequence
analysis based on the 59 UTR and Npro coding regions of the Pestivirus genome revealed
that the isolates belong to subgenotype 1b of BVDV. The findings of this study also
suggest a possible role of BVDV in causing congenital infection in water buffalo. Its
presence in fetal tissues as well as in maternal blood raises questions about the possible
development of clinical disease or its influence in abortions in water buffalo.
Fatal onion (Allium cepa) toxicosis in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). J Vet Diagn
Invest 21:402–405 (2009). Microscopic renal lesions included tubular degeneration and
necrosis with deposits of eosinophilic material in the cytoplasm of renal tubular
epithelial cells and tubular lumina. These changes were consistent with
hemoglobinuric nephrosis. Centrilobular coagulation necrosis was observed in the
liver accompanied by hemorrhage and macrophages containing brown cytoplasmic
pigment. A diagnosis of hemolytic anemia caused by onion toxicosis. Onion toxicosis
can be associated with severe methemo-
globinemia, leading to cyanosis hemolytic anemia with the formation of Heinz bodies,
and death. Onions, garlic, and other plants of the Allium genus contain disulfides,
n- propyl disulfate, and S-methyl and S-prop(en)yl cysteine sulphoxides (SMCO)
derived from amino acids. The SMCO are hydrolyzed in the rumen by anaerobic
bacteria to thiosulfonate, which is then further metabolized to dipropyl disulfides and
dipropenyl disulfides. These disulfides are responsible for oxidative damage in
erythrocytes. In affected animals, heme iron is oxidized to the ferric state, producing
methemoglobin. Methemoglobin
is unable to transport oxygen and, when produced in high concentration, can rapidly
lead to death. Moreover, oxidative damage results in precipitation and aggregation of
hemoglobin and its binding to the cytoplasmatic membrane, forming Heinz
bodies leading to intravascular or extravascular hemolysis. Another mechanism of
intravascular hemolysis following ingestion of high doses of oxidative agents is
direct damage to the erythrocytic plasma membrane, causing cellular lysis.
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Abortion in Goats Housed with Persistently Infected Cattle: goats
experimentally comingled with heifers persistently infected with BVD type 2a. 12 out of 24 aborted.
Grossly: placentitis, mummification, facial deformities; Histo: placentitis, myocarditis, thymic depletion,
choroid plexitis, encephalitis. Development of PI kid is less likely.
Distribution of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Antigen in Aborted Fetal and Neonatal Goats by IHC:
placenta, heart, brain, thymus are most reliable for BVDV antigen detection
Detection of Pathologic Prion Protein in the Olfactory Bulb of Natural and Experimental Bovine
Spongiform Encephalopathy Affected Cattle in Great Britain: involvement of the olfactory bulb in
BSE raises speculation as to an olfactory portal of infection or a route of excretion of the prion agent.
Septicemia in a Neonatal Calf Associated with Chromobacterium violaceum: The calf had
necrosuppurative omphalophlebitis, hepatitis, splenitis, and encephalitis, necrotizing interstitial pneumonia,
anterior uveitis with hypopyon, polyarthritis. Lesions documented with C. violaceum includes, visceral
abscesses, necrosis, pleuropnuemonia, pericarditis.
Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Vascular Urinary Bladder Tumors from Cows with Enzootic
Hematuria: CD31 (PECAM) is a better marker than FVIIIra in the characterization of bovine endothelial
tumors. The cell cycle regulatory pathways involving cyclin D1 and p53 seem to be impaired in endothelial
urinary bladder tumors, p53 immunoreactivity positively correlating with enhanced invasion. The only
proven carcinogen in Bracken fern is Ptaquiloside.
Epithelioid Cells in Mediastinal Lymph Nodes of Cattle without Cancer: Out of 110 cattle, 66 had
epitheloid cells in lymph nodes. Most of the epithelioid cells were individual or aggregated in nodal
sinuses; some epithelioid cells formed tubular structures. Epithelioid cells were mostly considered to be
mesothelial in origin by immunohistochemical and ultrastructural examination.
The Pathology and Pathogenesis of Bluetongue. J. Comp. Path. 2009, Vol. 141,
1e16. Virus-genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae. Transmission- Arthropod vectors
(Culicoides), transplacental transmission is dependent on strain. Susceptible- Sheep
mostly, but serotype 8 can cause disease in Cattle, goats, and camelids. Replication-
macrophage/monocyte, endothelial cells, lymphocytes. Pathogenesis- Injury to small
blood vessels in target tissues (lung, skin) leading to thrombosis and infarction. Direct
viral induced cytolysis is also a factor. GROSS lesions- SHEEP- coronitis; subintimal
hemorrhage in the pulmonary artery; edema of the lungs, subcutis, muscles of the neck
and abdominal wall; and pericardial, pleural and abdominal effusions; haemorrhage and
ulcers in the oral cavity and upper gastrointestinal tract; necrosis of skeletal and cardiac
muscle, Fetal lesions- cavitation in the CNS, hydranencephaly, if they survive early
infection. Immunocompetence occurs in mid-gestation: CATTLE: Ulceration of muzzle,
oral mucosa, teats, interdigital necrosis, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, hydranencephaly: WTD-
DIC and hemorrhage: CAMELIDS- pulmonary edema, hydrothorax and pericardial
effusion. Carnoivores- Pulmonary edema, abortion. Comparative- Orbiviruses: Horse-
African Horse Sickness; WTD- Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease virus 1 ans 2 (very
similar to BTV). DDX: Hemorrhagic dz in WTD – EHDV, BTV, Ibaraki virus, and
Adenovirus Hemorrhagic Disease.
Lung pathology and infectious agents in fatal feedlot pneumonias and relationship
with mortality, disease onset, and treatments. J Vet Diagn Invest 21:464–477 (2009).
Bacteria found- Mycoplasma spp. (71.4%), Arcanobacterium pyogenes (35.0%),
Mannheimia haemolytica (25.0%), Pasteurella multocida (24.5%), Histophilus somni
(10.0%), Salmonella spp. (0.5. %). Viruses - Bovine respiratory syncytial virus and
10.8% (Gel-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Bovine Coronavirus 4.6%, BVDV-
2a NCP (3.2%), BVDV-1a noncytopathic (NCP; 2.7%), BVDV-1b NCP (2.7%),
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (2.3%), BVDV-1a cytopathic (CP) vaccine strain (1.8%), BVDV-
2b CP (0.5%). Bovine viral diarrhea virus IHC testing was positive in 5.3% of the
animals.
Large Animal/Bovine
1st & 2nd cattle passage of transmissible mink encephalopathy by intracerebral
inoculation pp118-26. March 2006 NW
- Intracerebrally inoculated cattle amplify transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME)
PrPres and develop clinical CNS signs and extensive lesions of spongiform
encephalopathy.
- Cattle inoculated with other TSE agents (scrapie and CWD) do NOT develop clinical
CNS signs or SE lesions.
- The current diagnostic techniques for BSE detect TME in cattle, but it is a diagnostic
challenge to differentiate TME in cattle from BSE by clinical signs, neuropathology,
or the presence of PrPres by IHC and Western Blots.
- Scrapie PrPSc causes lesions comparable to TME in mink
- The severity of spongiform change in cattle infected with TME-derived prion protein
ranks as follows:
Midbrain (superior colliculus) > brain stem (obex) > cerebellum >
hippocampus
Retinal Function and Morphology Are Altered in Cattle Infected with the Prion
Disease Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy. Vet Pathol 46:810–818 (2009). Using
Bovine Adapted TME prion. Here we show altered retinal function, as evidenced by
prolonged implicit time of the electroretinogram b-wave, in transmissible mink
encephalopathy–infected cattle before the onset of clinical illness. We also
demonstrate disruption of rod bipolar cell synaptic terminals, indicated by decreased
immunoreactivity for the alpha isoform of protein kinase C and vesicular glutamate
transporter 1, and activation of Mu¨ ller glia, as evidenced by increased glial fibrillary
acidic protein and glutamine synthetase expression, in the retinas of these cattle at the
time of euthanasia due to clinical deterioration.
Immunohistochemical Studies of Epithelial Cell Proliferation and p53 Mutation in Bovine Ocular
Squamous Cell Carcinoma: 10 of 15 tumors tested were immunoreactive for p53, p53 overexpression is
frequent in bovine OSCC. 12 tumors demonstrated Ki67 expression, Ki67 index showed significant
correlation with the histologic pattern, increased proliferation being found in poorly differentiated OSCC
Uterine Mast Cells and Immunoglobulin-E Antibody Responses During Clearance of Tritrichomonas
foetus: Histo: vagina had diffuse variably intense suppurative and lymphoplasmacytic mucosal and
submucosal inflammation, with moderate exocytosis and occasionally dense eosinophilic infiltrates. Uterus
consisted of suppurative and eosinophilic endometritis with a diffuse lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate, mast
cells, and mild eosinophilic infiltration of the myometrium. Little IgG2 antibody was detected but IgG1,
IgA, IgM, and IgE T. foetus–specific antibodies increased in uterine secretions after infection with T.
foetus. This was inversely proportional to subepithelial mast cells numbers. Cross-linking of IgE on mast
cells by antigen and perhaps lipophosphoglycan triggering appears to have resulted in degranulation.
Released cytokines may account for production of predominantly Th2 (IgG1 and IgE) and IgA antibody
responses, which are related to clearance of the infection. Tritrichomonas foetus, an extracellular parasite
that colonizes the uterine, vaginal, and preputial epithelium of female and male cattle, respectively. It is
most often found deep in uterine glands or preputial crypts, probably because it requires anaerobic
conditions. The prevalence is high in beef-producing areas of the world or whenever natural breeding is
used. In a recent random survey in California, 16% of herds were infected.Control has been primarily by
culling infected animals because of the long-term nature of the infection
3. Bovine Papillomavirus Type-2 (BPV-2) Infection and Expression of Uroplakin IIIb, a Novel
Urothelial Cell Marker, in Urinary Bladder Tumors of Cows: Expression of uroplakin (UP)
IIIb, an urothelium-specific and differentiation-dependent protein, was seen in urothelial tumors of
the urinary bladder in cows that had suffered from chronic enzootic hematuria for several years.
BPV-2 DNA was amplified and UP IIIb protein was detected in all these tumors. In papillomas and
papillary carcinomas, UP IIIb expression was mostly seen as superficial staining; luminal and
peripheral patterns were also observed. In nonpapillary carcinomas, UP IIIb appeared to define
clearly the cell membrane lining intercellular and intracellular lumina as well as the cell borders in
deeper cell layers. Although UP IIIb expression does not seem to correlate with the biological
behavior of urothelial tumors, it appears to be a highly sensitive marker for bovine urothelial
tumors.
Congenital infiltrative lipomas in a calf. J Vet Diagn Invest 21:719–721 (2009). The
current report describes a case of congenital subcutaneous and intramuscular tumors of
the neck and tail base in a 4-week-old female Angus-Charolais crossbred calf. Results of
clinical and ultrasound
examination are summarized. Biopsy and necropsy findings indicated an infiltrative
lipoma. Congenital lipomas are uncommon tumors in bovids. Clinical and morphologic
differentials, as well as classification and
the possible pathogenesis of congenital neoplasms, are discussed.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Murrah Buffalos. Vet Pathol 45:542–545 (2008). At necropsy, lesions
were consistent with congestive heart failure as indicated by dependent subcutaneous edema, body
cavity effusions, and nutmeg liver. The lungs were extensively atelectatic. The heart was enlarged and had
a globous shape. The ductus arteriosus, measuring 0.8 cm in length and 0.4 cm in caliber, was patent. The
proximal pulmonary artery had an approximately 50-mm- long aneurysm. Eccentric cardiac hypertrophy
was evident primarily in the right but to a lesser degree also in the left ventricle. Additionally, there was
diffuse subendocardial fibrosis in the left and right ventricle. Possibly hereditary.