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1
N O M E N C L A T U R E IN O R G A N IC C H E M IS T R Y
C o n te n ts
1 . IN T R O D U C T IO N
3
2. HYDROCARBONS
3
( i)
A lk a n e s
3
A . U n b ra n c h e d C h a in s
3
B . U n b ra n c h e d c h a in s
4
( ii)
A lk e n e s
5
A .
O n e d o u b le b o n d
5
B .
M o re th a n o n e d o u b le b o n d
5
C .
E /ZIs o m e rs in A lk e n e s
6
( iii)
A lk y n e s
8
(iv )
C o m b in e d A lk e n e s a n d A lk y n e s
8
(v )
C y c lic H y d r o c a r b o n s
9
3 . C O M P O U N D S C O N T A IN IN G H A L O G E N S A N D N IT R O G R O U P S
1 0
4 . C O M P O U N D S W IT H F U N C T IO N A L G R O U P S N A M E D A S S U F F IX E S
1 2
( i)
G e n e ra l N a m in g S c h e m e
1 2
A .
C h o o s in g th e P r in c ip a l C h a in
1 3
B .
N a m in g th e P r in c ip a l C h a in
1 3
C .
N u m b e r in g th e P r in c ip a l C h a in
1 3
( ii)
N a m in g V a r io u s C la s s e s o f O r g a n ic C o m p o u n d s
1 4
A .
E th e rs a n d T h io e th e rs
1 4
B .
A lc o h o ls a n d T h io ls
1 4
C .
A c id s , S a lts o f A c id s a n d A c id A n h y d r id e s
1 5
D .
E s te rs
1 7
E .
A c id H a lid e s
1 8
F .
A m id e s
1 8
G .
N itrile s
1 9
H .
A ld e h y d e s
1 9
I .
K e to n e s
2 1
J .
A m in e s a n d A m m o n iu m S a lts
2 2
5 . A R O M A T IC C O M P O U N D S
2 3
( i)
G e n e ra l N o te s
2 3
( ii)
A ro m a tic H y d ro c a rb o n s
2 3
( iii)
S u b s titu te d A ro m a tic H y d ro c a rb o n s
2 4
2
A .
H a lo g e n a n d N itro - S u b s titu te d A ro m a tic s
2 4
B .
C a r b o x y lic A c id s a n d D e r iv a tiv e s
2 4
C .
P h e n o ls a n d T h io p h e n o ls
2 5
D .
A ld e h y d e s a n d K e to n e s
2 6
E .
S u lfo n ic a c id s a n d S u lfo n ic A c id D e r iv a tiv e s
2 7
F .
A ro m a tic A m in e s
2 8
G .
D ia z o n iu m S a lts
2 9
6 . R A D IC O F U N C T IO N A L N A M IN G
2 9
A .
A lk y l H a lid e s
2 9
B .
A lc o h o ls
2 9
C .
K e to n e s
3 0
D .
N itr ile s ( o r C y a n id e s )
3 0
E .
G rig n a rd R e a g e n ts
3 0
R e v is e d a n d u p d a te d
P ro fe s s o r L D F ie ld
M ay 2004
3
N O M E N C L A T U R E IN O R G A N IC C H E M IS T R Y
1 .
IN T R O D U C T IO N
It is im p o rta n t th a t o rg a n ic c o m p o u n d s a re c o rrre c tly a n d u n a m b ig u o u s ly n a m e d s o th a t th e re
c a n b e a b s o lu te ly n o c o n fu s io n a b o u t w h a t c o m p o u n d s a re a c tu a lly b e in g re p o rte d o r
d e s c rib e d . T h e re h a v e b e e n m a n y c o n v e n tio n s fo r n a m in g o rg a n ic c o m p o u n d s - s o m e h a v e
h a d lim it s c o p e o r b e c o m e e m b e d d e d in c o m m o n u s a g e a n d s o m e h a v e p e r s is te d o v e r tim e

T h e In te rn a tio n a l U n io n o f P u re a n d A p p lie d C h e m is try (I.U .P .A .C .) p e rio d ic a lly re v ie w s n a m in g p ra c tic e , a tte m p tin g to s ta n d a rd is e n o m e n c la tu re . T h e fo llo w in g g u id e lin e s fo r o rg a n ic n o m e n c la tu re a re b a s e d o n th e d e fin itiv e ru le s p u b lis h e d b y I.U .P .A .C .

1
(th e
In te rn a tio n a l U n io n o f P u re a n d A p p lie d C h e m is try ).
2 .
H Y D R O C A R B O N S
( i)
T h e A lk a n e s (Cn H2 n + 2 )
A .
U n b ra n c h e d C h a in s
T h e firs t fo u r (n = 1 -4 ) u n b ra n c h e d c h a in s a tu ra te d h y d ro c a rb o n s a re c a lle d m e th a n e , e th a n e ,
p ro p a n e a n d b u ta n e . A fte r th is , th e re is a n u m e ric a l te rm (o f G re e k o rig in ) fo llo w e d b y th e
e n d in g " -a n e " . T h e firs t tw e lv e m e m b e rs a re g iv e n in T a b le 1 .
T a b le 1 .
T h e n a m e s o f th e fir s t 1 2 lin e a r a lk a n e s
n
N am e
M o le c u la r fo r m u la
C o n s titu tio n a l fo rm u la
1
m e th a n e
C H4
C H4
2
e th a n e
C2H 6
C H3 C H3
3
p ro p a n e
C3H 8
C H3 C H2 C H3
4
b u ta n e
C4H 1 0
C H3 C H2 C H2 C H3
5
p e n ta n e
C5 H1 2
C H3 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H3
6
h e x a n e
C6H 1 4
C H3 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H3
7
h e p ta n e
C7H 1 6
C H3 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H3
8
o c ta n e
C8H 1 8
C H3 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H3
9
n o n a n e
C9H 2 0
C H3 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H3
1 0
d e c a n e
C1 0H 2 2
C H3 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H3
1 1
u n d e c a n e
C1 1H 2 4
C H3 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H3
1 2
d o d e c a n e
C1 2H 2 6
C H3 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H3

T h e g ro u p d e riv e d fro m o n e o f th e s e a lk a n e s b y re m o v a l o f a te rm in a l (e n d ) h y d ro g e n is c a lle d a n a lk y l g ro u p . T h e g ro u p n a m e is fo u n d b y re m o v in g " a n e " fro m th e a lk a n e n a m e a n d a d d in g " y l" .

E x a m p le :
C H3-C H 2-C H 2-C H 3
b u ta n e
becom es
C H3 -C H2 -C H2 -C H2 -
b u ty l
N o te: T h e fre e v a le n c e m u s t b e o n th e te rm in a l c a rb o n .
1
I.U .P .A .C . N o m e n c la tu re fo r O rg a n ic C h e m is try, S e c tio n s A , B a n d C ( c o m b in e d e d itio n ) ,
B u tte rw o rth s S c ie n tific P u b lic a tio n s , L o n d o n , 1 9 7 1 .
4
B .
B ra n c h e d C h a in s
T h e fo llo w in g s te p s a r e ta k e n in n a m in g a n a lk a n e w ith a b r a n c h e d c h a in :
(a )
F in d th e lo n g e s t c o n tin u o u s c a rb o n c h a in a n d s e le c t th e a p p ro p ria te a lk a n e n a m e
fro m T a b le 1 . (S id e c h a in s a re n o t in c lu d e d in th e c a rb o n c o u n t.)
(b )
N a m e a ll o f th e s id e c h a in s ( c a r b o n c h a in s a tta c h e d to th e lo n g e s t c h a in ) a n d lis t
th e m in a lp h a b e tic a l o rd e r. Ig n o re m u ltip lic a tiv e p re fix e s s u c h a s \u201cd i-\u201c (2 ), \u201ctri-\u201c
(3 ), "te tra -" (4 ) e tc . A ls o ig n o re "s e c -" a n d "te rt -" b u tn o t "is o ".
(c )
N u m b e r th e lo n g e s t c h a in s o th a t s u b s titu e n ts h a v e th e lo w e s t p o s s ib le n u m b e rs
a n d in s e rt lo c a tio n n u m b e rs b e fo re e a c h o f th e s id e c h a in n a m e s .
S p e c ia l N o te: T h e fo llo w in g g r o u p s h a v e th e s p e c ia l n a m e s in d ic a te d :
C H3
C H
C H3
is o p ro p y l
C H3
C H
C H3
C H2
is o b u ty l
C H3
C H
C H3
C H3
s e c o n d a ry -b u ty l
s e c -b u ty l
s-b u ty l
C H3
CC H3
C H3
te rtia ry -b u ty l
te rt-b u ty l
t-b u ty l
E x a m p le s
C H3
C H2
C H
C H2
C H3
C H3
3 -m e th y lp e n ta n e
C H3
C H
C H2
C H
C H
C H3
C H3
C H2
C H3
C H3
2 ,4 ,5 -trim e th y lh e p ta n e
(n o t 3 ,4 ,6 -)
C H3
C H2
C H2
C H
C H2
C H
C H
C H3
C H3
C H3
C H3
C H3
4 -is o p ro p y l-2 ,2 -d im e th y lo c ta n e
C H3
C H2
C H2
C H
C H
C H2
C H2
C H2
C H3
C H3
C H3
4 -e th y l-5 -m e th y lo c ta n e
(n o t 5 -e th y l-4 -m e th y lo c ta n e )
5
T h e fo llo w in g c o m p o u n d s h a v e s p e c ia l n a m e s :
C H3
C H
C H3
C H3
is o b u ta n e
C H3
C H
C H2C H 3
C H3
is o p e n ta n e
C H3
C
C H3
C H3
C H3
n e o p e n ta n e
B ra n c h e d s id e c h a in s a re n a m e d b y re n u m b e rin g th e a lk y l g ro u p g iv in g th e c a rb o n w ith th e
fre e v a le n c e (i.e . p o in t o f a tta c h m e n t to th e m a in c h a in ) th e n u m b e r 1 a n d g iv in g s u b s titu e n ts
th e a p p ro p ria te n u m b e r in th e u s u a l w a y .
E x a m p le s
C H
C H3
C H3 C H2
C H2
2 -m e th y lb u ty l g ro u p
C H
C H
C H3
C H3
C H2
C H3
C H
C H3
1 ,3 ,4 -trim e th y lp e n ty l g ro u p
T h e fo llo w in g e x a m p le g iv e s th e n a m e o f a n a lk a n e h a v in g a b r a n c h e d s id e c h a in :
C H
C H2
C H2
C H
C H2
C H2
C H2
C H2
C H3
C H3
C H2
C H
C H2
C H3
C H3
C H2
C H2
C H3
4 -e th y l-6 -(2 -m e th y lb u ty l)u n d e c a n e
( ii)
T h e A lk e n e s (Cn H2 n )
A .
O n e d o u b le b o n d
(a )
F in d a n d n a m e th e lo n g e s t c a r b o n c h a inc o n ta in in g th e d o u b le b o n d .
(b )
C h a n g e th e \u201ca n e " o f th e a lk a n e n a m e to \u201ce n e ".
(c )
N u m b e r th e c a r b o n c h a in g iv in g th e d o u b le b o n d th e lo w e s t p o s s ib le lo c a tio n
n u m b e r.
(d )
N a m e s id e c h a in s in th e u s u a l w a y .
E x a m p le s
(n o te p o s itio n o f n u m b e rs a n d p u n c tu a tio n )
6
C H2
C H
C H3
p ro p e n e
C H
C H
C H3
C H3
2 -b u te n e
C H
C H
C
C H3
C H3
C H3
C H3
4 ,4 -d im e th y l-2 -p e n te n e
S p e c ia l N o te
C H2
C H2
h a s th e s p e c ia l n a m e \u201ce th y le n e \u201d.
B .
M o re th a n o n e d o u b le b o n d
(a )
F in d a n d n a m e th e lo n g e s t c a r b o n c h a in c o n ta in in g th e m a x im u m n u m b e r o f
d o u b le b o n d s .
(b )
C h a n g e th e "a n e " o f th e a lk a n e n a m e to :
"a d ie n e "
2 d o u b le b o n d s
"a trie n e "
3 d o u b le b o n d s
"a te tra e n e "
4 d o u b le b o n d se tc .
(c )
N u m b e r th e c h a in s o a s to g iv e th e d o u b le b o n d s th e lo w e s t p o s s ib le n u m b e r s .
(d )
N a m e th e a lk y l s id e c h a in s in th e u s u a l w a y .
E x a m p le s
(n o te p o s itio n o f n u m b e rs a n d p u n c tu a tio n )
C H2
C H
C H
C H2
1 ,3 -b u ta d ie n e
C
C H
C H2
C H
C H2
C H
C H2
C H
C H3
C H2
C H3
C H3
4 -b u ty l-2 -m e th y l-1 ,3 ,5 -h e p ta trie n e
S p e c ia l N o te
C H2
C
C H2
h a s th e s p e c ia l n a m e \u201c a lle n e \u201d .
C .
E /ZIs o m e r s in A lk e n e s
In th e p a s t, th e te rm sc is a n dtra n s h a v e b e e n u s e d to d iffe re n tia te th e is o m e rs ; c is to
in d ic a te th e is o m e r in w h ic h th e s u b s titu e n ts a re o n th e s a m e s id e o f th e d o u b le b o n d , tra n s
w h e n th e y a r e o n o p p o s ite s id e s . T h is n o m e n c la tu r e is s till u s e d in s o m e o ld e r te x ts ,
h o w e v e r, th e a p p ro v e d n o m e n c la tu re fo r a lk e n e s te re o is o m e rs in v o lv e s th e p re fix e sZ - o rE - .

T h e re a re tw o s u b s titu e n ts a tta c h e d to e a c h o f th e c a rb o n a to m s w h ic h fo rm a C = C . T h e c a rb o n a to m s a t e ith e r e n d o f th e C = C a re c o n s id e re d s e p a ra te ly a n d a t e a c h e n d , th e tw o a tta c h e d s u b s titu e n ts a re ra n k e d a c c o rd in g to a s im p le s e t o f p rio rity ru le s (o r s e q u e n c e ru le s ). T h e p rio rity o f th e tw o g ro u p s a tta c h e d to e a c h c a rb o n a to m o f th e C = C is b a s e d

in itia lly o n th e a to m ic n u m b e r o f th e a to m a t th e p o in t o f a tta c h m e n t. F o r e x a m p le , a c h lo rin e
of 00

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