Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The researchers would like to thank the following person for making this study
impossible.
To Professor Alfonso B. Pading Jr., their Marine Plants (MB115) Instructor who gave
them a compact knowledge regarding to this study and for being with them during he
fieldtrip.
To Mr. Baro, for driving them safely on the field until the time they got home.
To the staff of 4ML Beach Resort, for allowing them to conduct to their study in the said
place.
To the researchers, for the cooperation and the camaraderie they shared to one
another.
To their ever supporting parents, for providing all their needs, morally and spiritually.
And above all, to our Almighty God for giving them wisdom as well as for guiding and
protecting them from harm.
Thank you very much.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
List of Figures i
List of Appendices iii
ABSTRACT iv
INTRODUCTION 1
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 12
CONCLUSION 32
RECOMMENDATION 33
APPENDICES 35
LITERATURE CITED 43
THE RESEARCHERS 44
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1 Location of 4ML Beach Resort, Barangay Seguil,
Sarangani Province
Figure 15 Snake
Figure 19 Spoon-grass
i
Figure 20 Fiber-strand grass
ii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1 Mangrove Study Site and Laying of Transect Line
iii
ABSTRACT
The assessment of seagrass and mangroves was conducted at 4ML Strand, Barangay
Seguil, Maasim, Sarangani Province on September 12,2009.The objectives of this study
is to record the abundant species of seagrasses and mangroves and its area condition.
Also, to know the factors that affects the parameters of the said area.
The seagrass bed is sandy in shallow to muddy-granules in deep point and scattered
seagrass arrangement. Results showed in Tr 1 and Tr 2 that the abundant species
among five visible( Cymodocea serrulata, Cymodocea rotundata, Halophila ovalis,
Halodule uninervis and Halodule pinifolia) , Cymodocea serrulata has the highest cover
of 10.59%,frequently seen 54.67% ,and density 6915.Seagrass bed is in fair condition.
On the area of mangroves, it possess an irregularity in shape so the transect was
conducted on the extent portion of the forest (Tr. 2).The abundant species is the
Rhizophora apiculata 47.22% which substratum is muddy. Although evidences
appeared that it is used as firewood, the forest is still in good condition because only
less than half percent of the entire forest is used.
Since the area/site was located away from the city (approx. 30 km. away from General
Santos City),it is undeveloped commercially though few houses has been built in the
landward area. And, there is seldom presence of gleaners that somehow doesn’t
entirely affect the area.
iv
INTRODUCTION
2
3
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Seagrass
Seagrass are the only group of submerged flowering plants in the marine environment.
They thrive in shallow water coastal habitats. Like the terrestrial grasses from which
they originated. They posses erect leafy shoots and creeping stems or rhizomes which
are effective for propagation. In contrast to other submerged marine plants, seagrass
flower, developed fruit, and produce seeds. They also have true roots and an internal
system for the transport of gasses and nutrients.
Seagrass, together with mangrove and coral reefs, have a center of generic richness
and diversity in Indo-West pacific. The expansive nature of seagrass system has
develop extensive faunal communication and material exchange with other habitats.
Seagrasses are closely associated with the coral and yet they cover much more area on
many fringing reefs than the corals do. Vast seagrass meadows are often found
between coral reefs and the coastal fringes that support most of the mangrove regions.
The most authoritative account on the distribution of seagrass was made by Den
Hartog.
In the Philippines, Meñez and co-workers published a comprehensive account on the
local flora, and Fortes produced the latest complete work on the taxonomy and ecology
of the Philippine seagrass, adding three new taxa to the list. With the taxa new
recorded, the country has the second highest number of seagrass species in the world.
The species of seagrass in the Philippines are variably distributed in Bolinao Bay. In the
North, Palawan and Cuyu island, and the Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor area at the center and
Zamboanga and Davao at the South. Other seagrass beds are scattered throughout the
coastal expanse of the islands.
Seagrass can grow as fast as cultivated corn, rice, hayfields or tall grass prairies even
without the benefits of fertilizers. The production rate of the tropical eelgrass in the
Philippines (1.08 g c/m²/day) is comparable to those of wheat, corn, rice hay and the
other crops. Seagrass ecosystems are one of the richest and most productive, rivaling
tropical agriculture, with a productivity apparently approaching the theoretical maximum
for natural ecosystem. (Fortes, M. D., 1990)
This submerged flowering plant contributes a lot on our economic and ecological
systems. Ecologically, seagrass beds are nurseries for many animals that make up the
oceanic food chain. It also serves as the source of food for many marine animals. The
meadows are crucial habitats for a variety of marine life. Some economic uses of
seagrass can be traditional (e.g. baskets, roof, thatch, upholstery, fertilizer), fiber
substitute in making nitrocellulose, piles for building dikes, cigars and children toys and
burned for salt, soda and warmth and contemporary (e.g. sewage filters, coastal
stabilizers, paper manufacture, source of useful chemicals, fertilizer, food and medicine
for man.)
Mangrove
Mangrove is a type of forest growing along tidal mudflats and along shallow water.
Coastal areas extending inland along the rivers, streams, and their tributaries where the
water is generally brackish.
The mangrove floras consist of 47 “true mangroves” and associating species belonging
to 26 families. True mangroves grow in mangrove environment, associated species may
grow on other habitat types such as the beach, forest and lowland areas. The mammals
(monkeys, rats, etc.), reptiles, mollusk, crustaceans, polychaetes, fishes, and insect.
Mangrove provides nursery grounds for fish, prawns, and crabs and support fisheries
productions in coastal waters. It produces leaf litter and detrital matter, which are
valuable sources of food for animals in estuaries and coastal waters.
Mangrove also protects the environment by protecting coastal areas and communities
from storm surges, waves, tidal currents, and typhoons. Mangrove produces inorganic
biomass (carbon) and reduces organic pollution in nearshore areas, and mangrove
serves as recreational grounds for bird watching and observation of other wildlife. It is
also a good source of wood and timber and nipa shingles for housing materials,
firewood and charcoal, and of poles for fish traps. Mangroves are source of tannin,
alcohol, and medicine. Aquaculture and commercial fishing also depend on mangroves
for juvenile and mature fish species. (Melana, D. M. et. al. 2000)
5
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area
The field exercise was conducted in the 4ML Beach Resort, Barangay Seguil,
Sarangani Province. Date on Sept. 9 2009. It is located approximately 28 km from MSU
Campus.
About 25 minutes of a ride by a jeepney from the point of departure in Kanto Uhaw.
Upon arriving at the area, mapping was established. The transect for the seagrass bed
was laid and the measurement of the environmental parameters was conducted by
each group assigned to a specific task.
8
Figure 2 Map of 4ML Beach Resort, Barangay Seguil, Sarangani Province
Figure 3 Map of Mangrove area in 4ML Beach Resort, Barangay Seguil, Sarangani
Province
9
Figure 4 Map of Seagrass area in 4ML Beach Resort, Barangay Seguil, Sarangani
Province
10
1. Seagrass
The sea grass bed was estimated to be 1.7794 ha. Sampling was conducted using
transect-quadrat method. A 50m transect line was established and by using a two
50x50 cm quadrats w/c were technically manipulated to yield a 4 replicate-quadrats (1
sampling station). The quadrats were placed opposite (each lying half of the face of the
transect line) w/ each other started end-to-end of the transect line and w/ an interval of
10m between each sampling station. The sampling started at 07:00 am to 11:00 am.
Time is the major limiting factor in establishing another transects line. For this reason,
profiling was done for the another transect instead. A 100m (from where the transect
line was located) distance was estimated in conducting the profiling.
The sea grass was identified up to the species level using the boom and literature by
Miguel D. Fortes (1989) and Calumpong and Meñez (1996). Other associated flora
(seaweeds) and faunal species (invertebrates, fishes) were also identified.
Data Analysis
The formulas below were excerpted from the Field Methods for Assessment of Coastal
Resources.
Σ (Mi x fi)
- Coverage =
Σf
Where: Mi = midpoint of percentage of class i
f = frequency (# of sector with the same class of dominance (i)
11
Total of # of segments sampled
2. Mangroves
An area of approximately 17,601m² comprises the mangrove forest. (3) Three transect
line was established with a random interval between each transect w/c are laid
perpendicular to the shoreline. Within the transect line, a 10x10m plot was established
at right angle of the transect. Smaller subplots (5mx5m) were also established inside
the plot to count the number of saplings and seedlings.
12
Data Analysis
The formulas below were excerpted from the Field Methods for Assessment of Coastal
Resources.
π DBH ²
- BA= (cm²)
4
- Σ BA (cm²)
s
- N= Σ Ni
i=1
13
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Data on our research in 4ml Strand, Seguil, Sarangani Province are presened below as
follows:
A. Mangrove Component
Mangroves in the 4ml Strand, Seguil, Sarangani Province has estimated area of 590 sq.
m. the substrate present in the area ws sandy-muddy. Three (3) species of mangroves
belonging to three (3) families were identified during the survey are discussed in the
following pages.
Figure 5 Mangrove Extents of 4ml Strand, Brgy. Seguil, Maasim, Sarangani Province
A. 1. Species Composition Of Mangroves In 4ml Strand, Seguil, Sarangani
Province
Medium – sized trees with prominent conical pneumatophores. The leaves are simple,
opposite, fleshy, simple and broadly ovate to suborbicular. Petioles and inner sides of
sepals are greenish or yellowish. The calyx is cup-shaped. This species prefers mouths
of tidal streams or on rocky or sandy-muddy soil at the seaward fringe.
Class; Dicotelydonae
Family: Sonneratiaceae
Genus: Sonneratia
Species: alba
Common name: Firefly Mangrove
Local name: Pedada
15
2. Sonneratia caseolaris (Linnaeus) Engler
Smaller trees than Sonneratia alba. Petioles and the inner sides of sepals are reddish.
The calyx is flat. This plant occurs in the same habitat as Sonneratia alba.
Class; Dicotelydonae
Family: Sonneratiaceae
Genus: Sonneratia
Species: caseolaris
Common name: Firefly Mangrove
Local name: Pedada
16
3. Rhizophora apiculata Blume
These are the medium to large trees with prominent prop roots, occurring in deep soft
mud normally flooded by tides. The outer bark is ridged, dark brown on the side, red
and fibrous on the inside. The leaves are the simple, elliptic-oblong to sublanceolate,
opposite with wedge-shaped base and pointed tip. The stipules, petioles and sometimes
the midrib are purple. The flowers occur in pairs on short stout stalk.
Class; Dicotelydonae
Family: Rhizophoraceae
Genus: Rhizophora
Species: apiculata
Local name: “Bakuan-lalake"
4.
17
5. Rhizophora mucronata Lamarck
Class; Dicotelydonae
Family: Rhizophoraceae
Genus: Rhizophora
Species: mucronata
Local name: “Bakuan-babae"
18
A. 2. Ecological Indices of Mangrove species
Among the three species of mangroves present in 4ml Strand, Rhizophora apiculata is
the most frequent species with an average of 66.67. Followed by Avicennia alba with
33.33% and Sonneratia alba which are the least frequent species w/ 16.67%.
19
Figure 11 Showing Relative Densities Of Mangrove Species
In terms of Relative Density, Avicennia marina is the densest species with 47.22%
because it is the species with the most number of individuals during the survey.
Followed next by Rhizophora apiculata with 4.67%. Sonneratia alba is the least dense
since it is the species with the lowest number of individuals counted during the survey.
20
Figure 12 Showing Relative Frequency Of Mangrove Species
In terms of Relative Frequency, rhizophora apiculata has the highest average 5.14%
since it is the most frequent species found in the area. Followed next by Avicennia
marina with 28.57% and Ssonneratia alba with 14.29% since it is the leaast frequent
species found in the area.
21
Figure 13 Showing Relative Dominance Of Mangrove Species
In terms of Relative Dominance, Avicennia marina is the most dominant species with
58.80% since it has the highest value of basal area. Next is the Rhizophora apiculata
with 38.20%. the least dominant is Sonneratia alba with 2.99% since it has the lowest
basal area.
22
Figure 14 Showing Importance Value Of Mangrove Species
In terms of Importance Value, Rhizophora apiculata has the highest value of 137.01
followed next by avicennia marina with 134.59 while Sonneratia alba which only have
28.39
23
A. 3. Associated Fauna
Figure 15 Snake
24
B. Seagrass Components
Seagrass in 4ml 4ML Strand, Barangay Seguil, Maasim, Sarangani Province has an
estimated area of and patches were also found all around the area. The average
temperature in the area is 28.5°C during high tide. The subtrate pressent in the area
was sandy- granules-pebbles. Same species are found outside the transect line.
25
B. 1. Species Composition Of Seagrass in 4ml Strand, Seguil, Sarangani Province
1. Cymodocea rotundata Ehrenberg and Hemprich, ex Ascheron
Plants are most common at the lowest low water mark. It seems to occur commonly on
shallow water on sand-mud, but is abundant on extensive mud flats in sheltelred areas.
It grows in estuaries of small rivers, in pools on coral reefs and creeks running through
mangrove swamps.
Division: Anthophyta
Class: Monocotyledoneae
Order: Helobiae
Family: Potamogetonaceae
Genus: Cymodocea
Species: rotundata
Local name: Lusay
26
2. Cymodocea serrulata (R. Brown) Ascherson and Magnus
Plants occur from the lower intertidal to the upper tidal sandy and muddy substrates in
sheltered bay on coral platforms and high energy locations. Plant may occur in the
creeks and in mangroves swamps.
Division: Anthophyta
Class: Monocotyledoneae
Order: Helobiae
Family: Potamogetonaceae
Genus: Cymodocea
Species:serrulata
Local name: Lusay
27
3. Halodule uninervis (Forskal) Ascheron
Plants occur in the lower intertidal to upper subtidal on sandy and muddy substrate in
sheltered bays, on coral platforms, and in high energy locations, plants may ccur in
creeks and mangrove swamps.
Division: Anthophyta
Class: Monocotyledoneae
Order: Helobiae
Family: Potamogetonaceae
Genus: Halodule
Species: uninervis
Local name: Lusay
28
4. Halodule pinifolia (Miki) den Hartog
Plants occur in the lower intertidal to upper subtidal on sandy and muddy substrate in
sheltered bays, on coral platforms, and in high energy locations, plants may ccur in
creeks and mangrove swamps. They are recognizable by their very narrow (not more
than 1.5 mm wide), linear leaves and conspicuous Y-shaped midrib at the tip.
Division: Anthophyta
Class: Monocotyledoneae
Order: Helobiae
Family: Potamogetonaceae
29
Genus: Halodule
Species: pinifolia
Local name: Lusay
Figure 20 Spoon-grass
Division: Anthophyta
Class: Monocotyledoneae
Order: Helobiae
Family: Hydrocaritaceae
Genus: Halophila
Species: ovalis
30
Local name:Lusay
According to te data gathered, it ppears that Cymodocea serrulatais the most frequent
species with an average of 54.67% since the area is muddy coral sand-substrates
which favors the growth of this species. Followed by halodule uninervis with 19.00%
while Halophila pinifolia is the least frequent species with 1.67% since this species
prefers on exposed sandy and muddy substrates.
31
Figure 22 Showing Average % Cover Of Seagrass Species
32
Figure 23 Showing Average Density Of Seagrass Species
33
34
CONCLUSION
The site of the assessment of the seagrasses and mangroves is located at 4ML Strand,
Barangay Seguil, Maasim, Sarangani Province.
The seagrass bed is sandy in shallow to muddy-granules into deep point. Its bed
signifies a fair condition because of the scattered bed arrangement and only few
presence of flora and fauna like algae and invertebrates (i.e. sponges and brittle
star).Among five visible species of seagrasses, only Cymodocea serrulata is the most
abundant 54.67% while on the mangrove forest, the substratum is muddy and it is
marked in good condition though evidences appeared that it is used as firewood but
only less than half percent of the entire forest is used. Also, among the Avicennia
marina, Sonneratia alba, and Rhizophora apiculata present, only the Rhizophora
apiculata is more abundant 66.67%.
The salinity of the seawater ranges from 36ppt to 11ppt because of the river presence
beside which causes the changes of the seawater salinity in two transects. Also, the
turbidity of the water altered from being turbid in the morning and less in the afternoon.
In connection to this, the sea bed possess a different structure in two transects. In Tr 1
depths ranges from 87cm,95cm,99cm,102.5cm,104cm,and102cm (S1 to S6
respectively) and in Tr 2 58cm,61cm,63cm,63cm,65cm,and 64cm (S1 to S6
respectively).The current of the two transects also differ 0.06m/s and0.037m/s (Tr 1 and
Tr 2,respectively).
xxxvi
RECOMMENDATION
The researchers make the following recommendations to improve 4ML Strand in Seguil
Sarangani Province.
1) 4ML Strand should be a Marine Protected Area (MPA) because of its diversity
in terms of the mangrove forest and the seagrass bed. It should be protected
because during the survey many people are swimming in the beach where
the seagrass located.
2) 4ML should have a proper waste management with the cooperation of he
people inhabiting the area because during the survey the researcher had
seen no garbage bin and there are wastes such as plastics in the
management area.
xxxviii
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Mangrove Study Site and Laying of Transect Line
40
Laying of Transect Line
Appendix 2: Data Collection and Laying of Transect in the Seagrass bed
Data Collection
41
Laying of Transect
Appendix 3: Raw data, Physical Parameters and Location Transect line in the
Transected Mangrove area of 4ML Strand, Barangay Seguil,
Maasim, Sarangani Province.
Parameters conditions
Temperatur
e 25ºC
Sandy-
Substrate muddy
Transect Location
N 5°56’41`.29”
1 E 125°25’48.23”
2
3
42
Appendix 4: Raw data, Physical Parameters and Location Transect line in
Seagrass bed of 4ML Strand, Barangay Seguil, Maasim, Sarangani
Province.
Parameters Conditions
Temperature
shallow point 23ºC
deep point 27ºC
substrate Fine sand-granules
cloud cover 7 Oktas
Transect Location
N 5°56’43.86”
1 E 125°05’49.81”
N 5°56’44.43”
2 E 125°05’50.17”
43
Seagrass bed of 4ML Strand, Barangay Seguil, Maasim, Sarangani
Province.
T1 T2 T3
Depth 51 cm 40 cm 22 cm
Appendix 6: Raw data, Profiling of Seagrass in Seagrass bed of 4ML Strand, Barangay
44
Seguil, Maasim, Sarangani Province.
Time:12:23
Site2
Site 1
Time start: 0716
Time start: 0716 Time end: 1145
Time end: 1145
Temperature
Temperature Shallow point – 24 OC
Shallow point – 23 OC Deep point – 28 OC
Deep point – 27 OC
Salinity
Salinity Shallow point – 11 ppt – d=1.007
Shallow point – 36 ppt – d=1.026 Deep point – 18ppt. – d = 1.013
Deep point – 24 ppt. – d=1.025
Turbidity
Turbidity Shallow point – 0.58m
Shallow point – 0.87m Deep mpoint – 1.16m
Deep mpoint – 1 m
Depth
Depth S1 = 58cm
S1 = 87cm S2 =61cm
S2 = 95cm S3 = 63cm
S3 = 99cm S4 = 63cm
S4 = 102.5cm S5 =65cm
S5 = 104 cm S6 = 64cm
S6 = 102cm
Velocity Current
Velocity Current Shallow point – 0.037m/s
Shallow point – 0.06 m/s Deep point – 0.062m/s
Deep point – 0.074 m/s
Wind Current
Wind Current North
South East
Site 2
46
Wind Force Wind Force
Calumpong, Hilconida P., Menez, Ernani G. Field Guide to the Common Mangroves,
Seagrasses and Algae to the Philippines. Makati City: Bookmark, Inc. 1996
English, S.; C. Wilkinson and V. Baker. 1951. Survey Manual for Tropical Marine
Resources. ASEAN-Australia Marine Science Project: Living Coastal Resources.
Trono, Gavino C. Jr. 1986. Guide to the Philippines Flora and Fauna: Seaweeds.
Natural Resources Management Center to the Ministry of Natural Resources and
University of the Philippines.
THE RESEARCHERS
(Above-right to left: Sir Dong, Ulysses, Kem, Hazel, Gleddy, Krizel, Riyel, David, Jesrel,
Jecie, Ferly, Jully and Gina; Below-right to left: Lara, Jebss and Claire)
(Not able to join the picture taking: Melody, Jennifer and Gretchen)
The researchers with Sir Dong reviewing the topic on how to transect the mangrove
areas after a short lunchbreak.
Third Year BS MARINE BIOLOGY Students :
1. Balquin, Mary Krizel B.
2. Baro, Gina R.
3. Bermudez, Melody S.
4. Branairos, Riyel
5. Cabili, Lenne Ruth Kemberly M.
6. Carisma, Hesed Jebss M.
7. David Peterson
8. De-ala, Ferly Queen R.
9. Duran, Mation Lara T.
10. Mahium, Jennifer R.
11. Ortega, Hazel Grace J.
12. Pantaeon, Jesrel C.
13. Repospolo, Gretchen D.
14. Rosima, Jecie D.
15. Seguisabal, Jully Vie C.
16. Teleron, Rosemarie Claire