Professional Documents
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International Seminar on
Computer Aided Analysis and Design
Of Building Structures
•Institute of Engineers Malaysia
Naveed Anwar
• Conception
• Modeling
• Analysis
• Design Integrated
• Detailing Design
• Drafting Process
• Costing
Building Structure
Floor Diaphragm
Frame and Shear Walls
Lateral Load Resisting System Floor Slab System
Gravity Load Resisting System
STRUCTURE
EXCITATION RESPONSES
Displacements
Loads
Strains
Vibrations
Stress
Settlements pv
Stress Resultants
Thermal Changes
∂σ xx ∂σ yy ∂σ zz
+ + + pvx = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
pv
Real Structure is governed by “Partial
Differential Equations” of various order
STRUCTURE
EXCITATION RESPONSES
Displacements
Loads
Strains
Vibrations
Stress
Settlements pv
Stress Resultants
Thermal Changes
Structural
Model
pv
Equilibrium
Actual Structure Structural Model
∫σ t
ε dV = ∫ p u dV + ∫ p u ds
v
t
v
t
s
K = Stiffness
r = Response
(Principle of Virtual Work) R = Loads
D K
F
F=KD
Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings AIT - Thailand ACECOMS
The Structural System
STRUCTURE
RESPONSES
EXCITATION
pv
Discretize Model in FE
Solve FE Model
Engineer
( Orthogonal dimensions)
Z
H, B much less than L
Regular Solid
Beam Element
X
T small compared to Lengths )
Y Solid Element
Plate/ Shell
(a ) R e a l S tru c tu re
( b ) S o lid M o d e l ( c ) 3 D P la t e - F r a m e (d ) 3 D F ra m e
(e ) 2 D F ra m e (f) Grid-Plate
F ig . 1 V a r io u s W a y s to M o d e l a R e a l S tr u tu r e
Rz Dz
Dx Dx
Ry
Dy Dy Dy
Rz
Dx Rz Rx Dz Dx Rx
Rz
Ry ?
Ry ?
Dy Dy
Dy
Rz Dz Dx Rx
Dx Rx
Rz
Plate Shell
Membrane
Dy
Dz Dx
Solid/ Brick
2D Frame
P la in -S t r a in
A s s u m p tio n s x2
1 u n it
∈ 23
≈ 0
σ 12
∈ ≈ 0
∈ 33
≈ 0 13
σ 11
x2
x3 ∈
x1 ∈
22
σ 22
12
∈ 11
3 D P r o b le m
2 D P r o b le m x1
• Use 6 to 20 node
elements
• Elastic Supports
• Spring to represent soil
• Using Modulus of Sub-grade reaction
• Non-linear Analysis
– P-Delta Analysis
– Buckling Analysis
– Static Pushover Analysis
– Fast Non-Linear Analysis (FNA)
– Large Displacement Analysis
• Dynamic Analysis
– Free Vibration and Modal Analysis
– Response Spectrum Analysis
– Steady State Dynamic Analysis
• Static Excitation
– When the Excitation (Load) does not vary rapidly with Time
– When the Load can be assumed to be applied “Slowly”
• Dynamic Excitation
– When the Excitation varies rapidly with Time
– When the “Inertial Force” becomes significant
• Elastic Material
– Follows the same path during loading and unloading and returns to initial
state of deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of load/ excitation
• Inelastic Material
– Does not follow the same path during loading and unloading and may not
returns to initial state of deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of
load/ excitation
• Linearity
– The response is directly proportional to excitation
– (Deflection doubles if load is doubled)
• Non-Linearity
– The response is not directly proportional to excitation
– (deflection may become 4 times if load is doubled)
• Non-linear response may be produced by:
– Geometric Effects (Geometric non-linearity)
– Material Effects (Material non-linearity)
– Both
Action
Action
Linear-Elastic
Deformation Deformation
Action
Action
Nonlinear-Elastic Nonlinear-Inelastic
Deformation Deformation
• Bar Structures
• 2D/3D Trusses
• 2D/3D Frames, Grids
• Surface Structures
• Plate, Shell
• In-Plane, Plane Stress
• Solid Structures
Regular Solid
(3D)
y
Plate/Shell (2D) z
x ≅z x Beam (1D)
t<<(x,z)
b ≅h
L>>(b,h)
h
t
z
x L
b
• Mechanism and path must be found to transfer these loads to the “Supports”
through a Medium
Plate Element
Slab Load
Area Wind Load
Shell Element Soil Support
Panel/ Plane
Seismic Load
Volume Liquid Load
Solid Element Soil Support
Vol.
– Complexity of Load
– Complexity of Medium Area
Line
Area
Volume
Boundary
2 2
1 1
+V2 +M2
+P +T
2 2
3 3
+V3 +M3
+V3 3 +M3 3
+P +T
+V2 +M2
Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings AIT - Thailand ACECOMS
Shell Element
General
•Total DOF per Node = 6 (or 5)
•Total Displacements per Node = 3
U3, R3 U3, R3
•Total Rotations per Node = 3
U2, R2 U2, R2
•Used for curved surfaces
Node 3 Node 4
U1, R1
U1, R1
Application 3 2
U3, R3
•For Modeling surface elements carrying 1
U1, R1 U1, R1
Building Specific Application
•May be used for modeling of general slabs Shell
systems. But not used generally
General
•Total DOF per Node = 3
•Total Displacements per Node = 1
•Total Rotations per Node = 2 U3 U3
•Plates are for flat surfaces Node 3
R2
Node 4
R2
R1 R1
Application 3 2
U3 U3
R2 R2
Node 1
out of plane loads Node 2
R1 R1
General
•Total DOF per Node = 3 (or 2)
•Total Displacements per Node = 2 R3
U2 U2
•Total Rotations per Node = 1 (or 0) Node 3 Node 4
U1
•Membranes are modeled for flat surfaces 3 2
U1
Application
1
R3 R3
•For Modeling surface elements carrying Node 1
U2
Node 2
U2
in-plane loads U1 U1
“Zipper”
• Architecture
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• Aesthetics e eri
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Structural
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Engineering SystemSelection Artificial Intelligence
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Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings AIT - Thailand ACECOMS
Determining System Suitability
m n p
Value of
an Option
Vl = ∑ Ai Si ∑ Bij Sij ∑ Cijkl Sijk
i =1 j =1 k =1
System – 1
System – l Cijkl Sijkl Cijnl Sijpl Cinkl Sinkl Cinnl Sinpl Smnpl
System - q
B
Slab T = 200 mm
Beam Width, B = 300 mm
5.0 m
Beam Depth, D
a) 300 mm
b) 500 mm
c) 1000 mm
Middle Strip
Design Strip
Column Strip
Middle Strip
Design Strip
Design Strip
½ Middle Strip L2
Column Strip
½ Middle Strip
L2
Drop Panels
Longitudinal Beams
Transverse Beams
L1
• Single System
• Moment Resisting Frames
• Braced Frames
• Shear Walls
• Tubular Systems
• Dual System
• Shear Wall - Frames
• Tube + Frame + Shear Wall
1. 2D Frame Models
– Convert building in to several 2D frames in each direction
– Suitable for symmetrical loads and geometry
1. 3D Frame Model
– Make a 3D frame model of entire building structure
– Can be “open floor” model or “braced floor” model
1. Full 3D Finite Element Model
– A full 3D Finite Element Model using plate and beam elements
1. Rigid Diaphragm Model
– A special model suitable for buildings that uses the concept of Rigid
Floor Diaphragm
2. Select and
isolate Typical
2D Structure
4. Obtain results
Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings AIT - Thailand ACECOMS
Using Linked Frames
F1
Linked Elements
Shear Wall F2
F3
Modeling
Plan
F1 F2 F3
Diaphragm
– Link Frames in 2D
– Master DOF in 3D
– Use Approximately
Β uilding d.o.f.’s
Y
F1,1
UL
rθ UL3
rY
X UL2
rx
F3,3
UL1
F3,2
F2,1
(In ETABS)
Beam2
theETABSAnalysis Model
Girder B
a)FloorPlan
Example showing how beams are automatically divided (meshed) where they
support other beams for the ETABS analysis model
Girder A Girder A
Beam2
Beam2
Beam1
Beam3
Beam1
Beam3
Girder B Girder B
Example of ETABS
automatically generated mesh
for floor-type area objects
– This makes the automatic meshing for the analysis model cleaner,
faster and more predictable
C4 C3 C4 C3 C4 C3
C1 C2 C1 C2 C1 C2
d) e) f)
C4 C3 C4 C3 C4 C3
C1 C2 C1 C2 C1 C2
g) h) i)
e4
e4
automatic meshing into the analysis model Edge 1 Edge 1
Edg
Edg
r
e2
e2
Edge 3 Edge 3
Edg
Edg
– ETABS normalizes the coordinates of the 4 4
3 3
four corner points of the area object a) Quadrilateral Element b) Ther ands Axes
s (1, 1) s (1, 1)
– The normalization is the key assumption (-1, 1) 1 (-1, 1) (r, s) 1
2 r 2 r
in this method P
4 4
3 (1, -1) 3 (1, -1)
– It is a perfectly valid assumption if the (-1, -1) (-1, -1)
parallelogram
• Example of transfer of out-of-plane loads
for other area objects
Edge 4
Edge 2
Edge 4
Edge 2
c) Loading on Edges 2 and 4
is lost, that is, it is
ignored by ETABS Uniform load =w
Edge 1 Edge 1
a)Rectangular Interior Element b)Distribution of Uniform Load
of Meshed Floor
If the supporting x1 x2 P P * x1
member at the end point x1 +x2
Edge 3
of an imaginary beam is
itself imaginary, then the Direction of deck span Edge 4 Edge 2
c) Loading on Edge 2
Edge 4 x1 x2
Edge 2
load from the imaginary
Point load, P P * x2
beam tributary to that
P * x2 P * x1 x1 +x2
end point is lost, that is, x1 +x2 x1 +x2
it is ignored by ETABS Edge 1
a)Rectangular Interior Element b)Distribution of Point Load d) Loading on Edge 4
of Meshed Floor
– The series of point loads is then converted back to a line load on the
surrounding beams
– An area load that does not cover the entire element is also transformed
in a similar fashion to that for a point load using a numerical integration
technique.
Uniformload
2
Midpoint
4
4
Edge
Edge
Edge
Edge
Edge
Edge
Direction of deck span Midpoint
Edge 2
P2 P2 Line 2
Edge 4
Edge 4
3 3
Edge Edge
2
P1 P1
4
Edge
Edge
Line 1
Edge
Edge
Edge 1 Edge 1
Edge 1 Edge 1
a) General Interior Element of b)
Meshed Floor Deck d) e)Transformationof UniformLoad f) LoadingonEdge1
Beam2b
Beam2b
D E F
elements with real beams on all
sides
Beam2a
Beam2a
Edgeof deckis at A B C
center of spandrel
beam,typical inthis
example
a)FloorPlan b)DeckMeshing
Imaginary
Beam1b
Beam2b
Beam1b
Beam2b
No beamat
Beam6
edge of deck D E
with cantilever beams extending to Beam3a Beam3b Beam3a
Beam3b
edge of deck
Imaginary Beam5
Beam1a
Beam2a
Beam1a
A B C
No beamat
edge of deck
Beam4a Beam4b
a)FloorPlan b)DeckMeshing
am8
ary Be
Imagin
ImaginaryBeam6
am7
ary Be
Imagin
Beam2b
No beamat
E
Beam1b
Beam1b
Beam2b
edge of deck D
Imaginary Beam5
Beam1a
Beam1a
Beam2a
Beam2a
A B C
No beamat
edge of deck
D
am8 E2
ary Be
Example of exterior Imagin
ImaginaryBeam6
am7
meshed elements aginary Be
Im
Beam2b
with cantilever
Beam1b
E1
beams extending to D
edge of a skewed Beam3a Beam3b
deck
c) ConditionatSkewedDeck
Edge(Areas DandE)
Edge of deck
D E
Beam 1 Beam 1
Column 1 Column 1
Beam2
Beam2
A B C
Beam2b
Beam2b
Beam3b
D E F J
Beam3a
Beam2a
K
Beam2a
A B C
0.6 klf
0.2 klf
2'
Beam1
c) Unframed, unloadedopening
a) Floor PlanwithUnframedOpening
e) Framed, unloadedopening
4'
1.5k 1.5k
2'
1 1
Floors with Membrane Slab Properties g)Real beamon one side
plus one vertical
h)Real beams on two
adjacent sides plus
i) Real beamon one side
plus two vertical
support element at one vertical support support elements at
corner point element at corner point corner points
3 2 4 3 3
3 2 3
4 4 2 2 3 3 4 3
3 3 2 2 1 2
1 1 1 1
1 2 2
1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2
a)Real beams on all sides b)Case 1 of real beams on c)Case 2 of real beams on j) Vertical support k)Vertical support l) Vertical support
three sides three sides elements at all corner elements at three elements at two
points (no real beams) corner points (no real adjacent corner points
2
beams) (no real beams)
2
2
2 2 1 2
1 1 1
1
Real beamat shell edge
1 1 1
d)Real beams on two e)Real beams on two f)Real beam on one side 1 1 No beamat shell edge
adjacent sides opposite sides m)Vertical support n) Vertical support
Tributary area dividing line
elements at two elements at one
2 2 3 2 opposite corner points corner point (no Vertical support element
midpoint (no real beams) real beams) Legend
2 2 3 2
1 1 3 3
1 1 midpoints
1 1
g)Real beam on one side h)Real beams on two i) Real beam on one side Tributary areas for various
plus one vertical adjacent sides plus plus two vertical
support element at one vertical support support elements at conditions of a membrane slab
corner point element at corner point corner points
4 3 3
3
Modeling,4 Analysis
3 and Design of Buildings AIT - Thailand ACECOMS
Floors with Membrane Slab Properties
3 3 Example of load distribution on
a membrane slab
3 3
4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2
1 1
1 1
a)Full uniform load b)Partial uniform load
transformation transformation
3 3
3 3
4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2
1 1
1 1
c)Line load transformation d)Point load transformation
6.0
6.0
3
2.8
2
2.8
1
2.8
1
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.5
2.0
6 5 4 3 2 1
Section
Modeling, Analysis and Design of Buildings AIT - Thailand ACECOMS
35 Story Office Building
5
7.0
8.0
8.0
7.0 Plan
Typical Floor
1
(B1, B2, 4-35)
6.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 6.0 6.0
A B C D E F G
7.0
8.0
8.0
7.0 Plan
Floor 1-2
1
7.0
8.0
8.0
7.0 Plan
Floor 3
1
32 @ 3.5
2@
5.0
Section at 2 @ 2.8
C and D
5 4 3 2 1
32 @ 3.5
2@
5.0
Section at 2 @ 2.8
B and E
5 4 3 2 1
32 @ 3.5
2@
5.0
Section at 2 @ 2.8
A and G
5 4 3 2 1