-

, 2012.

.
( 1564 1642.)

2.1 ............................................................................................... 9
2.2 ........................................................................................................... 10

13

17

30

52

6.1 ........................................................ 52
6.2 , .................................................... 55
6.3 , ........................................... 62
6.4 , ........................................... 63

74

78

79

Oaj
.
()
.

.

,
. ,
. .
(Mohr Masheroni
theorem):
, ,
(Poncelet Steiner theorem):
, ,
.

. :
(Lorenzo Masheroni 1750 1800.), (Georg Mohr 1640 1697.)
(Jakob Steiner 1796 1863.).
. ,
.

.
,
, , ; n
; ;
. (Napoleon`s problem) .
.

. ,
. .
,
. .
, ,
. , .

 e ,

. : .
; ;
m
G .
GeoGebra 3.2.,
[11] [26].
,
, , , , .
!

.

, j 2012.

ABC - , ,

SSS -

pxq A -

je
. , .

.
( . , = , = ) ,
, .
, ,
.
.
.
,
. ([8])
, .
,
:
1.
2.
3.
4.

, V ;
, ;
, ;
, . ([8])

,
. .

(. 3 ,
, . ,
.)
,
,
.
VII , ,
. IV V
.
, ,
() .


(VI ).

, .
(
). (6. )
. ( ).
.
180 , ,
, .
(4. ),
, .
(
),
, .
.
(3. )

, 13 .
: ,
, , .

, , .

,
. XVII ,
(Ren Descartez 31.03.1596. 11.02.1650. ) (Pierre de
Fermat; 17.8.1601. 12.01.1665. ).
.

(Nikolai Lobachevsky 01.12.1792.
24.02.1856. ) ,
, .
1826.
. 1829. . ,

. ( )
.
7

 (David Hilber 23.01.1862. 14.02.1943. ) 18.

, . .
: , , ,
(n ) .

.
, , .

:
, , ,
, . ,
. ,
, ,
, ,
.
,
, ,
.

2.1

() .
.
, .
.
. . ,
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

;
;
;
;
. ([7])

, ,

, . , ,
, ,
,
( )
( ). ([27])
: ,
, .
, .
,
. ([27])
o
. .
, .
o , ,
.
, .
,
, .
, ,
9

 .
. .
o ,
.

.
o ,
. , , .
2.2

.
, , ,
, , , .

. , ,
1 5. ,

. ,
, .

. ([20])

.

,
.
, .
(3 ...)
, .
.
. , ,
. ,
, .
, . .
B
( B). ,
CD ... .
.
, ,

.

,
. (
10

 ), (
) . ,
.

,
.

, .
, ,

,
, . ([13])
, , (Lorenzo
Masheroni 1750 1800.) 1797. (Geometria del
compasso) .
:
,
. ([13])
1890. . ,
.
. 1928.
, , (Georg Mohr 1640
1697.) Euclides danices
( ) 1672.
.
.

. ([13])
,
.
(Jakob Steiner
1796 1863.) 1832. , ,
:
,
,
. ([13])

. , ,
.
(1822. ),
. (Jean Victor Poncelet 1788-1867.).
11

 .
:
, ,
.
.

. .
.
: , .

.
. ,
; ,
.

12

: , .

, , 13. 1750.
, ( ).
.
. . 1778.
. 1786.
. , 1789.
, . 1788. 1791.
Accademia degli Affidati. ([11])
1797. .
.
14. 1800.
.
Adnotationes ad Calculum Integrale Euleri (1790. )
32 . , 19 ,
(Johann von Soldner) 1809. .
.
(
)
(Geometria del Compasso) 1797. .
.
.
,
. (Graham and
13

Bird)
. :

. ([11])

; ;
; ; .

.

(Academy of Padua), (The Royal
Academy of Mantua) (Societa Italiana delle Scienze).

125 .
.
. ,
.
, .
,
. ([11])

1. 1640. , 26. 1697.
, . ,
.
1662. .
, .
. ([28])
, 1672. ,
1928. . .
1928.
.
. ([28])
: ;
; .
,
.
. V,
. ,
.
,
, 125
.
.
14

 ,
.
, . 1695.
, ,
.

.
.

, , 18. 1796.
, . 1. 1863. .
,
. ,
.
Crelle`s Journal, ,
1826. . 1834. 1863.
. ([26])

.
.
.
( )
. ,
.
.
,
, . ,
.
(1836.)
,
, . :
max . ,
. ([26])
15

 ,
.
: II
.
:
II .
.

16

:
,
. ,
. : ? ...
. , ( )
: ? ?
?...
:
,
.
,
. ,
2, 7 8.
.
. ,
,
. , ,

.
, ,
.

17

 1.
.

4.1.
:
.

,
.
( 4.1.).
:



.
| BC |= | BC1 | , A B | CC1 | .

: C p(A, B) , C 1 .
C p(A, B) , .
A , B X , p(A, B)
C C 1 . , X
p(A, B) | CX |= | C1X | . ([13])
,
. ,
.
.
2. A B .

4.2.

18

: C p(A, B) .
C 1 , C p(A, B) ( 1).
k(C, r) k(C1, r) ( r C
p(A, B) ). X X 1 p(A, B) ( 4.2.).
r ,
.
: C C 1 p(A, B) , p(A, B)

AB . C C 1 ,
X X 1 .
| CX |= | C1X |= r

| CX1 |= | C1X1 |= r ,

X p A, B X 1 p A, B . ([5])
3. 2 , 3 , 4 n
AA1 , n .
I :

4.3. )
: AA1 a . A 1
| A1A | k(A, a) ,
B , k(B, a) , C , k(C, a) , A 2 ( 4.3. )).
A, A1, A2 | AA2 |= 2 | AA1 | .

19

 A 3 A 1 k(A2,| AA1 |) . | AA 3 |= 3a .
n .
:

| AA1 |= | AB |= | BA1 |= | BC |= | A1C |= | A1A2 |= | CA2 | ,

| AA1 | . AA1 B , A1 BC , A1CA2

AA1 B , BA1C CA1 A2 600 . A , A 1 ,
A 2 | AA2 |= 2 | AA1 | .

II :

4.3. )
: p(A, A1 ) B
k(A1,| AB |) k(B, a) . C .

k(A1, a) k(C,| A1B |) , A 2 ( 4.3. )). AA2 2a .

k(A2, a) k(C,| A2 B |) . A 3 . AA3 3a .

.
ABCA1 , A1BCA2 , A2BCA 3 , ... .

: 2, 4, 8, 16, ..., 2
AA1 . k(A1, a) A 2
A , | AA2 |= 2a . k(A2, 2a) A 4
A , | AA 4 |= 4a . A 8 A
k(A 4 , 4a) . k | AA2k |= 2k a . ([13])

20

 4. a , b c . x
a : b = c : x , . a , b c .
I :
: :
1. : c < 2a

4.4. )
: O
a b . k(O, a) A ( 4.4. )).
k(A, c) . B k(O, a) .
d d > | a - b | . k(A, d) k(B, d) .
k(O, b) C D ( ). CD
x .
: AOC BOD SSS ,
AOC BOD . AOB COD AOB COD
.
a : b = c : CD .

2. : c 2a , b < 2a
a : c = b : x , a : b = c : x 1).

21

3. : c 2a , b 2a
2. K na , n c < 2na
b < 2na . 1) na : b = c : y . 2.
x = ny .
,

na : b = c : y a : b = c : ny . ([13])
II :

4.4. )
: k(C, a) k(C1, a) , C C 1
c ( 4.4. )). B . k(B, b)
k(C, a) k(C1, a) D D1 . DD1 x .
: CBD C1 BD1 .
CBD C1 BD1 . CBC1 DBD1 :
a : b = c :| DD1 | .

c 2a b 2a , na ,
c < 2na b < 2na , na , b c .

22

III :

4.4. )
: O ( 4.4. )) k(O, a) .
A k(O, a) k(A, b)
k(O, a) B . k(A, c)
k(O, a) C .
A` A p(B, C) .

a , b c .
: D p(O, A) k(O, a) , E
p(AA` ) p(B, C) . ACD AEB ,
AOB ADC .
AD : AB = AC : AE

2a : b = c :

AA`
2

a : b = c : AA` .

23

 5. p(A, B)
C .

4.5.
: C | AB | (
4.5.), A | BC | .
D , . C .
: D ABCD .
6. AB .

4.6.
: O (
( 18.) , ,
). k(O, r) , | OA |= | OB |= r ( 4.6.).
C D ABCO ABOD ( 5). C , O , D
. k(C,| BC |) k(D,| AD |) . E .
k(C,| OE |) k(D,| OE |) . F
H . F AB , H
.

24

: F AB
| OF | | AB | . (
). C , O , D . CED
CFD COE COF 900 ( O CD )
OF AB .
| OF |= r , F
AB .

| AB |= a . COBA
:
.
| OA |2 + | BC |2 = 2 | OB |2 + 2 | AB |2

r 2 + | BC |2 = 2r 2 + 2a 2

| BC |2 = r 2 + 2a 2 .

, :
| CE |2 = | CB |2 = | CO |2 + | OE |2

r 2 + 2a 2 = a 2 + | OE |2

| OE |2 = a 2 + r 2 .

,
| OF |2 = | CF |2 - | CO |2

| OF |2 = | OE |2 - a 2 .

25


| OF |2 = a 2 + r 2 - a 2 = r 2 ,

| OF |= r .
: A B . A , B O
ABCO , , .

.
7. k(O, r)
A B .
: , O
p(A, B) .
1. :
A , B , O 1.

4.7. )
: O 1 O

p(A, B) ( 1). k(O1, r) k(O, r)

X Y ( 4.7. )).

( 1)

26

: p(A, B) OO1 . X
Y , r , O O 1 ,

OO1 , .

p(A, B) .

: k(O, r) k(O1, r) ,
, , ,
.
2. :
, . A , B , O .

4.7. )
: A ,
C D ( 4.7. )). X Y
CD DC ( 6).
: .
: a r , a = | AO | ,
k(O, r) , :

| AY |= | AO | + | OY |= a + r

| AX |= | AO | - | OX |= a - r .

27

 8. p(A, B) p(C, D) ,
.
: p(A, B) p(C, D) F .
C 1 D1 C D , p(A, B) E
CC1D1E . DFD1 DCE . ,
DF : DC = DD1 : DE . DF DD1 F .
FD = FD1 , D D1 .

4.8.
: A , B , C D . C 1 D1 ,
C D , p(A, B) ( 4.8.).
k(D1,| CC1 |) k(C,| CD |) E .

x , DE , DD1 CD ( 4).
k(D, x) k(D1, x) F .
: C 1 C , D1 D ,
, p(C, D)
p(C1, D1 ) .
CC1D1E , D , D1 , E , .
p(A, B) . CDE FDD1 ,
| DE |:| DD1 |= | CD |:| D1F | ,

| CE |= | CD |= | C1D1 | .

28

 x = | D1F | DE , DD1 CD .
: p(A, B) p(C, D) :

| CC1 |= | DD1 | , C 1 D1
.
,
. ,
.

29

,
, .
9.
A B . C


.
I :

5.9. )
: r > AB ( 5.9. ))
A B . ( ,
). O . k(O, r)
C B .

.
:
.

30

II :

5.9. )
: | AB |= a . k(B, a) . C
k(C,| AC |) ( 5.9. )).
D . k(A,| AD |) . k(B, a) E . E
, . p(A, E) p(A, B) .
:
k(C,| CA |) k(A,| AD |) ,
,

).

(
,

,

. ([9])
p(A, E) k(B, a) A ,

31

 10.

AB 3 .

5.10.
: ( I ). | AC |= | AB | 3 ( 5.10.).
:

0
120 , AC
60 .
0

| AB | , . | AC |= | AB | 3 . ([5])
11. : k(O, r) .
, . . ([4])

5.11.
: A ( 5.11.).
D . E
k(A,| AC |) k(D,| AC |) . K M k(O, r) k(A,| OE |) .
A , K , D M .

32

 12. k(O, r) . [22]

5.12. )
: A .
D A ( 5.12. )).
k(A,| AC |) k(D,| DB |) . E . ,
k(A,| OE |) k(C,| OE |) F .

.

5.12. )
k(B,| OE |) ( 5.12. )) L
k(O, r) ,
.
:
:
33

10 - 2 5
5- 1
, a 10 = r
2
2

a5 = r
H
, :

(OF + OH)2 + HC2 = CF 2

| HC |=

r 3
( AC
2

k(O, r) ),
| CF |= | OE |= r 2

(OF +

r 2
r 3 2
) +(
) = (r 2)2 .
2
2

| OF |=

r
( 5 - 1) .
2

:
| FL |2 = | OF |2 + | OL |2

| FL |2 =

r 2 (10 - 2 5)
4

| FL |=

r 10 - 2 5
.
2

34

 13. a .

5.13.
: k(O, a)
( 5.13.). K
A 3 A 6 A 3A5 = A 4 A6 = a 3 . | OK |= a 2 .
M k(O,| OK |) k(A 3, a) .
: k(A 3, a) VA 4 MN ,
RA 4 MN = 300 , | A 4 M |= | MN |
| A 4 N |= a . , k(O,| MN |)

A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , A 4 , A 5 , A 6 ,
.

35

 14. n
n , n .

, .

I :

5.14. )
: n = 3 . n
.
( 3),
(
5.14. )). k(C,| AC |) , k(A,| AB |) D D1 .
k(D,| AB |) k(D1,| AB |)
.

p(A, B) .
n - 1 ( 3),
:
), :

, , .
n .

( A

,
o
.

.

36

: n X : l(D,| AB |)
l(D1,| AB |) X .
k(D1,| AB |) X k(A,| DE |) , E

D1 k(A,| AB |) .
II :

5.14. )
:
.
k(A,| AC |) , k(C,| AC |) , k(A,| AB |) k(C,| AB |) D E ( 5.14.
)). k(D,| AB |) k(C,| DE |) F

: F p(A, B) ,
.

| AF |=

, CEDF

1
| AB | .
n

III :
. . .
1 / n AB .

37

 5.14. )
:
5.14. )).

(
. ,
.

| EH |:| ED |= | AB |:| AD |

| EH |: a = a : na .

| EH |=

1
1
a = | AB | . ([21])
n
n

38

 15. 2n

, n = 1, 2, 3,...

I :

5.15. )
:
( 3).
k(C,| AC |) D1
k(A,| AB |) ( 5.15. )).
k(D1,| AD1 |) k(D`1,| AD`1 |) X 1 .

).

k(A,| BD1 |) . k(C,| AC |)

D 2 D`2 . k(D2,| AD2 |) k(D`2,| AD`2 |)
X 2 .

).

k(A,| BD2 |) , k(D3,| AD3 |) k(D`3,| AD`3 |) ,

X 3 .

) .

: | AB |= a .
:
| AD1 |:| AC |= | AX1 |:| AD1 |

a : 2a = | AX1 |: a

39

| AX1 |=

1
1
a = | AB |= | BX 1 | .
2
2

| BDk |= m k , k = 1, 2, 3,..., n .

, ,

4 | BD12 = 2 | AD1 |2 + 2 | CD1 |2 - | CA |2 ,

4m12 = 2a 2 + 2 | AC |2 - | AC |2 = 2a 2 + | AC |2 = 2a 2 + 4a 2 .

m 12 = | BD1 |2 =

1+ 2 2 3 2
a = a .
2
2

| AD2 |:| AC |= | AX 2 |:| AD2 | ,

| AD2 |= | BD1 |= m 1 | AC |= 2a ,
| AX 2 |=

1
1
3
a | BX 2 |= a = 2 | AB | .
4
4
2

m 22 =

1 + 2 + 22 2
1
a | BX 3 |= 3 | AB | , .
2
2
2

2
k- 1

1 + 2 + 22 + ... + 2k- 1 2
1
=
a | BX k |= k | AB | .
k- 1
2
2

X n

. ([13])

2n ,

2, 3,..., 2n - 1 .

40

2n

II :

5.15. )

5.15. )

: k(B, a) C
A ( | AE |= | EH |= | HC |= a ), | AC |= 2 | AB | .

k(A,| AC |) k(C,| CE |) D1 D`1 . X 1

k(D1,| CD1 |) k(D`1,| CD`1 |) . ,

)).

( 5.15.

k(C,| BD1 |) k(A,| AC |) D 2 D`2 .

k(D2,| CD2 |) k(D`2,| CD`2 |) ,
X 2 .

) ( 5.15. )).

, k(C,| BD2 |) , k(D3,| CD3 |) k(D`3,| CD`3 |)

X 3 .

, (

) .

41

| CX1 |:| CD1 |= | CD1 |:| AC | .

| CD1 |= | CE |= a 3 , | CX1 |=
| BX1 |=

1
| AB | .
2

| BDk |= m k , k = 1, 2,..., n .

4 | BD1 |2 = 4m 12 = 2 | AD1 |2 + 2 | CD1 |2 - | AC |2 =

= 2 | AC |2 + 2 | CE |2 - | AC |2 =
= 4a 2 + 2 3a 2

m 12 = (1 +

3 2
)a .
2

| CX2 |:| CD2 |= | CD2 |:| AC | .

, | CD2 |= | BD1 |= m 1 | AC |= 2 | AB |= 2a ,

| CX 2 |=

| CD2 |2
| AC |

m 12
2a

5
a.
22

,
| BX 2 |=

1
| AB | .
22

m 22 = | BD2 |2 =

1
9 2
9
a , | CX 3 |= a | BX 3 |= 3 | AB | .
4
8
2

m 2k- 1 = | BDk- 1 |2 = (1 +

1
1
1
1
+ 2 + ... + k- 2 + k- 1 )a 2
2 2
2
2

42

3
a , ,
2


| BX k |=

1
1
a = k | AB | . ([13])
k
2
2

III :

5.15. )
:

. k(A,| AC |)

k(C, a) , E 1 , k(C,| AC |) ,
k(A, a) D1 ( 5.15. )).

k(D1,| AD1 |) k(C,| D1E 1 |) X 1 .

).

, k(D2,| AD2 |) k(C,| D2E 2 |)

X 2 .

) .

: | BDk |= m k , k = 1, 2,..., n . X 1 p(A, C) ,

ACD1E 1 ,

CD1E 1X1 je

. X 2 , X 3 , ...

p(A, C) .
ACD1E 1 ( | AD1 |= | CE 1 | ),

| AM |= | MX1 | ,

| X1C |= | D1E 1 | . :
| AD1 |= | D1X1 |= | AD`1 |= | D`1X1 |= a .

,
| AD2 |= | D2 X 2 |= | AD`2 |= | D`2X 2 |= m 1 ,

43

| ADk |= | Dk X k |= | AD`k |= | D`k X k |= m k- 1 .

I,
| BX1 |=

1
1
| AB | , | BX 2 |= 2 | AB | ,... ,
2
2

16.

. ([13])
.

5.16.
: k(A,| AB |) k(B,| AB |) ,
C C 1 ( 5.16). E A .
A , B , E | AE |= 2 | AB | . F G
k(E,| AE |) k(A,| AB |) , k(F,| AB |)
.
k(G,| AB |) S
:
). :

(
| AF |:| AE |= | AS |:| AF | ,

.
| AB |: 2 | AB |= | AS |:| AB | ,

| AS |=

1
| AB | .
2

S AB .

44

 17.

5.17.
: p(A, B) C D
| CA |= | AB |= | BD | ( 3). k(C,| CB |) , k(C,| CD |) ,
k(D,| AD |) k(D,| CD |) ( 5.17.). E , E 1 , F F1 .

k(E,| CE |) k(E 1,| CE 1 |) , k(F,| DF |) k(F1,| DF1 |) S T

,
.
:

| CS |:| CE |= | CE |:| CD |

:
| CE |= 2 | AB | | CD |= 3 | AB | ,

| CS |=

4
| AB |
3

| AS |=

1
| AB | .
3

45

 18. .

5.18.
: A ( 5.18.)
d ( r < d < 2r ). B C
k . k(B,| AB |) k(C,| AB |) D .
k(D,| AD |) k(A,| AB |) E F . k(E,| AE |)
k(F,| AE |) G , . k .
: , G p(A, D) .

, G 1 .

| AG |:| AE |= | AE |:| AD | ,

.
| AG |=

| AE |2
.
| AD |

| AG1 |:| AB |= | AB |:| AD | ,

.
| AB |2
| AE |2
| AG1 |=
=
= | AG | .
| AD |
| AD |

.
46

 19. A k
O OB .

5.19.
: AO , C ( 5.19.).
C k(C,| CO |) k
E F . p(A, E) p(A, F) .
:

, AO ,
. , p(A, E) p(A, F) OE OF
k .
20. AB .

5.20.
: CA AB ( 9).
AC
D AD = AB ( 5.20.). AB ,
D , B . E .
ABED . ([14])

47

 21.

5.21.
: p(O, B) C OC = OA
( 7). A C
( 5.21.). D . p(O, D) .
22.
.

5.22. )
: k A , B C
( 5.22. )). A 1
( 16)
k(A1,| A1B |) . D

k(A1,| A1B |) , E

k(A1,| A1B |) ( 7).
H ( 8). H , . H .

: E p(A, C)
, | BE | B .

, D p(A, B)

, | CD | C .
| CD | | BE | .
48

 5.22. )
:

.

k(A1,| A1B |) B ( 5.22. )),

, B .

23.
.

1800 .

: O , , ,
. C D . C
, | CD |
C .
. n k
| CD | .
.

.
24. k(O, r) .

5.24.

49

: k(O, r) B
A , C D AB = BC = CD = r ,
k(A,| AC |) k(D,| DB |) E . k(B,| BE |)
k(O, r) . F .
. ([22])
.
25.

1
n
2

, n = 1, 2,..., 25 .

5.25.
: k(A,| AB |)
B ( 5.25.). E B
( | BC |= | CD |= | DE |= 1 ). k(B | BD |) k(E,| EC |) F F1
. k(B,| AF |) k(E,| AF |)
k(A,| AB |) H H 1 , k(B | BD |) k(E,| EC |)
N N 1 , M M1 . k(E,| AE |) k(B,| AB |) P ,

P1 , Q Q 1 k(B,| AF |) k(E,| AF |). k(P,| BP |)

50

k(P1,| BP1 |) R , k(A,| AB |) S S1 . ,

k(Q,| EQ |) k(Q1,| EQ1 |) T , k(A,| AB |)
O O 1 . k(R,| AB |) L L1
k(A,| AB |) k(F1,| AB |) G

k(A,| AB |) . k(O,| AO |) k(O1,| AO1 |) K .

, , k(K,| AB |) k(T,| AB |) I I 1
. :
| AT |=

1
1,
2

| P T |=

1
2,
2

| DR |=

1
3,
2

| AB |=

1
4,
2

| HT |=

1
5,
2

| AM |=

1
6,
2

1
7,
2

| AF |=

1
8,
2

| BR |=

1
9,
2

| BL |=

1
10 ,
2

| P S1 |=

1
11 ,
2

| BD |=

1
12 ,
2

| HK |=

1
13 ,
2

| BS |=

1
14 ,
2

| LL1 |=

1
15 ,
2

| BE |=

1
16 ,
2

| FK |=

1
17 ,
2

| KN |=

1
18 ,
2

| KD |=

1
19 ,
2

| FG |=

1
20 ,
2

| I1D |=

1
21 ,
2

| KS |=

1
22 ,
2

| MM1 |=

| KE |=

1
25 .
2

| QQ1 |=

1
23 ,
2

51

| MN1 |=

1
24 ,
2

6.1

6.1.1. ,
( A , B , C , D ) .
, .
.

( K , L , M ). p(K, L) , p(K, M) , p(L, M) . ([19])

6.1.1.
ABCD .
, .
6.1.2. A , B C , D
EFGH A B ,
C D p(A, B)
. ([19])

52

 6.1.2.
.
6.1.3.

. ,
. .

. ([19])

6.1.3.
abcd .
, .
1. p A , B C . p D ,
D
()
C () , . ([21])
: .

53

1. : C
.

, D

6.1. )
: A ( 6.1. )).
C E G .
p(B, E) p(A, G) H , p(B, G) p(A, E) F .
D p(A, B) p(F, H) . ([21])
2. : C p(A, B) , .

6.1.)).

6.1. )
: ,
.
: , , ,
... .

54

6.2

,
:

6.2.1. ,
, .
.
2.

.

b . ,

:
, S
b


,

P , Q R .

. T

.
P , T , B .

TS : TQ = AS : QR = BS : P Q .
,
ST : QT = SB : QP ,
P , T , B .

6.2.
:
b ( 6.2.). C
b
. P R

b . T

. p(C, T)

S .
: C , Q , T S .
. C T . ,

e.
p(C, T)
: .

55

 3.
,
, .

6.3.
:
a
( 6.3.).
.

.

.

: M
,

N 1 .
. p(C, T1 )

, . S .
, .
,

:
. .

56

 4. .
P , .

6.4.
: A B ( 6.4.).
m , M
( 2). , P
( 3). ([21])
5. p q p
n .

6.5.

57

: M p q
m p q ( 4).
p(M, A) p(M, B) , q A B . p(B, A ) m
1
1
1
N , p(N, B1 ) C .

.

( 6.5.).

6. p q p
p

.

C .

6.6.
: p q ( 6.6.)
m ( 4).
p(M, A) p(M, B) , q A 1 B1 . p(C, A1 ) ,
m L . p(L, B1 ) p D .
: .

58

 7. m l m
, m C ,
.

6.7. )
: l m ( 6.7. )),

( 2). M .
L m l p(A, L) , p(B, L) p(M, L) . l
A 1 , B1 M1 , M1

p(A, A1 ) p(B, M1 ) S .

p(S, B1 ) m C . .
.

6.7. )
:
l ,
M P
p ( 4). A
59

 l p Q R . p(B, Q) p S , p(B, R) l
T . m p(S, T) C ( 6.7. )).
: , n
, n - 1 .
8. p q p
n .

6.8.
:
.

, 5. q

( 6.8.). , p(A, D1 )

p(A1, B) S . , p(B1, S) p(C1, S) ,

60

 9. p q p

. ([21])

:
1
| AB | , n .
n

6.9.
: M ( 6.9.),
p(M, A) p(M, B) . q a b .

.
p
C .

, .
p D .
1
| AB | .
3
1
1
1
| AE |= | AB | . | AB | , | AB | , .
4
5
6

| AD |=

1
| AB | .
3
A, C ; B, D .

: | AD |=

E ,

: AD : DC = AB : CB . , | AB |= 2 | CB | ( 2.),
1
| AD |= 2 | DC | . | AD |= | AB | .
3

61

1
1
| AB | , | AF |= | AB | , A , D , B ,
4
5
E , A , E , F , B .

| AE |=

6.3

10. , L
. a ,
, .

6.10.
: ,
ABCD ( 6.10.). p(A, D)
p(C, B) . ( ,
). P Q .
S . M
,
.
,
.
. ,
, p(M, S) p(P, Q) T
.
.
.

62

 11. .

6.11.
: KLN (
6.11.). RFMH .
L
,

.
: ,

. ([21])

, | MF |= | MH | ,

6.4

, ,
. ,
.
:
, 2.
,
, .
25 26. ,
, .

.

,
.

63

 .
12. k .

6.12.
: ,
,
( 6.12.).
13. . ,
.

6.13.
: A
B ( 6.13.). O
.
C , , E
,
p(A, B) .
. , p(O, E) p(C, D) ,
p(A, B) . p(O, E) F G . , B ,
F G . ([16])

64

 14. k .

6.14.
:
ABCD ( 6.14.). ,
( 2). P , R , S Q .

.
, p(I, H) p(J, K) .
, .
.
15. p , M k
. M
p .

6.15.
: ( 6.15.).
p .
P , Q .
65

, .

S .
M .
16. p M
p , k .
1. : p ( 2).
2. : p A B , .

6.16. )
: A ( 6.16. )).
C . p(C, B) p .
p(C, B) .
3. : .

6.16. )
: , ABCD ,
( 6.16. )). ,
p . q ,
66

. | AB | , Q . Q ,
q , ,
p . . Q
, l , | AC | . | BC |
L . L
| AB | | AD | R . p(O, R)
p . , , M
p(O, R) .
:
,
,
,
. ,
. ,

.

, ,
,
.
: .
17.
, p C . ,
k . , p
.
M

6.17.
: C q p(A, B) ,
B l p(A, C) D
( 6.17.).
ABCD ,
. P
p . Q R
q . m n
67

 D p(P, Q) p(P, R) . p
M N . , C ,
.
: ABCD
. ,

. ,

,
.

: .
18. a , b c ,
k .

6.18.
: s t ( 6.18.),
a , b c ( 17). R | QS | .
t T .
.

68

 19. x y , .
z =

xy ,

x
z
= .
z
y

: d .
t = x + y . m n
t
d
t
d
dx
dy

, n=
,
= . m =
=
y
n
x
m
t
t
dx + dy
d(x + y)
dt
m + n =
=
=
= d.
t
t
t

d
xy ,
t
q , d t .
m n ,
.

q =

mn =

(dx / t)(dy / t) =

20. P , l
, .

6.20.
6.20.,
.

.
: . ([21])

69

 21.
.

6.21.
: | OM |
. A B ( 6.21.). A
| ON | . C .
.
, O p(O, R) | KC | .
22.
, .
, .

6.22.

70

: | OM |
. A B ( 6.22.). K
| ON | . C .

. p(O, R) | AC | .
.
:
. .
,
.
23 . k p .

6.23.
: , , O
r . , T
p ( 6.23.). T | AB | .
b O .
a 2 = r 2 - b 2 = (r + b)(r - b) . r b ,
(r + b) (r - b) ( 17). 19,
a = (r + b)(r - b) , (r + b) (r - b) . ,
a T
A B .

71

 24. .
O 1 O 2 , m r .

t < m + r t < m r > m - t , t
. , M
N . 6.24. ) 6.24. ),
.

6.24. )

6.24. )
M N p(O1, O2 ) .

.
s , ( R

).

72

) ( R

m 2 = r 2 + t 2 - 2ts ,
s = (r 2 + t 2 - m 2 ) / 2t .

s .
s = (r 2 / 2t) + (t 2 / 2t) - (m 2 / 2t) r , t
m . 2t , r , r ; 2t , t , t 2t , m , m .
( 20) 2t t
19 (r 2 / 2t) + (t 2 / 2t) - (m 2 / 2t)
19.
R ,
.

73

?
.
.
?
.
(),
. , ,
( ) .
.

7.1.
, ( 7.1.),
. ( 7.2.)
, .

7.2.

74

 , , ( 7.3.),
, .

7.3.
, ,
.
6.2.1.
:
A , B , C D .
25. AB .

7.25.
7.25.

75

 26.

7.26.
:

( 7.26.).

27.

7.27.
: (n-1) ,
. 7.27. n=3.
, p(A, B)
28.

m .

: p(A, B) (m - 1)
, ...,

. p(A, D) p(B m C) . M .

B , B1 , B 2 , ..., B m - 1 . (m - 1)
m .
:
. ,

, m ,
.
,
, , .

76

 29.
G ( 7.29. ))?

7.29. )
: DE AB N EF
BC M .
ANEF NBCD .
O 1 O 2 . p(O1, O2 ) .
ABMF EMCD ,
O 3 O 4 .
p(O 3, O 4 ) . O
p(O1, O2 ) p(O 3, O 4 ) .

7.29. )
7.29. ) ([17])

77


. (1924): . , . 2 ,
[2]
. . (1924): ,
[3]
. . (1950):
,
[4]
Veljan Darko (1995): Napoleonov teorem i posljedice, str. 169-173
[5]
. . (1934): ,
, ,
[6]
(1994):
, , a
[7]
http://Geometric_Construction_with_the_Compass_Alone
[8]
http://www.wikipedia.org.Geometrija
[9]
Kostovski A. (1986): Geometrical Constructions with Compasses Only, Mir Publishers,
Moscow
[10] . (1980): , 10
[11] http://www.wikipedia.org. The_Free_Encyclopedia_Lorenzo_Mascheroni
[12] http://www.wikipedia.org.The_Free_Encyclopedia_Mohr_Macheroni
[13] A. .: ,
117071,
, -71, , 15
[14] (1996): , ,
[15] Pauni ura (2006): Pravilni poligoni, Novi Sad
[16] Pavkovi Boris, Darko Veljan (2004): Elementarna matematika I, kolska kljiga, Zagreb,
Mohr Mascheronijeve konstrukcije, str. 359-362; Steinerove konstrukcije 362-366
[17] . . (1978): ,
[18] , (1994):
,
[19] :
[20] . (1981): , 5
[21] . . (1957): ,
25,
,
[22] Stojakovi Z. (1966): Geometrijske konstrukcije samo estarom, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu
[23] Hlavaty Julius H. (1957): Macherony Constructions, Mathematich Teacher
[24] (1989): ,
,
a
[25] http://www.cut_the_knot.org/do_you_know/compass.shtwl
[26] http://www.wikipedia.org.The_Free_Encyclopedia_Jakob_Steiner
[27] http://www.wikipedia.org.Konstruktivni_zadaci
[28] http://www.wikipedia.org.The_Free_Encyclopedia_Georg_Mohr
[1]

78

1. 1987. .
.
, 2006. 4.98.
, ,
, 2006. 17. 2011.
7,89.
,
.
.

, 2012.

79


-


:

: ()

: 2012.

: , , -
, 3

: (7, 77, 28, 0, 78, 0, 0)

( , , , , , , )

80

 / : , , ,

:
: , ,

.

.
.
: .

: 2012.

:
, , - ,

:
, , - ,

:
, , - ,

81

UNIVERSITY OF NOVI SAD

FACULTY OF SCIENCE
DEPARTAMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND INFORMATICS
KEY WORDS DOCUMENTATION

Accession number:
ANO
Identification number:
INO
Document type: Monograph type
DT
Type of record: Printed text
TR
Contents Code: Masters thesi
CC
Author: Dana Roajac
AU
Mentor: Nevena Pui, Full Professor
MN
Title: A geometric constructions using limited number of geometric tools
XI
Language of text: Serbian (Cyrillic)
LT
Language of abstract: Serbian and English
LA
Country of publication: Serbia
CP
Locality of publication: Vojvodina
LP
Publication year: 2012.
PY
Publisher: Author's reprint
PU
Publ. place: Novi Sad, Department of mathematics and informatics, Faculty of Science, Trg Dositeja Obradovia 3
PP
Physical description: (7, 77, 28, 0, 78, 0, 0)
(chapters, pages, references, tables, pictures, charts, supplements)
PD
Scientific field: Mathematic
SF

82

Scientific discipline: Geometry

SD
Subjec/Key words: Mohr Macheroni theorem, Geometric Construction with the Compass Alone, Geometric Construction
by straightedge alone, PonceletSteiner theorem
SKW UC:
Holding data: The Library of the Department of Mathematics and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Mathematics,
University of Novi Sad
HD
Note:
N
Abstract: Master paper deals with geometric constructions with limited resources. Prove the Mor - Maskeronijeva theorem
on geometric constructions to be performed only by using compasses and Pons - Steiner theorem on geometric
constructions to be performed only by using a ruler. Presented are also some interesting problems.
AB
Accepted by the Scientific Board on: .
ASB
Defended: November 2012.
DE
Thesis defense board:
DB
President: Dr Gradimir Vojvodi, Fill Professor, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Novi Sad
Member: Dr Nevena Pui, Fill Professor, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Novi Sad
Member: Dr ura Pauni, Fill Professor, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Novi Sad

83