Growth of National Monarchies ............................................................................................... 28
The Black Death ....................................................................................................................... 29
Causes ................................................................................................................................... 29
Responses to the Plague ........................................................................................................ 30
Consequences of the Plague .................................................................................................. 30
Challenges to Spiritual Authority at the End of the Middle Ages ............................................ 31
The Plague ............................................................................................................................ 31
Heretical Movements and People ......................................................................................... 31
Free Spirits ........................................................................................................................ 31
The Lollards and John Wycliffe ....................................................................................... 31
Jan Hus (1369-1415) in Bohemia ..................................................................................... 32
Corruption in the Church ...................................................................................................... 32
The Great Schism .................................................................................................................. 32
Chapter 02 - Renaissance Europe ................................................................................................. 33
Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 33
Origins....................................................................................................................................... 33
Social Order and Cultural Change ............................................................................................ 34
The Household ...................................................................................................................... 34
Underclass ............................................................................................................................. 34
Hard Times for Business ....................................................................................................... 34
The Birth of Humanism ............................................................................................................ 34
Italian Humanists .................................................................................................................. 35
Northern Humanists .............................................................................................................. 36
Arts ............................................................................................................................................ 36
Leonardo da Vinci................................................................................................................. 36
Michelangelo......................................................................................................................... 37
Raphael ................................................................................................................................. 38
The Prince
................................................................................................................................. 38
Northern Renaissance vs. Southern Renaissance ...................................................................... 38
The New Monarchies ................................................................................................................ 39
France .................................................................................................................................... 39
England ................................................................................................................................. 39
Spain ..................................................................................................................................... 40
Holy Roman Empire ............................................................................................................. 40
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