Mobile Communication and

Mobile Computing
Prof. Dr. Alexander Schill
http://www.rn.inf.tu-dresden.de

Department of Computer Science Institute for System Architecture, Chair for Computer Networks
Structure of the Lecture
Part I: Mobile Communication
- Introduction and Principles
- GSM and Extensions
- UMTS
- LTE and beyond
- WLAN
- Satellite and Broadcast Systems

Part II: Mobile Computing
- Mobile IP and TCP
- Location Based Services
- Context Awareness and Adaptation
- Service Based Architecture
- Mobile File Systems, Databases, Information Services
- Mobile Applications

Reference:
- Jochen Schiller: Mobile Communications, Addison-Wesley
2
Introduction and Principles
3
Application Example:
Civil Engineering, Field Service
4
Building site
Architect
Enterprise A
(main office)
Enterprise B
Construction
supervisor
Gigabit
Ethernet
UMTS, LTE GSM, UMTS
Selected drafts,
Videoconferences
Material data,
status data,
dates
Large archives,
Videoconferences
Drafts,
urgent
modification
Enterprise A
(branch office)
Gigabit Ethernet Fast Ethernet
Example: Consumer Application
5
8:56PM
URL LOGIN
http://www.bike-rental...
Service Login
Rent-A-Bike
AlexanderSchill Login:
**********
Password:
Mobile Multimedia
6
Product Data
Client
LAN-Access
Maintenance
technician
Very different performances and costs:
radio networks versus fixed networks

Software-controlled, automatic adaptation to
concrete system environments
Example: Access to picture data / compressed
picture data / graphics / text
Mobile Access
Local Resources,
Test Protocols
Main office
Caching
Traffic Telematics Systems
7
Internet
Content Provider
Main Office
Infrastructure
GSM
Radio/Infrared
Gigabit
Ethernet
Point-to-Point Radio,
Internet
Content Provider
DAB: Digital Audio Broadcasting
RDS/TMC: Radio Data System/
Traffic Message Channel
Mobile Communication: Development
8
2000 1995 1990
Mobile
Phone
Networks
Packet Networks
Circuit
Switched
Networks
Satellite
Networks
Local
Networks
2005
D(GSM900) C
Modacom
Mobitex
Tetra
Inmarsat
IR-LAN
IMT/
UMTS
IEEE802.11
Bluetooth
Radio-LAN
Iridium/
Globalstar
E(GSM1800)
HSCSD
GPRS
Cordless
Telephony
CT DECT
2010
4G
(LTE-
advanced,
WiMAX)
EDGE
LTE
2015
Used Acronyms
9
C: Analog C Network (1st Generation)
CT: Cordless Telephone
DECT: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications
GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications (2nd Generation)
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
HSCSD: High Speed Downlink Packet Access (advanced)
High Speed Uplink Packet Access (advanced)
High Speed Circuit Switched Data
EDGE: Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
IMT: International Mobile Telecommunications
LTE: Long Term Evolution
TETRA: Terrestrial Trunked Radio (Multicast Communication System)
UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (3rd Generation)
4G: 4th Generation Networks
WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

C:
CT:
DECT:
GSM:
GPRS:
HSDPA+:
HSUPA+:
HSCSD:
EDGE:
IMT:
LTE:
TETRA:
UMTS:
4G:
WiMAX:
Correspondent data rates
10
1 9 9 5 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 5 2 0 1 0
10 M b i t / s
UMTS
(pico cell)
1 0 k b i t / s
GSM
HSCSD/
GPRS
EDGE
100 k b i t / s
1 M b i t / s
UMTS
(macro cell)
Satellites
DECT
100 M b i t / s
300 M b i t / s
2 0 1 5
LTE (uplink) / HSDPA+
LTE (downlink)
WLAN
50 M b i t / s
200 M b i t / s
HSUPA+
Frequency Assignment
11
TETRA
380-400
410-430
NMT
453-457
463-467
CT2
864-868
CT1+
885-887 890-915
GSM900 CT1+
930-932
GSM900
935-960
TFTS(Pager,aircraftphones) GSM1800
1670-1675 1710-1785 1800-1805
TFTS
1805-1880
GSM1800 DECT
1880-1900 (1885-2025
2110-2200)
TETRA
450-470
(nationallydifferent)
UMTS
IEEE802.11b/g/n
2400-2483
HIPERLAN1
5176-5270
MHz
Bluetooth
2402-2480

HIPERLAN2
(~5200-5600)
WLAN
2412-2472

HomeRF...(approx.2400)
CircuitSwitchedRadioMobilePhonesCordlessPhonesWirelessLANs
-2,4GHzandhigher:oftenlicensefree,nationallydifferent
->interestingforhighdatarates
(~17000)
HIPER-Link
1GHz 500Mhz
TFTS-TerrestrialFlightTelephoneSystem
NMTNordicMobileTelephone
IEEE802.11a:5,15-5,25;5,25-5,35;5,725-5,825
790-862
LTE800
2500-2690
LTE2600 WIMAX
3500
Principles of Mobile Communication
12
Based on electro-magnetic radio transmission
radio transmission
terrestrial
orbital (satellite)
point-to-point Broadcast radio equatorial
orbit
non-equatorial
orbit
cellular non-cellular
Principles:
Propagation and reception of electro-magnetic waves
Modulation and multiplex methods; focusing on cellular networks
Cellular networks
well known from mobile networks (GSM, UMTS)
base station (BS) covers at least one cell; a combination
of multiple cells is also called a cellular structure
provides different kinds of handovers between the cells
higher capacity and better coverage than non-cellular
networks
bidirectional* antennas instead of omni-directional** can
better serve the selected sectors
13
along highways
or train lines
for covering
of larger areas
* **








A procedure inside a cellular network, which controls the
switching process between the cells and end devices

Reasons for handovers are:
leaving the transmission range of a cell
overloading or breakdown of the used cell
loss of connection quality

Cellular networks: handover (1)
14
Cellular networks: handover (2)
Handover classes
Intra-cell: switch-over inside the cell onto other
frequency or other timeslot
Inter-cell: switch-over to a neighboring cell
Inter-system: switch-over between different
technologies (e.g. GSM and UMTS); roaming

Handover types
Hard handover: active connection gets disconnected
before the connection to a new cell is established
Soft handover: active connection gets disconnected
after the connection to a new cell is established
15
Structure of a cellular network
Major problems:
limited frequency
resources
interference
reuse of frequency
channels in remote cells
cluster of N cell types



reuse distance


where R cell radius
16
2 2
j j i i N
, 2 , 1 , 0 , j i
R N D 3
1
1
1
1
2
2 3
3
4
4
D/R Ratios versus Reuse Patterns
17
R
D/R-Ratio Cluster size, N
3,46 4
4,6 7
6 12
7,55 19
3 3
R N D 3
Cluster of N cells with
R cell radius;
D reuse distance
with the use of sectorized antennas
Frequency Distribution: Examples
18
D/R=3 with N=3
Frequency distribution according to IEEE
802.11b/g/n
D/R=4.6 with N=7
Frequency distribution according to IEEE 802.11a
Multiplex Methods: Principles
Multiplex
Concurrent usage of the medium without interference
4 multiplex methods:
Space
Time
Frequency
Code

Medium Access
controls user access to medium
implemented by combining and exploiting multiplex
methods
19
SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access)
Communication channel relates to definite regional area or
physical infrastructure

Space Multiplex for instance in the Analog Phone Systems
(for each participant one line), for Broadcasting Stations,
and in Cellular Networks

Problem: secure distance (interferences) between
transmitting stations is required (using one frequency),
and by pure Space Multiplex each communication channel
would require an own transmitting station

Therefore space Multiplex is only reasonable in combination
with other multiplex methods
20
SDMA: Example
21
k1 k2
s
s secure distance
k3 k4 k5 k6
SDMA selects cell
f1
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
frequencies are permanently assigned to transmission
channels (known from broadcast radio)
22
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
f1
f2
f3
f4
f5
f6
s secure distance
s
FDMA selects
frequency

t
f
k1
k2
k3
k4
k5
k6
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
transmission medium is slot-assigned to channels for
certain time, is often used in LANs
Synchronization (timing, static or dynamic) between
transmitting and receiving stations is required
23
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
f1
t
f
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6 k1
TDMA selects
slot
Combination: FDMA and TDMA, (e.g. in GSM)
GSM uses combination of FDMA and TDMA for better use of
narrow resources
the used bandwidth for each carrier is
200 kHz => approx. 124 * 8 = 992 channels
24
t
f in MHz
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0
890,2
915
200 kHz
935,2
960
25 MHz 45 MHz
25 MHz
uplink
downlink
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
25
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
f1
CDMA
decoded
definite Codes are assigned to transmission channels, these
can be on the same Frequency for the same Time
uses cost-efficient VLSI components
high security level using spread spectrum techniques
but: exact synchronization is required, code of transmitting
station must be known to receiving station, complex receivers
for signal separation are required;
noise should not be very high
CDMA illustrated by example
The principle of CDMA can be illustrated by the example of
some party:
communication partners stand close to each other, each
transmission station (Sender) is only so loud that it does not
interfere to neighbored groups
transmission stations (Senders) use certain Codes (for
instance, just different languages)
receiving station (Listener) tunes to a specific language
(Code) in order to decode the content
if other receiving station (Listener) cannot understand this
language (Code), then it can recognize the data (as a kind of
background noise), but it cannot do anything with them
if two communication partners would like to have some secure
communication line, then they should simply use a secret
language (Code)

Potential Problems:
security distance is sometimes too small: interferences
(i.e. Polish und Russian)
26
CDMA example technically
Sender A
Sends A
d
=1, Key A
k
= 010011 (set: 0= -1, 1= +1)
Transmit signal A
s
=A
d
*A
k
= (-1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1)
Sender B
sends B
d
=0, Key B
k
= 110101 (set: 0= -1, 1= +1)
Transmit signal B
s
=B
d
*B
k
= (-1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1)

Both signals overlay on the air
Faults are ignored here (noises etc.)
C = A
s
+ B
s
=(-2,0,0,-2,+2,0)

Receiver will listen to Sender A
uses Key A
k
bitwise (internal product)
A
e
= C * A
k
=2 +0+0 +2 +2+0 = 6
Result is greater than 0, so sent bit was 1
likewise B
B
e
= C * B
k
=-2 +0 +0 -2 -2 +0 = -6, i.e. 0
27
Spread Spectrum Techniques








Signal is spread by the Sender before the transmission
Small-bandwidth faults are spread by de-spreading in receiving
station; especially important for CDMA (highly sensitive to
faults)
band-pass deletes redundant frequency parts
dP/df value corresponds to called Power Density, Energy is
constant (in the Figure: the filled areas)
Objective:
Increase of robustness against small-bandwidth faults
Protection against unauthorized receivers: power density of
spread-spectrum signals can be lower than that of background
noise
28
df
dP
f
df
dP
f
df
dP
f
df
dP
f
df
dP
f