Tackling Combustor Design Problems With Large Eddy Simulation of Reacting Flows

Technische Universitt Mnchen
Tackling Combustor Design Problems

with Large Eddy Simulation
of Reacting Flows

Wolfgang Polifke
Fachgebiet fr Thermodynamik
Acknowledgements:
Joao Carneiro, Patrick Dems, Stephan Fller, Thomas Komarek, Rohit Kulkarni, Luis Tay,
Matthieu Zellhuber
AG Turbo, Alstom, DFG, DST, KW21, Siemens
MUSAF II Colloquium
Sep. 18-20, 2013, CERFACS, Toulouse
Donnerstag, 24. Juli 2014
W. Polifke - MUSAF II, Sep. 2013
Overview
Gas turbine combustor design challenges
stability
emissions
This talk
mixing and auto-ignition in turbulent ow
ame dynamics from system identication
spray dispersion, evaporation & combustion

2
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,

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l
o
w

m
u
lt
i-
p
h
y
s
is
, m
u
lt
i-
s
c
a
le
Sequential combustion in Alstom GT24/26
3
multi-stream mixing in swirling, turbulent ow
auto-ignition & ame propagation
Composite PV lookup from PSRs
4
M
i
x
t
u
r
e

f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n

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l
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s
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e
s
s

v
a
r
i
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e

0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Y
c

Z
Yeq
Chemistry simplication:
Y
c
t
P
r
o
g
r
e
s
s

v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e

s
o
u
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c
e

P
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s
s

v
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i
a
b
l
e

0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Y
p

Z
Yeq
Autoignition tabulation (0D reactors):
Tabulated Chemistry Concept
10
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Y
c

Z
Yeq
Chemistry simplication:
Y
c
t
P
r
o
g
r
e
s
s

v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e

s
o
u
r
c
e

P
r
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g
r
e
s
s

v
a
r
ia
b
le

0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Y
p

Z
Yeq
Autoignition tabulation (0D reactors):
Tabulated Chemistry Concept
10
Stochastic fields for subgrid scale fluctuations
5
Turbulence-Chemistry Interaction models
Presumed PDF Transported PDF
Deterministic transport equations Stochastic partial differential equations
Turbulence chemistry interaction
Lagrangian/Particle
method
Eulerian/Fields
method
(ITO formulation)
11
Stochastic elds, composite progress variable
6
0
10
20
30
40
940 950 960 970 980 990
A
u
t
o
i
g
n
i
t
i
o
n

l
e
n
g
t
h

L
i
g
n
/
d

Air temperature [K]
Experiment
Presumed PDF
Stochastic elds
Implemented in Fluent and OpenFOAM
Validation:
Markides & Mastorakos, Cabra, Delft, SEV
H2, n-Heptane, CH4
Cabra-H2-Flame with Li-Dryer mechanism
7
see papers by Kulkarni, Zellhuber, Collonval ...
Thermo-acoustic combustion instabilities
8
from Lieuwen & Yang, 2006
Feedback between heat release and acoustics
9
W. Polifke / divide et impera Ercoftac TecTag / 2
Thermo-Akustische Instabilitt
(p, u)
(p, u)
Q

!
!
Q ! p d"
"#
> 0.
Rckkopplung zwischen Fluktuationen
der Strmung (p,u) und der Wrmefreisetzung Q
-> Selbsterregte Schwingungen !
Stabilittskriterium nach Rayleigh:
Eingeschlossene Flamme
Rayleighs criterion: Instability requires
dt > 0,
Premix ames are velocity sensitive:

Q
=

Q
),
System acoustics controls phase p
: Z =
p
.
Multi-physics interactions with feedback
10
Flame Fuel
Supply
Air
Supply
Combustor
Equivalence
Ratio
Position and
Area of Flame
Burning
Velocity
Q
p, u
u
p
W. Polifke - MUSAF II, Sep. 2013 11
Combustion LES captures (in principle) all relevant effects:
but:
turbulent, reacting, compressible ow at low Ma-#
acoustic boundary conditions !?
wide range of length and time scales

brute force LES for combustion dynamics?
divide et impera
12
Stability analysis by combined use of
system model for combustor acoustics
reduced order model (ROM) of heat source dynamics

This strategy may be adopted to
network models
state-space models
Galerkin models
FE/FV-based solvers for Helmholtz / APE / LEE

t
h
is
is
c
o
d
e
-
c
o
u
p
lin
g
, t
o
o
!!
ROMs of input-output systems
Matrix-based methods (for state-space models)
Truncated Balanced Realization
Krylov methods (moment matching)

Data-based models
PODs & Galerkin Projection
System Identication
non-parametric model (e.g. spectral analysis)
parametric models
- Black Box models (e.g. time-delay models)
- Gray Box models (e.g. state space models)
13
Time-delay ROMs for linear systems
present response depends on present & previous signals
14
and previous responses ... and noise, too
+
trade offs:
accuracy - uncertainty - # of coefcients - ow/ame physics
Frequency
Response F
F()
F() =
P
k
h
k
e
tk
z-transform
Unit Impulse
Response h
h
h = c
Wiener lter equation
Auto-correlation
Cross-correlation c
, c
j

P
k
s
k
s
kj
c

P
k
s
k
r
k
Time Series
(
0
B
(kt);

Q
0
(kt))
s, r
Flame transfer function from LES
15
Signal
| {z }
Q
0
0
B
Turbulent premix swirl burner
16
Komarek et al, 09, 10; Tay et al, 10, 11
URANS LES
Solver CFX AVBP
Turb./Sub-grid
model
SST WALE
Combustion
Model
TFC DTFM
1 step Kin.
Time step [s] 5e-5 1.25e-7
Spatial/temp.
Discretization
Second
order
Second
order
LES/SI for premix swirl burner
17
Validation: FTF from CFD/SI vs experiment
18
Daubechies
wavelets
Tychonov Regularization for inversion of Wiener Filter:
h
T
+
2
RR
T
T
c
Generation of optimal excitation signals:
Advanced SI for low signal-to-noise
19
maximum
entropy
non-Gaussian
simulation
Fller & Polifke, ICSV 11:
Transmission and reection
of sound at duct discontinuity
Aero-acoustic scattering at an orice
20
input to excite acoustic eigenmodes of the pipe network. If the acoustic losses
are weaker than the acoustic gain provided by the orice the eigenmode will
grow rapidly and the system becomes acoustically unstable.
Due to the high amplication potential and the regular appearance in pipe
networks, orices were studied by several research groups. Experimentally,
the scattering coefcients of cylindrical orices with different diameters and
thicknesses were determined and analyzed by Testut et al. [TAMH09]. In com-
parison to experimental studies, orices were investigated more frequently by
researches with different numerical approaches. Kirkegaard et al. [KAE12]
appliedthe linearizedNavier-Stokes equations to solve for the scattering coef-
cients of a 2-dimensional orice conguration. Rupp et al. [RCS10] analyzed
numerically the aero-acoustic interactions in the vicinity of an orice geom-
etry based on unsteady 3-dimensional Navier-Stokes simulations. In previ-
ous years, results for the scattering coefcients and for the whistling crite-
rion [AS99] of the here introduced geometry were already published by La-
combe et al. [LMF
+
10, Lac11, LFJ
+
13]. All these results base on the SI method-
ology presented by Fller et al. in 2012 [FP12] where a FIR model structure
without individual time lag adaption was employed.
The aero-acoustical network element representation of the orice congu-
ration is shown in Fig. 6.2. There are potentially two directions for incident
acoustic waves with f
u
as the corresponding upstream ingoing characteris-
tic wave amplitude and g
d
as the downstream ingoing counterpart. The two
outgoing characteristic wave amplitudes are upstream g
u
and downstream
f
d
, respectively. Since the orice conguration represents a 2x2 aero-acoustic
Figure 6.2: Acoustical network element representation of the cylindrical orice in a pipe
MIMO system, its scattering matrix (Eq. (6.1)) agrees with the acoustic ele-
189
6.3 Results
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Sr
|
T
+
|
(a) upstream transmission
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Sr
|
R
!
|
(b) downstream reection
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Sr
|
R
+
|

LES/SI
99% Conf. Int.
Lacombe, exp.
(c) upstream reection
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Sr
|
T
!
|
(d) downstream transmission
Figure 6.5: Amplitudes of the scattering coefcients for the cylindrical orice in a pipe vs. Sr
number; LES/SI results with 99% condence intervals at 2 M numbers (M
LES/SI
=
0.0252: black, M
LES/SI
= 0.0349: red) in comparison with experimental data of La-
combe [Lac11] (M
exp
=0.026: black, M
exp
=0.0335: red)
highest model frequency of interest f
max,mod
. The remaining frequency con-
tent in ranges above f
max,mod
in the acoustic responses g
u
and f
d
is not mod-
eled and thus, causes a reduction of the prediction quality.
Comparing the results in Figs. 6.5 and 6.6 to the LES/SI results presented
in earlier publications [LMF
+
10, LFJ
+
13], methodological improvements led
to the signicant better quality of the solutions. Especially, the occurrence
of wavy deviations over the entire frequency range could be successfully re-
201
M = 0.026
M = 0.034
Summary
Status Quo
LES/SI can give ame dynamics with quantitative accuracy

Ongoing work
optimal model structures for identication
non-linear effects
high frequencies, acoustic losses
combustion noise
LES model for (partially) premixed (spray) combustion

21
Poly-Celerity MOM for polydisperse sprays

x
0
y
f(x
0
,y)
y
f(x
0
,y;D)
D

Test case: sedimentation of bubbles
23
2.4 Test Case
Figure 2.2: Contours of the Sauter Mean Diameter obtained with the Moments Model in Open-
FOAM.
Figure (2.4) shows the evolution of the bubble size distribution function at several positions
inside the channel (corresponding to axial positions x = 1,5; 5,7 cm and vertical positions y =
0,1; 10; 19,9 mm). As bubbles tend to move towards the upper side of the channel, the number
density is higher for the vertical coordinate corresponding to y = 19,9 mm, and smaller at y =
0,1 mm. Furthermore, a very reasonable agreement can be noted between both methods, with
the Moments Model being able to reproduce not only the shape of the distribution function, but
also its variation along the channel. However, the distribution obtained with the Moments Model
near the upper wall at the most downstream axial position in the channel deviates considerably
from that of the Multi-Fluid solution. This occurs because the shape of the spectral distribution
at that location is dominated by the high accumulation of big bubbles near the top wall, which
is not appropriately reproduced by a Gamma distribution.
11
(Carneiro et al)
Experiments (Sommerfeld & Qiu, 91) vs. LES (Dems et al, 2012)
Polydisperse multi-phase turbulent swirl ow
24
Results for Sommerfeld & Qiu - Axial Velocity
Mean RMS
G
a
s

P
a
r
t
i
c
l
e

G
a
s

p
h
a
s
e

P
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s

Comparison Against Experiment of Sommerfeld & Qiu (1991)
M
(2)
~ GesamtoberIlche M
(3)
~ Volumenanteil
LuIt
LuIt Partikel
Swirl air
Particles & air
D = 200 mm
Axial velocities
Conclusions
Large Eddy Simulation is relevant for R&D in industry
Industrial applications imply special modelling requirements
Reduced Order Models can be an interesting alternative to
code-coupling for multi-physics, multi-scale problems
25
Thank you !

Tackling Combustor Design Problems With Large Eddy Simulation of Reacting Flows

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Technische Universitt Mnchen

Tackling Combustor Design Problems

mixing and auto-ignition in turbulent ow

ame dynamics from system identication

spray dispersion, evaporation & combustion

turbulent, reacting, compressible ow at low Ma-#

acoustic boundary conditions !?

wide range of length and time scales

system model for combustor acoustics

reduced order model (ROM) of heat source dynamics

FE/FV-based solvers for Helmholtz / APE / LEE

Truncated Balanced Realization

Krylov methods (moment matching)

PODs & Galerkin Projection

LES/SI can give ame dynamics with quantitative accuracy

optimal model structures for identication

high frequencies, acoustic losses

LES model for (partially) premixed (spray) combustion

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