19 thng 7 2005

So snh chng trnh gio dc i hc M v Vit Nam

V Quang Vit
1


Bi vit ny tm tt nhng nt khc bit c bn gia gio dc i hc cp c nhn
(Bachelor of Arts hay gi tt l BA) M v Vit Nam hin nay. Nhng nt c bn ny
da vo so snh chng trnh hc kinh t Vit Nam v chng trnh hc khoa hc c
bn, x hi hoc nhn vn (liberal arts trong c kinh t, ton, vt l, ho hc, vn
chng, tm l hc, v.v.). Chng trnh hc Vit Nam v M c a vo phn ph
lc.

1. Chng trnh hc Vit Nam qu di

Thi gian hc 4 nm lp ti Vit Nam l 2183 gi so vi 1380 gi M. Nh vy
chng trnh Vit Nam di hn gn 60%. iu ny c th l do thiu sch v nn thy
phi vo lp c cho tr chp hoc l qun tnh t qu kh li. Vi thi gian ngi lp
nh vy, hc sinh s cn t th gi t hc, nghin cu.

2. Chng trnh Vit Nam khng phi l dy ngh cng khng phi l o
to mt ngi c kin thc su v tnh sng to

Chng trnh hc kinh t i hi 1451 gi hc kinh t so vi M ch i hi ti thiu
l 480 gi (tc l 1/3 chng trnh i hc), nh vy i hi hc cc mn kinh t gp 3
ln s gi i hc M. Nhn chng trnh ging dy i hc kinh t thnh ph H
Ch Minh ta thy, hc sinh trong 4 nm phi hc gn nh tt c mi th trn i v kinh
t m nh trng c th ngh ra c, t cc mn c bn nh kinh t vi m v v m, n
cc mn nh kinh t lao ng, qun tr x nghip, k ton, a l kinh t, lut kinh t, dn
s h, chnh sch thng mi, kinh t ti nguyn v mi trng, phn tch d n kinh t,
th trng chng khon, v.v. y l nhng mn t khi dy cp i hc 4 nm v c dy
th ch l nhng mn hc sinh c th chn la, v y cng l nhng mn m trng
i hc c thy v ang nghin cu chuyn su. i hi mi th mt t, hc sinh
khng c kh nng hoc th gi i su vo bt c vn g v chc chn l thy cng ch
c sch ni li m khng hiu thy c hiu khng na. Theo cc ti liu gio khoa ca
trng th ni dung rt l rt nng l thuyt m nhiu phn hc sinh M ch hc trong
chng trnh sau c nhn. Nh vy trng ch nhm nhi s kin thc l thuyt kinh t
nhng s phn chia chi li cc lp hc th li c v thc dng nh dy ngh.

3. Chng trnh Vit Nam khng trang b cho hc sinh nhng kin thc c
bn v ton din khoa hc t nhin, nhn vn, vn chng v ngh thut;
khng c mt lp no v phng php nghin cu v vit lun vn

1
Tt nghip PhD v kinh t nm 1980 ti New York University, hin nay l v trng V Ti khon Quc
gia, Cc Thng k Lin Hp Quc. Tc gi cm n cc bn Trn Vn Mai, Hong Thi Vit, Trn Hu
Dng, Nguyn Hong, Bi Trng Liu v Nguyn Hoi Bo c gp vi bi vit ny. Sai lm trong bi
tt nhin l t pha ngi vit.
2

Chng trnh M ( cc i hc danh ting) i hi hc sinh phi hc mt chng trnh
c bn d l hc ngnh g t khoa hc c bn, khoa hc ng dng, x hi hoc nhn vn.
y chnh l chng trnh th hin mc ch o to nhng c nhn c tri thc c bn, c
phng pht suy ngh v phn tch cc vn , c kh nng vit lun vn nghin cu (coi
thm ph lc I). Chng trnh c bn bt buc ny cng chim 1/3 thi gian hc 4 nm
nh thi gian ti thiu dnh cho ngnh hc chnh. Chng gm c nhng mn nh sau:

Chng trnh kin thc c bn bt buc i hc M
Tn ch (theo chng trnh 3
k
2
hc mt nm)
Thi gian hc (gi)
Hi tho v phng php suy lun, phn
tch, nghin cu v vit lun vn
2 60
Ngoi ng hoc qua k thi st hch* 6 180
Vit ting Anh hoc qua k thi st hch* 2 60
Kin thc c bn
Khoa hc t nhin
Qui tc v phng php logic
Khoa hc x hi v hnh vi
S hc
Gi tr (trit hc, tn gio hoc
o c hc)
Vn hc v ngh thut

1
1
1
1
1

1
180
Tng chng trnh c bn 16 480
Tng chng trnh 4 nm 45-46 1380
Ngun: da vo chng trnh ca Northwestern University
*Nu qua c k thi st hch, hc sinh c th hc nhng lp cao hn hoc hc v vn hc nc ngoi
dy bng ting nc ngoi, hoc vn chng ting Anh thay th.

4. i hc Vit Nam tt c cc mn c tnh bt buc, hc sinh khng c
quyn t chn, ngc li M hc sinh c quyn t chn n 1/3 thi gian
hc d hc bt c ngnh chnh no (nh ton, vt l, ho hc, kinh t, tm
l, vn chng, vv.)

Vic t chn l rt quan trng hc sinh m mang kin thc v nhiu ngnh hc khc
nhau. Vic hiu bit lin ngnh ny cho php hc sinh hp tc nghin cu lin ngnh,
phn tch v nhn vn khng b cc din, b hp vo chuyn mn ca mnh. Hc sinh
i hc vi quyn t chn c th chn hai ngnh chuyn mn, hoc mt ngnh chnh v
mt ngnh ph
3
. Sau khi ra trng, h c th lm vic nhiu chuyn mn khc nhau
ch khng b b vo ngnh chuyn mn duy nht m mnh hc trng, k c thay i
hon ton theo mt ngnh khc. Trit l gio dc M cho php v trang b cho sinh
vin thc hin vic i ngnh m khng b ht hng.

2
H thng tn ch M ti cc trng khng ging nhau. y l th d mt trng. Coi thm gii thch
Ph lc I.
3
Vic hc sinh mt khoa hoc mt trng t chn lp mt khoa khc hoc mt trng khc phi nm
trong khun kh son sn m khoa hoc trng cho l tng ng, nu khng hc sinh phi xin php c
bit ca khoa m hc sinh hc nhm cng nhn s tng ng. iu ny cn thit nhm bo m cht
lng ca lp hc.
3

Chng trnh 4 nm i hc M
Kin thc c bn bt buc (trong c nhng lp bt
buc v nhng lp t chn trong nhng ngnh bt buc)
1/3 chng trnh 680 gi
Ngnh chnh 1/3 chng trnh 680 gi
Phn bt buc hc 1/6 chng trnh
Phn t chn trong ngnh chnh 1/6 chng trnh
Phn t chn trong cc ngnh khc, hc sinh c th ly
thm mt ngnh chnh khc, hoc 1 ngnh ph v nhng
lp t chn thm trong ngnh chnh
1/3 chng trnh 660 gi
Tng 1380 gi

5. Trong ngnh hc chnh (nh ton, vt l, ho hc, kinh t, tm l, vn
chng, vv.), ngoi cc lp c bn phi hc, hc sinh cng c quyn t chn
cc lp trong ngnh chnh, ngc li hc sinh Vit Nam phi hc tt c
mi th m nh trng quyt nh sn

Trong ngnh chnh (major), chng hn nh kinh t, phn bt buc hc cng ch khong
1/2. Hc sinh s t chn nhng mn trong ngnh kinh t m h thch. Th d v kinh t,
hc sinh b i hi hc nhng mn sau:

Chng trnh bt buc trong ngnh chnh, nh mn kinh t M
Tn ch Gi
Kinh t vi m nhp mn 1 30
Kinh t v m nhp mn 1 30
Ton calculus nhp mn 1 30
Thng k cho ngnh x hi nhn vn 1 30
Kinh trc hc nhp mn 1 30
Kinh t vi m trung cp 1 30
Kinh t v m trung cp 1 30
Tng gi hc ngnh chnh bt buc 210
Gi hc ngnh chnh t la chn 270
Tng gi hc trong ngnh chnh 480

6. Chng trnh v ch ngha Marx Lenin, chnh tr ch ngha x hi, lch s
ng chim 203 gi, bng 9% chng trnh, qu nng v cng l l do lm
tng s gi ging dy ln ti 2184

So vi tng gi hc th vic dy chnh tr Marx Lenin bng 9%, khng phi l qu
nhiu, nu nh y l trit hc, chnh tr hc, lun l, x hi hc v m hc duy nht cn
bit. Nhng nu hc sinh cn c trang b thm v chnh tr v trit hc khc th s gi
c th ct bt. Nu gi th nh nc khng mun ct th vic canh tn chng trnh vn
c th thc hin c.

4
Bn nm i hc kinh t Vit Nam (gi)
Tng 4 nm 2183
Kinh t 1451
Chnh tr 203
Ngoi ng
293
Ton, tin hc 169
Mn khc 68

T l gi hc kinh t 66%
T l gi hc chnh tr
9%
T l gi hc ngoi ng
13%
T l gi hc mn khc
11%

7. V chng trnh canh tn

Do chng trnh ging dy Vit Nam qu di, vn ct bt l cn thit nhm to th
gi cho hc sinh v thy gio nghin cu v t hc. Chng trnh ct bt ny c th
gim hoc vn gi nguyn gi hc v ch ngha Marx Lenin. Nu p dng ng s gi
M th tng gi hc s l 1380, trong ch c 208 l mn hc t chn (coi bng sau).
Nu a tng s gi cho cc mn t chn ln bng M th tng s gi hc s ln ti
1640 gi, cng ch hn M 20%, nh vy l gim c 25% so vi hin nay.

Thi gian theo m hnh M nhng gi nguyn thi gian dy chnh tr nh hin nay
Gi hc 4 nm
Chng trnh c bn 480
Ngnh chnh (c th l ton, vt l, kinh t,...) 480
Ch ngha Marx - Lenin 200
T chn 208
Tng 1380

8. Kh nng canh tn chng trnh Vit Nam

Kh nng canh tn chng trnh Vit Nam hin nay b gii hn bi m hnh t chc i
hc Vit Nam.

Trc tin hiu nhng hn ch gp phi cn hiu v nhng yu km ca i hc Vit
Nam, v do trc tin cn bit qua v m hnh i hc M m cc nc trn th gii
hin nay ang noi theo, k c i hc Php.

i hc M c th chia lm hai loi: university v college (hoc c khi gi l faculty).
(Coi thm phn Ph lc). Th d i hc Northwestern c nhiu trng (college) nh:
Trng khoa hc t nhin v nhn vn (school of arts and science, y l ch
thng dng cho trng liberal arts nh ni on u, tc l gm cc ngnh
khoa hc c bn nh ton, vt l, ho hc, v khoa hc nhn vn nh s, kinh t,
chnh tr, tm l, v.v.
Trng thng mi (school of business)
Trng s phm (school of education)
5
Trng k s (school of engineering)
Trng lut
Trng y khoa
Trng m nhc
v.v.

Khi gi l university th i hc gm cc trng nh trn cng thm vi trng sau c
nhn v khoa hc t nhin v nhn vn (thng c gi l graduate school of arts and
science. Hu ht cc i hc gi l university cp thm t nht l bng cao hc (MA) v
thng l cp c bng tin s (PhD). Cc trng ch cho bng c nhn th thng gi l
college.
4


Trng college of arts and science chnh l Trng khoa hc t nhin v nhn vn, cp
c nhn (BA). Cc trng khc hin nay c tng hp vo mt i hc, nhng trc
kia c coi l trng chuyn nghip, nu khng ni l trng dy ngh. Tuy nhin, hc
sinh cc trng chuyn nghip nh vy hin nay cng phi hc chng trnh kin thc c
bn, mc d c khi c chm chc gim thiu hn mt cht. Nhiu trng chuyn
nghip ch c dng sau c nhn, tc l hc sinh phi hc xong Trng khoa hc t
nhin v nhn vn ri mi c nhn vo: y l trng lut, y khoa, v nhiu ni l
trng thng mi vi chng trnh MBA.

Vi t chc nh trn Trng khoa hc t nhin v nhn vn l linh hn ca gio dc i
hc, v y c th d dng thc hin chng trnh kin thc c bn, hc sinh cc ngnh
khc nhau c th hc chung v c th ly nhng lp nhng trng hoc phn khoa
(ngnh chnh) khc trong cng trng cho chng trnh t chn khng thuc ngnh
chnh.

i hc Vit Nam hin nay vn c t chc nh l nhng c o, c o v t chc v
c o v a l (theo ngha trng nhn vn mt ni, trng lut mt ni, trng
khoa hc t nhin (nh ton, vt l, ho hc, sinh hc) mt ni khc). Khi i hc Vit
Nam c t chc li thnh cc i hc quc gia nh i hc thnh ph H Ch Minh,
i hc H Ni th vic t chc li ch ci tn, vi mt lp qun l cao hn pha trn,
chng trnh ca i hc khng tng hp li, hc sinh trng ny khng th ly lp
trng khc v a d khc bit cng lm cho vic ly lp kh khn. c o v t chc
cng khng cho php thy gio kt hp, trao i v nghin cu chung. Vic t chc c
o ny tip tc v trit l gio dc tng hp khng c th hin trong chng trnh
ging dy mi trng. Mi y trng kinh t rt ra khi trng i hc quc gia thnh
mt trng c lp. Do vic hc ton chng hn nhng thy dy kinh t th r rng
l hc t mt ngi bit s v ton. Ngc li mun dy v kinh t mi trng m khng
bit g v ho hc hoc nng nghip, lm nghip hoc khng c c hi giao lu vi
nhng ngi nhng ngnh ny th mc ch cng chng khc g nhm to ra nhng
ngi khim th.

4
M, vo college danh ting cng kh nh vo university danh ting. Cc liberal arts college thng c
dui 2000 sinh vin. Cc bn c th coi v cc college danh ting nh Williams college, Amherst college,
Swarthmore thy rng vo y cng kh nh vo Harvard, Yale, Columbia, .. C th coi trn
http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/rankindex_brief.phpddee
6

D vi nhng tr ngi ny, vn c th canh tn chng trnh nu nh ly trit l gio dc
i hc l o to ra nhng ngi c kin thc c bn.

9. V mt trng i hc cht lng cao Vit Nam

Vic tho lun v mt trng i hc cht lng cao c tin hnh nhiu ni
Vit Nam. Cht lng cao i hi mt s iu kin: (1) gio vin c tr mc lng
tho ng h khng phi dy thm v do khng c php dy thm, (2) iu kin
v trng s v phng tin hc t th vin, my tnh, phng th nghim phi y , (3)
s hc sinh trn mt gio vin phi thp, khng qu 20, v tt nhin l (4) sinh vin c
trnh tip thu. Nu ch da vo iu (1) ti (3), d ton v mt i hc cht lng cao
vi 2000 sinh vin s l 5 triu USD v u t v chi ph hng nm gn 2 triu USD. D
ton ny da trn mt s gi nh sau:

Lng bao gm c tin hu tr v bo him mt gio s trung bnh l $1.000/mt
thng. C ngi c tr thp hn v c ngi c tr cao hn. y l d ton
thp nht c th thu c mt ngi dy ra trng nc ngoi vi bng tin
s.
S hc sinh cao nht l 20 trn mt gio s.

Nh vy tnh trung bnh, tin hc ph hng nm ln ti khong 1.000 $US trang tri
chi ph thng xuyn. Nu gim s sinh vin xung l 10 trn mt gio vin, hc ph ln
ti khong 2.000 $US mt nm. Nhng vn quan trng v kh khn hn c trong c
hai trng hp l kh nng tuyn dng c 100 n 200 gio vin c trnh tin s.

D ton v mt i hc cht lng cao
D kin
S hc sinh 2.000
Gio vin (1/20) 100
Lng thng 1.000
Lng nm (USD) 1.200.000
Gi tr ti sn/chi ph hng nm 2,59
Ti sn H s USD
t v cng trnh xy dng 0,67619 3.380.953
My mc v sch v 0,28571 1.428.571
Tin vn lu ng chi ph 0,03810 190.476
Tng ti sn 1,00000 5.000.000
Chi ph hng nm
Lng/hu tr/bo him 0,62145 1.200.000
Dng c vn phng, sa cha 0,11467 221.429
Nng lng 0,14427 278.571
i li cho gio s 0,02836 54.762
Chi ph khc (hot ng sinh vin) 0,09125 176.190
Tng chi ph thng xuyn 1,00000 1.930.952
7
Ph lc I: i hc M


H thng i hc M

Hin nay h thng i hc M gm c hn 3000 trng, v c th gm cc lai khc
nhau nh sau:

College (thng l college of liberal arts) v c th dch l trng i hc: theo chng
trnh 4 nm, dy nhiu ngnh v khoa hc t nhin nh tan, vt l, ha hc, sinh hc, v
khoa hc nhn vn nh tm l, chnh tr, nhn chng, x hi, m nhc, m thut. Mi
ngnh c t chc thnh mt khoa (department). Hc sinh khi ra trng nhn bng c
nhn (Bachelor of Arts).

University, c th dch l vin i hc: gm nhiu college (trng) nh:

Trng khoa hc t nhin v nhn vn (school of arts and science, y l ch
thng dng cho trng liberal arts nh ni on u, tc l gm cc ngnh
khoa hc c bn nh ton, vt l, ho hc, v khoa hc nhn vn nh s, kinh t,
chnh tr, tm l, v.v.
Trng thng mi (school of business)
Trng s phm (school of education)
Trng k s (school of engineering)
Trng lut (law school)
Trng y khoa (school of medicine)
Trng m nhc (school of music)
Trng ngh thut (school of arts)
v.v.

Khi gi l university th i hc gm cc trng nh trn cng thm vi trng sau c
nhn v khoa hc t nhin v nhn vn (thng c gi l graduate school of arts and
science. Hu ht cc i hc gi l university t nht c thm chng trnh hc ly bng
cao hc (MA hay MS) v thng l c bng tin s (PhD hay DS). Cc trng ch cp
bng c nhn th thng gi l college nh ni trn

Two year colleges: l nhng trng ch dy 2 nm. Hc sinh hc xong c cp
Associate's Degree, c th ra i lm hoc chuyn ra trng college hoc university hc
tip.

Community colleges: cng ging nh trng hai nm, nhng c s khc bit vi trng
hai nm l y chng l trng cng trc thuc qun hoc thnh ph qun l.

M, vo college of liberal arts (chng trnh 4 nm) danh ting cng kh nh vo
university danh ting. Cc liberal arts colleges thng c dui 2000 sinh vin. Cc bn c
8
th coi v cc college danh ting nh Williams college, Amherst college, Swarthmore
thy rng vo y cng kh nh vo Harvard, Yale, Columbia
5
.

Cc i hc (university) c uy tn ca M u khng c nhiu sinh vin, nh:
i hc MIT c 4000 hc sinh i hc (undergraduate students) v 6,000 hc
sinh sau c nhn (graduate students) vi 974 gio s, tc l 10 sinh vin 1 thy
gio.
Harvard c 6000 sinh vin undergraduates v 12,000 graduates vi 2000 thy
gio khng k thy gio y khoa, tc l 9 sinh vin 1 thy gio.

Cc trng colleges li cng t sinh vin, nh:
Williams college bang Masschussets, vi 2000 undergraduates, 271 thy gio,
tc l 7 sinh vin 1 thy gio. y l trng ch chuyn dy hc sinh ly bng c
nhn (BA), ni ting nht M hin nay, xin nhp hc cng kh nh vo i hc
Harvard. Trng ny mi nm ch nhn 500 hc sinh
6
.

Cc i hc c phng tin v c thy gio c kh nng ly gii Nobel c th ln ti
100.

Vn kinh doanh i hc M

Gio dc M v c bn l gio dc cng lp, d t nhn c th m trng kinh doanh.
S liu sau cho thy iu :

Lp 1 n lp 8 Trung hc (lp 9 n
lp 12)
i hc
Tng s hc sinh 38,4 triu 14,8 triu 15,3 triu
Cng 33,7 triu (88%) 13,5 triu (91%) 11,7 triu (77%)
T 4, 7 triu (12%) 1,3 triu (9%) 3,6 triu (23%)
Ngun: US Census Bureau, Statitstical Abstract of the United States 2003.

Nhng c th khng nh l hu ht cc i hc M, d l cng hay t, u khng c
mc ch kinh doanh, khng c c phn vin hng li nhun. Gi l i hc cng v
chng nm di s qun l v ti chnh v nhn tin ti tr t ngn sch tiu bang hoc
thnh ph. Gi l i hc t v chng khng chu s qun l ca chnh quyn v mt ti
chnh.

i hc t hay i hc cng u c mt hi ng qun tr (thng gi l board of
trustees) c nhim v gy qu, theo di ti chnh, ra phng hng gio dc v b
nhim hiu trng. i hc t th ngi trong hi ng qun tr l do hi ng qun tr
ng nhim b nhim. i hc cng th do thng c tiu bang hoc th trng b
nhim. Mi thnh vin u c nhim k, thng l 5 nm, v t gii nhim nu khng

5
C th coi trn http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/rankindex_brief.phpddee
6
M, vo college danh ting cng kh nh vo university danh ting. Cc liberal arts college thng c
dui 2000 sinh vin. Cc bn c th coi v cc college danh ting nh Williams college, Amherst college,
Swarthmore thy rng vo y cng kh nh vo Harvard, Yale, Columbia, ... C th coi trn
http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/rankindex_brief.phpddee
9
c b nhim li. Tr ch tch hi ng l c lng khi lm vic ton thi gian, cc
thnh vin khc khng c lng nhng c tr chi ph tham d cc cuc hp. Hi ng
qun tr thng bao gm nhng thnh phn sau: (i) nhng ngi c ng gp ln v tin
bc cho trng v c uy tn gy qi cho trng; h thng nhn c phn thng l
tn trng, tn khoa, tn mt ta nh hoc mt phng hc mang tn h; (ii) cc nh
doanh nhip c th va cho tin, va sn sng nhn sinh vin khi ra trng; (iii) cc nh
gio dc v vn ha c uy tn; (iv) cc nh chnh tr v hu c uy tn. Ni chung, h l
nhng ngi va c uy tn, va nng ng hoc tha tin sn sng ng gp vo vic xy
dng uy tn cho trng.

V mt lut php, cc trng t phn ng u t chc thnh nhng cng ty v v li
(non-profit corporations)
7
chu s kim tra ca s thu v lut php v khi hi iu
kin v qu trnh hot ng c lut php chng nhn l cng ty v v li. Cng ty v v
li khng phi tr thu doanh thu trn hc ph thu c v khng tr thu trn li nhun
cng ty (tc l nu thu nhp ln hn chi ph thng xuyn). Li nhun cng ty ng
nhin c gi li u t pht trin v trng khng c c phn vin. Ci li th hai
cho cng ty v v li nhng c tm quan trng hn c l lut php M cho php nhng
ngi ng gp vo cng ty v v li c tr phn ng gp khi thu nhp chu thu.
Th d mt ngi lm $100,000 mt nm chu thu 30% th nu ng gp $50,000 h ch
phi ng thu trn $50,000 mc thu thp hn, chng hn 20%. y l phng cch
hay chnh sch nhn dn v nh nc cng lm M pht huy hot ng v v li.

Mi y M, vai tr kinh doanh ca trng c m rng hn do s pht trin ca ngnh
sinh hc m mt s trng mun ly quyn pht minh (patent) v cc kt qu nghin cu
trong trng v do trng t i th hoc hp tc vi t nhn
8
to thu t vic cp
quyn s dng cho doanh nghip. Hot ng ny v nhng hot ng tng t b coi l
hot ng kinh doanh, khng thuc v hot ng gio dc, theo lut M phi c t
chc thnh nhng cng ty kinh doanh c lp vi trng v phi chu thu nhp kinh
doanh. Tuy nhin nu li nhun em ng gp cho trng th phn ng gp ny c th
tr ra khi thu nhp chu thu ca cng ty kinh doanh.

Ti chnh i hc cng t hc ph l 19%, t chnh quyn trung ng 11%, 36% t chnh
quyn trung ng, phn cn li 10% da vo ng gp ca ngi ho tm hoc t ti tr
nghin cu.
9
i hc t da nhiu hn vo hc ph (42%) v ng gp ca gii ho tm
(20%) v kinh doanh ph (21%)
10
. Nh vy i hc t khng nht thit da vo hc ph
l chnh. Nhiu trng t danh ting ch da 40-50% vo hc ph, phn cn li l do thu
nhp to ra t vic u t ti sn m cc nh ho tm ng gp cho trng v nhng
ng gp thng xuyn ca cc nh ho tm, cu sinh vin, v tin ti tr cho cc cng
trnh nghin cu ca chnh ph hoc hot ng kinh doanh.


7
V Quang Vit v Ng Thanh Nhn, Th tm hiu kha cnh kinh t ca hot ng ngh thut v gio
dc v vai tr ca cc hot ng v v li trong mt nn kinh t th trng, in Din n (Paris), in li
trong Kinh T Vit Nam Trn ng Pht Trin, 1997, V Quang Vit, NXB TP H Ch Minh.
8
i vi, tt c nhng nghin cu do nh nc i th, bng sng ch thuc v nh nc do thng m
rng cho mi ngi s dng m khng mt tin.
9
S liu 2000, theo Statistical Abstract of the United States 2003, US Census Bureau.
10
Digest of Educational Statistic, 2002., National Center of Education.
10
D nhin M vn c nhng ngi lp ra i hc M kinh doanh, c ch s hu v
li nhun thuc v s hu ch nhng nhng i hc ny ch l nhng trng dy ngh.
H phi chu ng thu doanh thu v thu li tc v hu ht khng c cng nhn l c
t cch i hc. Li cn nhng i hc bn bng tin s cho bt c ai. Nhng i hc ny
khng nm trong danh sch 4200 i hc (trong 2365 l i hc 4 nm hoc cao
hn)
11
c cng nhn l c t cch i hc.

T cch i hc

Vic c cng nhn t cch i hc, hay ni ng ra, c chng nhn (assessed and
accredited) l iu quan trng cho s sng cn ca i hc. T cch i hc l do cc Hi
cc i hc M (Association of American Colleges and Universities), mt t chc c
hi vin l tt c cc i hc, gm tt c cc i hc danh ting nht, cng nhn. Ngoi
vic chng nhn ton chng trnh hc ca c trng, tng phn khoa cng cn c
chng nhn. Vic chng nhn da vo nh gi ca Hi v s hc sinh trn mt gio s,
bng cp v cng trnh ca gio s, chng trnh hc, phng tin hc tp v nghin cu
nh th vin, phng th nghim, v.v. Hn chc nm trc, phn khoa ngn ng ca
trng danh ting bc nht nh i hc Columbia b cnh co rt chng nhn nu
khng nng cao chng trnh. C th coi l trng rm nu trng khng c chng
nhn.

Qun l nh nc i vi i hc

i hc M hon ton t qun v khng chu s qun l ca chnh ph hoc trung ng
hay a phng v chng trnh gio dc, ni dung gio dc, b nhim gio s v tuyn
sinh vin. i vi trng cng th cp ti tr s qun l thng qua vic b nhim hi
ng qun tr. B gio dc v nh nc trung ng hon ton khng c quyn qun l
vi i hc.

Nhn sinh vin

C mt vi h thng vin i hc cng (nh Texas v University of California) nhn tt
c sinh vin tt nghip t h thng trng trung hc tiu bang nu sinh vin ny l thnh
phn 10% (Texas) v 12.5% (California) hc sinh ng u lp. Nhn c vo trng
no trong h thng i hc c nhiu vin i hc nh California, vi mc danh ting
khc nhau, cn ty thuc vo cc yu t khc nh im thi st hch (SAT), qu trnh hot
ng trung hc hay trong x hi chng t tim nng lnh o, v.v.

Ni chung, i hc M da vo cc yu t sau chn hc sinh: (i) im trung bnh hai-
ba nm cui trung hc, (ii) cc mn (kh) chn hc trung hc; (iii) im thi st hch
SAT v ting Anh, ton v hai chuyn mn; (iii) kh nng chuyn mn ni tri nh th
thao, m nhc, ngh thut; (iv) tim nng lnh o nh trong qu trnh hot ng trung
hc hay trong x hi. D nhin cc trng danh ting min ng nh Harvard, Yale,
Princeton cn n yu t m trc y h ghi thng ra, nhng hin nay c hiu
ngm: l con ci nh ai (nh lnh o chnh tr, ti phit) khng nhng M m cn

11
Coi trn, sd.
11
cc nc khc.
12
Ch hc gii khng thi khng l yu t c nhn vo i hc
danh ting.

Mc tiu ca gio dc i hc M

Bn Vit Nam thng mong mun mc ch ca i hc l o to nhn ti. Th no l
nhn ti? Nhn ti c th hiu n gin l ngi sng kin, c kh nng, nng ng ng
gp thm mt bc quan trng vo pht trin d trong khoa hc t nhin, nhn vn, thc
nghim hay thun l, trong qun l doanh nghip hay nh nc, d a bn a phng,
quc gia hay quc t. Nu mong mun l o to ra nhn ti theo ngha nhng ngi ni
tri v him trong x hi th iu ny c th l qu mc, trng hc kh lng o to ra
nhn ti, nhng i hc c th trang b cho hc sinh kin thc c bn, trang b tinh thn
phn tch c lp, dm ngh, v bit ngh (ngh c phng php) mt hc sinh c th
pht huy kh nng tr thnh nhn ti.

i hc M t ra nhn nhng hn nhiu trong mc ch ca gio dc bn nm i hc,
tc l khng t vn o to nhn ti, nhng mc ch h phn nh nhng iu ni
trn. Mt trng danh ting vit: Mc ch ca mi trng gio dc v sinh hot sinh
vin l o to nhng c nhn thnh t v nhng cng dn c trch nhim. Ngi tt
nghip cm thy t tin trong vic tm hiu rng ri nhiu vn v kinh nghim mi
trng i hc hay ngoi i, d l hc bt c ngnh chuyn mn no. Ch thnh t
(accomplished) c th hiu l c hiu bit ton v tri thc c bn do t tin, c sa
son k cng t tin vo i v vo th trng lao ng (kim sng cng nh pht trin
tri thc). Nhng mc ch o to thnh nhng cng dn c trch nhim (responsible
citizens) th qu r.

Trng i hc khoa hc t nhin v nhn vn (liberal arts colleges)

Trng i hc ny hoc l c lp hoc nm trong mt vin i hc (university) chnh l
linh hn ca i hc M, l ni m mc tiu o to con ngi c nhn ca h thng i
hc M c thc hin.

Chng trnh 4 nm ca trng i hc khoa hc t nhin v nhn vn (liberal arts
colleges) danh ting hoc c ting khng phi l dy ngh m l nhm mc ch to ra
nhng c nhn thnh t v cng dn c trch nhim. Chnh v l do ny m M trc
khi vo hc cc trng chuyn nghip c tnh ngh nghip nh lut, y khoa, nha khoa,
MBA, hc sinh cng phi qua bn nm i hc c c kin thc c bn v tri thc v
phng php phn tch. Vi ngnh c th i hi ti 5 nm hc. Cng c trng i vo
ngnh ngh ngay nh bng v k ton, ...nhng cc trng i hc ny cng c gng
trang b cho hc sinh c hiu bit c bn ti thiu.

Bng cp t colleges of liberal arts c th l bng v nhiu chuyn ngnh nh: ton, sinh
hc, vt l, ho hc, s, vn hc, tm l, chnh tr, ngn ng hc, trit hc, m nhc, v.v.
Ni chung, chng trnh i hc 4 nm c t chc c bn nh sau:

12
Ti sao h lm th? n gin l h mun to ra nhng l lnh o, c s ca ngun ti chnh v s ng
h di lu cho trng do h hc sinh ca h cng cn c nhng mi quan h rng ri c tnh tan cu.
12

Bng A. Chng trnh hc 4 nm i hc M
Kin thc c bn bt buc (trong c nhng lp bt buc v nhng
lp t chn trong nhng ngnh bt buc)
1/3 chng trnh
Ngnh chnh 1/3 chng trnh
Phn bt buc hc 1/6 chng trnh
Phn t chn trong ngnh chnh 1/6 chng trnh
Phn t chn trong cc ngnh khc, hc sinh c th ly thm mt
ngnh chnh khc, hoc 1 ngnh ph v nhng lp t chn thm
trong ngnh chnh
1/3 chng trnh

Trn c s s 45-46 tn ch cho 4 nm hc theo mu hnh i hc Northwestern
University c trnh by bng B. Mi tn ch tng ng vi mt lp (chng hn nh
nhp mn kinh t vi m Introduction to Microeconomics), hc 3 gi mt tun, trong 10
tun, tc l tng cng 30 gi theo chng trnh 3 kha mt nm (quarter system)
13
.

Bng B. T chc v thi gian hc hon thnh bng BA (c nhn)
3 hc k mt nm 2 hc k mt nm

Hc k 1 22/9 - 4/12 (10 tun) 7/9 - 14/12 (14 tun)
Hc k 2 3/1 - 12/3 (10 tun) 17/1- 1/5 (14 tun)
Hc k 3 29/3- '4/6 (10 tun)

S hc k/nm 3 2
S tn ch/Hc k 3.8 16
S tn ch/nm 11.4 32
S tn ch trong 4 nm 45.6 128

S gi 1 tn ch trong 1 tun 3 0.75
S tun trong 1 Hc k 10 14
S gi hc cho mt tn ch 30 10.5
S gi hc trong nm 342 336
S gi hc trong 4 nm 1368 1344


Tt c mi hc sinh u phi hc cc kin thc c bn v nhng vn sau:

Seminar cho sinh vin nm u: lp nh khong 15-16 sinh vin, nhm pht trin
kh nng c bn ca mt tr thc: cch c ph phn, cch ngh logic, cch truyn
thng hiu qu thng qua phn tch mt vi vn c th no . Mi sinh vin
phi vit mt bi lun vn 15-20 trang, phn tch mt vn v trnh by trong
lp lp tho lun: 2 tn ch.

13
Cc i hc khc nh University of California at Berkeley, cng theo chng trnh 3 kha mt nm,
nhng li chia tng s tn ch cn c ln ti 180, nh vy mt tn ch i hc Northwestern tng ng
vi 4 tn ch UC Berkeley. Cc i hc theo h hai hc k mt nm th li c h thng tn ch khc. Nh
New York University i hi 128 tn ch mi c th ra trng (coi ct hai bng B). Ni chung, h thng
tn ch M khng ging nhau v cn phi chuyn i da trn tng gi hc hoc cc lp c ni dung
tng ng.
13

Lp vit lun vn c tnh nghin cu: hun luyn sinh vin t vn , tm ti liu,
b cc bi, pht trin logic, vit ghi ch, v.v. 2 tn ch.

Ngoi ng: i hi hc thm ngoi ng nu khng thi t trnh nht nh,
hoc 6 tn ch.

Nhm cc vn phi hc: Hc sinh phi hc mi khu vc t nht mt lp (1 tn
ch), ngnh chnh hc t nht 6 tn ch:

Khoa hc t nhin: vt l, ho hc, sinh hc, thin vn hc, v.v
Khoa hc phng php: ton, thng k, tin hc, lun l
Khoa hc x hi: x hi hc, tm l hc, kinh t, vn ho, chnh tr,..
S hc: nhiu trng i hi sinh vin hc vn minh ty phng bao gm c s
Hy La, lch s nc M,
Gi tr hc: o l hc, tn gio v gi tr x hi khc
Vn chng v ngh thut: vn hc, m nhc, m thut
Ngnh chn chnh: t nht 1/3 s tn ch phi chn trong ngnh chnh (major)
Lun vn ra trng v ngnh chnh. Lun vn ny vit thng qua mt tn ch hc
c lp (Independent study). Cc trng hng u ca M bt buc vit lun vn
ra trng ny, cc trng khc th khng.

C th ni chng trnh i hc 4 nm c nhn M t nng kin thc c bn v trong
ngnh chnh cng t nng kin thc c bn ca ngnh chnh, cn th hc sinh c t
chn nhng mn hc c tnh ng dng thch hp m trng v khoa cho php.

Vn bng cp v i hi

Bachelor of Arts (BA): Mc ch ca chng trnh 4 nm nhm cp bng c nhn l to
cho hc sinh c kh nng phn tch, nh gi vn , c u c phn on khoa hc,
c m mt ra nhiu vn tri thc nhm c tri thc c bn. Mc ch ca chng trnh
khng phi l nhm trang b cho hc sinh thnh nhng nh nghin cu khoa hc chuyn
nghip, mc d cng c thc tp qua cc phng php nghin cu. Ngoi bng BA
cng c bng BS (Bachelor of Science) cp cho hc sinh xong chng trnh hc v k s
hoc khoa hc my tnh (computer science). Trc y cc chng trnh k s c tnh
dy ngh nhng hin nay cng i hi hc cc kin thc c bn.

Master of Arts (MA): y l bng cho chng trnh hc hai nm sau c nhn (BA).
Chng trnh ny nhm cung cp cho sinh vin c kin thc chuyn nghip, chuyn su
hoc c tnh ngh nghip nhm phc v th trng lao ng. Cc mn hc thng cng
ging nh chng trnh i hc bn nm nhng chuyn su hn. Cc trng thng
cho php hc sinh chn hai cch: (i) thi tt nhip ra trng; (ii) vit lun n ra trng.
Lun n khng i hi phi trnh by iu g mi nhng i hi nm vng phng php
nghin cu v vn nghin cu. Tng ng vi BS mc cao hn l MS.

14
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD): Mc ch ca chng trnh ny l o to ra nhng nh
khoa hc c kh nng nghin cu khoa hc chuyn nghip. Chng trnh i hi hc
thm trong lp 1 nm ri hoc hai nm na sau MA. Hc sinh c th c nhn thng
vo chng trnh PhD m khng cn c bng MA, nhng cng cn 31/2 hay 4 nm ly
lp. Sau hai nm hc cc lp thuc chng trnh MA, hc sinh vo chng trnh ny
c th chn gio s chnh hng dn lm lun n, c th c hng v ti mun lm,
v do gio s hng dn c th vch ra nhng mn m hc sinh cn hc thm c
th lm lun n (chng hn nh mt mn ton c bit no ) v phi ly cc lp
seminar v mt vn chuyn bit trong hc sinh trnh by vn ca mnh hoc
nghe cc gio s hoc cc sinh vin khc trnh by. S tn ch v s gi hc hon thnh
c tnh bt buc. tr thnh candidates (ng vin), hc sinh phi qua bn k thi st
hch, chng hn nh trong ngnh kinh t, hc sinh phi qua st hch v kinh t vi m,
kinh t v m, v hai chuyn mn khc nh ton kinh t, kinh trc hc, ti chnh nh
nc, thng mi quc t, v.v. y l st hch v kin thc c bn v kin thc mi nht
trong ngnh chuyn mn, i hi quan trng trc khi ng vin c th bt tay vo vit.
C th ni ngi hon thnh c PhD (hay Doctor of Science trong ngnh k s) l
ngi c tri thc ton din, su v mi nht trong chuyn mn m h mun lm nghin
cu, trn nguyn tc l phi c tt c cc cng trnh ng c c hon thnh trn ton
th gii. Nu l v l thuyt th ng vin phi a n im g mi, d quan trng hay
khng quan trng, d l qui lut hay phng php mi; nu l ng dng th ng vin
cng phi ng dng vo iu g, hoc lnh vc mi hoc s dng phng php mi lt
ngc hoc b tc nhng phm vi c nghin cu. Kt qu ca nghin cu c th
chng c g l quan trng, nhng n phi chng t l ng vin c kh nng nghin cu
khoa hc c lp v bit s dng cc phng php khoa hc, x l phn tch vn mt
cch khoa hc. [Xem xt di kha cnh phi c tri thc v nhng thnh qu mi nht
trong chuyn mn th Vit Nam hin nay cha th giai on c th cp bng PhD v
kinh t].

hiu r v mc ch nghin cu ca ngi c PhD, ta cng nn bit qua v bng MD
(Doctor of Medicine) tc l bng bc s. y l bng ngh nghip. D h phi hc xong
BA, sau hc thm 4 nm trng thuc v 2 nm thc tp nhng mc ch l lm
ngh bc s cha bnh. H khng c hun luyn thnh nh nghin cu. Nu mun tr
thnh nh nghin cu v y khoa, ngi c MD phi hc ly MA v sau l PhD.

Tng t nh vy bng lut, thng c gi l JD (Juris Doctor), t c l b ng lu t h c 3
nm sau khi h c xong BA. y c ng ch l b ng ngh nghi p, h c sinh sau khi l y b ng ny
c th ra thi l y b ng hnh ngh lu t s . Mu n i vo nghin c u h c sinh s l y b ng t ng
ng v i MA l b ng MSL (Master of Law) sau 4 nm i hc, v sau l bng DSJ
(Doctor of the Science of Law) tng ng vi PhD. Cc tr ng lu t c ng m ch ng
trnh MSL cho ng i c b ng lu t n c ngoi, ch ng trnh th ng ch c m t nm, c tnh
cch gip ng i n c ngoi hi u bi t v lu t M , th ng c tnh cch h u ngh , khng th coi
t ng ng v i ch ng trnh MSL bnh th ng cho sinh vin M .

15

Ph lc II. Chng trnh i hc 4 nm ngnh kinh t Vit Nam

Vit Nam, tit gm 45 pht hc. Chng trnh sau y l chng trnh kinh t 4 nm
i hc Trng i hc Kinh t Thnh ph H Ch Minh
14
. Tt c cc lp u c tnh
bt buc.

2 nm u Tit Tit Gi


1
Lch s cc hc thuyt kinh t 45

Qun tr hc 45



Kinh t vi m 60



Kinh t v m 60



Xc sut thng k 60



K ton 60



a l kinh t 45



Quy hoch tuyn tnh 60



Marketing cn bn 45



Kinh t cng cng 30



Kinh t pht trin 30



Dn s hc 30



Lut kinh t 60


Tng lp kinh t 630 473
2
Trit hc Marx -Lenine 75

Kinh t chnh tr (i) 45

Kinh t chnh tr (ii) 30
Tng lp chnh tr 150
113

i s tuyn tnh 45



Gii tch 60



Tin hc cn bn 60


Tng lp ton, tin hc 165
124


3
Ngoi ng (i) 120



Ngoi ng (ii) 150



Tng ngai ng
270
203


4
Lch s trit hc 30

Logic hc 30

Tm l hc 30

Tng cc mn khc 90 68


Tng hai nm u
1305 979


14
Chng trnh ny do anh Nguyn Hoi Bo tt nghip t i hc Kinh t Thnh ph H Ch Minh
cung cp.
16


2 nm cui
Tit Tit Gi
1 Lch s kinh t quc dn Vit Nam 45

Kinh t quc t (i) 45



L thuyt thng k 60



L thuyt ti chnh tin t 75



Kinh t vi m (ii) 60



Phn tch li ch v chi ph 45


Kinh t cc nc chu TBD 45

Kinh t lao ng 45



Kinh t quc t (ii) 45



D bo 60



Kinh t v m (ii) 60



Kinh t pht trin 45



Kinh t nng nghip 45


Kinh t ti nguyn v mi trng 45

Phn tch kinh t d n 45



Kinh t Vit Nam 30



Kinh t cng cng 45



Ti chnh quc t 45


K hoch ho v chnh sch kinh t 45
Chnh sch thng mi v cng nghip 45

Hch ton quc gia 45



Tin t v ngn hng 45



M hnh ho 45


Th trng chng khon 45

Lm lun vn



Bo co hoc thi 150



Tng kinh t 1305 979
2
Lch s ng 60
Ch ngha x hi khoa hc 60

Tng chnh tr 120 90
3
Ngoi ng (i) 60

Ngoi ng (ii) 60

Tng ngoi ng 120 90
4
Tin hc qun l 60
60
45

Tng hai nm sau 1605 1204


Tng 4 nm 2910 2183
Kinh t 1935 1451
Chnh tr 270 203
Ngoi ng 390
293
Ton, tin hc 225 169
Mn khc 90 68

T l gi hc kinh t 66%
T l gi hc chnh tr
9%
T l gi hc ngoi ng
13%
T l gi hc mn khc
11%
17