Pasado Perfecto (Past Perfect Tense)

El Pasado Perfecto en el idioma ingls es un tiempo verbal que se utiliza para referirnos a una accin que tuvo lugar en
un momento anterior a otra accin, aunque ambas hayan sucedido en el pasado estableciendo un orden entre ellas, por
ejemplo:
The film had finished when she arrived at the cinema.
La pelcula haba terminado cuando ella lleg al cine.
(Primera accin: la pelcula haba terminado
Segunda accin: ella lleg al cine)Sarah had prepared dinner when her husband got home.
Sarah haba preparado la cena cuando su esposo lleg a casa.
(Primera accin: Sarah haba preparado la cena
Segunda accin: su esposo lleg a casa)
Para poder construir la forma afirmativa del Pasado Perfecto debemos utilizar como auxiliar el verbo TO HAVE en Pasado
Simple y acompaado por el verbo principal en su Pasado Participio (ya sean verbos regulares o verbos irregulares):
I had bought a new car. Yo haba comprado un nuevo auto.
You had cleaned the house. T habas limpiado la casa.
He had brought the gifts. l haba trado los regalos.
She had lost the credit card. Ella haba perdido la tarjeta de crdito.
Para formar una interrogacin deberemos colocar el auxiliar al comienzo de la oracin, luego el sujeto y posteriormente
el verbo principal tambin en Pasado Participio:
Had I bought a new car? Haba comprado yo un nuevo auto?
Had you cleaned the house? Habas limpiado t la casa?
Had he brought the gifts? Haba trado l los regalos?
Had she lost the credit card? Haba perdido ella la tarjeta de crdito?
Por su parte, la forma negativa se construye poniendo la negacin NOT entre el auxiliar y el verbo principal, por ejemplo:
I had not bought a new dress. Yo no haba comprado un nuevo vestido.
You had not cleaned the house. T no habas limpiado la casa.
He had not brought the gifts. l no haba trado los regalos.
She had not lost the credit card. Ella no haba perdido la tarjeta de crdito.
Tambin puede utilizarse la forma contrada de la negacin colocando HADNT en vez de HAD NOT.
























Ejercicios: Pasado Perfecto (Past Perfect Tense)

Astronauts (fly) through space for hours.
1. The boys (steal) the bicycles.
1. They (have) a long and uncomfortable trip.
1. The beggar (find) five bottles of beer.
1. He (show) me the content of the parcel.
1. My sister Ann (begin) her diet a week ago.
1. She (think) a good idea.
1. The postman (deliver) my letter.
1. He (retire) from political life.
1. Alice (leave) her bag on a chair.

1. She (buy) a new pair of red shoes.
1. We (have) lunch at a village inn.
1. He (drink) whisky before dinner.
1. My sister (lose) U$S 50 in the street.
1. The children (kick) a ball very hard.
1. My mother (receive) a letter from Canada.
1. My father (give) me some money.
1. Jenny (finish) her job at the office.
1. They (enjoy) Roys party.
1. Pupils (learn) the English lesson.



1. Astronauts had flown through space for hours.
Had astronauts flown through space for hours?
Astronauts had not flown through space for hours.
1. The boys had stolen the bicycles.
Had the boys stolen the bicycles?
The boys had not stolen the bicycles.
1. They had had a long and uncomfortable trip.
Had they had a long and uncomfortable trip?
They had not had a long and uncomfortable trip.
1. The beggar had found five bottles of beer.
Had the beggar found five bottles of beer?
The beggar had not found five bottles of beer.
1. He had showed me the content of the parcel.
Had he showed me the content of the parcel?
He had not showed me the content of the parcel.
1. My sister Ann had begun her diet a week ago.
Had my sister Ann begun her diet a week ago?
My sister Ann had not begun her diet a week ago.
1. She had thought a good idea.
Had she thought a good idea?
She had not thought a good idea.
1. The postman had delivered my letter.
Had the postman delivered my letter?
The postman had not delivered my letter?
1. He had retired from political life.
Had he retired from political life?
He had not retired from political life.
1. Alice had left her bag on a chair.
Had Alice left her bag on a chair?
Alice had not left her bag on a chair.

1. She had bought a new pair of red shoes.
Had she bought a new pair of red shoes?
She had not bought a new pair of red shoes.
1. We had had lunch at a village inn.
Had we had lunch at a village inn?
We had not had lunch at a village inn.
1. He had drunk whisky before dinner.
Had he drunk whisky before dinner?
He had not drunk whisky before dinner.
1. My sister had lost U$S 50 in the street.
Had my sister lost U$S 50 in the street?
My sister had not lost U$S 50 in the street.
1. The children had kicked a ball very hard.
Had the children kicked a ball very hard?
The children had not kicked a ball very hard.
1. My mother had received a letter from Canada.
Had my mother received a letter from Canada?
My mother had not received a letter from Canada.
1. My father had given me some money.
Had my father given me some money?
My father had not given me some money.
1. Jenny had finished her job at the office.
Had Jenny finished her job at the office?
Jenny had not finished her job at the office.
1. They had enjoyed Roys party.
Had they enjoyed Roys party?
They had not enjoyed Roys party.
1. Pupils had learnt the English lesson.
Had pupils learnt the English lesson?
The pupils had not learnt the English lesson.













Past Perfect
FORM
[had + past participle]
Examples:
You had studied English before you moved to New York.
Had you studied English before you moved to New York?
You had not studied English before you moved to New York.
Complete List of Past Perfect Forms
USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past

The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that
something happened before a specific time in the past.
Examples:
I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.
I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.
Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.
Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand?
She only understood the movie because she had read the book.
Kristine had never been to an opera before last night.
We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance.
A: Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006?
B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before.
USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that
something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.
Examples:
We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.
They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years.
Although the above use of Past Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed
Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-
Continuous Verbs.
IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past Perfect

Unlike with the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is
possible, it is usually not necessary.
Example:
She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
MOREOVER
If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when
"before" or "after" is used in the sentence. The words "before" and "after" actually tell you what happens first, so the
Past Perfect is optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct.
Examples:
She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
HOWEVER

If the Past Perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, Past Perfect is not optional. Compare the examples
below. Here Past Perfect is referring to a lack of experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason,
Simple Past cannot be used.
Examples:
She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct
She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
You had previously studied English before you moved to New York.
Had you previously studied English before you moved to New York?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license. ACTIVE
Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license. PASSIVE

























Direct and Reported Speech (El estilo directo y indirecto)
Cuando queremos comunicar o informar de lo que otra persona ha dicho, hay dos maneras de hacerlo: utilizando el
estilo directo o el estilo indirecto.
Direct Speech (El estilo directo)
Cuando queremos informar exactamente de lo que otra persona ha dicho, utilizamos el estilo directo. Con este estilo lo
que la persona ha dicho se coloca entre comillas ("...") y deber ser palabra por palabra.
Ejemplos:
"I am going to London next week," she said. ("Voy a Londres la semana que viene," ella dijo.)
"Do you have a pen I could borrow," he asked. ("Tienes un bolgrafo que puedas prestarme?," l pregunt.)
Alice said, "I love to dance." (Alice dijo, "Me encanta bailar.")
Chris asked, "Would you like to have dinner with me tomorrow night?" (Chris pregunt, "Te gustara cenar conmigo
maana por la noche?")
Reported Speech (El estilo indirecto)
El estilo indirecto, a diferencia del estilo directo, no utiliza las comillas y no necesita ser palabra por palabra. En general,
cuando se usa el estilo indirecto, el tiempo verbal cambia. A continuacin tienes un explicacin de los cambios que
sufren los tiempos verbales.
A veces se usa "that" en las frases afirmativas y negativas para introducir lo que ha dicho la otra persona. Por otro lado,
en las frases interrogativas se puede usar "if" o "whether".
Nota: Ten en cuenta tambin que las expresiones de tiempo cambian en el estilo indirecto. Fijate en los cambios de
tiempo en los ejemplos ms abajo y despus, encontrars una tabla con ms explicaciones de los cambios de tiempo en
el estilo indirecto.
Direct Speech Reported Speech
Present Simple Past Simple
"He's American," she said. She said he was American.
"I'm happy to see you," Mary said. Mary said that she was happy to see me.
He asked, "Are you busy tonight?" He asked me if I was busy that night.
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Dan is living in San Francisco," she said. She said Dan was living in San Francisco.
He said, "I'm making dinner." He told me that he was making dinner.
"Why are you working so hard?" they asked. They asked me why I was working so hard.
Past Simple Past Perfect Simple
"We went to the movies last night," he said. He told me they had gone to the movies the night before.
"Greg said, "I didn't go to work yesterday." Greg said that he hadn't gone to work the day before.
"Did you buy a new car?" she asked. She asked me if I had bought a new car.
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
"I was working late last night," Vicki said. Vicki told me she'd been working late the night before.
They said, "we weren't waiting long." They said that they hadn't been waitinglong.
" He asked, "were you sleeping when I called?" He asked if I'd been sleeping when he called.
Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple
"Heather said, "I've already eaten." Heather told me that she'd already eaten.
"We haven't been to China," they said. They said they hadn't been to China.
"Have you worked here before?" I asked. I asked her whether she'd worked therebefore.
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
"I've been studying English for two years,"he said. He said he'd been studying English for two years.
" Steve said, "we've been dating for over a year now." Steve told me that they'd been dating for over a year.
"Have you been waiting long?" they asked. They asked whether I'd been waiting long.
Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple (*NO CHANGE)
"I'd been to Chicago before for work," he said. He said that he'd been to Chicago before for work.
Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous (*NO CHANGE)
She said, "I'd been dancing for years before the accident." She said she'd been dancing for years before the accident.
Nota: Cuando hablamos de algo que no ha cambiado (que sigue siendo cierto) o de algo en el futuro, no es necesario
cambiar el tiempo verbal.
Ejemplos:
"I'm 30 years old," she said. She said she is 30 years old.
Dave said, "Kelly is sick." Dave said Kelly is sick.
"We are going to Tokyo next week," they said. They said they are going to Tokyo next week.
"I'll cut my hair tomorrow," Nina said. Nina said she is cutting her hair tomorrow.
Modal Verbs (Los verbos modales)
El tiempo verbal cambia en el estilo indirecto tambin con algunos de los verbos modales.
Nota: Con "would", "could", "should", "might" y "ought to", el tiempo no cambia.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Will Would
"I'll go to the movies tomorrow," John said.
John said he would go to the moviesthe
next day.
"Will you help me move?" she asked. She asked me if I would help her move.
Can Could
Debra said, "Allen can work tomorrow." Debra said Allen could work the next day.
"Can you open the window, please?", he
asked.
He asked me if I could open the window.
Must Had to
"You must wear your seatbelt," mom said. My mom said I had to wear my seatbelt.
She said, "You must work tomorrow." She said I had to work the next day.
Shall Should
"Shall we go to the beach today?" Tom asked.
Tom asked if we should go to the
beach that day.
"What shall we do tonight?" she asked.
She asked me what we should dothat
night.
May Might/Could
Jane said, "I may not be in class tomorrow."
Jane said she might not be in classthe next
day.
the boy asked. "May I use the bathroom,
please?" the boy asked.
The boy asked if he could use the
bathroom.
Nota: A continuacin tienes una tabla donde puedes observar los cambios que sufren las expresiones de tiempo cuando
usamos el estilo indirecto.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
today that day
tonight that night
this week/month/year that week/month/year
tomorrow the next day
next week/month/year the following week/month/year
yesterday the day before/the previous day
last week/month/year
the day/month/year before o the
previous day/month/year
now then/at that moment
Otros cambios
here there








































Reported Speech: Lenguaje Indirecto
Hablaremos en esta oportunidad de una estructura gramatical muy utilizada en el idioma ingls que se emplea cuando
queremos contar o hacer referencia sobre algo que otra persona a dicho con anticipacin.
Este recurso recibe el nombre de Reported Speech (Lenguaje Indirecto) y veremos a continuacin un ejemplo:
I go to school everyday, Alice said. (Lenguaje Directo)
Yo voy a la escuela todos los das, dijo Alicia.
Alice said that she went to school everyday.(Lenguaje Indirecto)
Alicia dijo que ella fue a la escuela todos los das.
Para poder convertir una oracin de Lenguaje Directo a Indirecto podemos introducir la frase utilizando diferentes
verbos como por ejemplo:
answer (responder), suggest (sugerir), explain (explicar), say (decir),tell (contar), promise (prometer).
Tambin debemos tener en cuenta que si la oracin en Lenguaje Directo se encuentra en Presente Simple, al pasarla
a Lenguaje Indirecto no es necesario cambiar el tiempo verbal. En otros casos, al convertir una oracin a Reported
Speech el verbo principal retrocede un tiempo verbal como muestra el siguiente cuadro:
Lenguaje Directo Lenguaje Indirecto
Presente Simple
I go to the school
Presente Simple /
Pasado Simple
He said that he goes to the school
He said that he went to the school
Presente Continuo
I am going to the school
Pasado Continuo
He said that he was going to the school
Pasado Simple
I went to the school
Pasado Perfecto
He said that he had gone to the school
Presente Perfecto
I have gone to the school
Pasado Perfecto
He said that he has gone to the school
Presente Perfecto Continuo
I have been going to the school
Pasado Perfecto Continuo
He said that he had been going to the school
Futuro Simple
I will go to the school
Condicional Simple
He said that he would go to the school
Futuro Perfecto
I will have gone to the school
Condicional Perfecto
He said that he would have gone to the school
En el caso de utilizar verbos modales los cambios a realizar son los siguientes:
Lenguaje Directo Lenguaje Indirecto
CAN
I can study the lesson
COULD
He said that he could study the lesson
MAY
I may study the lesson
MIGHT
He said that he might study the lesson
WILL
I will study the
lesson
WOULD
He said that he would study the lesson
MUST
I must study the lesson
HAD TO
He said that he had to study the lesson
Algo que debemos tener en cuenta es que cuando utilizamos algunas palabras indicadoras de lugar y de tiempo es
necesario que se cambien adecundolas al sentido y al tiempo de la oracin como por ejemplo:
Lenguaje Directo Lenguaje Indirecto
now at that moment / then
today that day
last night the night before
tonight that night
this afternoon that afternoon
this month that month
next week the following week
here there
next year the year after

Reported Speech: Oraciones Interrogativas
Ya hemos visto como se convierte una oracin afirmativa de Lenguaje Directo a Lenguaje Indirecto y ahora te
proponemos que observes como se pasa una oracin interrogativa a Reported Speech.
Para ello debemos utilizar el mismo orden gramatical, es decir que se coloca el sujeto despus del verbo, pero sin la
necesidad de utilizar los auxiliares DO o DID. Tambin vale la pena aclarar que para introducir el lenguaje indirecto
emplearemos el verbo ask (preguntar). Vemos ahora algunos ejemplos:
Where does Peter study?, my sister asked me.
(Lenguaje Directo)
Dnde estudia Peter?, mi hermana me pregunt.
My sister asked me where Peter studied.
(Lenguaje Indirecto)
Mi hermana me pregunt donde estudiaba Peter.
When did you travel to Europe?, my neighbour asked me.
(Lenguaje Directo)
Cundo viajaste a Europa?, mi vecina me pregunt.
My neighbour asked me when I had travelled to Europe.
(Lenguaje Indirecto)
Mi vecina me pregunt cuando yo haba viajado a Europa.




























Ejercicios: Reported Speech V (Lenguaje Indirecto)

1. What did the dentist tell you to do?, my husband asked me.
1. Did you take photographs during your trip?, my friend asked me.
1. What do the bags contain?, Alices brother asked.
1. Will you visit your mother?, my wife asked me.
1. Where have you been hiding?, Brians father asked him impatiently.
1. When will the results be announced?, the pupils asked.
1. Did he give you the money at once?, my friend asked me.
1. Where has Mrs. Hawkins opened her third bakery?, Susans mother asked me.
1. Where is your father now?, I asked Peter.
1. What will you do next year?, the teacher asked Tom.

1. Who damaged the piano?, my grandfather asked my brother.
1. When will the workers go on strike?, the journalist asked the leader.
1. Where did you go on Christmas Eve?, the neighbour asked my mother.
1. What is the ladys name?, Mr. James asked the secretary.
1. How far away is your house?, the taxidriver asked me.
1. Have you finished the exercises?, the teacher asked the pupils.
1. How many miles did you walk yesterday?, the coach asked me.
1. What did the secretary asked you?, Peter asked John.
1. Why did you say that you was busy?, Jenifer asked Susan.
1. Where did the plane from Paris arrive?, the lady asked the stewardess.







Solucin del ejercicio de Reported Speech
1. My husband asked me what the dentist had told me to do.
1. My friend asked me if I had taken photographs during my trip.
1. Alices brother asked what the bags contained.
1. My wife asked me if I would visit my mother.
1. Brians father asked him impatiently where he had been hiding.
1. The pupils asked when the results would be announced.
1. My friend asked me if he had given me the money at once.
1. Susans mother asked me where Mrs. Hawkins had opened her third bakery.
1. I asked Peter where his father was at that moment.
1. The teacher asked Tom what he would do the following year.
1. My grandfather asked my brother who had damaged the piano.
1. The journalist asked the leader when the workers would go on strike.
1. The neighbour asked my mother where she had gone on Christmas Eve.
1. Mr. James asked the secretary what the ladys name was.
1. The taxidriver asked me how far away my house was.
1. The teacher asked the pupils if they had finished the exercises.
1. The coach asked me how many miles I had walked the day before.
1. Peter asked John what the secretary had asked him.
1. Jenifer asked Susan why she had said that she was busy.
1. The lady asked the stewardess where the plane from Paris had arrived.




Use of Passive
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is
performing the action.
Example: My bike was stolen.
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:
Example: A mistake was made.
In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).
Form of Passive
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)
Example: A letter was written.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Examples of Passive
Tense Subject Verb Object
Simple Present Active: Rita
writes
a letter.
Passive: A letter
is written
by Rita.
Simple Past Active: Rita
wrote
a letter.
Passive: A letter
was written
by Rita.
Present Perfect Active: Rita
has written
a letter.
Passive: A letter
has been written
by Rita.
Future I Active: Rita
will write
a letter.
Passive: A letter
will be written
by Rita.
Hilfsverben Active: Rita
can write
a letter.
Passive: A letter
can be written
by Rita.
Examples of Passive
Tense Subject Verb Object
Present Progressive Active: Rita
is writing
a letter.
Passive: A letter
is being written
by Rita.
Past Progressive Active: Rita
was writing
a letter.
Passive: A letter
was being written
by Rita.
Past Perfect Active: Rita
had written
a letter.
Passive: A letter
had been written
by Rita.
Future II Active: Rita
will have written
a letter.
Passive: A letter
will have been written
by Rita.
Conditional I Active: Rita
would write
a letter.
Passive: A letter
would be written
by Rita.
Conditional II Active: Rita
would have written
a letter.
Passive: A letter
would have been written
by Rita.
Passive Sentences with Two Objects
Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject,
the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus
on.
Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2
Active: Rita
wrote a letter
to me.
Passive: A letter
was written to me
by Rita.
Passive: I
was written a letter
by Rita.
.
As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. Thats why it is usually dropped.
Personal and Impersonal Passive
Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So
every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.
Example: They build houses. Houses are built.
Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that
can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an
impersonal construction therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.
Example: he says it is said
Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal
Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know).
Example: They say that women live longer than men. It is said that women live longer than men.
Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.
Example: They say that women live longer than men. Women are said to live longer than men.
The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into
passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs
and that are dropped).
Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become
the subject of the passive sentence.












Passive Form
In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is
optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the
action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing
the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.
[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]
Examples:

Active / Passive Overview
Active Passive
Simple Present Once a week, Tom cleans the house. Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.
Present
Continuous
Right now, Sarah is writing the letter. Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.
Simple Past Sam repaired the car. The car was repaired by Sam.
Past Continuous The salesman was helping the customer when
the thief came into the store.
The customer was being helped by the salesman
when the thief came into the store.
Present Perfect Many tourists have visited that castle. That castle has been visited by many tourists.
Present Perfect
Continuous
Recently, John has been doing the work. Recently, the work has been being done by John.
Past Perfect George had repaired many cars before he
received his mechanic's license.
Many cars had been repaired by George before
he received his mechanic's license.
Past Perfect
Continuous
Chef Jones had been preparing the
restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years
before he moved to Paris.
The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being
prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he
moved to Paris.
Simple Future
WILL
Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM. The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
Simple Future
BE GOING TO
Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner
tonight.
A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally
tonight.
Future
Continuous
WILL
At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the
dishes.
At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being
washed by John.
Future
Continuous
BE GOING TO
At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be
washing the dishes.
At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be
being washed by John.
Future Perfect
WILL
They will have completed the project before
the deadline.
The project will have been completed before the
deadline.
Future Perfect
BE GOING TO
They are going to have completed the project
before the deadline.
The project is going to have been
completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect
Continuous
WILL
The famous artist will have been painting the
mural for over six months by the time it is
finished.
The mural will have been being painted by the
famous artist for over six months by the time it is
finished.
Future Perfect
Continuous
BE GOING TO
The famous artist is going to have been
painting the mural for over six months by the
time it is finished.
The mural is going to have been being painted by
the famous artist for over six months by the time
it is finished.
Used to Jerry used to pay the bills. The bills used to be paid by Jerry.
Would Always My mother would always make the pies. The pies would always be made by my mother.
Future in the
Past
WOULD
I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM. I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM.
Future in the
Past
WAS GOING TO
I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful
dinner tonight.
I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be
made by Sally tonight.


Presente Simple (Simple Present Tense)
El Presente Simple es un tiempo verbal que se utiliza para describir acciones habituales que suceden con cierta
frecuencia y no hace referencia a si est ocurriendo en el momento actual.
I play tennis. Yo juego al tenis.
(Hace mencin de un deporte que realizo cotidianamente y que no necesariamente lo estoy jugando en este
momento).He works in an office. l trabaja en una oficina.
(Se refiere al trabajo que desarrolla una persona frecuentemente). They travel to Madrid. Ellos viajan a Madrid.
(Habla de un viaje que se repite a diario, aunque el sujeto no lo est realizando ahora).
A continuacin se muestran las formas afirmativa, interrogativa y negativa de este tiempo verbal:

En el cuadro superior se ha tomado como ejemplo el verbo PLAY (jugar). Observe que en el modo afirmativo, en la 3
persona del singular, se le aade una S al verbo.
He eats vegetables. l come vegetales.
Alice dances at the theatre. Alice baila en el teatro.
The dog breaks the fence. El perro rompe la cerca.
En el modo interrogativo y negativo se utiliza el auxiliar DO, aunque en la 3 persona del singular se coloca como auxiliar
DOES y se le quita la S al verbo.
Existen algunos casos particulares como por ejemplo, si el verbo empleado termina en SS, SH, CH, O y X al
formar la 3 persona del singular en la forma afirmativa se le agrega ES. Aqu vemos algunos ejemplos:
Si el verbo es FISH (pescar), se conjugar: He fishes at the sea. l pesca en el mar.
Si el verbo es KISS (besar), se conjugar: She kisses to her boyfriend. Ella besa a su novio.
Si el verbo es WATCH (observar), se conjugar: He watches the mountain. l observa la montaa.
Si el verbo es FIX (arreglar), se conjugar: He fixes his car. l arregla su coche.
Si el verbo es GO (ir), se conjugar: She goes to the office. Ella va a la oficina.
Otra excepcin se presenta si el verbo termina en Y tras consonante. Para formar la 3 persona del singular se
sustituye esta Y por una i acompaada de la terminacin ES. Por ejemplo:
Si el verbo es STUDY (estudiar) se conjugar: She studies the lesson. Ella estudia la leccin.
Para la forma negativa se puede emplear la forma contrada de DONT en lugar de DO NOT o DOESNT en vez de DOES
NOT.
I dont play tennis. Yo no juego al tenis.
He doesnt work in an office. l no trabaja en una oficina.
They dont travel to Madrid. Ellos no viajan a Madrid.




















Los verb patterns son otro tema muy importante cuando se aprende ingls. En este artculo veremos qu son, cmo se
forman y te daremos algunas reglas o pistas para que aprendas a usarlos correctamente.
Verb Patterns: Reglas
Los verbs patterns se forman cuando un verbo va seguido por otro en una oracin. Por ejemplo en la frase I want to eat
pizza (Quiero comer pizza), el primer verbo es to want y el segundo verbo es to eat. Cuando esto pasa es que
utilizamos los verb patterns, para saber cul es la forma correcta del segundo verbo. Observa los ejemplos.
I would like to go to Rome Me gustara ir a Roma
I hate cooking Odio cocinar
En la primera frase, el Segundo verbo est en su forma infinitiva, en el segundo ejemplo, el verbo est en la forma de
gerundio con la terminacin ING.
Los verb patterns dependen directamente del primer verbo que aparece en la oracin, el segundo verbo puede estar
formado por un infinitivo o un gerundio, entre otras posibilidades, y en algunos casos, los verb patterns son ambiguos
porque con el cambio de significado del verbo dentro del contexto, puede cambiar tambin el patrn que se usa. Es
decir, el mismo verbo puede ir seguido por un verbo en infinitivo o en gerundio dependiendo del significado del verbo.
Ahora veremos algunas posibilidades de verb patterns dependiendo de cada uno de los verbos:
1. Verbo + to + verb
I want to buy a new laptop Quiero comprar una nueva computadora
I hope to visit Germany son Espero visitar Alemania pronto
She decided to quit her job Ella decidi renunciar a su trabajo
They agree to move to London Ellos estn de acuerdo en mudarse a Londres

2. Verb + Verb (ending in ING)
I enjoy eating healthy food Disfruto comer alimentos sanos
She doesnt mind taking care of your children A ella no le importa cuidar de tus hijos
He is considering changing his habits El est considerando cambiar sus actos.
3. Verb + Preposition + verb (ending in ING).
They specialize in selling cars Ellos se especializan en vender carros
They are thinking about watching a movie tonight Ellos estn pensando en ver una pelcula esta noche.
4. Verb + Object + Verb
The boss didnt let me go home early El jefe no me dej ir a casa temprano
The story of the movie made me feel sad La historia de la pelcula me hizo sentir triste.
Como lo dijimos anteriormente, hay algunos verbos que pueden funcionar con varios verb patterns dependiendo del
significado, pon atencin de los que usan con ms frecuencia:
I remember to locking the window Recuerdo haber cerrado la ventana (En este caso, el verbo se refiere a recordar algo
que ya se hizo)
I remember to lock the window before living home Recuerdo cerrar la ventana antes de salir de casa (El significado del
verbo en el ejemplo anterior sugiere que se recuerda realizar determinada accin, antes de hacerla).
You should try taking a nap Deberas intentarlo tomando una siesta (El significado del verbo determina un ensayo, una
prueba par aver si algo funciona).
I am trying to get my Visa Estoy tratanto de obtener mi visa (El verbo significa hacer un esfuerzo para lograr algo)
I stopped drinking alcohol last year Dej de beber alcohol el ao pasado (Dejar un hbito, parar de hacer algo).
I was driving in my car and stopped to answer my cellphone Estaba conduciendo mi auto y par para contester mi
celular. (El verbo, en este caso, significa dejar de hacer algo por un momento para empezar otra accin).
My house needs painting Mi casa necesita ser pintada (La necesidad no es personal, es una accin que necesita ser
hecha por otra persona y el receptor no es el sujeto).
I need to take a shower Necesito tomar una ducha. (En este caso, el verbo sugiere que el sujeto necesita que la accin
se realice, es necesario hacerlo).
Contrario al caso anterior, hay otros verbos que pueden usarse con varios verb patterns independientemente de la
connotacin de la frase.
It began to rain when I left home Empez a llover cuando sal de casa
It began raining when I left home Empez a llover cuando sal de casa
My children will start to study English Mis hijos empezarn a estudiar ingls
My children will start studying English Mis hijos empezarn a estudiar ingls
Ahora veremos algunas listas para que te gues en la forma correcta que debes utilizar los verb patterns.
Verb + Ing
Love
Finish
Like
Enjoy
Hate
Stop
Eating

Verb + to + Infinitive
Choose
Decide
Forget
Promise
Manage
Need
Help
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
Go
Hope
Try
Want
Would like
Would love
To
To
To
To
To
Verb ING or To
Begin
Start
Raining
To Rain
Verb + Object Infinitive
Let
Make
Me
Me
Do
Modal verbs
Can
Could
Might
Shall
Will
Would
Go
Verb + Preposition + Ing
Look
Think
Think
Forward to
Of
About
Traveling
Verb Patterns: Verb + Ing
Admit
Adore
Allow
Avoid
Cant stand
Carry on
Consider
Deny
Delay
(Dont) mind
Enjoy
Fancy
Finish
Give up
Imagine
Involve
Keep
Keep on
Postpone
Practice
Put off
Recommend
Risk
Suggest
Verb Patterns: Verb + To + Infinitive
Afford
Agree
Allow (passive)
Appear
Arrange
Ask
Attempt
Choose
Dare
Decide
Expect
Fail
Forget
Help
Hope
Learn
Manage
Offer
Plan
Pretend
Promise
Refuse
Seem
Tend
Threaten
Want
Would like to
Verb + Object + to + Infinitive
Advise
Allow
Ask
Beg
Encourage
Expect
Force
Invite
Order
Permit
Persuade
Recommend
Remind
Teach
Tell
Want
Warn
Would like
Verb + ing or infinitive
Begin
Continue
Intend
Start
Verb + Object + Infinitive
Help
Let
Make
Ten muy presente las anteriores listas de verb patterns para usar correctamente dos verbos en una oracin.