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RAM\u00d3N TAMAMES

Full Professor of Economic Structure,
Autonomous University of Madrid.
Jean Monnet Chairholder, European Union

WORL D ECONOMI C A ND

ENVIRONMENTAL ORDER

UNITED NATIONS, UNESCO

Eolss f or er unner volume

MADRID

NOVEMBER 2000

(Final amended, December, 4 version)

I NDEX

SUMMARY..................................................................................... 1 KEYWORDS................................................................................... 2 1. GLOBALIZATION: CYCLES AND INEQUALI TI ES........................... 3

1.1. Fewer and lower barriers................................................ 3 1.2. A non synchronized cycle............................................... 3 1.3. Global elite, middle classes and publicity.......................... 4

2. NEW ECONOMY: MYTH OR REAL SUCCESS?............................... 5

2.1. The longest prosperity period......................................... 5

2.2. Factor X.......................................................................5

3. THE DI FFERENT BEHAVI OR OF NATI ONS................................... 7

3.1. Advanced countries.......................................................8 3.2. Russia......................................................................... 8 3.3. Latin America...............................................................9 3.4. Third World..................................................................9

4. REFORM PROGRAMS..............................................................10

4.1. New arrangements...................................................... 10 4.2. New allocations and conditionalities............................... 11 4.3. Globalizing institutions................................................. 12

5. NATURAL WORLD RESOURCES AND BI ONOMI CS...................... 13

5.1. Finite resources.......................................................... 14 5.2. The role of multinationals............................................. 14 5.3. A new deal from Bionomics.......................................... 15

6. THE BI OSPHERE AS A GLOBAL ECOSYSTEM............................. 15

6.1. Atomic danger: from nuclear winter to detente............... 16

6.2. Major threats and changing patterns............................. 17

6.2.1. Some specific problems................................. 17 6.2.2. Unawareness and unsatisfactory of education .. 18 6.2.3. Consumerism habits..................................... 19

7. TO END MAN\u2019S WAR AGAI NST NATURE.................................... 20

7.1. Main features and tensions........................................... 20

7.2. Milestones to a worldwide philosophy............................ 21

8. THE RI O-92 SUMMI T OF THE EARTH. BI ONOMI CS AT LARGE...... 22

8.1. Preparing the Summit.................................................. 22

8.2. UNCED\u2019s decisions....................................................... 23 9. EMI SSI ONS AND WASTES THAT POLLUTE THE EARTH............... 24 10. THE TWO MALTHUS LAWS...................................................... 25

10.1. First law and homo tecnologicus................................... 26

10.2. Malthus second law and homo ecologicus....................... 26

11. THE ECOLOGICAL ANSWER: THE UNIFIED FIELD OF

ECONOMI CS AND ECOLOGY AND THE ECO- ECO MODEL............. 27

11.1. Eco-Eco model and sustainable development.................. 28

11.2. Environment and sustainable development in co-

operation polices......................................................... 31

11.2.1. Poverty, WTO and PNUD............................... 31

11.2.2. Sustainability policies.................................... 32

11.3. Foreign direct investment (FDI) and the environment...... 33

11.3.1. Positive influence and risks............................ 33 11.3.2. Competitiveness, FDI, and nature................... 34 11.3.3. Developing countries\u2019 attitudes...................... 35