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trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzGŒJ csKyf (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr) rS xkwaf 0jzef‹cso
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1
 tmZmenfy*k ~d KvfwŒkd . vkyif ef;udk qH;k cef;wdik f qufvufI aqmif&u
G &f rnf?
od@k
Adv
k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD;oef;a&$
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Edik if aH wmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H òzd;a&;aumifpD
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&ufpJG - 2009 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbmv (11)&uf

ta=umif;t&m ? ? jrefrmEdik if o
H m;rsm;tay: ta&;,lywd qf @kd xm;r_rsm;udk
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f rd ;f a&;udpP aemufqufwJG wifjyjcif;?

1? Edik if aH wmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H òzd;a&;aumifpu D tar&duefEikd if H vufaxmuf

Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD; rpPwm uwfuif;bJEiS t hf zG@J jrefrmEdik if o
H @kd a&muf&pSd Of Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;
rsm;ESihf awG@qn Hk E‡d KdS if;r_rsm; ðyvkyEf ikd &f ef pDpOfay;r_rsm;twGuf Edik if aH wmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf
zG@H òzd;a&;aumifpu D kd txl;aus;Zl;wif&ySd gw,f?

2? jrefrmEdik if t
H ay: csrw
S cf ahJ om ydwq f @kd ta&;,lrr_ sm;udk z,f&mS ;twGuf u|erf taejzifh
Edik if aH wmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H òzd;a&;aumifpED iS hf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G v
f akd =umif;/ ydwq
f @kd
ta&;,lrr_ sm;ESihf pyfvsO;f I ydrk o kd &d vSd akd =umif; wifjycsut f ay: Edik if aH wmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf
zG@H òzd;a&;aumifpu D vdt k yfaom pDpOfaqmif&u G af y;r_rsm;udvk nf; aus;Zl;wif&ySd ga=umif;az:
jyvdyk gonf?

3? tjcm;Edik if aH wmftwGuf tusK;d aus;Zl;&drS nfv h yk if ef;rsm;udv

k nf u|erf taejzifh Ekid if H
awmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H òzd;a&;aumifpED iS hf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G Ef ikd v
f rd rhf nf[k ar#mv
f ifh
ygonf?

4? trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf. vkyif ef;rsm; ydrk xkd ad &mufpmG aqmif&u G Ef ikd af &;twGuf
tzG@J csKyfA[dt
k vkytf r_aqmiftzG@J 0ifrsm;tm;vk;H udk u|erf .aetdro f @kd zdwaf c:awG@qaHk qG;aEG;
vdyk gonf? use;f rma&;t& rdrw d @kd aetdrt
f oD;oD;wGio f m aexdik v f su&f =Sd uaom OuUX OD;atmif
a&$/ twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;vGiEf iS hf tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J 0if OD;vGe;f wifw@kd ukd ‚if;wd@k . aetdrt f oD;
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2
 EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vHk; csufcsif;v$wf
a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@0ifrsm; jzpf=uaom (3) OD;0ifwif (4)
OD;cifarmifaqG/ (5) OD;oef;xGe;f / (6) OD;pd;k jrif/h (7) OD;vSaz/ (8) OD;!$e@f a0wd@k yg0ifaom A[dt k vkyf
tr_aqmiftzG@J pknH tD pnf;ta0;udk u|erf .aetdrw f iG f usi;f y&efppD Ofjcif;ESihf pyfvsO;f +y;D oabm
wlncD suf &,la&;udk pDpOfaqmif&u G af y;yg&ef arwWm&yfcyH gonf?

5? trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf A[dt k vkyt

f rSKaqmiftzG@J 0ifrsm; pkn
H aD wG@q+Hk yD;aemuf
EdkifiHawmftwGuf tusKd;aus;Zl;&dSrnfh vkyfief;rsm;udk u|efrtaejzifh EdkifiHawmfat;csrf;
om,ma&;ESihf zG@H òzd;a&;aumifpED iS hf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
G v
f ykd ga=umif; wifjytyfygonf?

6? u|erf taejzifh Edik if aH wmftwGuf tusK;d aus;Zl;&Srd nfh vkyif ef;rsm;twGuf Edik if aH wmf
at;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H òzd;a&;aumifpED iS hf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G &f rnfh vkyif ef;rsm;ESihf pyfvsO;f +yD;
Adv
k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD;ESihf awG@qw
Hk ifjycGiðhf yyg&ef txl;arwWm&yfct
H yfygonf?

av;pm;pGmjzifh

(a':atmifqef;pk=unf)
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Nej, Nov 25,2009
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f ,fumG qk+d yD;
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aqmifvnf;jzpfygw,f? tJ'aD e@u oluaxmuf ukpd ;dk rif;0if;qko
d u l rvky&f ef wm;jrpfcahJ omf
}ub hH ufuae &efuek u f o
dk mG ;zk@d um;apmifah e vnf; &Jwyf=uyfa0òzd;OD;u vufrcHbJquf
wke;f rSm &Jwyf=uyfa0òz;d OD;u qkid u f ,fe@J a&muf vuf¶kdufESufcJha=umif; od&ygw,f? tqkyd g
vm+yD; rif;uvSn;f ul;u rif;Ekid v f m;vk@d ar; t¶ku d cf &H r_twGuf axmuf}u&hH pJ cef;od@k oGm;

3
 a':atmifqef;pk-unf/ OD;wifOD;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm; csufcsif;v$wf?
a&mufwidk =f um;&m t¶ku d cf &H ol ukrd if;Ekid u f dk &Jpcef;wGif ppfaq;ar;jref;r_rðybJ arSmb f &D pJ cef;
t&ufaomufxm;rxm; aq;t&ifppf+yD;rS ok@d ac:aqmifar;jref;cJah =umif; od&ygw,f?
tr_ziG ahf y;Ekid rf nfqudk m tif;pdeaf q;¶ko H @kd aq; “nae (4)em&Dtxd ppfar;w,f?
ppfckdif;cJhonf[k a'gufwm0if;Ekdifu ajymyg oufaowifz@dk &Jpcef;u ajymvku d w f ,f? tcif;
w,f? jzpfwahJ e&mu vlpnfum;wJh vrf;r}uD;ay:rSm
‚if;u “aemufawmh tif;pdeaf q;¶kH jzpfcwhJ m? rsujf rifoufaoawG trsm;}uD;&Sd
u em;ESmacgi;f aq;¶ku H kd qufvw J$ ,f? em;ESm w,f? teD;rSm&Sw d hJ qHyifny‡ q
f idk u
f vlawGu
acgi;f aq;¶ku H srS odvu dk &f wmu t¶ku d cf x H m; vnf; awG@jrifcw hJ ,f? olw@dk ukd oufaotjzpf
&r_a=umifh em;pnfaygufoGm;wm? twGif; wifr,f? wifxm;wJh oufaoac:zk@d uawmh
vlemtjzpfawmh rwifb;l Asm? aq;ay;+yD;yJ &Jaqmif&u G &f r,fh vkyif ef;awGjzpfomG ;+yD ”[k
jyefvw $ v f udk w f ,f”[k ajymygw,f? a'guw f m0if;Ekid u f &Si;f jyoGm;ygw,f?
tqkyd g ta=umif;rJ¶h u dk Ef uS cf &H r_ukd
axmuf}u&hH pJ cef;wGif tr_ziG Ehf idk cf +hJ y;D axmuf}uhH ÑÑÑ
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a':atmifqef;pk-unfEiS hf ol.a&Sa› etzG‹J xyfraH wGŒcGi&hf
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Dvb, Nov 26,2009

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dk w
f mawGujdk yef+y;D oluaqG;aEG;
tcHacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd w,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unftay:rSm ta&;
ola&Sa› etzG@J uxyfraH wG@ciG &hf a=umif; od&yg ,lwmu yk'rf (22)/ cifcif0if;eJ@ 0if;rrwk@d u
w,f? (22§109) tm;ay;ulnDr_” OD;=unf0if;eJ@
a&Sa› e (4)OD;pvk;H eJ@ tpkt
H nD awG@ twl OD;^m%f0if;eJ@ wjcm;a&Sa› e (3) OD;pvk;H
cGi&hf +yD; aetdrt f us,cf sKyft,lcu H kd w&m;±H;k yg0if+yD; tr_upd t P jyif ygwu D pd /P taxGaxG
u vufc&H if b,fvad k v#mufvrS J vJ qkw d h J tao; udpaP wGvnf; ajymjzpfw,fv@dk OD;=unf0if;u
pdyftcsufawGudk a&S›aetzGJ@u wifjywm ajymygw,f? yk'rf (22)qkw d mu aetdrf tus,f
jzpfw,fv@dk a&Sa› e OD;=unf0if;u ajymygw,f? csKyfazmufzsurf j_ zpf+yD;/ 'Dt,lcH vufc/H rcHqdk
“ae@vnf (2)em&D (15)uae (4) wm aom=umae@rmS od&zG,&f w dS ,fv@dk OD;=unf
em&D (15) t,lct H r_e@J ywfoufv@dk jyifqif 0if;u ajymygw,f? A[kw d &m;±H;k u vufcrH ,f
xm;awmh/ tJ'D jyifqifra_ y:vm&if usaemfw@dk xifygovm;qkw d thJ ar;udk OD;=unf0if;u tck
av#mufvrJ ,fh av#mufvcJ surf =_ urf;ukd oGm; vdk ajz=um;cJyh gw,f? “vufcrH ,fv@dk ar#mv f ifh
jywm a':atmifqef;pk=unfu zwf=unf+h yD; w,f/ xifw,f? awmfawmf}u;D ukyd J ta&;}u;D

4
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wJOh ya' ta=umif;jzpfaew,f? vufco H ifwh ,f? qifr_ pwifvyk af qmifae+yDv@dk olo&d +yD;/ tif
d ufud k ta=umif; *sief ,
vufc+H y;D &if rsuEf mS csi;f qkid f [kb D m OD;xifausmef @J tzG@J a':atmifqef;pk
=um;rSmukd;/ a&S›aecsKyf±kH;ukd ta=umif;=um;/ =unf+c0H if;twGi;f xyfomG ;cGi&hf cJw h ,fv@dk olod
a&Sa› e csKyf±;Hk uvnf; ol@±a_ xmifeh @J ov l mrSm a=umif; ajymygw,f?
ayg?h usaemfw@dk u yxrtqifh vufcaH y;ygqdk touf (64)ESpft&G,f Ekdb,fvf
+yD; usaemfw@dk u av#mufwm?” +ird ;f csr;f a&;qk&iS [
f m (2003) arv 'Dy, J if;u
OD;=unf0if;[m +yD;cJw hJ wif;ywf wnf;u tus,cf sKyfe@J zrf;qD;cHae&ol jzpfyg
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uyJ ygwOD ya'taxmuftulðytzJ@G 'k-OuUÏ w,f? 'DESpfarv jyefvGwfumeD;tcsdefrSm
tjzpf wm0efay;cH&oljzpfwJhtwGuf Oya' tar&duefEidk if o H m; *|e,f wfaxmu olae
tajcae/ tzrf;tqD;cH ygw0D ifawG&@J tajc tdr+f c0H if;xJ a&ul;ck;d 0ifre_ @J aetdrt f us,cf sKyf
taeawGuv kd nf; a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; azmufzsuw f ,fq+dk yD; etzu pGcJ suwf ifcwhJ hJ
ajymjycJwh ,fv@dk qkyd gw,f? wjcm;ygwt D wGi;f twGuf axmif'%f (3)ESpcf sc+hJ y;D aemufq;Hk rSm
udpPawGudk rD'D,mudk rajymEkdifao;bl;vkd@ etzOuUÏ&JŒoufomtrde@f e@J aetdrt f us,f
OD;=unf0if;u ajymygw,f? csKyf (18)v uscaH e&wm jzpfygw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf&@J aetdrjf yif ÑÑÑ
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rif;_caH xmifwiG f Edik if aH &;tusO;f olwOD; wdu
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Dvb, Nov 26,2009
jrif;+caH xmifrmS tusO;f uscaH e&wJh axmifwiG ;f &Sd rjrjrodrt
hf ay: tm%mydik af wG&ŒJ
Edik if aH &;tusO;f ol rjrjrodr[ hf m tusO;f OD;pD; vky&f yfukd rdom;eJ@e;D pyfol wOD;uajymygw,f?
Xme txuft&m&dS axmifuv kd ma&mufppf tckajymwJhykHpHtwdkif;qdk tm%m
aq;pOf axmifwiG ;f rw&m;r_awGukd wifjycJw h hJ ykid t
f zJŒG tpnf;u axmifyidk w f a,mufudk olu
twGuf tcktcsed rf mS axmiftm%mydik af wG&ŒJ wifjywm? vmppfawmh bmjzpfcsiv f aJ r;awmh
tEdik u f sihf zdEySd rf u
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&w,fv@kd axmif0ifpmawG@+y;D jyefvmwJh rdom; tJ'rD mS atmufajcuvlawG enf;enf;xdomG ;
pk0ifu ajymjyygw,f? w,fxifw,f? uav;rav;tay:rSm awmf
rjrjrodrhf rdom;pk[m awmifiZl mwd awmfav; zdEydS x f m;wmawG enf;enf;ay:oGm;
jzpf+y;D vlcrGJ &dw S ma=umifh rjrjrodru hf kd (8)veD; vdrrhf ,f? tvGet f u|H jzpfwmawGe@J ywfouf
yg;axmif0ifpmrawG@EdkifcJhbJ/ rae@urS zcif +y;D olw@dk rcHr&yfEidk jf zpf+y;D olŒukd tEkid uf siw
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5
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f efwhJ OD;aqmifre+ ‹J vlxu
k kd OD;aqmif = etz 2010 ud±k u
kd cf sKd ;
ajym+yD; usew f t
hJ cef;awG&+yD; ol@tcef;yJ r& ygw,fv@dk ajymw,fw?hJ olw@dk taeeJ@vnf;
wm jzpfaew,f? olaewJh tcef;teD;tem;rSm awmif;yefwmayg?h 'Dupd eP @J ywfouf+y;D tJ'u D
a,musmf ;awGvm+yD; ayguw f wfu& pum; axmifrLS ; wyGi&hf ,f/ ESpyf iG &fh ,f tjyifbufrmS
awGajymwmrsKd;awG/ qJwmqkdwmrsKd;awG apmifah e=u+y;D oljyefr,fqakd wmh ol@udk twif;
&dw S ,fw?hJ ol@udk oufouf apmif;ajrmif;+yD; vkud yf @dk wmrsK;d awG/ vufrw S af wGbmawG 0,f
ajymw,fqw dk hJ ykpH rH sK;d awG/ tok;H tE_e;f rsK;d awG ay;r,ftxd vkyw f ,fv@kd usaemfu h dk ajymoGm;
ok;H w,fayg?h ” 'Dta=umif;awGukd rjrjrodru hf wm?” rjrjrodr[ hf m &efuek òf rdŒ (34)vrf;rSm
id+k y;D ajymjywJth csed rf mS zcifjzpfou l vnf; orD; uGeyf sLwm oifwef;ausmif; zGix hf m;+y;D (2007)
jzpfot l wGuf rsu&f nfuswt hJ xd pdwxf cd ukd f a&$0ga&mifoC H mv_y&f mS ;r_rmS yg0ifcw
hJ hJ OD;aqmif
cHpm;cJ&h w,fv@kd ajymygw,f? olw@kd om;tz oHCmawmfwyg;udk uGeyf sLwmtoH;k cs quf
axmif0ifpmrSm ajymqdkaewJh pum;awGudk oG,Ef ikd zf @kd ulnaD y;cJwh thJ wGuf (2007) atmuf
axmiftm%mydkifawGu=um;&zdk@ rkdbdkif;zkef; wkbd mvrSm zrf;qD;cHc&hJ +yD;/ omomemndK‡ EGr;f
uwqifh em;axmifaecJw h hJ ta=umif;udv k nf; apr_/ toif;tzJ@G y'k rf awGe@J (2008)ckEpS f Ed0k if
tJ'D rdom;pke@J eD;pyfou l ajymygw,f? bmvrSm vdi_ w f &m;±H;k uae axmif'%f (5)ESpf
“oleJ@ orD;eJ@ ajymaewJhtcsdefrSm csrwS cf cH &hJ wmyg? tJ'h aD emuf tif;pdeaf xmif
[ef;zke;f ukd axmifrLS ;awGu csxm;cJw h ,fw?hJ uae jrif;+caH xmifukd ajymif;a&GŒcHc&hJ wm jzpfyg
zke;f uwqifh toHc;dk em;axmifwmayg?h aemuf w,f?
+y;D awmh usaemfw@dk tm;vk;H =um;&ygw,f/ od& ÑÑÑ
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Dvb, Nov 26,2009
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csed rf mS yJ zGix
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yk*v~ u
d aq;cef;tcsK@d rmS wm0ef,l udak wmh pmaypdppfa&;±H;k u pwifyw d yf ifvu kd f
xm;wJh txl;ukq&m0ef}uD;awG vlemawG +yDv@kd &efuek f pme,fZif;avmuom;awGu
tay: tcsed af y;r_ enf;yg;wm/ ukeu f sp&dwf ajymygw,f? vwfwavm jzpfay:cJw h hJ cGpJ yd cf &H
}u;D rm;ayr,fh aq;±Hak q;cef;awGu 0efaqmifr_ wJh vlemaoqH;k r_e@J ywfouf+yD;/ &efuek òf rdŒu
6
 ppftkyfpk. 2010 a&G;aumufyGJtm; qefŒusifwdkufzsuf-u
tJ'yD *k v ~ u
d aq;cef;udk qufo, G af r;jref;wJh awG &dSaeOD;rSmyJ? tufopfu,f (ethical
tcg “tkycf sKyfa&;tzG@J awG tjyifomG ;aew,f/ usi0hf wfEiS t hf nD) rjzpf&ifvnf; 'gawG jzpfrmS yJ?
'Dupd aP wG olw@kd rodb;l ”vd@k wm0efus0efxrf; a&m*gZmpfjrpfukd odaewJh udprP sK;d rSmawmifrS
wOD;u ajymcJyh gw,f? vuf&ydS *k v ~ ud aq;±Hk aemufqufwGJ ppfaq;ukor_ vkyfoifhvkyf
awGrmS txl;uk q&m0ef}u;D awG[m vlemawG xdu k yf g&ufe@J jrefrmjynfrmS awmh tm;enf;ae
udk =unhf±_ppfaq;csdef tvGefenf;yg;aewm w,fv@kd vnf; tJ'D q&m0ef}uD;u oH;k oyfyg
a=umifh'Dvdkjzpf&wmvdk@ aq;ynmaqmif;yg; w,f? aqG;aEG;yGrJ mS awmh aqG;aEG;vku d =f uwm/
awG a&;om;aewJh q&m0efwOD;uajymyg wcgwnf; t}u;D tus,yf ?J avwvH;k rd;k wvH;k
w,f? yJAs? wu,fwrf;vkyw f hJ tcgusawmh wcgwcg
“olw@dk=unfw h hJ vlO;D a&ta&twGuf csKrd idk rf idk f jzpfjzpfomG ;w,f?
u tifrwefrrS sm;aewmyg/ vlemwa,muf yk*v~ ud aq;±Hak q;cef;awGe@J q&m
ukd tenf;qkH; (10)rdepf/ (15)rdepfavmuf 0efawGbufu wm0ef,rl t _ ydik ;f rSm tm;enf;
prf;r,fq&dk if rqkv d b dk ;l ayg?h tck[mu wrdepf aewJu h pd tP ay: w&m;csKyfa&Sa› ewOD;uvnf;
awmif rprf;bl;qkad wmh b,fvv kd yk +f y;D rSeu f ef a0zefo;kH oyfygw,f? jrefrmEkid if rH mS cufaewm
wJh a&m*g&rvJ/ b,fvydk jJ zpfjzpf rEkid rf eif; jzpf u tJ'v D jdk zpfaewm trsm;}u;D yJ? wdr;f yg;oGm;
wmaygh? 'Davmufvlrsm;wJhtcg/ wrdepf wmawG/ c|waf csmo f mG ;wmawGtrsm;}uD;? ok@d
avmuf = unh f w J h t cgrS m tck r S a tmif w J h aomf 'Dvjkd zpfomG ;wJt h rSm;ukd q&m0ef 'grrS
q&m0efwa,mufawmif odr,f[ h mrsK;d wck [kwf aq;cef;/ aq;±ku H b,fvw dk m0ef,&l r,f
awmif olw@dk rmS vGaJ csmo f mG ;Edik w
f t hJ ykid ;f rsKd ;awG qkw d [ hJ mudk xnfo h iG ;f aqG;aEG;oGm;wJt h ykid ;f
&dSwmaygh?” txl;uk q&m0efwOD;uvnf; r&dSbl;? tpdk;&bufuvnf; jyXmef;xm;wJh
q&m0ef&ŒJ uk, d u hf , kd u f , kd f ,H=k unfr_ vGeu f rJ _ usef;rma&;qdkif&m Oya'awGudk =uyfrwf
a=umifv h nf; 'Dvt dk jzpfrsK;d jzpfymG ;wwfygw,f aqmif&u G o f ifw h ,fv@kd vnf; 'Da&Sa› eu ajymyg
vd@k ajymygw,f? q&m0efu igu tufzif&h iS hf w,f? Oya'rSmawmh jyXmef;xm;rSmyJ? 'DrmS u
(efficient u|r;f usi)f jzpfw,f? 'g igvyk v f u kd &f if xdcu dk rf a_ wG/ qk;H &_;H r_awG/ epfemr_awGe@J ywfouf
aumif ; oG m ;rS m yJ q k d + yD ; ,l e D v uf x &,f vk@d q&m0eftykid ;f ukd jyef+yD;ta&;,lw,fqdk
(unilateral wzufowf) vkyw f hJ q&m0efawG wJ[ h m enf;w,f? jyXmef;xm;wJOh ya'awGu
usawmhvnf; tJ'DvkdawG rSm;ukefwmaygh? twnfjzpf+y;D awmh rxGe;f um;ao;bl;? jrefrm
tJ'v D q dk &m0efawGu t&ifuvnf; &dw S myJ/ jynfrSm vlemawGu q&m0efudk av;pm;
tckvnf;&dw S myJ? aemifvnf;&dOS ;D rSmyJ? tJ'v D dk a=umuf&@HG &wJh qufqaH &;rsK;d xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
,k=H unfcsuv f eG u f w J hJ q&m0ef&&Sd if 'Djy\em tajctae jzpfaewma=umifv h nf; w&m;pGw J hJ

7
 tm%m±l;ppftpdk;&. &ufpuf,kwfrmr+rsm;tm; &J0HhpGmazmfxkwf-u?
tqifh a&mufrvm=uwmvd@k vnf; a&S› wOD;u ukoay;oifw h hJ ta&twGux f uf ausmv f eG +f y;D
vnf; oHk;oyfygw,f? rsm;aomtm;jzifh vlemawGtrsm;}uD; vufcaH ewmawGe@J aq;
vlra_ &;axmufxm;+yD; vlawGu w&m;pGw J m ±H0k efaqmifrt
_ ydik ;f tm;enf;csuaf wG&adS ew,f
awG r&doS avmufygy?J trSeu f awmh pGrJ ,fqdk vdk@ aejynfawmf usef;rma&;0ef}uD;Xmeu
&ifawmh pGvJ @dk &wmayg/h wcsKŒd uawmh aygq h wm trnfrazmfvdkwJh !¸ef=um;a&;rSL; wOD;u
aygh? yk*~vduaq;±Hkaq;cef;awGrSm txl;uk vnf; ajymjyoGm;ygw,f?
q&m0ef}u;D awG &xm;wJt h csed tf wGi;f ppfaq; ÑÑÑ
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Ekid if aH wmfypPn;f tvGo
J ;kH pm;vkyrf j+ zifh omoema&;0efxrf; (7) OD; tjypfay;cH&
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Nej, Nov 26,2009
Edik if aH wmfypPn;f tvGo
J ;kH pm;ðyr_jzifh avmufrmS um;wpD;ay: ukvm;xdik af wG rwif
omoema&;OD;pD;XmerS 0efxrf; (7)OD;tm; aewmudk OD;pD;t&m&dS Adkvf}uD;atmifa&$&JŒ
Ed0k ifbm (24)&ufwiG f r&rf;uke;f òrŒd e,f w&m;¶H;k ZeD;u jrifomG ;w,f? tJvekd @J apmifzh rf;awmh
rS tvkyEf iS ahf xmif'%f (10)ESppf D tjypfay; OD;oufEikd f ('k-OD;pD;rª;) cd;k xkwaf ewke;f zrf;rdwm
vdu k af =umif; omoema&;OD;pD;XmerS od&yg yJ” [k vd% k *f al wmfrS 0efxrf;wOD;u ajymjy
w,f? ygw,f?
tqdyk g0efxrf;wd@k tm; (2007) ckEpS f w&m;cH OD;oufEikd t f m; Edik if aH wmf
wGif ¶k;H wifw&m;pGq J ckd jhJ cif;jzpf+yD; ‚if;wd@k onf ypPn;f tvGo J ;kH pm;r_ (tyc)t& ta&;,lay;
urBmat; r[mygo% vd% k *f el &H rH sm;Y uyf yg&ef r&rf;uke;f &Jpcef;od@k omoema&;0ef}uD;
xm;onfh "rRp=umyHak wmf a=u;0dik ;f rsm;/ a=u; Xme wm0ef&o Sd w l @kd u w&m;vdðk y wdik w
f ef;cJyh g
armif;rsm;/ Edik if aH wmftqifyh rJG sm;wGif toH;k ðy w,f?
onfh qdzk mukvm;xdik rf sm;ESifh aumfaZmcsyrf sm; OD;oufEikd t f m; ppfaq;ar;jref;&mrS
tygt0if pkpak ygi;f wefz;kd usyo f ed ;f (180) cef@ qufpyfw&m;cHrsm;jzpfaom OD;jrwfp;kd (OD;pD;rª;/
&do S nfh ypPn;f rsm;udk tvGo J ;Hk pm;vkyf a&mif;cschJ e,fajrXme)/ vHòk cHa&;0efxrf;rsm;jzpf=uaom
jcif;jzpfygw,f? OD;atmifausmfol/ OD;odef;jrifh/ OD;aZmfrdk;vGif/
,if;0efxrf;wd@k onf r[mygo% OD;&JatmifESifh a&pufarmif;0efxrf; OD;apm
vd% k *f al wmftwGi;f wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOf xGe;f wd@k tm; zrf;qD;ta&;,lEikd cf yhJ gw,f?
tqdyk g oHCu d ypPn;f rsm;udk t}udr}f udrf cd;k ,if;tr_tm; r&rf;ukef;w&m;¶Hk;rS
xkwaf ecJ=h ujcif; jzpfygw,f? (2) ESpcf ef@ ¶H;k xdik =f um;emum tqdyk g0efxrf;wd@k
“vd% k *f x
l uJ cd;k xkwaf ewm=um+y?D tm; tvkyfESifhaxmif'%ftoD;oD; tjypf
b,folrS rod=ubl;? w&uf n(7)em&D ay;cJjh cif;jzpfygw,f?
8
 rwlwm c%z,f/ wlwmawGeJ‹ pkpnf;/ bHk&efoludk rsufajcrjywfapeJ‹
w&m;cHw@kd . 0efcx
H u
G q
f ckd sut
f & aqmif&u G af pum tr_rS w&m;ao jyefvw $ f
oufaocHypPnf;rsm;udk jyefvnfodrf;qnf; ay;cJah =umif; &efuek òf rdŒ/ urBmat;apwDvrf;/
Edik cf yhJ gw,f? oHCu
d ypPn;f rsm; vufc0H ,f,l omoema&;0ef}u;D Xme omoema&;OD;pD;Xme
xm;ol (4)OD;tm; tpdk;&oufaotjzpf rSwqifh od&ygw,f? Ñ Ñ Ñ
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vdi+ o
f m,mrD; tdraf jc (20) ausmf qk;H ¶H;+
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Voa, Nov 23,2009
&efukefwkdif; v_difom,mòrdŒe,f 0ufcef@=umrSom rD;owfum;awG a&muf&Sd
&Sr;f acsmif;&yfuu G rf mS rD;avmifu|r;f r_ jzpfymG ; vmcJhw,fvdk@ jynfolawGu ajymygw,f?
cJw
h ma=umifh tdraf jc (20)avmuf rD;avmif rD;owfum;awG a&muf&SdvmcJhayrJhvnf;
ysupf ;D oGm;+y;D vlO;D a& (100)ausmf rD;ab;'kuQ vrf;awGu rD;owfum;awG 0ifa&muf+id‡rf;
onf jzpfcw hJ ,fv@kd od&ygw,f? owfEkdifavmufatmif us,f0ef;r_r&Sdwm
v_difom,mòrdŒe,f &Srf;acsmif;&yf a=umifh rD;+idr‡ ;f owfz@dk twGuf tcuftcJawG
uGuf atmifock (4)vrf;rSm rD;avmifu|r;f r_ &Sad ecJyh gw,f? rD;owfum; (3)pD;om atmif
jzpfcw hJ ma=umihf tvkyo f rm;rsm; aexkid w f hJ okc (4)vrf;xJukd 0ifa&mufEidk cf +hJ yD;/ wjcm; rD;
wef;vsm;rsm; tygt0if vlaetdrrf sm; rD;xJ owfum; (2)pD;uawmh atmifock (3) vrf;u
ygoGm;wJhtwGuf rD;ab;'kuQonfrsm; tck 0ifa&muf +idr‡ ;f owfc&hJ w,fv@kd qkyd gw,f?
vuf&dS v_id o f m,mòrdŒe,f trSw(f 4) tv,f “tdrf (17)vk;H ygomG ;ygw,f? vlO;D
wef;ausmif;rSm aexkid af e&a=umif; v_id o f m,m a& (119)a,muf ygomG ;ygw,f? +y;D oGm;yg+y?D ”
òrdŒe,fxu J jynfow l OD;u tckvkd ajymjyyg rD;avmifr_ pwifjzpfymG ;cJw h hJ tdruf awmh tdrf
w,f? axmifOD;pD; xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifaeqJ jzpf
“v_id o
f m,m &Sr;f acsmif;/ atmifock a=umif; &yfuGufom;awGxHuod&ayrJh rD;
(4)vrf;/ tdraf jc (20)avmuf ygw,fv@kd ajym avmifre_ @J ywfouf+yD; v_id o f m,m &Jpcef;u
ygw,f? vluawmh awmfawmfrsm;rsm;yJ? awmh ajz=um;jcif; r&Syd gb;l ?
tdru f awmh rajymwwfb;l / wef;pDaewmyJ? tckv&kd moDtcsed rf mS xif;rD;awGar$;
olw@kd awGuawmh pmoifausmif;rSm? rD;owf &mu rD;avmifu|r;f r_awG r=umc% jzpfay:
um;awG a&mufvmw,f? 'gayrJh tJ'v D rf;xJ avh&+dS y;D / jrefrmEkid if rH mS a&&Sm;yg;r_/ rD;owfum;
udk 0ifv@kd r&bl;? olw@kd vrf;u um;0ifv@kd r& awG tcsdefrDra&muf&Sdr_/ rD;owfum; rvkH
bl;?” avmufra_ wGa=umifh rD;avmifrj_ zpfwidk ;f qk;H ¶_;H r_
reuf (9)em&DcGJ tcsdefavmufrSm awG jzpf&wmu rsm;ygw,f?
rD;avmifu|rf;cJhwmjzpf+yD; rD;avmif+yD; em&D ÑÑÑ
9
 awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;a&; taumiftxnfazmfay;
uav;oH;k OD; rw&m;ðyusichf &H
&e fukefwkdif; v_difom,mòrd@e,f
a&$vifAef;&yfuGufu uav;i,f (3)OD;udk
wvrf;wnf;aeolwOD;u rw&m; ðyusirhf _ 'Dv
(10)&ufrSm jzpfyGm;w,fvdk@ uav;rdbeJ@
eD;pyfoal wGu ajymygw,f?
uav;i,foHk;OD;[m nDtpfrawG
jzpf+yD; touf (5)ESp/f (8)ESpef @J (13)ESpf t&G,f
awGyg? uav;awGrmS zcifr&Sad wmhbJ rdcife@J
twl yvyfpwpfaumuf+yD; toufarG;0rf;
ausmif;ðyae=uwmyg? w&m;cHv@kd pGypf cJG x H m;&
oluawmh tdrfaxmif&Sd touf(40)ausmf
t&G,fjzpf+yD; ig;&SOfhaxmifpm;olwOD; jzpf+yD;
tcif;jzpfymG ;r_ukd uav;rdbeJ@ eD;pyfow l OD;u
ajymygw,f? “ol@tareJ@ twlaewJh tdr&f iS u f taraum ac:vmw,fayg/h ar;=unfw
a&csKd;ay;awmh tJ'DrSm a&mifaewmawG@vkd@
ar;awmhrS uav;awGu ajymjywm? ajym&if
owfjypfr,fqv dk @dk rajymbl;wJ?h “uav;awG
u ajymawmh ac:oGm;wm (3)&uf&+Sd yDw?hJ &uf
wGu=f unfh awmh (7)&ufavmufu rke@f au|;+y;D
ac:oGm;wm? (8)&uf/ (9)&ufu t"rR uav;
awGudk vufq+JG yD; ac:oGm;w,f? “a&$vifyef;
wHwm;em;rSm vkyw f mvk@d ajymwmyJ? n (7)
em&D/ (8) em&D vlawmh jywfwmayg/h olw@dk u
atmfw,fwJh yg;pyfydwfxm;w,fvkd@ ajym
w,f? acsmifusw,f/ enf;enf;vnf;a0;w,f?
'g 'kw, d t}udrjf zpfwm? 'Dw&m;cHu t&if
wke;f uvnf; uav;awGudk rk'ed ;f r_wcgjzpfz;l
w,f? r,m;ygom;u tmrcHe@J ac:xkwx f m;
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10
Dvb, Nov 29,2009
òrdŒe,f&pJ cef;udk oGm;a&muf wkid w f ef;ayr,fh
tr_zGifhray;vdk@ uav;awGrSm aq;ukocGifh
vnf; r&cJb h ;l vd@k a'ocHaemufwOD;u ajymyg
w,f? “&Jpcef;ukd (11)&ufae@u wdik af wmh
&Jpcef;rSL;u (2)aomif; awmif;w,f ajymwm
yJ? tJah wmh (2)aomif; ray;Ekid b f ;l ? tJ'D trsK;d
orD;u yvyfpwpf aumufpm;wmqdak wmh
ydu
k q f H (200)xkwaf y;w,f? (200)eJ@uawmh
r&bl;wJ?h &mtdrrf LS ; OD;at;aomif;!¸e=f um;
wJt h wkid ;f vkyyf gw?hJ olw@dk udk jyefvw $ vf u dk f
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“+yD;cJw
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xyfawGawmh uav; (3)a,mufaum/ ol@
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uav;rav;u qD;awG/ bmawG usiaf ew,f
qkdawmh v_difom,maq;±kH oGm;jyvkdufvkd@
usaemfu ajymvkduf+yD; usaemfqDu vlw
a,muf xnfah y;vku d w
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awmh aq;±ku H ar;w,f? aq;ukrmS vm; tr_
zGirhf mS vm;wJ?h tJ'ge@J usaemfxnfah y;vku d w f hJ
trsK;d orD;u tr_ziG rhf mS vk@d ajymw,f? tr_ziG hf
rSmqkd &Jpcef;rSm bmvk@d tr_rzGiw hf mvJw?hJ &Ju
(2)aomif;awmif;w,f/ ray;Ekid v f @dk tr_rzGihf
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aq;±kHu zkef;qufw,feJ@ wlygw,f? odyfr
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a&mufwJhtcgrSm tdrf&Sifu 'Dvludkrwkdif&if
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aetdrf+cH0if;xJuae armif;xkwfr,fqdkwJh cHv@kd pGypf cJG &H olu wdr;f a&Smifae+y;D &yfuu G w f m
zdtm;ay;r_a=umifh rwkid cf sib f J wkid &f wmygv@dk 0ef&o dS al wGuvnf; bmrSwm0ef,l raqmif
tqifoifah &;xm;wJh pm&Guaf y:rSm uav; &Guaf y;bl;vd@k a'ocHawGu ajymygw,f?
rdcifudk vufrw S f xd;k cdik ;f ygw,f? tJ'aD emuf 'Djzpf&yfe@J ywfoufv@kd òrdŒe,ftrsK;d
tdr&f iS u
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ay;wm r[kwaf =umif; jiif;qefv@kd jy\emjzpf vm;vd@k ar;=unfah wmh uav;rdbeJ@ eD;pyfol
yGm;+yD; aemufq;Hk rSm uav;rdcifu tr_aus u “olw@dk &yfuu G u
f trsK;d orD;a&;&mtzG@J uydk J
at;a=umif; vufrw S f xyfx;kd ay;vdu k &f w,f oGm;ajymw,f òrŒd e,ftxd roGm;bl;? &yfuu G f
vd@k tJ'aD 'ocHawGu ajym=uygw,f? trsK;d orD;a&;&mu ay;oavmuf ,lvu dk w f ”hJ
'Dtr_eJ@ywfoufvdk@ v_difom,m vd@k ajymygw,f?
òrd@e,f &Jpcef;udk qufoG,far;jref;wJhtcg 'Djzpf&yfe@J ywfoufv@kd v_id o f m,m
pcef;rSL; r&Sad =umif;eJ@ 'Dupd P tao;pdyrf odb;l òrdŒe,f trsK;d orD;a&;&mtzG@J ukd qufo, G v f @kd
vd@k wm0efus 0efxrf;wOD;uajymygw,f? “tJ r&ao;ygbl;? v_difom,mòrdŒe,f at;csrf;
wmuawmh olw@dk ar;rSord ,f? &,ueJ@vm; om,ma&;ESifh zGH@òzd;a&;aumifpD±Hk;udk quf
bmeJ@vm; rodb;l ? ndE‡ id_ ;f w,fv@dk awmh =um; oG,w f t hJ cg “ajz=um;cGihf r&Sb d ;l ? wm0ef&o dS l
vku d w
f ,f? &yfuu G f &,uawG ar;rSord mS / vnf; r&Sb d ;l ? &Jpcef;udk ar;yg?” vd@k ajzoGm;yg
&,u ±k;H rSm zke;f vnf;r&db S ;l ?” vuf&rdS mS w&m; w,fv@kd od&ygw,f? Ñ Ñ Ñ
rEœav;òrŒd wGif vrf;ab;tdypf ufol ydrk sm;vm
Nej, Nov 18,2009
rEœav;òrdŒ/ csrf;at;ompHòrdŒe,f ‚if;u “tJ'aD e&mudk csr;f at;ompH
twGi;f vrf;ab;yvufazmif;ESihf wdu k af b; tv,fv@kd ac:wmayg?h tJvt kd yd w
f mudk (29)
rsm;wGif nbufydkif;Y vma&muftdyfol vrf;avmufuae pawG@&+yD/ aps;csKed ;D vmav
tdrf,mrJhrsm; ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmaew,fvdk@ olw@kd ukd rsm;rsm;awG@&avyJ? vrf;ab;yvuf
od&ygw,f? azmif;ay:wd@k / Aef'yH ifatmuf/ wdu k af b;wd@k rmS
tdr,f majrrJrh sm;ESihf òrdŒwGi;f óuH&m awG@&w,f? n (10)em&Daemufyikd ;f tJ'b D uf
usyef; tvkyv f yk o
f rl sm;onf rEœav;aps;csKd oGm;&if vrf;ab;rSm jcifaxmifawGaxmif+yD;
0ef;usit f eD;wGif trsm;qH;k vma&mufntdyf wef;pDtdyfae=uwm? ae@cif;bufqdk xGuf
=u+y;D / &yfuu
G af t;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H òz;d a&; tvkyv f yk wf ,f/ tcsKŒd u bl;cGaH umuf/ tcsKŒd
aumifpD (&,u)¶H;k wk@d wiG f {nfph m&if;wdik =f um; uusyef;ayg/h tcsKŒd u awmif;&rf;pm;aomuf
&onf[k rEœav;òrdŒcHwOD;u ajymjyygw,f? w,f/ tcsKŒd u um;zko H w
k w
f ,f/ tajcrJh tae

11
 rSeu
f efwhJ OD;aqmifre+ ‹J vlxu
k kd OD;aqmif = etz 2010 ud±k u
kd cf sKd ;
rJah wGayg?h ta&twGuu f awmh cef@reS ;f &cuf 'DòrdŒxJudk tvkyfvmvkyfzdk@ qdkwmuvnf;
w,f? tenfq;kH &mydik ;f avmuf&rSd mS yJ? tJ'g oGm;vdkuf/ jyefvdkufeJ@ um;cawGukefr,f/
awGu tck{nfph m&if;wdik af e&w,f” [k ajym tvkyfqif;zdk@ tcsdefaemufuswmawG&dSr,f/
ygw,f? tqdyk g vmtdyo f rl sm;wGif rdom;pk 'ga=umifh òrdŒxJrSm jzpfovdk awG@wJhae&m&Sm
rsm;tvdu k f trsm;qH;k awG@&a=umif;/ tcsKŒd rSm tdyf&w,f? aps;csKdw0dkuf/ rEœav;blwm}uD;
e,fbufyikd ;f rS rEœav;wGif tvky&f mS &ef wuf w0du k f tJvakd e&mawGrmS tdy=f uw,f” [k ajym
vm=uol vlvwfyikd ;f rsm;yif&aSd =umif; tqdyk g jyygw,f?
rEœav;òrdŒcHu ajymjyygw,f? ,ckEpS t
f wGi;f ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f txufyikd ;f
‚if;uqufvufI “tcsKŒd u rH&k mG wGif rd;k acgiu
f m pduk yf sK;d a&r&&dI
S v,f,mvkyf
e,f taemufbufuwd@k ygvmw,f/ e,f ief;wGif tcsdefaemufusrS pdkufysKd;cJh&ouJhodk@
tpHu k yJ? [drk mS u tvkyt f udik rf &dv
S @kd rEœav; pD;yGm;a&;usyw f nf;r_rsm;a=umifh a'ocHawmif
udk tvkyfvm&Sm=uwm? aqmufvkyfa&; oltrsm;pkrmS rEœav;ESihf tdref ;D csi;f e,fpyfrsm;
vkyfief;awGrSm tkwfo,fr,f/ awmufwdk od@k xuG u f m tvkyt f udik o f pfrsm; &SmazGvyk u
f ikd f
rnf&vkyrf ,f/ usyef;vmvky=f uwJh olawG? vm=ujcif;jzpfa=umif; a'ocHrsm;u ajymjyoGm;
bke;f }u;D ausmif;awGrmS / uGuo f pfawGrmS ae+y;D ygw,f? Ñ Ñ Ñ

ykord o
f abFm wdr;f arSmuf&mrSm tavmif; (33) avmif; &SmawGŒ
Voa, Nov 17,2009
{&m0wDwkdif; ykodrfòrdŒteD; c&D; wkud rf +d yD; wdr;f arSmufcw hJ m jzpfygw,f? oabFm
onfwifoabFm wdr;f arSmuf&m aoqH;k cJw h hJ csi;f wku d rf cd sed rf mS aersKd ;xGe;f }u;D ac: c&D;onfwif
tavmif; (33)avmif;udk &SmazGawGŒ&dx S m; oabFmay:rSm c&D;onf (170)ausmf yg0ifc+hJ yD;
+y;D ydik &f iS rf thJ avmif;awGuakd wmh o+*Kõ[cf yhJ g aoqH;k ol (33)a,muf&ŒJ tavmif;awGuykd &J mS
w,f? 'Dvkd wdr;f arSmufwm[m a&a=umif; awGŒxm;+yDvdk@ ykodrfòrdŒcHwa,mufuajymyg
vk&if; wku d rf wd mjzpfw,fv@kd a'ocHawGu w,f?
ajymayrJh tm%mydik af wGuawmh twnfr “iykawmòrdŒe,f &JwyfzJG@rª;uawmf
ðyao;ygb;l ? wa,muf tJ'x D rJ mS ygw,f? &Jom;orD; wa,muf
ykord òf rŒd uae ouU,af omif&mG udk ESpfa,mufygw,f? usefwJhvlawGu usKHaysmf/
oGm;wJh aersdK;xGef;}uD;ac: c&D;onfwif [oFmwbufu tvkyo f rm;awG rsm;w,f?
oabFm[m qDwifuek o f abFmeJ@ &Sr;f il&mG qm;vkyif ef;cGi0f ifz@kd omG ;wJo h &l ,f/ aumuf&w d f
teD;rSm we*FaEGae@ n (8)em&D avmufu r,hv f &l ,f?” oabFmcsi;f wku d rf +d y;D wJah emufrmS

12
 ppftkyfpk. 2010 a&G;aumufyGJtm; qefŒusifwdkufzsuf-u
teD;tem;u &Gmom;awGu u,fwifcw hJ m qkH;olta&twGufeJ@ ywfouf+yD; ykodrfqdyf
a=umifh vl (120)ausmaf vmuf &Sr;f il&mG udk urf;u &Jpcef;ukd qufo, G af r;jref;=unhwf hJ
a&muf&dSvmcJh+yD; vl (40)ausmf aysmufqHk; tcgrmS awmh tavmif; (30)ausmf &&Sw d ,f
aecJyh gw,f? qkw
d mudk twnfðyayrJh twdtusawmh ajym
vuf&dS&&dSxm;wJh tavmif;awG roGm;ygb;l ? tckvdk oabFmwdu k w
f meJ@ ywf
[m epfðryfomG ;wJh oabFmtwGi;f u q,f,l ouf+yD; ykord qf yd u
f rf; tm%mydik af wGukd ar;
xm;wmjzpf+yD; jrpfxaJ rsmygomG ;olawGvnf; jref;=unhwf t
hJ cgrmS awmh pHpk rf;aeqJ jzpfw,f
use&f aSd eEkid af o;w,fv@kd ykord òf rdŒcHu ajymyg vd@k ajymygw,f? tcktcgrmS awmh ykord òf rdŒu
w,f? q,f,&l &dw S hJ tavmif;awGxu J aqG tm%mydik af wGu c&D;onfwif oabFmawG
rsK;d om;csi;f awG vmr,lwJh tavmif;awGukd nbufoGm;vmwmudk ydwfyifxm;w,fvdk@
&Sr;f il&mG okomefrmS o+*K[ õ rf mS jzpfygw,f? ao od&ygw,f? Ñ Ñ Ñ
jr0wD pD;yGm;a&;Zkef n$e-f um;a&;rª; vmbfpm;r+jzifh ck¶H ;Hk zGŒJ ppfaq;cHae&
Irrawaddy, Nov 20,2009
u&ifjynfe,f jr0wDpD;yGm;a&; 'kp&dkufESdrfeif;a&;tzGJ@u zrf;qD;vdkuf&mu
txl;Zkerf S n$e=f um;a&;rª; OD;atmifp;dk ode;f udk ae+yD; jy\empwufvmwm/ wu,fawmh 'D
jynfyrS w&m;r0if oGi;f vmaom ajrwl;um; ajrwl;um;awGukd &efuek u f vl}u;D om;orD;awG
rsm;ESihf ywfouf+y;D tm%mydik rf sm;u pwifI ydik w f hJ ukr% ` aD wGrmS oH;k zd@k c;kd oGi;f wm/ 'ga=umifh
cH¶k ;kH zGJ h ppfaq;r_ðyvkyaf ea=umif; owif;&&Syd g 'Dne$ rf ;ª u wpD;udk usyf (5)ode;f pD,+l yD; cGiðhf ycJh
w,f? w,f/ vrf;rSm tppftaq;&S&d if txl;Zkerf mS
,ck vqef;ydik ;f u jr0wDrw S qifh toH;k rvdak wmhv@kd &efuek u f kd jyefy@kd wmvd@k ajym
xdik ;f Ekid if b H ufrS wifoiG ;f vmaom wpD;v#if cdik ;f w,f/ 'ga=umifh tcko@l ut kd &ifppfaewm”
usyf ode;f (1˜300) 0ef;usif umvwefz;kd &Sd ajr [k ‚if;u ajymjyygw,f?
wl;um;ESppf ;D tm; bm;tHòrdŒteD; aemif;vHk zrf;qD;cHxm;&aom ajrwl;um;rsm;
awmif=um; oHviG jf rpfu;l wHwm;wGif zrf;qD;& ESiyhf wfouf+y;D u&ifjynfe,f &JwyfzŒJG rª; &Jr;ª }u;D
rdonft h wGuf ,ckuo hJ @kd OD;atmifp;kd ode;f udk ausmjf rifu h kd jr0wDòrŒd cHwOD;u wdik =f um;r_&o dS nfh
ppfaq;aejcif;jzpfonf[k tm%mydik rf sm;ESihf twGuf &JrLS ;}uD;ausmjf rifu h jynfe,f'pk &ku d f
eD;pyfow l OD;u ajymjyygw,f? ESdrfeif;a&; &JwyfzGJ@rS 'k&JrSL;0if;EdkifESifh 'k&JrSL;
“xdkif;EdkifiHuwqifh cdk;0ifvmwJh 0if;jrifw h @dk tm; zrf;qD;cdik ;f cJjh cif;jzpfonf[v k nf;
'Dajrwl;um;ESppf ;D udk u&ifjynfe,f jynfe,f qdyk gw,f?

13
 ppftm%m&Sifpepf usqHk;a&;twGuf pnf;vHk;-u/ nD!Gwf-u/ xºuG-u?
,ckjzpfyGm;aomtr_wGif ppfwyf chJjcif; jzpfonf[kvnf;od&ygw,f? ajrwl;
t&m&S}d u;D rsm;vnf; yg0ifywfoufaea=umif; um;wpD;ay: wGif awG &h &dS aom um;eHygwrf mS
bm;tHc¶dkif&JwyfzGJŒrS trnfrazmfvdkol &J (9c§7516)jzpfI (Soon- Tin 06722281)[k
t&m&Sw d OD;u ajymygw,f? vnf; a&;om;azmfjyxm;+yD; um;(2)pD;pvk;H
“'gayr,fh tck[mu jynfe,f&J CATERPILLAR trsKd ;tpm;jzpfa=umif; od&
wyfz@JG r;ª u jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;qDukd wifvu kd f ygw,f?
awmh rzrf;vkd@r&awmhbl;/ 0ef}uD;uvnf; ,cktr_wiG f &J0efxrf;tqifq
h ifEh iS hf
vufwqH;k Edu _ u
f mG vd@k rSwcf suaf y;xm;w,f/ ppfbufqdkif&m t}uD;tuJrsm;vnf; yg0if
'ga=umifh 'Dtr_eJ@ywfouf+yD; rD;cdk;ºuGuf ywfoufaeaoma=umifh qufvuf pkHprf;
av#mufjzpfO;D r,f”[k txufyg &J t&m&Su d ppfaq;r_rsm; ðyvkyaf ea=umif; tm%mydik rf sm;
ajymygw,f ? tqd k y g ajrwl ; um;rsm;ud k ESihf eD;pyfou
l ajymjyoGm;ygw,f?
eHygwjf ym; twkrsm;wyfqifum armif;ESiv f m ÑÑÑ
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usyf (5) axmifwefrsm; a&G;aumufyu
JG mvtwGuf vsmxm;
Nej, Nov 19,2009
jrefrmaiGusyf (5)axmifwefrsm; b%frsm;wGif usyo f ed ;f (100) xkwf
jynfwiG ;f aps;uGuw f @dk wiG f oH;k pGvJ nfywfr_ r&dS ,lygu (5)axmifwefukd (5)rS (10) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f
oavmuf&Sm;yg;&jcif;rSm jrefrmppftpdk;&u txdom xkwaf y;+y;D uxdeyf w JG iG f ya'omyif
‚if;wd@k tm%mwnf+rJa&;twGuf toH;k cs&ef oD;&eftwGuyf if vJv, S cf iG rhf ðya=umif; tqdyk g
vmrnfah &G;aumufyu JG mvwGirf S tvH;k t&if; t&m&du S ajymygw,f?
jzifh xkwaf 0&ef&oSd nf[k jrefrmhp;D yGm;a&;b%frS bm;tHòrdŒraps;}uD;rS qdik yf ikd &f iS w
f OD;
wdik ;f tqifh t&m&dw S OD;u ajymygw,f? u “bm;tHrmS vnf; (5) axmifwefu r&do S
‚if;u “usyf (5)axmifwef oH;k pGJ avmufb?J awmbufuvlawGq&kd if txl;
vnfywfr_ r&dSoavmufjzpfaewmudk A[dk tqef;vdk vdu k =f unf=h uw,f? b%frmS vnf;
b%fu t&m&daS wGqu D ae wqifo h &d wmu r&dbS ;l / (10)ode;f avmufomG ;xkwrf S (2) &Guf
vmr,fh (2010)a&G;aumufyu JG s&if ol@w@kd ukd avmufygwm? vlawGu roH;k &Jwm r[kwb f ;l /
axmufcw H t
hJ zG@J awGukd rJq, G w f thJ csed =f u&if &du
S rkd &dw
S m” [k ajymygw,f?
tvHk;t&if;eJ@ xkwfoHk;rSmjzpfwJhtwGuf 'D u&ifjynfe,frS jynfe,ftqifh
t&Gu}f uD;awGukd vuf&rSd mS [efjyavmufyJ }uHhcdkifzGH@òzd;a&; tzGJ@0ifwOD;u vmrnfha&G;
xkwaf y;wm” [k ajymygw,f? aumufyt GJ wGuf vdtk yfonfh aiGa=u;u¾udk

14
 G -f u ?
xGuaf ygufurkd &SmbJ azmufxu
Edik if aH wmfrS uln&D eftpDtpOfrsm; csrw S x f m; +yD;jzpfonf[k ajymygw,f? jr0wDwzufurf;
rJaqmufwiG f jrefrmaiGaps;rSm usyf (100)v#if xdik ;f aiG (3²41) bwfjzpf+yD;/ (2) ESpw f m umv
twGi;f tjrifrh m;qH;k jzpfygw,f? ,cifEpS q f ef;ydik ;f u jrefrmaiGaps;rSm usyf (100)v#if (2²50)
bwfjzpfygw,f?
,ckuo hJ @kd jrefrmaiGaps; tqrwef jrifw h ufvmjcif;onf jrefrmhp;D yGm;a&; wd;k wuf
jrifrh m;vmjcif;r[kwb f J yHrk eS t
f m;jzifh Ed0k ifbmvqef;onf jrefrmEdik if w H iG f bde;f xGuo f nfh
umvjzpfaoma=umifh bde;f ukeo f nfrsm;onf bde;f pdu k af wmiforl sm;udk bde;f zd;k aiG&iS ;f &eftwGuf
oef;aygi;f rsm;pGm vdt k yfonfh jrefrmaiGrsm;udk vdu k v f 0H ,f,rl r_ sm;a=umifh jzpfonf[k avhvm
olrsm;u ajymjyoGm;ygw,f? Ñ Ñ Ñ
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0ef}u;D csKyfu }uzhH ŒHG acgif;aqmifrsm;udk ausmoyf*%
k ðf y
Mizzima, Nov 27,2009
ppftpkd;&0ef}uD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD; }uHzh @GH vrl a_ &;toif;udk Ekid if aH &;ygwD
ode;f pdeo f nf jynfaxmifp}k uchH idk af &;ESihf zH@G òz;d a&; tjzpf toGifajymif;rnf[k owif;rsm;ay:
tpnf;t¶H;k acgi;f aqmifrsm;udk aus;Zl;wif xGufaeaomfvnf; òrdŒe,fESifh wkdif;tqifh&Sd
a=umif;ESihf Edik if aH wmftwGuf vlra_ &;vkyif ef; twGi;f a&;rª;rsm; wufa&mufaeonfh vuf&dS
rsm; qufvyk o f mG ;&ef tm;ay;wdu k w f eG ;f cJw
h ,f tpnf;ta0;wGif xdu k pd EP iS hf ywfoufI aqG;
vd@k od&ygw,f? jrefrmjynftv,fyikd ;f v,f aEG;jcif;r&Sad =umif; olu &Si;f jyygw,f? “Edik if H
a0;òrŒd wGif Edik if wH 0Se;f rS }uzhH @GH acgi;f aqmif (700) a&;ygwDtaeeJ@ ajymif;vJzdk@ qdkwmrsKd;awmh
cef@jzifh usi;f yonfh ESpyf wfvnf toif;tpnf; tpnf;ta0;yJrG mS aqG;aEG;wmr&Syd gb;l ? ajymif;
ta0;zGiyhf w GJ iG f 0ef}u;D csKyuf xdu k o hJ @kd ajym=um; zJG@r,fqkdwm rjzpfEkdifygbl;? txufun$ef
cJjh cif;jzpfygw,f? =um;wmawGvnf; r&Syd gb;l ” [k olu ajymyg
tpnf;ta0;udk toif;. taxG w,f? rnfonfh txufqdkonfudkrl olu
axGtwGi;f a&;rª;jzpfonfh pdu k yf sK;d a&;ESihf qnf &Si;f jy&ef jiif;qdck yhJ gw,f? ppftpd;k & pDpOfxm;
ajrmif;0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD; Adv k cf sKyfaÏ;OD;u OD; onfh (2010) a&G;aumufyrGJ sm;wGif }uHzh @GH onf
aqmifusi;f y+yD;/ npmpm;yJjG zifh tqH;k oyfrnf EkdifiHa&;ygwDtjzpf toGifajymif;I yg0if&ef
[kvnf; od&ygw,f? “Adv k cf sKyrf ;ª }u;D oef;a&$u tvm;tvmr&Sda=umif; jynfytajcpdkuf
awmh npmpm;yJrG mS vmwufr,fv@kd ar#mv f ifh jrefrmhta&; wufºuGvy_ &f mS ;olrsm;u cef@reS ;f
&w,f? tckxad wmh ay:rvmao;bl;” [k ae=uygw,f?
v,fa0;òrŒd e,f }uzhH @GH toif;rS wm0ef&o dS w l OD; vlra_ &;toif;tjzpf qufvuf&yf
u ajymygw,f? wnfrnfjzpfum (2010)ckEpS f a&G;aumufyw GJ iG f
15
 'Dru
kd a&pDpepfqw
kd m vlwikd ;f wa,mufe‹J wa,muf av;pm;wJph epfygyJ?
ppftpd;k &vdv k m;onfh ygwu D kd ausmaxmuf Ttoif;udk ppftpd;k &u r&Srd jzpf
aemufcaH y;vdrrhf nf[k ,H=k unfae=uygw,f? vdtk yfae+y;D (2007) ckEpS w f iG f avmifpmqD aps;
}uHŒckdifa&;ESifh zHG@òzd;a&;toif;udk E_e;f usqif;a&;twGuf qENjyyJrG sm;udk ESrd ef if;&m
(1993)ckEpS w f iG f ppfwyft}uD;tuJ Adv k cf sKyf Yvnf; toH;k ðycJah o;ygw,f? olw@kd u vrf;ay:
rª;}u;D oef;a&$u zJ@G pnf;cJyh gw,f? Adv k cf sKyfr;ª }u;D wGif qENjyaeolrsm;udk aESmif, h uS jf cif;/ zrf;qD;
oef;a&$/ 'kwd, AdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD;armifat;/ jcif;ESihf vrf;rsm;udk ydwq f @kd jcif;rsm; ðyvkycf =hJ uyg
Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;ol&a&$ref;/ 0ef}uD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyf}uD; w,f? xd@k tjyif 2003 ck arvwGif txuf
ode;f pdeEf iS hf etz twGi;f a&;rª; (1) oD[ol& jrefrmjynfo@kd pnf;¶H;k a&;c&D;xGuo f nfh jrefrmh
wifatmifjrifOh ;D wd@k u tzJ@G em,ursm;jzpfyg 'Dru kd a&pDacgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf
w,f? Edik if o H m;OD;a& oef; (50)ausmt f euf . ,mOfwef;udk ppfuikd ;f wkid ;f 'Dy, J if;òrdŒteD;
tzJ@G 0ifaygi;f oef; (20)ausm&f o dS nf[k qdyk g t=urf;zufwu dk cf u
kd cf &hJ mwGif }uHŒzH@G rsm;vnf;
w,f? yg0ifco hJ nf[k od&&Sd ygw,f? Ñ Ñ Ñ
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c&D;onfwif ESpx
f yfoabFmypfcwfr+ 'DaubDatvufcsu[
f k a'ocHajym
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Nej, Nov 23,2009
c&D;onfwif ESpfxyfoabFmudk . vufcsujf zpfonf[k owif;xkwjf yefcyhJ g
,cifvtwGif;rS ypfcwfcJhr_jzpfyGm;cJh&mwGif w,f?
wdk;wufaomAk'Nbmom u&iftrsdK;om; ,if;udpPESihfywfoufI rsufjrif
wyfz@JG ('DaubDat) u ypfcwfjcif;jzpfonf[k wOD;jzpfonfh a'ocH waumifb;kd &Gmom;wOD;
a'ocH waumifbdk;&Gmom;wOD;u ajymyg u “reuf (7)em&D rxd;k ao;bl; waumifb;kd &Gm
w,f? avSqyd rf mS xdik w
f hJ 'DaubDatu taumufr;ª
zm;tHòrŒd ESihf a&$*eG ;f aus;&Gmod@k ajy;qGJ Adv
k *f syu
k kd olw@kd tzG@J uvlawGyJ vmypfowf
onfh jynfwGif;a&a=umif;Xmeydkif apmOrRm oGm;w,f? opfupd v P @kd ajymw,f/ tJ'g+y;D wmeJ@
trnf&Sd c&D;onfwifEpS x f yfoabFmudk zm;tH a&$*Gef;uae zm;tHudkqif;r,fh oabFm&JŒ
òrŒd e,f waumifb;kd aus;&GmwGif ,cifv (10) tay:xyf OD;ydik ;f rSm&dw S hJ oabFmvHòk caH &; &JawG
&ufwGif vufeufudkiftzGJ@wcku urf;pyfrS udk olw@kd yJ t&ifypfw,f/ &Juvnf; jyefypf
acsmif;ajrmif;ypfcwfojzifh c&D;onf(3)OD; ao awmh ESpzf uftjyeftvSef ypf=u+yD; c&D;onf
qHk;chJygw,f? tqdkyg ypfcwfr_t+yD; aemuf (3) a,mufaooGm;w,f? usaemfw@kd &mG rSm
wae@wGif ppftpdk;&ydkif owif;Xmersm;u autef,al wG rvmwm tESpf (20)ausm+f y”D
u&iftrsKd ;om;tpnf;t¶k;H (autef,)l tzG@J [k ajymygw,f?

16
 vmrnfhab; ajy;awGŒ
waumifb;kd &GmavSqyd w f iG f 'DaubD aq;Edik jf cif; r&daS o;bJ autef,t l zG@J ukd tjypf
atrS taumuf*dwfzGifhxm;+yD; òrdif}uD;ilESifh yHck sxm;+yD; aoqH;k olrsm;udv k nf; wpHw k &m
a&$*eG ;f bufrS pHq k if;vmonfh opfazmifrsm;udk tultnDay;jcif;vHk;0r&dS[k aoqHk;&mwGif
tcGefaumufcH&mwGif *dwfrª;Adkvf*sykonf yg0ifonfh ukvm;uke;f &Gmom;wOD;. rdwaf qG
tcGet f qrwefawmif;jcif;/ opfazmiform; rsm;u ajymygw,f?
rsm;tm; &r,f&mS um aeylveS ;f jcif;/ tcsed =f um autef,l A[dt k qifah cgi;f aqmif
jrifph mG a&ikwcf ikd ;f jcif;/ opfawmar#mpmygonf wOD;uvnf; tcif;jzpfyGm;&m oHvGifjrpf
rygonfjzpfap rw&m;t=uyfuikd f +crd ;f ajcmuf taemufbufjcrf;a'owGif ‚if;wd@k wyfz@JG 0if
aiGnp‡ jf cif;wd@k a=umihf 'DaubDattygt0if rsm;r&daS =umif;/ 'DaubDattzG@J . xde;f csKyf
tjcm;opfvyk if ef;&Sirf sm;ESiv hf nf; ra=uvnf e,fajrtwGi;f jzpfymG ;cJjh cif;omjzpf+y;D etzu
r_rsm; r=umc%jzpfymG ;avh&aSd =umif; tqdyk g autef,u l kd Edik if aH &;t& xd;k ESujf cif;omjzpf
a'ocHu &Si;f jyygw,f? oabFmypfcwforl sm; a=umif; jyefvnfacsycJyh gw,f?
udk ,ae@tcsed x f d tm%mydik rf sm;rS zrf;qD;ppf ÑÑÑ
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xdik 0f rf ig;zrf; pufavS (4)pD;ukd jrefrmppfwyfrS xde;f odr;f
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Irrawaddy, Nov 23,2009
jrefrm a&ydkifeuftwGif;okd@ cGifhðy rSm t&ifwywfuwnf;u xde;f odr;f xm;wm
csurf &bJ usL;ausm0f ifa&mufcahJ om xdik 0f rf udk usaemfw@kd twnfðyEdik yf g+yD” [lI ajymyg
ig;zrf;pufavS (4)pD;udk jrefrmwd@k u zrf;qD; w,f? qufvufI ‚if;u ,if;udpEP iS hf ywf
xm;a=umif; xdik 0f rftqifjh rifh t&m&Sw d OD;. oufI jrefrmppftpd;k &ESihf aqG;aEG;ndE‡ id_ ;f ajz
ajymqdck suu f kd ud;k um;I AFP owif;wGif a&; &Si;f &ef ig;zrf;vkyif ef; wm0ef&o dS rl sm;u xdik 0f rf
om;xm;ygw,f? EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;udk tultnDawmif;cH
tqdyk gpufavS (4)pD;ay:wGif ig;zrf; xm;a=umif;/ ig;zrf;vkyo f m;rsm;ESihf oabFm
vkyfom;ESifh oabFmom; pkpkaygif; (40)cef@ om;rsm;udk jyefvnfac:,lEikd af &;twGuf xdik f
yg0if+yD; rnfonft h a=umif;jycsuaf =umifh zrf; 0rftpd;k &u óud;yrf;aea=umif; ajymygw,f?
qD;onfukd ,cktcsed x f d rod&&dS a=umif; ,if; xdik ;f Edik if H zl;uwfurf;ajcrS Ed0k ifbm
owif;wGif yg&ydS gw,f? xdik 0f rf ig;vkyif ef;rS (18)&ufae@u xGucf mG cJo h nfh tqdyk gpufavS
vufaxmuf 'g¶dkufwm Tsay Tzu-yawu rsm;udk a&'D,t kd quftoG,f rjywfrt D csed f
“xdik 0f rfEikd if H awmifyikd ;f Pingtung w&m;¶k;H rSm txd jrefrmppfwyfu vdu k v
f zH rf;qD;cJah =umif;
rSwyf w
Hk ifxm;wJh ig;zrf;pufavS (4)pD;ukd &efuek f vnf; od&ygw,f?

17
 etz 2010 udk [efcsun
f n
D D wdu
k zf su-f u?
xkid 0f rf tajcpdu k f owif;rD', D mrsm;. tqdtk & pufavS (2)pif;. trnfrsm;rSm
"Ho Yi Fa" ESihf "Min Cheng Yi"wd@k jzpf+yD; pufavSrsm;ay:wGif xdi k 0f rf/ zdvpfyikd Ef iS hf tif'ekd ;D &Sm;
Edik if rH sm;rS oabFmom;rsm; yg0ifa=umif; od&ygw,f? a&ydik ef ufqikd &f m Oya'rsm;t& Edik if w H Edik if H
taejzifh urf;ajcrSa&rdik f (200)txd obm0oH,ZH mwrsm; &SmazGw;l azmfciG Ehf iS hf pD;yGm;a&;
vkyif ef;rsm; csŒJ xGiyf ikd cf iG &hf adS =umif; od&ygw,f? Ñ Ñ Ñ
xkid ;f a&wyfuypfojzihf jrefrmppfom;rsm; '%f&m&
Irrawaddy, Nov 30,2009
xkid ;f Ekid if H a&ykid ef uftwGi;f xkid ;f ESifh ig;ck;d zrf;onhf avSrsm;ukd vku d v
f pH pf
jrefrmESpfEkdifiH ppfom;rsm; aom=umae@u aq;pOf ppfom;rsm;u aumhaomif;òrŒd rS yk*v ~ d
tjyeftvSef ypfcwfrj_ zpfymG ;ch&J m jrefrmhppfwyf uykid f pufavSwpD;ukd acsmqJo G mG ;chaJ =umif;/
Adv
k }f uD;wOD;ESihf wyfom;av;OD; '%f&m&&Scd hJ pufavSwiG f vkyu f idk o
f l avSorm;wcsKŒd vnf;
a=umif; od&&dS ygw,f? '%f&m&&SdcJha=umif; xkda'owGif aexkdifol
weoFm&Dwikd ;f aumhaomif;òrŒd tajc pme,fZif;orm;wOD;u ajymygw,f? ypfcwfr_
pdu
k af jcvsiw f yf&if; trSwf (262)rS ppfom; jzpfymG ;pOf xkid ;f a&wyfrS ppfonftiftm; (30)
rsm;u jrefrma&ykid ef uftwGi;f 0ifa&mufvm cef@&Sd+yD;/ jrefrmppfwyfbufrS (7)OD;cef@om&Sd
onhf ig;zrf;avSrsm;ukd vdu k v f zH rf;qD;pOf xkid ;f onf[k qkyd gw,f?
a&ydu k ef uftwGi;f usL;ausm0f ifa&mufco hJ jzifh ypfcwfr_ESihf ywfouf+yD; ESpfEkdifiH
ESpb f uf ppfwyfrsm; tjyeftvSeyf pfcwfr_ jzpf tm%mykdifrsm;u wpkHw&m xkwfazmfajym
yGm;chjJ cif;jzpfygw,f? vku d v f zH rf;qD;onhf jrefrm =um;jcif;r&dSao;ay? jrefrmha&ykdifeufonf
ppfom;rsm;u ppf0wfp0Hk wfqifxm;jcif; r&Sd wjcm;a'orsm;xuf ig;rsK;d pkyH rdk u dk supf m;ojzihf
a=umif;/ xk@d a=umifh xdik ;f ig;zrf;orm;rsm;u ‚if; a'owGif;EkdifiHrsm;rS ig;zrf;avSrsm;u 0if
wk@d udk yifv,f"m;jy[k xifrw S +f y;D xdik ;f a&wyf a&muf+yD; ig;zrf;avh&ySd gw,f?
udk ta=umif;=um;cJ+h y;D aemufyidk ;f xko d @dk ypfcwf ÑÑÑ
r_ jzpfymG ;chaJ =umif; jrefrmppfwyfEiS hf eD;pyfol
wOD;u &Si;f jyygw,f? qufo,f&ef 
'%f&m&&So d rl sm;rSm ajcvsiw f yf&if; shwekhamaukhq@gmail.com
trSwf (262)rS wyfprk ;ª vGirf if;olEiS hf wyfom; www.nldla.net.
rsm;jzpf+yD; ,cktcg aumhaomif;òrdŒwGif aq; P.O Box (34)
ukor_ cH,al ea=umif; od&ygw,f? Mae Sot,Tak 63110.

18
 ppftm%m&Sifpepf usqHk;a&;twGuf pnf;vHk;-u/ nD!Gwf-u/ xºuG-u?
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SSA awmifyidk ;f wyfzŒGJ ESihf PNLO atmufajcwyfzŒGJ rsm;-um; ypfcwfrj+ zpfymG ;
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NMG, Nov 30,2009
&Sr;f jynfwyfrawmf SSA awmifyidk ;f &Smonfhenf;jzifh ajz&Sif;vkdonf[k ‚if;u
wyfzJGŒESifh ytkd0f;trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&; qufajymygw,f? “rvkv d m;tyfwhJ aoG;xGuf
wyfrawmf PNLO wyfzŒGJ ESpcf . k atmufajc oH,rdk j_ zpfwhJ jy\emawG/ ytk0d ;f eJ@&rS ;f eJ@jzpf
wyfzŒGJ 0ifrsm;=um; ypfcwfrw _ pfck jzpfymG ;cJw h ,f vmwJh yÉdyuQawG/ 'guv dk nf; usaemfw@dk rvkd
vd@k od&ygw,f? vm;ygbl;? 'Djy\emeJ@ywfoufvkd@uawmh
&Srf;jynfawmifykdif; armufr,fòrdŒ +idr;f csr;f aomenf;eJ@ awGŒqHak qG;aEG;+yD; tajz
e,ftwGi;f &Sd ESpzf ufwyfrsm;v_y&f mS ;&m erfyh eG f &SmoGm;rSmyJjzpfw,f?” ,if;udpjP zpfymG ;r_tay:
acsmif;ta&SŒzuf/ awm&S a'g&mG taemufzuf &Sr;f jynfwyfrawmf SSA awmifyidk ;f ajyma&;
&Sd awmif,mtwGi;f PNLO wyfzŒGJ rsm; xrif; qkcd iG &hf o
dS w
l OD;u ,ckvadk jymygw,f?
csupf m;aepOf SSAawmifyidk ;f trSwf (361) “usaemf = um;od & oavmuf u
wyf&if;rS vma&mufypfcwfjcif;jzpfonf[k awmh olwkd@ atmufajctcsif;csif;ayhgaemh
PNLO uajymygw,f? tcif;jzpfym G ;yHEk iS hf ywf txifrmS ; tjrifrmS ;jzpf+yD;awmh oGm;ypfw,f
oufI a'ocH&mG om;rsm;.ajymjycsut f m; vk@d y=J um;&ygw,f?” ,ckvjkd zpfymG ;onft h ay:
PNLO taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; AkdvfrSL;}uD; ESpzf ufacgi;f aqmifrsm; awGŒqHak qG;aEG;I nd‡
cGeo f &l ed u f ,ckvadk jymygw,f? Ed_if;tajz&Sm&efvkdtyf+yD; “usaemfwkd@tcsif;
“yxrykdif;rSm b,folb,f0gu csi;f bmawGudk yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf vJ? tu,f
olw@dk uv dk mypfvq J w dk m rodygb;l ? olw@dk tJ'D I yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf r_ &Sbd ;l qk&d if jy\emukd
uae qkwo f mG ;+yD; aemufae@cyfapmapmrSmrS ajz&Si;f vk@d &rSmr[kwyf gb;l ?”[k ‚if;u quf
&Gmom;awGqu D aewqifo h wl @dkjyef=um;&w,f? ajymygw,f? ,if;udpEP iS yhf wfoufI ESpzf uf
tJ't D csed rf D SSAu rSe;f olw@dk ow d ,f? tJ'D acgi;f aqmifrsm; wpfzufEiS w hf pfzuf today;
(361)wyf&if;rSe;f ayhgaemf?” wku d yf jGJ zpfymG ;csed f ta=umif;=um;+y;D aomfvnf; ndE‡ idk ;f aqG;aEG;r_
(15)rdepfcef@=um+y;D ESpzf uftjyeftvSef ypfcwf rðyvkyf&ao;[k ESpfzufacgif;aqmifrsm;u
&m PNLOzufrS aq;rSL;cGeaf ZmfO;D yGcJ si;f +yD;us ajymygw,f?
qH;k cJyh gw,f? ,if;e,fajrwGif SSA awmifyikd ;f ESihf
,ckvkdjzpfyGm;&jcif;. tajccHus PNLO wyfzŒJG wdŒk v_y;f &Sm;aeonft h jyif jrefrm
onfhtcsufukd aumif;pGmrod&ao;aomf ppftpd;k &u r=umc% xd;k ppfqifavh&o dS nfh
vnf; ESpzf ufwyfrsm; v_y&f mS ;onfh e,fajrjzpf a'ojzpfygw,f?
onft h wGuf jy\emtm; +idr;f csr;f pGm tajz ÑÑÑ

19
 etz 2010 udk [efcsun
f n
D D wdu
k zf su-f u?
cGpJ w
d cf _H y;D aoqk;H cJo
h nhf ausmif;olav;udpP pkpH rf;a&;tzGŒJ u pkpH rf;azmfxw
k rf nf
Nej, Nov 30,2009
&efuek w
f iG f +yD; tqdyk g ausmif;oluav;. owif;
cJo
h nfh atmufwb kd m rSm use;f rma&;*sme,fwapmifjzpfaom Health
v (27) &ufae@u a&$ Digest *sme,fwi G f yg&+dS yD;aemuf v#yw f jyuf
*kH wdik f &Sd S S C txl;uk owif;*sme,fu tao;pdwaf &;om;azmfjycJh
aq;cef;wGif tltwuf a=umif;/ xd@k aemuf 0duvD;tvJAif;*sme,fEiS hf
a&mifonfukd cGpJ w d +f y;D jrefrmwdik ;f rfowif;*sme,fw@kd u a&;om;onfh
aemuf uG,v f eG of mG ; owif ; rsm;a=umif h &ef u k e f j ynf o l r sm;u
cJah om touf (15)ESpt f &G,f (9)wef;ausmif; ausmif;olav;ESihf ywfoufI oem;u¶k%m
oluav; rcdik &f e$ ;f vJ&h nfEiS hf ywfoufI pHpk rf; ydu
k m cGpJ w d q f &m0ef}uD;udk a'gojzpfvsu&f dS
a&;tzG@J z@JG um wywftwGi;f pHpk rf;azmfxw k f a=umif;od&ygw,f? ausmif;olav; rcdik &f e$ ;f vJh
rnf[k use;f rma&; *sme,fjzpfaom Health &nfonf +y;D cJo h nfh atmufwb kd m(21) &ufwiG f
Digest *sme,fwi G f yg&ydS gw,f? pwifzsm;+yD; (25)&ufwiG f S S C aq;cef;od@k
,if;pHkprf;a&;tzGJ@udk jrefrmEdkifiH oGm;a&mufjyo&m rcdik &f e$ ;f vJ&h nftm; ,if;ae@
aq;aumifpu D ta&;ay: zG@J vu kd jf cif;jzpf+yD; wGiyf ifcpJG w
d +f y;D aemuf atmufwkd bm (26)&uf/
aoqH;k oGm;aom ausmif;olav;. rdom;pk0if ae@v,ftcsed f aq;cef;wm0efus q&m0efu
rsm;udk Ed0k ifbm (26)&ufae@wiG f ac:,lum vlemwGif aoG;vGew f yk af uG;a&m*g ygvma=umif;
tpnf;ta0;wckðyvkyfcJhao;a=umif; aq; vma&mufajymqdo k nf[v k nf; *sme,frsm;
aumifpt D zG@J 0if q&m0efwOD;u ajymygw,f? wGif yg&ydS gw,f? aoqH;k oGm;aom ausmif;ol
,if;pHpk rf;a&;tzG@J wiG f pDrcH ef@crJG q _ ikd f av;ESiehf ;D pyfonfh todik ;f t0ef;rsm;. ajymjy
&m q&m0ef}uD;rsm;/ cGpJ w d t f xl;uk q&m0ef csut f & aoG;vGew f yk af uG;a&m*gjzpfaeonf
}uD;rsm;/ uav;txl;uk q&m0ef}uD;rsm;ESihf udk tltwufa&mifonf[k ,lqum cGpJ w d f
r_cif;qdkif&m q&m0ef}uD;rsm; yg0ifa=umif; vdu k af =umif; od&ygw,f?
tqdyk g*sme,fwiG f yg&ydS gw,f? +y;D cJo h nfh wywf cGpJ wd af y;onfq h &m0efrmS tpmtdrf
upI tqdyk g ausmif;oluav;ESihf ywfouf ESihf tlvrf;a=umif; cGpJ w d q f &m0ef OD;=unfp;kd jzpf
aom owif;rsm;tm; *sme,frsm;wGif azmfjy +yD; S S C txl;ukaq;cef;. &S,, f m0ifwOD;
jcif;udk pmaypdppfa&;u wm;jrpfxm;a=umif; jzpfa=umif;vnf; od&ygw,f? Ñ Ñ Ñ
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&efuek pf me,fZif;todik ;f t0dik ;f rS od&ygw,f? 12345678901234567890123456789012
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“PLEASE USE YOUR LIBERTY
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TO PROMOTE OURS”
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20
 pnf;urf;&S-d u/ pnf;vH;k -u/ nD!w
G -f u = etz 2010 udk wdu
k zf su-f u ?
trsK;d om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;jzpfay:&ef 0g&ifEh idk if aH &;orm;}u;D rsm; wku
d w
f eG ;f
Irrawaddy, Nej 30,2009
a':atmifqef;pk=unfu AkdvfcsKyf jrwfa&; azmfaqmifay;Ekid rf nfh pmwapmifjzpf
rª;}uD;oef;a&$xHokd@ ay;ykd@xm;onfhpmukd aea=umif;/ AkdvfcsKyfrª;}uD;oef;a&$taejzifh
tajccHum 0g&ihEf idk if aH &;orm;}uD;rsm;u ‚if; vnf; Ak't < qk;H trrsm;ESit hf nD arwWmw&m;
wkd@. oabmxm;w&yfukd AkdvfcsKyfrª;}uD; a&S;¶_+y;D trsK;d om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;twGuf
oef;a&$xH Ek0d ifbm (28)&ufwiG f ay;yk@d cyhJ gw,f? óud;yrf;aqmif&u G of mG ;oifah =umif;wd@k ukd a&;
“t"duuawmh tpk;d &taeeJ@ jyef om;xm;a=umif; OD;ombef;uajymygw,f?
vnfoifhjrwfa&;vrf;a=umif;ay: tjrefqkH; “0g&ift
h zG@J taeeJ@ tpOfwpku d f wkud f
wufvmzk@d 0g&ifEh idk if aH &; orm;}u;D awGtaeeJ@ wGe;f aewmu trsK;d om;jyefvnf&if=um;aph
qEN&Sdw,fqkdwmukd azmfjyvkdufwmyg” [k a&;ygy?J vkt d yf&if vkt
d yfovkd pma&;om; wku d f
0g&ifEh idk if aH &;orm;}uD; OD;ombef;u ajymyg wGe;f aewmyg? etztpk;d &bufu wk@H jyefr&_ dS
w,f? wm r&Sw d mu ol@tykid ;f av? wk@d vyk pf &m&Swd m/
a':atmifqef;pk=unfu jrefrm ajymp&m&Sw d mukd vkyw f majym&rSmuwk@d tykid ;f
Ekid if t
H ay: ta&;,lyw d qf @dk xm;r_rsm;ukd ¶kyf av”[kvnf; ‚if;u ajymygw,f? 0g&ihEf idk if H
odrf;a&;udpP aemufqufwGJ[laomay;pm a&;orm;}uD;rsm;tzG@J udk vGwv f yfa&;twGuf
Ek0d ifbm (11)&ufwiG f etzOuUÏ Akv d cf sKyfr;ª wku d yf 0JG ifc=hJ uaom ocifa[mif;rsm;/ jynfo@l
}uD;oef;a&$xHay;ykd@cJh+yD; ol@taejzihf EkdifiH &Jabmfa[mif;rsm;u OD;aqmifz@JG pnf;cJjh cif;jzpf
tusK;d &Sad prnfh udp&P yfrsm;ukd yl;aygi;f aqmif +yD; pwifz@JG pnf;pOfu (23)OD; yg0ifaomfvnf;
&GufEkdif&eftwGuf AkdvfcsKyfrª;}uD;oef;a&$ESifh ,cktcg (10)OD;cef@om usef;rma&;aumif;
vnf; awG@qaHk qG;aEG;vkyd ga=umif; tqkyd gpm rGepf mG &Sad ea=umif; od&ygw,f? Ñ Ñ Ñ
wGif azmfjyxm;ygw,f? ‚if;pmESiphf yfvsO;f I a':atmifqef;pk-unf txde;f odr;f cHc&hJ o!fu
h mvrsm;
etzppftpk;d &bufrS oDwif; (2) ywfausmf
t=um wkH@jyefr_wpkHw&m r&SdcJhonfhaemuf yxrt}udrf txdef;odrf;cH&jcif; = 1989 ck E S p f
0g&ifEh idk if aH &;orm;}u;D rsm;u ‚if;wk@d . oabm Zlvkdifv (20) &ufae‹rS 1995 Zlvkdifv (10)&ufae‹
txd ?
xm;ukd xkwaf zmfajym=um;vku d =f ujcif; jzpfyg 'kwd,t}udrf txdef;odrf;cH&jcif; = 2000 ck E S p f /
w,f? 0g&ifhEkdifiHa&;orm;}uD;rsm;. pmwGif pufwifbmv (23) &ufae‹rS 2002 ckESpf/ arv (6)
0g&ift h zG@J taejzifh 1995 ckEpS rf pS I ,ae@txd &ufae‹txd?
(14)ESpfwkdifwkdif trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwf wwd,t}udrf txdef;odrf;cH&jcif; = 2003 ck E S p f /
a&;twGuf t}uHay;jcif;/ yef=um;jcif;rsm; ðy arv (30) &ufae‹rS ,ae‹txd?
pwkxWt}udrf txdef;odrf;cH&jcif; - 2009ckESpf/
vkyfcJha=umif;/ ,ckvnf; a':atmifqef;pk
=unf.ay;pmonf trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifh -o*kwfv (11)&uf?

21
 rwlwm c%z,f/ wlwmawGeJ‹ pkpnf;/ bHk&efoludk rsufajcrjywfapeJ‹
rwlwm c%z,f/ wlwmawGeJ‹ pkpnf;/ bHk&efoludk rsufajcrjywfapeJ‹
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Nej, Nov 23,2009
&efuek òf rdŒ qifajczk;H a'orsm;ESihf òrdŒ xvmw,f? tck &efuek x f rJ mS u a¹rGawGayg
opfrsm;wGif a¹rq G ;kd tEœ&m,f pd;k &drv f m&a=umif; vmw,f” [k ajymygw,f? a¹rGq;kd tEœ&m,f
a'ocHrsm;uajymygw,f? &efuek w f ikd ;f twGi;f &dS a=umifh &efuek af 'ocHrsm;taejzifh a¹rt G Eœ&m,f
vlaeusyJ g;onfh òrŒd opfrsm;jzpfaom awmif'*H/k owd&=dS u&ef vkt d yfa=umif;/ aq;¶Hrk sm;wGirf l
ajrmuf'*H/k v_id o f m,m/ a&$jynfom/ '*Hq k yd f a¹rGqdyfajzaq;&Sdyga=umif; &efukefaq;¶Hk}uD;
urf;òrdŒopfwdk@wGif em*pf+yD;aemufydkif; a¹rG wm0efusq&m0efwOD;uajymygw,f? ppftpd;k
a[muf/ a¹raG yG;udu k cf &H ojzifh a&mufvmonfh &. vlxk0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; nHhzsif;r_
vlemrsm;tm; cyfpyd pf yd f óuHawG@vm&onf[k a=umifh jynfov l x l t k aejzifh rdru d ,kd uf kd rnf
&efukefwkdif;vufatmuf&dS usef;rma&;XmrS od@k umuG,&f rnfqo kd nfh tajccHA[kow k
q&m0efrsm;u ajymygw,f? enf;yg;ae+yD; ,ckupd rP sK;d wGif a¹rGtmrcHuo hJ @kd
“[dw k ae@uyJ ajrmuf'*Hu k aps;a&mif; tmrcHxm;&SEd ikd jf cif;yif rod=ua=umif; jrefrmh
jyefww hJ a,muf a¹rGuu kd w
f mudk a¹rGuu kd rf eS ;f tmrcHvyk if ef; 0efxrf;wOD;u &Si;f jyygw,f?
rodv@kd y¶kwq f v D rd ;f +yD; tdyv f ukd w f m? rouf ‚if;u “ a¹rt G mrcHukd 2005 ckEpS rf mS
omvd@k aq;¶Hv k mawmh toufrrDawmhb;l ? rauG;wdik ;f udk pvkycf @J wm? vlwa,muftwGuf
aoawmhrS aor_aocif;aq;ppfawmh a¹rG wESppf m y&Dr, D aH =u;u (500)usy?f ao&if
a[mufuu kd w
f m”[k use;f rma&;0efxrf;wOD; usyf (5) ode;f ? usew f mrsupf u d , G wf mwd@k vrkd sK;d
u ajymygw,f? vnf;avsmw f ,f? aemufaq;ukop&dwv f nf;
em*pf+y;D aemufyikd ;f a¹rrG sm;uke;f wGi;f ay;w,f? &efuek rf mS u xm;wmr&So d avmuf
ydik ;f udk ajymif;a&$Œvmjcif;u {&m0wDwikd ;f wGif ygAsm[k &Si;f jyoGm;ygw,f? Ñ Ñ Ñ
ºuu G rf sm; aomif;use;f vmjcif;[k aumufcsuf “'Da&G;aumufyGJeJ@ ywfoufvdk@
csEikd af =umif;/ 'Da&awmrsm; jyefvnfpu kd yf sKd ; usaemfuawmh enf;enf; NLDeJ@awmif
jcif;tjyif ,ckEikd if . H &moDOwkajymif;vJrq _ ikd f rwlcsifbl;ayghAsm? NLDudk 'Da&$*Hkwdkif
&m tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm; tpD&ifcHpmudk a=unmpmwrf; txduawmh usaemfu
tpdk;&u ðypkaea=umif; National Climate vufcHw,f/ tusOf;om;awGv$wfzkd@/ tajccH
Change Impact Report ðypkaeol tzG@J 0ifwOD;
Oya'ukdjyifzkd@/ EkdifiHwumuGyfuJr_ygwhJ
vGwfvyfw&m;r#wwhJ a&G;aumufyGJusif;yzdk@/
u ajymygw,f? ‚if;u "Climate Change
awG@qHkaqG;aEG;zdk@ayg@? awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;u
Impact wckvdk@ ajymvdk@&w,f? em*pfa'o
awmhusaemfwdk@t"duawmif;qdkcsufaygh?”
awG eJ@ teD;ywf0ef;usif a'oawGu ºuu G af wG (OD ; 0if ; wif )

22
 trsm;jynfol oabmrwlwJh trdef‹tm%m[lor# wm0eft&zDqef-u
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owif;pmq&m}u;D OD;0if;wifEiS hf
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qufo,G af r;jref;csuf
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ppftpkd;&. wif;rm ydwq
f @dk '%fcwfr)_ u olw@kd ukd csKyfuikd x
f m;whJ
aomoabmxm;rsm; [m? tJ'aD wmh 'DEpS cf u k qufpyfaerSmyJ? 'D
ukd a0zefajymqkd&m Sanction u usaemfw@kd ukd tm;jznfa h y;w,fv@kd
wG i f txif & S m ;qk H ; rqdkEkdif&ifawmif usaemfwdk@udk zdEdSyfcsKyfcs,f
Ekid if aH &;orm;wOD; jzpfonfh OD;0if;wifonf aewhJ tiftm;}uD;whJ&efoludk csKyfudkif&m
1988ckESpfu trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG@csKyf a&mufw,f? bmeJ@wv l q J &kd if usaemfw@kd ukd
(NLD)ukd pwifwnfaxmifor l sm;xJwiG f yg0if bDv;l }uD;u ESyd pf ufaewht J cgrmS bDv;l }uD;udk
aom acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonf? ‚if;onf Sanction vd[ k mrsK;d eJ@ óud;uGi;f pGyw f ,fq&kd if
jrefrm pme,fZif;avmu. txifu& owif; usaemfw@kd uawmh touf¶aª csmifwm trSef
pmq&mwOD;vnf; jzpfygw,f? yJAs?
OD;0if;wifonf Ekid if aH &;e,fy,fo@dk 'D Sanction[m (3)rsK;d &Srd ,fv@kd xif
a&muf+y;D wESprf jynhrf rD mS yif txde;f odr;f cH&yg w,f/ wrsK;d u trsm;jynfoal wGukd xdcu kd w f Jh
w,f? tif;pdeaf xmifwiG f (19)ESpaf usmf csKyf Oyrm tar&duefu ydwq f @dk wt Jh wGuf txnf
aESmifccH &Jh +yD; ,refEpS f pufwifbmvu jyef csKyf tvkyo f rm;awG tvkyv f ufrjJh zpf&wm?
vnf vGwaf jrmufvmcJyh gw,f? aemufwrsK;d u ppfAv kd ef @J taygi;f tygawGxd
pD;yGm;a&; ydwq f @kd '%fcwfr/_ (2010) cdu
k w f ,f/ aemufwcku Ekid if aH ygi;f awmfawmf
jynhfESpf a&G;aumufyJG/ ppftpkd;&. tajccH rsm;rsm;u vufeufa&mif;0,fwm rvkyaf wmh
Oya'/ (NLD). vuf&dStajctaersm;ESihf wm&Sw d ,f? oH;k rsK;d xJrmS ppfacgi;f aqmifawGu/kd
ywfouf+yD; {&m0wDowif;XmerS OD;0if;wif ppfwyfukd xdcu kd w f m bmrSajymp&mr&Sb d ;l / od@k
ESifh qufoG,far;jref;csufudk az: jyvdkufyg aomf jynfov l x l uk x kd cd u kd af pwhJ Sanction rsK;d
w,f? qk&d ifawmh usaemfw@kd 0if+yD;awmh ajy&majy
ar;? ? taemufEkdifiHawGu a=umif; ajymrSmyJ?
ppftpk;d &tay: '%fcwfyw d q
f @dk xm;wmawG tJ'v D kd Sanction awG av#mw h ,fqkd
jyefvnf ¶kyo f rd ;f a&;eJ@ trsK;d om;jyefvnf&if &if trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;udpPtxd
=um;apha&;u b,favmufqufpyfaeygovJ? wcgwnf; qufomG ;Ekid w f ,fv@kd usaemfxif
ajz? ? Ekid if aH &;rSmawmh ESpcf pk w,f/ tck 'Dtar&duef&ŒJ rl0g'opf[m SanctioneJ@
vH;k qufpyfaew,f/ awG@qakH qG;aEG;r,fq&kd if yl;wG+J y;D awmh av#mufr,fu h pd yP ?J 'g[m Drama
ppftpd;k &uygaew,f? 'D Sanction (pD;yGm;a&; (jyZmwf) }uD;wcky/J =um;xJrmS idck ef;/ &,fcef;

23
 ppftkyfpk. 2010 a&G;aumufyGJtm; qefŒusifwdkufzsuf-u
awGygr,f/ ESpfyg;oGm;awGygr,f/ trsKd;pHkaygh? rsK;d awG/ a&$*w kH ikd af =unmcsux f u J awmif;qdk
'gayr,fh ESpyf g;oGm;awGa&m bmawGa&m b,f csufawG 'gawGtukefvHk; ajymraeeJ@awmh/
avmufyJ&Sd&Sd aemufqHk;rSm Zmwfaygif;cef; tem*wfuawmh +yD;ae+yD? wpnwk@d bmwk@d
a&muf&rSmyJv@kd usaemfw@kd urSe;f w,f? tJ'g ajymaewhJ tem*wfus&if jyifomG ;r,fw@kd bm
a=umifh 'D Sanction[m Ekid if aH &; awG@qaHk qG; wd@k qw kd mawG/ usaemf xifw,f/ tJ'v D al wGuykd g
aEG;yJaG wGtwGuf b,favmuf taxmuftul ajym&ma&mufw,f? owfrw S w f tJh wdik ;f vdu k f
jzpfrvJqdkwmurSef;vdk@r&bl;/ a&G;aumufyGJ vkyf qdw k [
Jh mrsK;d jzpfaew,f?
rwkid cf ifawmh jzpf&r,f/ jzpfz@kd vrkd ,f? ar;? ? tm%mykid af wGu tJ'v D kd
ar;? ? tm%mykdifwdk@u tJ'D rsK;d vkyrf ,fq&kd if 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkawG/ wdik ;f
a&G;aumufyJG vkyzf @kd a=unmxm;wJ/h jyifqif &if;om;tzG@J tpnf; awGua&m bmvkyo f ifh
xm;whJtay: OD;0if;wif&JŒtjrifukd odcsifyg w,fv@kd xifjrifygovJ?
w,f? ajz? ? xGuaf yguaf v;wayguf
ajz? ? rwfv (27)&ufae@rmS useaf ew,f? tajccHOya'jyifv@kd awmif;qdk
AkdvfcsKyfrª;}uD;oef;a&$u tajccHOya'jyifzdk@ wm olw@kd u rjyifb;l vd@k ajymw,fayg/h od@k
rajymeJ@/ txdawmif rcHEidk b f ;l vd@k ajymw,f/ aomf usaemfuawmh ar#mv f ifch suf rukeaf o;
tckusawmh tajccHOya'udk jynfov l x l u k bl;As? 'DEikd if aH &; awG@qakH qG;aEG;yGJ awmif;qdk
twnfðy+y;D jzpfwt Jh wGuf xyfajymraeeJ@ a&G; r,f[ h mayg@Asm/ nDn! D w
G ! f w G ef @J awmif;qdk
aumufyGJudk pepfwus usif;yay;r,fvkd@ r,fq&kd if/ usaemfw@kd u zdEidk &f if wpHw k &maom
a=unmvdu k w f ,f/ Ekid if aH &;ygwaD wG tajccH enf; useaf o;w,fv@kd ,lqygw,f?
Oya'udk av;pm;vdu k ef m&r,f? &ifu h suw f o Jh l Ad k v f c sKyf o ef ; a&$ & J Π'D p um;[m
awGukd apmifah &Smufr,fqakd wmh/ oabmu tar&duef ay:vpDtopfeJ@ ywfoufr,f
awmh olw@kdu &ifu h suw f v Jh l r[kwb f ;l vd@k owf xifw,fAs/ tar&duefuvnf; awmif;qdx k m;
rSww f v Jh al wGu/kd a&G;aumufy+JG y;D &if tJ'aD umif wmayg/h 'Da&G;aumufyeJG @J ywfoufv@kd bmawG
awGuakd wmh ESrd yf pfrmS yJqw kd Jh oabmrsK;d jzpfae ygr,f/ 'Dru kd a&pD tiftm;pkawGe@J qufqaH &;
w,faemf/ tJ'D (2)csuu f xl;xl;jcm;jcm; jzpfae awGvnf; ygr,fqakd wmh 'gu&dk nf&, G +f yD; ol@
w,f? bufu tjywfajymwmvdk@ xifw,f/ tJ'D
a&&Snf tvm;tvmukd ar#mu f ;kd +yD; awmh b,favmufyJ tjywfajymajym Ekid if aH &;
awmh qifjcifwkHw&m; &SdwmwhJ/ olajymwhJ qdw k mu tjywfrjzpfEidk b f ;l / tajctaeay:
qifjcifwq kH wkd m rif;wd@k +idr+f idraf evd@k ajymwhJ rSmyJ rlwnfrSmudk;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf
[mrsK;d / a&G;aumufyJG tóudumvrSm ajymae uvnf; awmif;xm;wm&Sw d ,f? tar&duef
whJ tajccHral wG oljyifqif+yD;yg+yDv@kd ajymwm tpdk;&taeeJ@ [dkbufe,feJ@ ppfbufe,feJ@

24
 rSeu
f efwhJ OD;aqmifre+ ‹J vlxu
k kd OD;aqmif = etz 2010 ud±k u
kd cf sKd ;
qufqyH g? od@k aomf wcsed w f nf;rSmyJ usrwd@k e@J r&Sad wmhb;l As? tajccHOya' jyifvu kd &f if oifh
vnf; wkduf¶kdufxdawG@ qufqHr_vkyfygvdk@ wifw h Jh touf¶aª yguf od@k r[kwf a&SŒquf+yD;
ajymxm;wh[ J m &Sw d ,f? Adv k cf sKyfr;_ }u;D oef;a&$ awmh 'Dru kd a&pDo¾mefe@J ayg@Asm/ v$waf wmf
u b,fvydk aJ jymajym usaemfw@kd e@J ppftpd;k & xJavmufawmh ajymcGiq hf ckd iG &hf rdS ,f/ v$waf wmf
qufqaH &;u tck 'Dtar&duef ay:vpDuae xJ ajymcGiq hf ckd iG hf &S&d muae+y;D awmh vkyif ef;awG
+yD;awmh vrf;zGiahf y;Ekid v f rd @f r,fv@kd usaemfreS ;f vkyEf idk rf ,f? 'Dtwdik ;f om oGm;vd@k uawmh jyif
w,f? vd@k ukd r&Edik b f ;l ? bmtcGit hf a&;rSr&Sb d ;l / wdik ;f
ar;? ? tJ'2D 010 a&G;aumufyJG &if;om;bufuvnf; bmrSr&Sb d ;l / 'Dru dk a&pD
udk 0ifoifw h ,fv@dk ajymwhJ Ekid if aH &;orm;wcsKŒd tiftm;pkbufuvnf; bmrSr&Sb d ;l ?
&JΠt,lqudak &m b,fvjkd rifv?J tJ'aD wmh tqH;k tjzwfay;Ekid w f J h ae&m
ajz? ? 'Da&G;aumufyGJeJ@ ywf qdw k m v$waf wmfay:vmr,f/ v$waf wmfxJ
oufv@kd usaemfuawmh enf;enf; NLD eJ@ a&muf&if cifAsm;wd@k ajymcGiq hf ckd iG &hf rdS ,f/ [kwf
awmif rwlcsib f ;l aygAh sm? NLD udk 'Da&$*w kH ikd f w,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'v D dk ajymqdw k mu bmudk
a=unmpmwrf; txduawmh usaemfu vuf qH;k jzwfrmS vJqakd wmh bmrSr&Sb d ;l ? bmrSrvkyf
cHw,f/ tusO;f om;awG v$wzf @dk / tajccHOya' Ekid bf ;l / olw@kd &ŒJ Edik if aH &;oabmxm;awG ajym&J
ukd jyifz@dk / Ekid if w
H um uGyu f rJ y_ gwJh vGwv f yf vd@k pifjrifah y:u ajym&wmrSwyg; a&SŒudw k ;kd vd@k
w&m;r#wwhJ a&G;aumufyJG usi;f yzd@k / awG@qkH r&bl;As? tJ'ga=umifh a&G;aumufyJG r0ifpOf
aqG;aEG;zdk@ayg@? awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;uawmh umvrSm tajccHOya' jyifqifa&;udk awmif;
usaemfw@kd t"du awmif;qdck suaf yg?h =u&atmifv@dk usaemfuajymwm?
OD;oka0wd@k / wpnu OD;cifarmif}u;D (a&S@wygwfqufvufaz: jyoGm;ygrnf?)
wk@d ajymaeovdk (10)ESp/f (15)ESprf mS ajymif; u¾
Gef;
oGm;r,f/ olw@kd uawmh usaemfw@kd e@J rajymbJe@J um
w

usaemfw@kd ukd cse+f yD;awmh olw@kd uawmh a&G; “vrf;jyajryH&k ŒJ aemufq;kH tqif”h
aumufyu JG 0kd ifrmS ? tJ'aD wmh usaemfu a&G;
aumufyGJudk 0ifoifhw,fvdk@ ajymwhJoludk
vufrcHb;l / 0ifoifw h Jh taetxm;&Sad tmif
zefw;D =uyg? jyifv, G f ajymif;vG,w f Jh tajccH
Oya'jzpfatmif tckuwnf;u p+y;D awm@ 0dik ;f
+yD;awmh awmif;cH=u&atmifv@dk ajymwmyg?
a&G;aumufyu JG kd 0ifoifw h ,fv@kd
ajymwm usaemfoabmrwlb;l / a&SŒrSmbmrS

25
 a':atmifqef;pk-unf/ OD;wifOD;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm; csufcsif;v$wf?

*&dyikd f a&eHwifoabFm qdrk m;vD;,m; yifv,f"m;jyawG odr;f ydu

k f
qdrk m;vD;,m;urf;vGeef @J rdik f (700) eD;yg; tuGmrSm&Sw d hJ yifv,fxrJ mS oabFmom;
(28)a,mufygwhJ a&eHwif oabFmwpif;udk qkrd mvD yifv,f"m;jyawG odr;f ydu k x f m;ygw,f?
tdE, dN ork'&N mxJu qD;&SvJ pf f (Seychelles)u|e;f ta&SŒajrmufyikd ;f rSm *&dyikd rf m&efqefawm&yfpf
(Maran Centaurus) a&eHwifoabFmudk yifv,f"m;jyawG "m;jywdu k f odr;f ,lcw hJ ,fv@kd a&a=umif;
qdik &f m wm0ef&o dS al wGu ajymygw,f? a&eHpnfaygi;f (2˜000˜000)ausmq f w hH hJ 'DoabFm[m
ta&SŒtv,fyikd ;f uae tar&duefut kd oGm; "m;jywdu k cf &H wm jzpfygw,f? Ñ Ñ Ñ
tD&efrmS ,la&eD,H oefŒpifa&;puf¶kH (10)ck xyfaqmufzŒkd pDpOf
tD&efEidk if H eufwef@Zf (Natanz) òrŒd u EsLuvD;,m;oef@pifr_ vkyif ef;awG t"duvkyu f idk f
wJh puf¶aHk wGvrdk sK;d aemufxyf puf¶o Hk pf (10)ck aqmufz@dk tpDtpOf&w
dS ,fv@dk tD&eftpk;d &u
ajymqkv d u dk yf gw,f? puf¶o Hk pftwGuf ae&m (5)ae&mukd twnfðy a&G;cs,x f m;+yD; jzpfovkd
tD&efEidk if u
H t%kjrLpGr;f tif at*sipf u D v
dk nf; aemufxyfae&m (5)ae&m xyfraH &G;cs,zf @dk !$ef
=um;xm;w,fv@dk tpk;d &ykid o f wif;awGu azmfjy=uygw,f? ae&mopfawGuadk wmh wku d cf u
dk f
r_awGuae umuG,Ef idk af tmif awmifawG&&dS m t&yfrmS wnfaqmufrmS jzpf+y;D xda&mufwhJ vkòH cH
a&; tpDtrHawGe@J aqmufvyk o f mG ;rSm jzpfw,fv@dk tD&efEsLuvD;,m;qkid &f m t}u;D tuJ tvD
tufcb f mqmv[D (Ali Akbar Salehi) u ajymoGm;ygw,f? Ñ Ñ Ñ
crmeD acgif;aqmifa[mif; 'dGKuftay: aemufqHk; w&m;cGif -um;emr+ðyvkyfae
uarBm'D;,m;Edik if rH mS crmeDw@kd vufxufu trsK;d orD;/ trsK;d om;eJ@ uav;i,f
(15˜000)ausmu f kd n‡O;f yef;ESyd pf ufowfjzwfrr_ mS }u;D =uyfov l @kd pGypf cJG aH e&wJh crmeD tusO;f axmif
t}u;D tuJa[mif; Kaing Guek Eav (ac: ) 'GKd uf&ŒJ tr_ aemufq;kH ppfaq;=um;emr_awGukd pwif
aeyg+yD? ukvor*~ wnfaxmifxm;wJh zEGr;f yif (Phnom Penh) utxl;cH¶k ;kH rSmt+yD;owf =um;
emr_awGukd vkyrf mS jzpf+y;D a&SŒESprf mS pD&ifcsucf sEikd rf ,fv@kd cH¶k ;kH w&m;ol}u;D awGu cef@reS ;f =uygw,f?
uarBm'D;,m;rSm ao'%fr&Sw d t hJ wGuf 'GKd uftaeeJ@ tjrifq h ;kH jypf'%ftjzpf axmif'%fwouf
usc&H Edik yf gw,f? vGecf w hJ hJ tESpf (30)ausmu f (S-21)vd@k emrnfq;kd eJ@ ausm=f um;wJh Tuol Sleng
tusO;f pcef;xJu &ufpufwv hJ yk &f yfawG usL;vGew
f ,fv@kd pGypf cJG &H olawGxrJ mS 'GKd uf[m 'Dtjzpf
awG jzpfcw hJ ,fqwkd mudk wOD;wnf;aom todtrSwðf yol jzpfygw,f? Ñ Ñ Ñ

26
 tusOf;uscH wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; csufcsif;v$wf?
zdvpfyikd f awmifyikd ;f rSm vl (21)OD; jyefay;qJG owfjzwfc&H
a&SŒESpfarv ygwDpHktaxGaxGa&G;aumufyJGrSm zdvpfydkifEdkifiHawmifydkif; rif'gemtdk
(Mindanao) u|e;f ay:u r*Gi' f gemtdk (Maguindanao) jynfe,f tkycf sKyfa&;rª;avmif;tjzpf
0ifa&muf,OS òf ydirf ,fh Edik if aH &;orm;wOD;&JŒZeD; tygt0if vlaygi;f (31)a,mufukd òydib f uf
EdkifiHa&;orm;wOD;&JΠaoewform;awGu wevFmae@u zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;cJhygw,f?
zrf;qD;cH&olawGxu J tenf;qH;k (21)a,muf[m owfjzwfccH &hJ w,fv@kd tJ'jD ynfe,fppfwyfu
'k-Advk rf ;ª }uD; ¶drk ¶D kd ba&m(ef)em; (Lt² Colonel Romeo Brawner)u ajym=um;cJyh gw,f? towfcH
&olawGxrJ mS trsK;d orD; (13)a,muf yg0if+y;D tavmif; (21)avmif;udk ppfwyfu awGŒ&dcS &hJ mrSm
wcsKŒd tavmif;awG[m acgi;f jzwfcx H m;&w,fv@dk vnf; zdvpfyidk pf pfwyfu qkyd gw,f? Ñ Ñ Ñ
w¶kwaf usmufr;D aoG;rdik ;f aygufurJG + (40)ausmf ao
w¶kwEf ikd if H ta&SŒajrmufyikd ;f u ausmufr;D aoG;wGi;f wckrmS "mwfaiG@ayguu f rJG a_ =umifh
aoqH;k olta&twGu[ f m (42)a,mufxd &So d mG ;+yDjzpf+yD; tvkyo
f rm; (66)a,mufuawmh
ajratmufxrJ mS ydwrf ad eygw,f? Heilongjiang jynfe,fu Xin»ing owˆKwGi;f rSm ayguu f rJG j_ zpfwhJ
tcsed u f tvkyof rm; (500)ausmf tvkyv f yk af e=uw,fv@kd vkyif ef;cGif vHòk cHa&;qdik &f mXmeu
ajymygw,f? tvkyo f rm; (400) eD;yg; vGwaf jrmufc=hJ uwmyg? u,fq,fa&;vkyo f m;awGu
ydwrf ad ewJh tvkyo f rm;awGukd &Smae=uygw,f? w¶kwEf idk if u H ausmufr;D aoG;wGi;f awGrmS
vltaotaysmufrsm;wJh rawmfwqr_awG r=umc% jzpfavh&ydS gw,f? +yD;cJw h hJ ESpu f qd&k if
owÎKwGi;f tvkyo f rm; (3˜000)ausmf aoqH;k cJ&h w,fv@dk w&m;0ifxw k jf yefwhJ pm&if;Z,m;
awGt& od&ygw,f? aoqH;k olta&twGu[ f m 'Dx h ufyrkd sm;r,fv@kd apmih=f unfah vhvmwJt h zG@J
awGu ajym=uygw,f? Ñ Ñ Ñ
tif'ekd ;D &Sm; ul;wdŒk oabFm wdr;f arSmuf (25) OD; aoqH;k
tif'edk ;D &Sm;Edik if H qlrm;=wm; (Sumatra) u|e;f em;rSm ul;wd@k oabFmwpif; epfðryfomG ;vk@d
(25)a,mufxufrenf; aoqH;k +yD; (240)ausmu f kd u,fwifEidk cf w
hJ ,fv@kd tif'ekd ;D &Sm; o,f,yl @kd
aqmifa&; wm0ef&o dS al wGu ajymygw,f? touf&iS Ef ikd w f hJ c&D;onfawG u,fq,fa&;udk
aetvif;r&ciftxd em;xm;vdu k yf g+yD? oabFmay:rSm c&D;onf ta&twGuf b,favmuf
twdtus ygomG ;vJqw kd m roJuaJG o;ygb;l ? wcsKŒd owif;awGxrJ mS oabFmwifaqmifEikd w f hJ
c&D;onf (273)a,mufxuf c&D;onfawGukd yd+k yD;wifxm;w,fv@dk ajymygw,f? oabFmyg c&D;
onfpm&if;rSm (213)a,mufv@kd azmfjyw,fv@kd a&vrf;c&D;qdik &f m !$e=f um;a&;rª;csKyfu ajymyg
w,f? wu,fch &D;onf ta&twGuef @J c&D;onfpm&if; uGm[aer_u xifxif&mS ;&Sm; Oyrmay;
p&m Oya'csK;d azmufr_ jzpfw,fv@kd !$e=f um;a&;rª;csKyfu ajymoGm;ygw,f? Ñ Ñ Ñ

27
 ppftm%m&Sifpepf usqHk;a&;twGuf pnf;vHk;-u/ nD!Gwf-u/ xºuG-u?

xkid ;f Ekid if o
H m;wpfO;D towfc&H I e,fpyfjzwfausmfciG hf ydwyf ifxm;
Nmg, Nov 25,2009
xkdif;- jrefrme,fpyf wmhcfc¶kdif/ ,ckvkde,fpyfydwfyifjcif;rSm xkdif;
tkef;zefòrdŒe,f 0gaAG;xmh&GmwGifaexkdifonfh e,fjcm;apmifw h yf wm0ef&o dS rl sm;ESihf (DKBA)
xkid ;f &Gmom;wpfO;D towfc&H ojzifh e,fpyf tzJŒG wk@d ndE‡ idk ;f vkyaf qmifjcif;jzpf+y;D towfc&H
jzwfausmcf iG u hf dk xkid ;f tm%mydik zf ufu ydwyf if olEiS yhf wfoufI (DKBA)rS e,fajrcHwyfrLS ;
vku d w f mvd@k o&d ygw,f? wOD;u ,ckvjdk iif;qdv k ukd yf gw,f?
,if; xkid ;f Ekid if o H m;udk wk;d wufaom “usaemfw@dk qu D rowfb;l vk@d vnf;
u&ifA'k b < momwyfrawmf (DKBA)uowf twdtvif;ajym&Jw,f? aemuf+y;D awmhvnf;
jzwfvkdufonfhtwGuf e,fpyfjzwfausmfcGifh olw@dk (KNU)u owfw,fv@dk pyG pf cGJ &hJ if 'Dvu l
ydwfxm;jcif;jzpfonf[k u&iftrsKd;om; vnf;xkid ;f Ekid if rH mS (KNU) trmcHvv l nf; jzpf
tpnf;t¶H;k (KNU). e,fajrcHwyf rSL;wpfO;D aew,f? 'gayr,fh usaemfw@dk qu D awmh vH;k 0
u ,ckvdk pGypf aJG jymqdv k u kd yf gw,f? “(20) &uf owfwmr[kwfzl;? 'DrSm xkdif;e,fjcm;apmifh
nu olw@dk omG ;ac:wmyJ oGm;ac:+y;D awmhvrf; wyfuvnf; &Sad ew,fav?”towfc&H olrmS
rSmowfvkdufw,f? oGm;ac:wkef;u olwkd@ (KNU) wyfzŒGJ 0ifa[mif;wpfO;D jzpf+y;D xki d ;f Ekid if H
(&Gmom;)odw,fav? (DKBA) rSe;f odw,f om;vufrw S f ukid af qmifxm;um (KNU)tzJŒG
av? (DKBA) wu,faocsmw,f? tJ'aD wmh tpnf; tvkyu f rdk vky&f ef (DKBA)rS owd
xkid ;f u 'De,fpyfwav#mufudk ydwv f u
dk w
f m ay;cJbh ;l onf[k ‚if;uqufajymygw,f?
av?” e,fpyfjzwfausmcf iG t hf m; ,ckv (23) “wcsdefwkef;uvnf; usaemfwkd@
&ufae@u pwifydwfyifvkdufojzifh xkdif;- 'DaubDatuvnf; olŒukw d pfcg ppfaq;ar;
jrefrme,fpyfudk trSDðyoGm;vmae=uonfh jref;cJzh ;l ygw,f? olŒukd (KNU) tzJŒG tpnf;xJ
aumfq/J yvuf0/ a[mAG;D vmxmtmh/ a[m rSm vHk;0wm0efrxrf;aqmifwJhta=umif;
bk;d au;ponfah us;&Gmrsm;rS &Gmom;rsm;tcuf usaemfwkd@taeeJ@ opPma&aomuf+yD;awmh
tcJjzpfae=uonf[k ‚if;uqufajymygw,f? tJvrdk sK;d jyefvw G xf m;wmawmh&w dS ,f?”
,if ; ud p P E S i f h y wf o uf I a'ocH xkdif;-jrefrme,fpyfwav#mufY
&Gmom;wpfO;D u vlwpfO;D towf cH&onfrmS ,ckvkdjy\emrsKd; r=umcejzpfyGm;avh&Sd+yD;
rSeaf omfvnf; rnfoŒl vufcsurf eS ;f roda=umif; jy\emjzpfonfhtcgwkdif; xkdif;wm0ef&Sdol
ESihf e,fpyf tajctaeESihf ywfoufI “oGm;vk@d rsm;taeESihf e,fpyfyw d yf ifrr_ sm; ðyvkyaf vh&dS
vmvk@d r&bl;? tukev f ;Hk ydwx f m;w,f” [k onf[k ‚if;u &Si;f jyoGm;ygw,f?
ajymygw,f? ÑÑÑ

28
 xGuaf ygufurkd &SmbJ azmufxu G -f u ?
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csi;f rdik af e jrefrmtvkyo
f rm;rsm; tcrJh aq;ukocGi&hf
123456789012345678901234567890121234
Irrawaddy, Nov 26,2009
=opa=w;vs/ tar&duefEiS hf uk&d ;D ausmif;rSmvnf; jzpfw,f/ jrefrmq&m0efawG
,m;Ekid if rH S q&m0efrsm; tygt0if jrefrmEkid if rH S vnf; ygw,fqakd wmh tm;vH;k twGuf tqif
q&m0efrsm;u xkid ;f Ekid if H csi;f rdik òf rdŒ&Sd jrefrm ajywmayg”h [k xdik ;f Ekid if w H iG f ESpEf pS cf ef@ tvkyf
c&pf,mef bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;wausmif;wGif vkyaf eaom touf (28)t&G,f ucsit f rsKd ;
(2)&uf=um jrefrmtvkyo f rm;rsm;udk aq; orD;wOD;uvnf; ajymjyygw,f?
vma&muf ukoay;a=umif; od&ygw,f? ‚if;aq;ukor_tzJ@G onf csi;f rkid òf rdŒ
aq;ukor_rsm;udk eHeuf (8)em&DrmS rwkid cf if r,fqikd òf rdŒwGi&f adS om jrefrmtvkyf
nae (4)em&DtwGi;f ukoay;jcif;jzpf+yD; (1) orm;rsm;udkvnf; oGm;a&mufukoay;cJh+yD;
&uftwGi;f vlem(80)ausmu f kd tcrJh uko jzpfa=umif; od&ygw,f? xk@d jyif jrefrmtvkyf
ay;cJ&h a=umif; od&ygw,f? “usaemfw@kd u 'kuQ orm;trsm;tjym;aexkid af om xkid ;f - jrefrm
ta&mufq;kH vlawGukd ulnw D myg? tckusaemf e,fpyf rJaqmufòrŒd od@k oGm;a&mufuo k ay;&ef
wk@d =um;wmu 'Dxidk ;f Ekid if rH mS jrefrma&$@ajymif; &Sda=umif;vnf; txufygq&m0efu quf
tvkyo f rm;aygi;f av;oef;cef@&w dS ,f? aemuf ajymjyygw,f? “tjyifaq;cef;awGomG ;jy&if
+y;D olw@dk awGuvnf; trSew f u,f tultnD xdik ;f pum; aumif;aumif;rajymwwfawmhjzpf
vkt d yfaewJo h jl zpfaewJt h wGuf tckvdk vm aewJah &m*gukd xdxad &mufa&muf rajymEdik w f hJ
a&mufuo k ay;wmyg” [k trnfrazmfvo dk l twGuf tjyifaq;cef;awGudk oGm;&wm odyf
jrefrmq&m0efwOD;u ajymjyygw,f? vma&muf tqifrajybl;? aemufawmh vufrw S rf &Sad wmh
aq;ulor_ cH,o l tl rsm;pkrmS ESmpD;acsmif;qd;k ydu
k q f yH u
kd ek +f yD; yd'k u
k aQ &mufwmayg?h wcgomG ;
jcif;/ ta&jym;a&m*g/ wDbD/ oGm;ESifhcHwGif;/ jy&ifbwfo;kH &m/ av;&mtxufy?J 'Dawmh tck
rsupf Ed iS yhf wfoufaoma&m*grsm;jzpf+yD; 4ifw@dk vkd jrefrmq&m0efawGe@J tcrJv h ma&mufuo k
tm; ppfaq;ay;jcif;/ ukoay;jcif;rsm; ðyvkyf ay;awmh usaemfw@kd twGuf t&rf;aumif;yg
ay;a=umif;od&ygw,f? w,f”[k +caH pmifh tvkyo f rm;wOD;jzpfonfh ucsif
tck usruoGm;eJ@ rsufpdvmjyyg wkid ;f &if;om; udb k &efqidk ;f uajymygw,f?
w,f? “tjyifaq;cef;rSmoGm;jyzk@d ut&ifwek ;f ,ck Ekid if jH cm;q&m0eftzJ@G rS jrefrm
u bmvufrw S rf rS &Sb
d ;l av/ tckvufrw S &f jdS yef tvkyo f rm;rsm;udk aq;vma&mufuo k ay;
awmh oGm;zkd@tcsdefur&Sd jzpfaew,f? tck jcif;onf 'kw, d t}urd jf zpf+y;D / yxrt}urd rf mS
awmifrS cGiahf wmif;+yD;vm&wm? aemufawmh ud&k ;D ,m;Ekid if rH S q&m0ef;rsm;u (1)&ufwmvm
tcrJv h nf;jzpfw,f? usrwk@d omG ;aeus bk&m; a&muf ukoay;cJah =umif;od&ygw,f? Ñ Ñ Ñ
29
 a':atmifqef;pk-unf/ OD;wifOD;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm; csufcsif;v$wf?

rav;&Sm;wGif &ckid t
f vkyo
f rm;wpfO;D ESihf rGet
f vkyo
f rm;wpfO;D jyefay;qGcJ &H
Arm, Nov 28,2009
rav;&Sm;Edik if H yD;eHòrdŒwGif aqmuf ajymygw,f? jyefay;qGo
J rm;rsm;u &if;*pfaiG
vkyaf &;vkyif ef;Y tvkyv f yk af eaom ukn d n D D (1600)&aomfvnf; rauseyfao;ojzifh aemuf
ESihf uko d ed ;f aZmfw@dk ukd (26)&ufae@u wuUpD xyfaiG (1000) xyfawmif;onf[k‚if;u
orm;rS jyefay;qGo J mG ;cJah =umif; od&ygw,f? ajymjyygw,f? um;orm;rsm;rS aemufxyf
“udn k n D eD @J udo k ed ;f aZmf[m ylw;l pm &if;*pf (1000)awmif;&m udo k ed ;f aZmfEiS u hf nkd D
zmrSm&Sw d hJ udo k ed ;f aZmfw@kd tpfut kd rd u f kd uGmvm nDw@dk . oli,fcsi;f rsm;u &Jpcef;wGif wdu k cf suf
vefyl (ylw;l &m,mum;0if;ta0;ajy;*dw)f u zGichf &hJ m xdb k %feyH gwEf iS hf qufpyfonfh zke;f eH
ae nae (5)em&Dausmrf mS um;orm;udk &if; ygwjf zifh zke;f qufum jyefay;qGo J rm;rsm;tm;
*pf(10)eJ@ iSm;+y;D oGm;=uw,f? um;*dwef @J ylwm +cdr;f ajcmufajymqdo k jzifh (27) &ufae@ nae
pmudk (5)rdepfavmufyJ armif;&wmudk um; (7) em&Dcef@wiG f rnfonf@ae&mrSe;f rodaom
orm;u (2)em&Davmufywf+y;D armif;aew,f/ ae&mwpfckwGif jyefay;qGJcH&ol ESpfOD;tm;
um;orm;u vrf;rSm ol@vw l pfa,mufukd ac: twif;csxm;cJah =umif; od&ygw,f?
wifao;w,f/ rdk;csKyfvmawmh olwdk@ESpf udn k n
D eD @J udo k ed ;f aZmfw@kd EpS Of ;D tm;
a,mufu tdru f kd jyefy@kd ay;zdŒk ajymawmh jyefy@kd jyefay;qGo J mG ;aom oH;k xyfwu kd t f ay:xyfwiG f
ay;r,fqdk+yD; olwdk@tdrfudk ac:oGm;cJhw,f” zJupm;aeolrsm;/ aq;orm;rsm;(rl;,pfaq;
[k‚if;u ajymjyygw,f? udn k n D eD @J udo k ed ;f aZmf ok;H pGo J )l &S+d yD;/ ‚if;tzG@J onf ,ckuo hJ @kd ðyvkyf
wd@k ESpOf ;D xHrS wpfO;D ukd &if;*pf (1800) pD awmif; aeonfrmS =umae+yD;jzpf+yD; rav;&Sm;Edik if w H iG f
+y;D ray;Edik af oma=umifh ¶du k Ef u S +f y;D oli,fcsi;f vma&muf tvkyv f yk uf ikd af e=uaom jrefrm
rsm;xHrS zkef;quf+yD;awmif;cdkif;a=umif;udk a&G@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;rSm r=umc%jyef
ud0k if;aZmfu tckvakd jymjycJyh gw,f? “um; ay;qGcJ aH e&a=umif; uk0d if;aZmfu &Si;f jyygw,f?
orm;uawGu udknDnDeJ@ udkodef;aZmfudk jyefay;qGcJ &H aom ESpOf ;D pvH;k rSm ¶du k f
oli,fcsi;f awGqu D kd zke;f quf+y;D olw@kd &ŒJ b%f ESucf x H m;&aom '%f&mrsm;a=umifh pd;k &drpf &m
eHygwu f akd y;+yD; b%fxyJ u kd q f aH wG xnfch ikd ;f r&Sad omfvnf; ,ckxufxd tvkyrf vkyEf ikd f
w,f/ udo k ed ;f aZmftpfuu kd &if;*pf (600)/ udn k D ao;a=umif;/ udn k n D rD mS &cdik v f rl sKd ;wpfO;D jzpf+y;D /
nD&@J oli,fcsi;f u&if;*pf (1000)xnf@ay;vdu k f udo k ed ;f aZmfrmS rGev f rl sKd ;jzpf[o k &d ygw,f?
awmhrS olw@kd udk r¶du k Ef u S af wmhb;l ”[k ‚if;u ÑÑÑ

30
 tusOf;uscH wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; csufcsif;v$wf?

a':pkawGŒqHak &;urf;vSr;f csuf ppftpd;k &wkŒH jyefzŒdk tar&duefar#mfvifh

Voa, Nov 20,2009
jref r mh 'D r k d u a&pD a cgif ; aqmif rJv
h nf; jrefrmppftpd;k &bufuawmh tckcsed f
a':atmifqef;pk=unfu jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf xd wk@H jyeforH =um;&ao;ygb;l ?
tusK;d rsm;apr,fh udpaP wGe@J ywfoufv@dk ppf tar&duef Ekid if jH cm;a&; 0ef}uD;Xme
tpk;d &t}u;D tuJe@J awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;vkad =umif; ajymcGifh&ol tD,efu,fvD (Ian Kelley)u
r=umao;cifu urf;vSr;f vku d w f t hJ ay: tpk;d & trsK;d om;jyefvnfoihjf rwfa&;ukd OD;wnfap
bufu wk@H jyefoifah =umif; tar&dueftpd;k & r,fh awGŒqkaH qG;aEG;r_awG jzpfvmavrvm;
wm0ef&o dS al wGu ajymqkv d udk yf gw,f? 'Dvdk qk+d yD; ar#mv f ifrh ad =umif;/ owif;pm &Si;f vif;
awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;r_awG[m jrefrmhEkdifiHa&; yJt
G wGi;f ajymqkv d udk w f m jzpfygw,f? “Akv d cf sKyf
twGuf vrf;pwckjzpfEidk w f ,fv@dk ar#mv f ifrh d rª;}uD;qDukd a&;vkdufwJhpmeJ@ ywfoufvkd@
a=umif;vnf; tar&duef Ekid if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD; usaemfw@dk owdðyrdygw,f? 'g[m awGŒqkaH qG;
Xmeu ajymqkv d u dk w f myg? aEG;r_awGtwGuf vrf;pwckjzpf+y;D / ol jyefvnf
jrefrmhEkdifiHa&; udpP&yfawGeJ@ ywf vGwaf jrmufvma&;ukd OD;wnfomG ;zk@d uv dk nf;
oufv@dk vufwaGJ jz&Si;f vkw d mrk@d Akv d cf sKyfr;ª }u;D usaemfw@dk ar#mv f ifrh yd gw,f?”
oef;a&$eJ@ awGŒqkHcGifh&zkd@ txl;arwWm&yfcHyg ppftpkd;&tay: ydwfqkd@'%fcwf
w,fq+dk y;D a':atmifqef;pk=unfu r=umao; ta&;,lr_awGcsrSwfxm;wJh tar&duefjynf
cifwek ;f u urf;vSr;f vku d w f m[m trsK;d om; axmifpu k jrefrmEkid if q H idk &f m rl0g'awG ajymif;
jyefvnfoihjf rwfa&;twGuf vrf;pwck jzpfvm vJusio hf ;Hk +y;D wku
d ¶f u dk q f ufqrH a_ wG vkyaf qmif
avrvm; ar#mfvihfrdw,fqkd+yD; tar&duef oGm;r,fv@dk ajymqkt d +y;D jrefrmEkid if u H dk tar&d
Ekid if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD;Xmeu ajymqkv d u dk wf myg? uefvufaxmuf Ekid if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD; umhwf
ppftpk;d & t}u;D tuJudk &nf!e$ ;f +y;D urf;bJvf (Kurt Campbell) oGm;a&mufpOf
Ekd0ifbmv (11)&ufae@&ufpJGeJ@ vufrSwf awGŒqkHcGifhðywJhtwGuf ppftpkd;&ukd aus;Zl;
a&;xk;d ay;yk@d xm;wJph mu jrefrmEkid if t H ay: ydwf wifwhJ ta=umif;vnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unf
qk@d '%fcwfta&;,lra_ wG csrw S x f m;wmeJ@ u ol@&ŒJ pmxJrmS azmfjycJw h myg? 'Dvydk J ydwq f @dk
ywfoufv@dk aemufqufwGJ aqG;aEG;r_awG vkyf '%fcwfra_ wGe@J ywfoufv@dk ykrd o dk &d EdS idk af tmif
aqmifvw dk thJ a=umif; a':atmifqef;pk=unf taemufwidk ;f oHwrefawGe@J awGŒqkcH iG hf ðycJw h m
u azmfjyxm;wm jzpfygw,f? a':atmifqef; ukvd nf; tvm;wl oabmxm;rsK;d a':atmif
pk=unfbufu 'Dvu dk rf;vSr;f r_awG vkyx f m;ay qef;pk=unfuajymqkcd w hJ mjzpfygw,f?

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 tm%m±l;ppftpdk;&. &ufpuf,kwfrmr+rsm;tm; &J0HhpGmazmfxkwf-u?
tar&duef Ekid if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD;Xme ajymcGi&hf yk*Kd~ vfuawmh jrefrmEkid if rH mS Ekid if aH &;
tajymif;tvJawG xGuaf y:vmapzk@d jrefrmppftpk;d &eJ@ wku d ¶f udk q f ufqrH a_ wG pwifvyk af qmif
vmaewmjzpfayrJh ppftpk;d &bufu Ekid if aH &;tajymif;tvJawGvyk zf @dk qEN&w dS ,fqw dk mukd odom
jrifomwJh vky&f yfawGe@J jyozk@d vkad eao;w,fv@dk vnf; ajymqkcd w hJ myg?
“olw@dk taeeJ@ vrf;zGiahf y;zk@d qEN&adS =umif; jyozk@d twGuf vkyEf idk wf hJ ajcvSr;f awGxu J
wckuawmh Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;awGudk v$waf y;zk@d yg? tck tusO;f om;awGtm;vk;H (2˜000)
ausmaf vmuf &Sad eygw,f? txl;ojzifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk jyefvw $ af y;zk@d vnf; usaemf
wk@d u awmif;qkyd gw,f?”tar&duef Ekid if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD;Xme ajymcGi&hf ol tD,efu,fvD ajymjy
oGm;wm jzpfygw,fcifAsm? Ñ Ñ Ñ
tar&duefvufaxmuf Ekid if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD; umhwu f rf;bJvf (Kurt Campbell) jrefrmEdik if o
H Œkd
oGm;a&mufpOf a':atmifqef;pk-unftygt0if A[dkXmecsKyfrS wm0ef&dSolrsm;ESifh oGm;a&muf
awGŒqkHykHrsm;

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