ရန္သူႏွင့္စကားေျပာျခင္း (ဘာသာျပန္ ဂါမဏိ)

&efolESifh pum;ajymjcif;
rif'v
J m;
7efoe
l i
S hf pum;ajymjcif;
8grEd bmomjyefqo
dk nf/
1
e,f v f q if r if ' J v m;
Ò rl&if;pmtkyt
f rnf Ò
Long Walk to Freedom
Ò rl&if;pma&;ol Ò
Nelson Mandela
Ò bmomjyef Ò
*gr%d
ÒykEH ydS jf cif; Ò
yxrt}urd f
Ò tkyaf & Ò
500
Ò ykE H ydS &f ufpJG Ò
2005 ckEpS /f atmufwb dk mv
Ò rsuEf mS zk;H 'DZidk ;f ESihf twGi;f tjyiftqif Ò
atmifxuf
uGeyf sLwmpmpD Ò
Ò
apm'Dx;l / atmifxuf
Ò xkwaf 0§jzef@csd Ò
rr}uD;pmay
( jrefrmEkid if v
H wG v
f yfonfo h wif;at*sipf D )
P.O. Box 91
Mae Sot, Tak
61130
Thailand
Òwefz;dk Ò
bwf 100
2
rmwdum
Õ xkwaf 0ol. apwem pmrsuEf mS 4

Õ z'krd ef;&Smvzef;. trSmpm pmrsuEf mS 5
Õ a':pef;pef;. trSmpm pmrsuEf mS 7
Õ bmomjyefo@l pum; pmrsuEf mS 9
&efoEl iS hf pum;ajymjcif;
Õ tykid ;f 10/ &efoEl iS phf um;ajymjcif; pmrsuEf mS 10
Õ tykid ;f 11? vGwv f yfa&; pmrsuEf mS 76
Õ awmiftmz&duajrykH pmrsuEf mS 15
Õ "mwfyr
Hk sm; pmrsuEf mS 15 - 16
pmrsuEf mS 39 - 45
pmrsuEf mS 79 - 86
pmrsuEf mS 117 - 124
pmrsuEf mS 169
3
“xkwaf 0ol. apwem”

jrefrmEkid if v H w G vf yfonfh owif;at*sipf D (BINA) rr}uD;pmay.
yxrqkH;yGJOD;xGufajcvSrf;tjzpf q&m*gr%dbmomjyefqkdonfh “&efolESifh
pum;ajymjcif;” pmtkyu f dk xkwaf 0cGi&hf onfrmS orkid ;f a&;&mvkt d yfcsuwf &yf
ukd waxmifw h ae&mrS tkww f csy/f oJwyGit
hf jzpf jznfph uG cf iG &hf onf[k ,lq
vsuf rsm;pGm*k%, f 0l rf;ajrmufjcif;jzpf&onf?
rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh pum;ajymonfjzpfap/ &efolESifhpum;ajymonf
jzpfap t"du&nf&, G cf surf mS ,ae@umv jynfov l x l . k ar#mrf eS ;f csurf sm;ukd
jznfph u
G Ef idk af &; jzpfonf? Tpmtkyo f nf ,if;&nf&, G cf suaf tmifjrifapa&;
twGuf vkt d yfaeaom &yfwnfcsu/f tawG;tjrifEiS hf enf;emwk@d udk azmfxw k f
I jrefrmjynfvufawG@EiS hf uku d nf aD pa&;twGuf }u;D rm;pGm taxmuftulðy
onf[k ,k=H unfygonf?
oef;xGÉf
OuUÏ
( jrefrmEkid if v
H w
G v
f yfonfh owif;at*sipf D )
19 =o*kwvf / 2005?
4
trSmpm
rif'Jvm;. “&efolESifh pum;ajymjcif;” bmomjyefpmtkyfav;twGuf

trSmpma&;ay;&ef ukdoef;xGÉf tultnDawmif;vmonfhtcg usaemftaeESifh
0rf;ompGmjzifh vufccH yhJ gonf? tb,fa=umifq h adk omf Tpmtkyif ,fav;onf rsuf
arSmuf jrefrmjynf. jy\emukd ukid w f , G af jz&Si;f &mwGif wenf;r[kwf wenf;enf;ESihf
taxmuftul jzpfapEkid rf nf[k ,k=H unfaoma=umifjh zpfonf?
ANC acgi;f aqmif rif;'Jvm;aemufq;Hk t}ur d f tusO;f usccH &hJ onfh (1962)
ckEpS f umvonf xku d mv. pum;t& ta&SŒav. wku d cf wfrj_ yif;xefaeaom
umvjzpfonf? zufqpfqef@usiaf &;/ e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;/ trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&;/
tom;ta&mifcJGjcm;r_ qef@usifa&;wkdufyGJrsm; jyif;xefaecJhonf? xkdwkdufyGJ
ol&aJ umif;rsm;. tjzpftysuyf &Hk yd rf sm;onf xkad cwf vli,fEidk if aH &;orm;rsm;tay:
¶ku
d cf wfr_ }uD;rm;cJyh gonf?
'DrxD a&mh. “Ekid if aH &;tpD&ifcpH m”/ zl;csp. f “óu;pifay:urSww f rf;”/ ae¶l;.
“orD;xHay;pm”/ uwfpx¶k. d “w&m;¶k;H avsmufvcJ su”f rsm;ukd vli,fEidk if aH &;orm;rsm;
rsm;pGm pdw0f ifpm; avhvmcJ=h uonf? wcsed w f nf;wGif awmiftmz&durS tom;
ta&mifcGJjcm;qef@usifa&; wkdufyGJol&Jaumif;}uD; rif'Jvm;tay: wurBmvkH;u
tm¶kaH &mufc=hJ uonf?
rif'v J m;onf (62) ckEpS /f touf (44) ESpt f &G,w f iG f tusO;f usc&H +yD;/
touf (71) ESpw f iG f tusO;f axmifrS jyefvw G v f mcJo h nf? tusO;f axmifrS jyefvnf
vGwaf jrmufvmjcif;onf a&Smifwcifupd rP [kwaf cs? rif'v J m;uk, d wf idk .
f =uŒH ckid af om
pdw"f mwf/ =uH@ckid af om Ekid if aH &;&yfwnfcsu/f rdrrd t l ay: tvHrvJo S nfh &yfwnf
óu;yrf;r_/ ANC . vufeufuidk w f udk yf /JG awmiftmz&dvrl nf;vlx. k pnf;¶k;H wku d yf JG
0ifr/_ taemufEidk if . H zdtm;ay;r_ ponfta=umif;tcsurf sm;onf ta&;ygaom
ae&mwGif &Scd o hJ nf? awmiftmz&duwGif rif'v J m; vGwaf jrmufvmjcif; awG@qaHk qG;
aEG;a&;tjzpf ay:vmjcif;onf vljzLtpk;d &. tar#mt f jrif&rd S r_ S tpðycJjh cif; r[kwaf cs?
jynfwiG ;f jynfy jyif;xefaom zdtm;a=umifh jzpfonf? ANC . ravsmah om ZGo J wWEd iS hf
wku d yf rJG sm;/ jynfov l x l .
k ravsmah omZGo J wWEd iS hf wku d yf rJG sm;onf 'Duvyf vljzL
tpk;d &ukd pm;yGaJ y:ok@d wGe;f yk@d c&hJ mu tESpo f m&&So d nfh awG@qaHk qG;aEG;yGrJ sm; jzpfay:cJ&h mrS
Ekid if aH &;tajymif;tvJrsm;ukd vlx. k qENEiS t hf nD vkyaf qmifEidk cf =hJ uonf?
rif'v J m;ESihf ANC . óu;yrf;r_/ &yfwnfru _ =dkunfv h #if rif'v J m;u vufeuf
ukid af wmfveS af &;onf t=urf;zufrr_ [kwaf =umif;/ t=urf;zufro _ nf tm%m&Sif
5
tpk;d &wk@d . trltusio hf mjzpfa=umif; &Si;f vif;n¸ejf ycJo
h nf? 1990 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&D
(2) &ufae@wiG f vljzLtpk;d & orw'Duvyfu ygvrD eftpnf;ta0;wGif ANC, PAC,
SAC tygt0if rw&m;oif;a=unmxm;onft h zG@J (31) zG@J tay: rw&m;ydwyf ifr_
rsm;ukd ¶kyo f rd ;f jcif;/ Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;tm; axmifrsm;rSvw $ af y;jcif;/ ao'%f
ay;r_rsm;ukd qkid ;f xm;jcif;/ rw&m;trde@f tm%mrsm;ukd ¶kyo f rd ;f jcif; ðyvkyaf =umif;
a=unmcJhonf? awmiftmz&dujy\emukd aqG;aEG;ajz&Sif;&ef tcsdefa&muf
+y[ D vk nf; twdtvif;a=unmcJo h nf? TonfrmS awmiftmz&duwGif tðyoabm
aqmifonfh tvSnt hf ajymif;ok@d qku d af &mufjcif;jzpfonf? (7) &uft=um azazmf0g&D
v (9) &ufae@wGifrl 'Duvyfukd,fwkdif rif'Jvm;ESifh awG@qkHE_wfquf+yD;aemuf
aemufw&ufwiG f rif'v J m;ukd tusO;f axmifrS jyefvw $ rf nfjzpfa=umif; ajym=um;
vku d &f mu rif'v J m;vGwaf jrmufvm+yD; tðyoabmaqmifonfh Ekid if aH &;aqG;aEG;
yGrJ sm; wqif+h yD;wqifh jzpfay:vm+y;D aemufq;Hk taejzifh awmiftmz&duEkid if . H Ekid if aH &;
tajymif;tvJudk jzpfay:apcJah vonf?
rif'v J m;axmifrS vGwaf jrmufvmpOf ol.toufrmS (71) ESpf &S+d y;D jzpfonf?
axmifrv S w G af jrmufvm+yD;aemufwiG f ol. yxrqk;H aomrde@f ceG ;f (1990 azazmf0g&D
11&uf) wGif “cifAsm;wkd@&JŒravsmhwrf; pGef@vGwfr_awGeJ@ ol&Jaumif;yDo tepfemcHr_
awGu usaemfu h dk 'Dae&m a&mufvmapwmjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifrh @dk usaemfh b0woufwm&JŒ
ºuGif;useaf eao;wJh ESpu J yfygw,f”[k ajym=um;cJah om
f mvawGudk cifAsm;wk@d vufxt
pum;rsm;onf awmiftmz&dujynfolrsm;ukdomru urBmhjynfolrsm;ukdvnf;
}uD;pGm¶ku
d cf wfapcJo h nf?
,cktcg jrefrmjynf&dS vlrsK;d aygi;f pkrH sm;. tm%m&Si}f uD;pk;d r_ zsuo f rd ;f
ypfa&;/ vlrsK;d }u;D 0g'}u;D pk;d r_ zsuo
f rd ;f a&;wku
d yf }JGu;D onf tvGet f a&;}u;D onft h ykid ;f ok@d
qkud af &mufvm+yD;jzpfonf? TtajctaewGif rif;'Jvm;ukv d nf;aumif;/ ANC ESihf
tjcm;awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ukdvnf;aumif;/ tmz&dujynfolrsm;ukd
vnf;aumif;/ avhvmtwk,o l iho f nfh tcsurf sm;pGm&Syd gonf? wzufrmS vnf;
etzppftm%m&Sifrsm;taejzifh *k%o f u
d mQ &So d nfxh uG v
f rf;ukd a&G;cs,rf nfqydk gu
'Duvyftpk;d &. &J&ifah om tðyoabmajcvSr;f rsm;ukd avhvmtwk,&l efvrdk nf
jzpfonf? xk@d a=umifh Tbmomjyefpmtkyaf v;onf aumif;usK;d ðyvko d rl sm;twGuf
wenf;r[kwf wenf;enf;ESihf taxmuftulðyapEkid yf ga=umif; azmfjyvku d &f ygonf?
ref;&Smvm;zef; (19/ 3/ 2005)

(autJef,ltaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;)
6
trSmpm
rif'v J m;ukd usrpdwt f 0ifpm;qk;H tcsuu f axmifxrJ mS (27) ESpf aeEkid f
wJh tcsuyf ?J usr axmifxrJ mS (4) ESpcf ef@aecJw h ek ;f u wae@wae@udk &Sn&f n S vf sm;
vsm; jzwfausmcf w hJ ,f? ynmr&/ pmra&;Ekid /f pmrzwfEidk b f J tcef;usO;f av;xJrmS
tv[\tcsed ðf zef;cJ&h w,f? tcsed af wGudk &ufawGvawGu pm;pm;+y;D ðzef;ypfae&
w,f? jyefr&wJt h csed af wG wae@vw G rf mS yJqw kd hJ ar#mrf eS ;f csuu f usrwk@d udk cGet f m;
awGay;cJw h ,f? touf&iS af pcJw h ,f?
rif'v J m;u 'Dvt dk csed af wGudk pma&;w,f? pmzwfEidk w f ,f? tcsi;f csi;f
aqG;aEG;Ekid w f ,f? tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;r_a=umifh jzpfay:vm&wJt h usK;d qufawG
yaysmufz@dk vGwv f yf+idr;f csr;f wJh vlrnf;urBmwnfaqmufz@dk b,fvódk u;yrf;&r,f
qkw
d hJ tawG;uGe, f ufudk jzef@usuEf idk w f t hJ cGit hf a&;ukd ol&&Scd w hJ mu usrwk@d xuf
omw,f?
axmif0g'gawGe@J o@l qufqaH &;rSmvnf; ol[m Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmiftjzpf
av;av;pm;pm;qufqcH cH &hJ w,f?
tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;r_qef@usiaf &; v_y&f mS ;r_acgi;f aqmifjzpfwhJ rif'v J m;ESihf
axmiftkyfcsKyfolrsm;tm; av;pm;pGmqufqHcH&oljzpfw,f? olaxmiftwGif;
tusO;f uspOfu a&;om;cJw h phJ mrsm;udv k nf; aemifwcsed rf mS 0g'gawGu jyefay;wJh
twGuf ol@&ŒJ ar#mv f ifch suuf dk uk, d pf m;ðywJ/h tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;wwfwhJ tm%m&Sif
awG&ŒJ zdEydS rf u_ dk rSww f rf;wifapwJ/h ol&ŒJ pmrsm;ukd usrwk@d zwf±a_ vhvmcGi&hf =uyg
w,f?
ol&ŒJ &efoal wmfawG/ ol@ut dk usO;f usapwJh tm%mykid af wGtay: ol[m
arwWm rysufbl;? ol&JŒpdwf&Snfr_/ cHEkdif&nf&Sdr_/ acgif;aqmifyDowJh t&nf
tcsi;f &Srd a_ wGu tm%mykid af wG&ŒJ oabmxm;ukd ajymif;apEkid w f ,f? ol@&ŒJ axmif
oufwrf;rSm wae&mu wae&mukd ajymif;a&$Œay;wJah e&mrSm taumif;buf
ukad &G;ay;w,f? aemufq;Hk rSm ol@&ŒJ awmif;qkcd sut f wkid ;f tm%mykid af wGu vku d f
avsm=uw,f? orwbko d meJ@vnf; awG@ciG &hf w,f? ol[m ole@J awG@r,fh twku d f
tcH&ŒJ ta=umif;ukad vhvm+y;D rS aygah ygyh g;yg;,Ofaus;r_ta=umif;/ zwfc&hJ wJph mtkyf
ta=umif;awGaqG;aEG;+yD; wif;rm;r_avsmyh g;csed =f urS olvcdk siw f hJ Ekid if aH &;orm;awG
¹cif;csurf &Sv d w$ af y;zk@d ajymcJw h ,f? rvku d af vsmEkid af yrJh wOD;ESiw hf OD; av;pm;=u
w,fv@dk ,lq&r,f?
rif'v J m;&JŒ t=urf;rzufa&;/ aphpyfaqG;aEG;+yD; +idr;f csr;f pGmtajz&Smzk@d
7
qkw d hJ ol&ŒJ &yfwnfcsurf [ l m a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ rltwkid ;f jzpf+yD; 'D t=urf;

rzufra_ =umifh Ekid if w H umu tav;xm;ulnrD ,fv@dk qw dk ,f?
aemufq;Hk aphpyfaqG;aEG;zk@d urf;vSr;f vmwm atmifjrifru _ dk &&Scd w
hJ ,f?
'Dae&m aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;pm;yG0J idk ;f ukd a&mufatmifóu;yrf;r_awG wajz;ajz;eJ@
txGËt f xdyyf idk ;f a&mufvmykaH wG[m 'Drif'v J m;&JŒ “vGwv f yfa&;ok@dc&D;&Sn”f pmtky&f ŒJ
qGaJ qmifrt _ &Sq d ;Hk tykid ;f awGygb?J
aqG;aEG;yG&J ŒJ wzufval wGuvnf; aqG;aEG;n‡Ed id_ ;f r_tay:rSm ,k=H unfcsuf
&Sad evmayr,fv h nf; etz&JŒrodusK;d u|rH 0l g' raumif;usK;d ukd trsm;}uD;azmf!e$ ;f
aeygw,f?
1993 ckEpS f rif'v J m;[m +ird ;f csr;f a&;EkAd ,fqu
k dk ol@&ŒJ aqG;aEG;yGwJ zufu
yk*K~ v
d jf zpfwhJ rpPwm'Duvyfe@J twl wG&J cJyh gw,f? rwlujJG ym;wJh (2) OD; +idr;f csr;f pGm
twl,OS w f +JG y;D &cJwh hJ 'Dqu k , kd &l if; olu rpPwm'Duvyfudk “tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;a&;
pepfukd csrSwfjcif;tm;jzifh wkdif;jynfeJ@jynfolvlxktay: qkd;qkd;0g;0g; trSm;}uD; usL;
vGefcJhrd+yDqkdwmukd 0efcHzkd@ ol[m owWd&SdcJhw,f? jynfolawGtm;vkH;[m aphpyfaqG;aEG;
r_awGuwqifh wef;wlaqG;aEG;zufawGtjzpfeJ@ rdrdwkd@tem*wfukd rdrdwkd@ b,fvkdvkyf
csio
f vJqw dk m twlwuG qk;H jzwfjyÏmef;a&;ukd em;vnfoabmayguw f hJ tajrmftjrif
ol@rSm&Sdw,f” vk@d cs;D usL;*k%ðf ycJw
h ,f?
rpPwmrif'v J m;u “&efoleJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfzkd@twGuf tJ'D&efoleJ@ twl
tvkyfvkyf&rnf? tJ'D&efol[m ukd,fhtazmfjzpfvmaprnf” vk@d axmufjycJw h ,f?
'g[m jrefrmEkid if u
H vlxtk ay:rSm +idr;f csr;f apcsiw f /hJ om,m0ajymap
csiwf ahJ pwemom etzrSm&Scd &hJ if/ etzeJ@tvkyt f wlwv JG yk zf @dk / 'Drudk a&pDbufawmf
om;awGudk vkðH crH a_ y;r,ft h azmf rvGrJ aoGjzpfvm&rSmygv@dk pOf;pm;rd&if; 'Dru dk a&pD
&r,fh t&dyt f a&mifav; ay:xGe;f vmygapvk@d qkawmif;+y;D 'Dpmtkyu f dk txyfxyf
tcgcgzwfyg? olrsm;ukd iSm;&if jyefay;rSmr[kwv f @dk wtkyaf vmufvufaqmifay;
vkud yf gv@dk wkud w
f eG ;f ygw,f?
a':pef;pef;
( qdyu
f rf;òr@e,f jynfo@l vw
$ af wmfu,
dk pf m;vS,)f
8
Ò bmomjyefo@l pum; Ò
e,fvq f ifrif'v J m;[m 1962 ck/ =o*kwv f (5) &ufae@rmS

awmiftmz&duvljzLtpd;k &&JŒ wwd,t}udraf jrmuf zrf;qD;r_ukd
cH&ygw,f? 'g[m ol@b0rSm aemufq;kH t}urd f tzrf;cH&wmvnf;jzpf
w,f? 'Dwcg tzrf;cH&wJt h cg axmif'%fwouf jypf'%fcsrw S cf &H +y;D
tJ'uD pvd@k umvwdt k csed yf ikd ;f wcsKŒd uvG&J if a&mfbifu|e;f tusO;f
pcef;rSmyJ tusO;f usccH &hJ w,f? 1982 ck/ rwfv (31) &ufrmS awmh
wjcm; Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;oH;k OD;eJ@twl a&mfbifu|e;f tusO;f pcef;
uae jynfrrSm&Sw d hJ yd;k vfprd;k tusO;f axmifukd ajymif;a&$ŒcJ&h w,f?
rif'v J m;&JŒ ud, k w
f ikd af &;txWKy`wdW tydik ;f (10) [m yd;k vfprd;k
tusO;f axmifukd pa&mufwmuae pwifxm;w,f? 'Daqmif;yg;rSm
rif'vJ m;ud, k wf ikd af &;txWKy`wWd “vGwv f yfa&;od@k c&D;&Sn”f pmtkyf
(LONG WALK TO FREEDOM) &JŒ aemufq;kH ESpcf ef;jzpfwhJ tydik ;f
(10) “&efoel @J pum;ajymjcif;” eJ@ tydik ;f (11) “vGwv f yfa&;” wd@k ukd
tjynft h pHk bmomjyefxm;ygw,f?
'Dpmtkyfzwf+yD;&if &efol/ EdkifiHwum'%fcwfta&;,lr_/
vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;/ t=urf;zufr/_ Edik if aH &;tHwrk /_ vlxw k u dk yf /JG
[pfwikd /f uGejf rLepfygw/D 'dik , f mavmh/ pm;yG0J ikd ;f wdu k yf /JG ESpyf iG @f qdik -f
oHk;yGifhqdkif/ trsKd;om;nDvmcH pwJh t,ltqrsm;eJ@ywfouf+yD;
tjrif&iS ;f oGm;r,fv@kd ar#mv f ifyh gw,f?
*gr%d
9
&efolESifhpum;ajymjcif;
rif'v
J m;
tydik ;f 10? &efoel @J pum;ajymjcif;
87
yd;k vfprd;k tqifjh rifv h ðkH cHa&;tusO;f axmif[m udyaf wmif;òrdŒ ta&SŒawmifbuf
rdik t
f enf;i,ftuGmrSm&Sw d /hJ wdu k ikd vf @kd ac:wJh vljzLqifajczH;k &yfuu G &f ŒJ tpGerf mS wnf
&Sdw,f? 'D&yfuGuf[m ºuG,f0csrf;omwJh vljzLawGaexdkif&mjzpf+yD; jrufcif;pdrf;pdrf;
jc0H if;awGe@J oyf&yfwt hJ rd af wG&w dS ,f? tusO;f axmifu, kd Yf uvnf; udyu f |e;f qG,t f il&ŒJ
xl;xl;jcm;jcm;vSywJh ±_ar#mcf if;tv,frmS &Sad ew,f? ajrmufzufu uGepf wef&b S *fawmif
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yd;k vfprd;k &JŒ jrifrh m;vSwhJ uGeu f &pfww H ikd ;f awGaemufa&mufaewJh usaemfw@kd twGuaf wmh
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yd;k vfprd;k [m acwfqefwhJ tjyifyef;o¾mef&adS yrJh twGi;f ESv;kH om;uawmh
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taqmufttHak wGuawmh a&S;usa[mif;EGr;f +yD; npfywfvw S ,f? usaemfw@kd uvG&J if
yd;k vfprd;k rSm&Sw d hJ tusO;f om;tm;vH;k [m ±d;k ±d;k &mZ0wftusO;f om;awGjzpf+y;D olw@kd tay:
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tusO;f om;awGe@J oD;jcm;xm;w,f? qufqyH v kH nf;uGmjcm;w,f?
usaemfw@kd [m aemufwae@reufusrmS yJ ud, k yhf wf0ef;usit f aetxm;awGukd
aoaocsmcsmod&w,f? usaemfwdk@av;a,mufudk axmif&JŒxdyfqHk;xyf tqifhjrifh
txl;wdkufcef;rSm ae&mcsxm;wm jzpfw,f? tJ'g[m av;xyftaqmufttHk&JŒ
tay:qH;k xyfu tawmfus,0f ef;wJh tcef;wcef;jzpfw,f? av;xyf (tay:qH;k xyf)
wxyfv;kH rSm tusO;f om;qdv k @kd usaemfw@kd av;a,mufy&J w dS ,f? yifrtcef;}uD;[m
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10
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av;awGcif;tdycf &hJ wJv h al wGtwGuf }uD;us,v f w S phJ nf;pdrjf zpfygw,f? a&mfbifu|e;f eJ@
,SOv f ukd &f ifawmh usaemfw@kd [m =u,fig;yGiahf [mfw,fwckrmS a&mufaeovdyk gy?J
tJ'gtjyif usaemfw@kd rmS (L) yHpk H av[mjyiftrd;k zGiu hf iG ;f wck oD;oef@&adS o;w,f?
tJ'u D iG ;f [m abmvH;k uGi;f w0ufavmufus,+f yD; ae@bufrmS usaemfw@kd oGm;vm
v_y&f mS ;zd@k zGiahf y;xm;w,f? tJ'u D iG ;f udk (12) ay tjrif&h w dS hJ tjzLa&mifueG u f &pfe&H aH wG
umxm;vd@k usaemfw@kd [m rd;k aumif;uifyaJ wG@&w,f? a'giw hf a'girhf mS awmh qifrsuf
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xdyzf sm;av;udk a&cJarsmwH;k }uD;eJ@ww l /hJ usew f u hJ rBm}uD;&JŒtzsm;av;tjzpf usaemf
wcgwavpOf;pm;rdw,f?
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[m bmrSe;f rodwhJ ±kww f &uftajymif;tvJawG/ v_y&f mS ;r_awGukd &ifqikd zf @kd toifjh yif
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r&Sdygbl;? tck usaemfwdk@[m jynfrrSma&mufaeayrJh t&ifxufydk+yD; txD;usef
aeovdck pH m;&w,f? usaemfw@kd twGuf wu|e;f [m wdu k yf &JG ŒJ tcsut f csmae&m jzpfvm
cJhw,f? usaemfwdk@[m tcsif;csif;tjyeftvSeftm;ay;=u+yD; axmifajymif;p
&ufowWywfawGrmS usaemfw h @dk bma=umift h ajymif;cH&ovJqw kd mudk cef@reS ;f wGuf
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apmapmydik ;f uwnf;u tm%mydik af wG rauseyf=u/ pd;k &dr=f uwm usaemfw@kd ocd w hJ ,f?
'gayrJh axmifajymif;&wJhta=umif;&if;u r[mAsL[mydkif;t& ydk+yD;jzpfyHk&w,f?
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ydik ;f awG z,f&mS ;ypfjcif;tm;jzifh attifpu D kd acgi;f jzwfz@kd óud;pm;wmvd@k usaemfw@kd ,q l
=uw,f? a&mfbifu|e;f ud, k Yf u a&&Snw f nfwahH ewJh wdu k yf aJG rmfueG ;f wckjzpfvmae+yD;
tm%mydik af wG[m usaemfw@kd uakd &$Œypfjcif;tm;jzifh a&mfbifu|e;f &JŒta&;ygwo hJ auFw
vuQ%mudk yaysmufoGm;apcsifw,f? a0gvfwm/ a&;rGefeJ@usaemf[m tqifhjrifh
acgi;f aqmiftzG@J 0ifawG jzpf=uw,f? 'gayrJh tHacsmaf ewmwckuawmh ¡ta&$ŒcH&wJh
txJrSm¢ trfvef*ifeDygaewmjzpfw,f? tif'±l;trfvef*ifeD[m tqifhjrifh
acgif;aqmiftzGJ@0ifvnf;r[kwf/ wu|ef;acgif;aqmifydkif;&JŒ a&SŒwef;rSmygwmvnf;
r[kwfyg? 'gayrJh tm%mydkifawG[m 'gudkrodwmvnf;jzpfEdkifw,fvdk@ usaemfwdk@
,lq=uw,f? tzG@J tpnf;ta=umif; olw@kd axmufvrS ;f &&Sx d m;wJo h wif;awG[m
trsm;tm;jzifh rwdrus rrSeu f efwmawGjzpfw,f?
11
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cJw
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qufo, G af &;wm0efcjH zpf+y;D olvyk af y;cJv h @kd usaemfw@kd [m vli,ftusO;f om;opfawGe@J
qufo, G Ef ikd cf w
hJ mjzpfw,f?
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yufx&pfrmulbv D m;jzpf+y;D vli,fa&SŒaewa,muf/ ta&SŒydik ;f udyjf ynfe,fu attifpD
tzG@J 0ifwa,mufjzpfw,f? ol[m *&pfzpftrfZif*v D ufatmufrmS tvkyo f ifa&SŒae
vkycf zhJ ;l w,f? trfZif*[ D m tifrwefuakd v;pm;cH&wJh a&SŒaewa,mufjzpfum xdr;f odr;f cH
attifpt D zG@J 0ifawGtrsm;tjym;twGuf a&SŒaevdu k af y;cJzh ;l +yD; rESpu f 'gbefòrdŒem;rSm
vky=f uo H wfjzwfccH &hJ w,f? rmulbv D m;[m Edik if aH wmfopPmazmufre_ @J axmif'%ftESpf
(20) csc&H +yD; *sK[ d efepPb*fòrdŒ 'D,ufyu f vl@zt f usO;f axmifuae yd;k vfprd;k axmifukd
ajymif;cH&wmjzpfw,f? 'D,ufyu f vl@zaf xmifrmS ol[m tusO;f om;awGukd pnf;±H;k &mrSm
tifrwefwufºuG v_y&f mS ;Edik cf w hJ ,f?
yxrawmh usaemfw@kd [m 'Dvo l pfa&mufvmwmeJ@ywfouf+yD; oHo,&Scd =hJ u
w,f? tm%mydik af wGu vHðk caH &;twGuf jrK‡ yfoiG ;f xm;wmrsm;jzpfrvm;vd@k pOf;pm;rd=u
w,f? 'gayrJh odyfr=umcifrSmyJ 'Dvdkr[kwfbl;qdkwmawG@cJhw,f? yufx&pf[m
xufjruf+y;D cifrifp&maumif;wJ/h cH,cl sucf ikd rf mwufºuo G w l a,mufjzpf+y;D usaemfw@kd e@J
tifrweftwGrJ o d mG ;w,f? ud, k t hf usiphf ±du
k ef @J u, kd f t±d;k pGaJ ewJ/h +y;D cJw
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vG,v f rS mS r[kwyf gb;l ?
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usaemfw@kd [m owif;pmeJ@r*~Zif;awG tawmfav;pHpk zkH wfciG &hf +yD; t&ifuydwyf ifc&H wJh
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awmif&w,f? tJ'g[m usaemfw@kd twGuf ydu k s,jf yef@wuhJ rBm}u;D ud=k unfzh @kd jywif;ayguf
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12
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tpDtpOfukd zrf;vd@k r&yg? usaemfw@kd ukd 0g'gawGxrif;pm;csed f ae@cif; (12) em&DrS (2)
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tvkyv f yk &f r,fqw kd mrsK;d awmif r&Syd gb;l ? usaemf[m tcef;}u;D em;u tcef;av;wckukd
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ae@bufqkd usaemf pma&;pmzwfvyk Ef ikd cf w hJ ,f?
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avhusichf ef;awG vkycf w hJ ,f? 'gayrJh ckawmh avhusichf ef;tm;&yg;&vkyzf @kd ae&mus,f
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f ,f? usaemh&f aJ bmfawG
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0ifpmawG@&wJah e&m[m a&mfbifu|e;f wke;f uae&mxuf trsm;}uD;ydak umif;+yD; acwfrDS
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xm;vd@k wa,mufuw kd a,muf cg;txufyikd ;f jrifEikd +f yD; ydt k qifjh rifw h rhJ u
kd uf ±dzk ek ;f awG
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rsK;d awG[m pdwo f ufom&m&apygw,f?
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*srd ;f pf*&uf*&D jzpfw,f? ol[m a&mfbifu|e;f wke;f u ¡pmay;pm,l¢ qifqmorm;
wa,mufjzpfw,f? usaemf ol@uakd umif;aumif;rodyg? 'gayrJh oluawmh usaemfw@kd &ŒJ
pmt0iftxGuaf wG ppfaq;&wJw h m0ef&adS wmh usaemfw@kd uakd umif;aumif;odaeygw,f?
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pm&if ESpv f zkd , G &f mjzpfwmawG@&w,f? ol[m t&nftcsi;f &S+d y;D pum;at;at;aq;aq;
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13
vd@k ajymwwfw,f?
orRmusr;f pmrSmajymxm;wmu O,smOfawG[m O,smOfr;ª awG&ŒJ t&ifay:w,f

vd@k qdx k m;ayrJh yd;k vfprd;k rSmawmh tJovdrk [kwcf b hJ ;l ? yd;k vfprd;k rSm usaemf[m O,smOf
wck ðypkysK;d axmifc&hJ mrSm tJ'g[m usaemf&h ŒJ taysmaf rG@q;kH pdwaf jz&mwckjzpfvmcJw h ,f?
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tJ'OD ,smOfvyk cf iG v hf nf; awmif;cH&&Scd w hJ ,f? (44) *gvq H hH qDyyD gcHG (16) vH;k udk ESpjf crf;pD
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wpdu k af qmif&u G af y;w,f? 'gayrJv h nf; wcgw&H jy\emav;awG[m xde;f rEdik f odr;f r&
}uD;rm;aygufuGJvmwwfw,f? 1983 ckESpfrSm 0ifeDeJ@ ¡orD;¢ ZifZD axmif0ifpm
vmawG@wek ;f usaemfu axmifuxkwaf y;wJh ¶SL;zdeyfawG qdu k if ,faewJt h wGuf zdeyf
ayguaf ew,fv@kd ZeD;onfuakd jymvdu k rf ad wmh 0ife[ D m pd;k &dryf yl efomG ;cJw h ,f? odyrf =umcif
usaemfhajcacsmif;wacsmif; jzwfvdkuf&w,fqdk+yD; owif;pmawGxJygvmw,fvdk@
od&w,f? qufo, G af &;tcuftcJa=umifh axmifxu J owif;[m tjyifavmurSm
r=umc%um;csŒJ oGm;wwfw,f? tu,fIom usaemf[m ZeD;onfqzD ek ;f quf+yD;
usaemfah jcaxmuf aumif;wJt h a=umif;avmufukd ajymjyEdik cf &hJ if tJovdt k ±_yt f &Si;f
awG ay:vmrSmr[kwyf gb;l ? odyrf =umcifrmS [,fvifpw ·
G Zf rif; axmif0ifpmvmawG@ciG hf
&+yD; usaemfah jcacsmif;ta=umif;ar;w,f? taumif;qH;k tajzuawmh vufawG@jywm
yJv@kd usaemfpOf;pm;+yD; ajctdwcf |w/f ajcaxmufawGukd rSejf yLwif;a&mufatmifajr‡muf
+yD; ajcacsmif;awGvy_ jf yvdu k w f ,f?
usaemfw@kd wu kd cf ef;&JŒpdx
k ikd ;f r_ukd usaemfw@kd rausreyfwikd =f um;cJ=h uw,f? 'Dpx kd ikd ;f r_
a=umifh usaemfw@kd r=umr=umtat;rdwwfw,f? aemufyikd ;f usawmh awmiftmz&du
owif;pmawGxrJ mS usaemfw@kd wu kd cf ef;xJ a&awGv#aH ew,fv@kd a&;=uwJt h a=umif;
usaemfowif;=um;&w,f? usaemfw@kd [m wjcm;tusO;f om;awGe@J xdawG@qufo, G cf iG hf
&zd@k vnf; awmif;qdck w hJ ,f? aemuf+y;D usaemfw@kd t+ryJ n l yH n l v H yk af ewJh tajccHrauseyf
csuu f v kd nf; a,bk,stm;jzifh wdik w f ef;awmif;qdck =hJ uw,f? tJ'guawmh usaemfw@kd ukd
Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awGtjzpf todtrSwðf yqufqaH &;jzpfygw,f?
1984 ck/ arvrSmawmh tqifrajyr_awGtm;vH;k uae ajzodrphf &mwpHw k &m&cJh
w,f? óudwifcsed ;f qdx k m;wJt h wdik ;f 0ife/D ZifeeD @J Zife@D ti,fq;kH orD;wd@k axmif0ifpm
vmawG@wt hJ cg usaemfu h kd t&mcHAv kd *f &uf*&Du cgwikd ;f axmif0ifpmawG@aeusae&mudk
ac:oGm;r,ft h pm; oD;jcm;tcef;wcef;xJoiG ;f vdu k w f ,f? tJ't D cef;xJrmS pm;yGiJ ,fav;
wvH;k yJ&+dS yD; bmtumt&HrS jcm;xm;wmr&Syd g? tm%mydik af wG[m tajymif;tvJwck
vkyv f u kd w f ,fv@kd olu usaemfu h kd tvGew f &mat;aq;pGmajymjyw,f? tJ'aD e@[m
aemifrSm ‘xdawG@’ axmif0ifpmvd@k ac:wJh axmif0ifpmawG@ra_ wG&ŒJ tpjzpfygw,f?
'Daemuf *&uf*&D[m tcef;jyifxu G of mG ;+y;D usaemfZh eD;eJ@orD;udo k mG ;awG@w,f?
0ifeeD @J EpS Of ;D csi;f pum;ajymzd@k cGiahf wmif;w,f? *&uf*&Du 0ife@D uo kd ;D oef@ac:wJt h cg
0ifeu D usaemfaeraumif;vd@k rsm;vm;xif+y;D wu,fu h vkd ef@omG ;w,f? 'gayrJh *&uf*&Du
olrudk wHcg;ayguu f ac:oGi;f vmawmh usaemfw@kd EpS af ,mufv;kH ud, k uhf , kd uf kd rodvu kd bf J
·oabmxm;aysmah jymif;wJh wd;k wufa&;ygwDu ygvDreftrwf
17
wcef;xJrSm twlwla&mufae=u+yD; wa,mufudkwa,muf zufxm;rd=u w,f?
usaemf[m 'DavmufEpS af ygi;f rsm;pGmtwGi;f yxrqH;k t}udrt f jzpf usaemfZh eD;udk erf;cJ/h
zufcJh&w,f? 'g[m usaemf t}udrfwaxmifavmuf pdwful;,OftdyfrufrufcJhwJh
tjzpfygy?J =unf&h wm tckvnf; pdwu f ;l ,Oftyd rf uf rufaeqJvykd gy?J usaemf[m
olrudzk ufxm;rdwm wurBmavmuf=umr,fv@kd xif&w,f? usaemfw@kd &ŒJ ESv;kH ckeo f H
awGuvG&J if usaemfw@kd EpS af ,muf[m +ird o
f uf+y;D wdwq f w d af ew,f? usaemf[m olrudk
zufxm;&muae rv$wcf siaf yrJh v$wv f u kd +f yD; orD;udzk ufvu kd w
f ,f? 'Daemuf orD;&JŒ
uav;udk usaemfah ygiaf y:wifvu kd w
f ,f? usaemfZh eD;&JŒ vufuav;udak wmif rxd&wm
(21) ESpf &So
d mG ;cJyh g+yD?
88
yd;k vfprd;k rSm usaemfw@kd [m tjyifutjzpftysuaf wGe@J ydq k ufpyfr=d uw,f? wdu k yf JG
[mjyif;xefvmae+yD; &efol@vHk;yrf;±kef;uefr_awG[mvnf; tvm;wlwkd;jr‡ifhaewm
usaemfw@kd owdxm;rdw,f? 1981 ckrmS awmiftmz&duumuG,af &;wyfz@JGu rdZk rfbpfEikd if H
rmylwrkd mS &Sw d hJ attifp±D ;kH awGu0kd ifp;D &mrSm rde;f rawGe@J uav;awGtygt0if usaemf
wd@k vl (13) a,mufukd owfypfcw hJ ,f? 1982 ck/ 'DZifbmvrSm trfau (MK)·u
udyaf wmif;òrdŒjyifu aqmufvufp ud;k bm*f EsLuvD;,m;"mwftm;ay;puf±u kH kd AH;k cGcJ hJ
w,f? wdik ;f jynfw0Sr;f u wjcm;ppfzufypfrw S af wGe@J tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;a&;ypfrw S f
trsm;tjym;udv k nf; AH;k awGaxmifcw hJ ,f? tJ'w D vxJrmS yJ awmiftmz&duppfwyfu
vDqo kd Ekd ikd if /H rmpm±krmS &Sw d hJ attifppD cef;wckuw kd ukd cf u
kd cf &hJ mrSm trsK;d orD;awGe@J
cav;awGw'gZiftygt0if vl (42) a,mufukd owfcw hJ ,f?
1982 ck/ =o*kwv f rSm wufºuv G y_ &f mS ;ol ¡vljzL¢ ±kozf mwfp[ f m olrjynfajy;b0eJ@
aeae&wJrh mylwòkd rdŒrSm ta0;uyd@k vmwJph mtdwaf wG azmufzwfaepOf pmtdwAf ;kH wvH;k
··
a=umifh toufq;kH cJ&h w,f? olr[m *sK;d qvdAk kd &JŒ ZeD;jzpf+y;D owW&d w dS /hJ tom;ta&mifcJG
jcm;r_qef@usiaf &; v_y&f mS ;wufºuo G w l a,mufjzpfw,f? vaygi;f tawmf=um=umvnf;
Ð
axmifusb;l w,f? olr[m pnf;±H;k a&;aumif;wJh trsK;d orD;vnf;jzpf+y;D usaemf 0pfwpf f
wufwek ;f u olrudyk xrqH;k podu|r;f cJw h ,f? olrtowfc&H r_[m usaemfw@kd wu kd yf u JG kd
Edik if aH wmftpd;k &uwdu k zf su&f mrSm b,favmuftwdik ;f twmtxd &ufpuf,w k rf m
aew,fqw kd mudk azmfjyvdu k wf myJjzpfw,f?
·attifp&D ŒJ vufeufuikd w f yf
··vljzL *sL;vlrsK;d uGejf rLepfygwDacgif;aqmif
ÐwuUov
kd f
18
trfau&JŒ yxrqH;k um;AH;k cGrJ u _ 1983 ck/ arvrSmjzpfcw hJ ,f? tJ'u D m;AH;k [m
y&Dw;kd &D;,m;òrŒd v,fu avwyfe@J ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;±H;k udk &nf&, G cf whJ mjzpfw,f? 'g[m
rmpm±ke@J wjcm;ae&mawGrmS attifpu D kd ppfwyfu tom;vGw}f u;D wdu k cf u kd w f mawGukd
vufwek @f jyefz@kd óu;d yrf;csuw f &yfjzpf+y;D vufeufuikd w f u kd yf JG t&Sed jf rifv h mwmudk &Si;f &Si;f
vif;vif;jyaew,f?
t&yfom;awGxcd u kd af oqH;k wm[m 0rf;enf;p&mrawmfwqr_wckjzpf+y;D tao
taysmufpm&if;a=umifh usaemftifrwefwek v f y_ af csmufcsm;rdygw,f? 'Dxcd u kd rf a_ wG
a=umifh pdwfraumif;jzpf&ayrJh 'Dvdkrawmfwqr_awG[m ppfa&;wdkufyGJqifE$Jzdk@
qH;k jzwfcsu&f ŒJ a&SmifvrJG &Edik w f hJ tusK;d qufjzpfw,fv@dk oabmaygurf w d ,f? vlom;awG&ŒJ
rSm;,Gi;f Edik rf [ _ m t+rJwrf;yJ ppfy&JG ŒJ tpdwt f ydik ;f wckjzpfae+yD; tJ't D wGuaf y;qyf&wJh
wefz;kd [m t+rjJ rifrh m;aewmygy?J 'Dvt kd jzpftysuaf wG jzpfvmEdik w f ,fqw kd m usaemfw@dk
odwt hJ wGuaf =umifh vufeufuikd zf @kd q;kH jzwfcsuu f kd tvGew f &mrS tav;teufxm;+y;D
qkwq f idk ;f qdik ;f eJ@ cscw hJ mjzpfw,f? 'gayrJh AH;k ayguw f t hJ csed rf mS atmfvAD m·ajymcJo h vdk
vufeufuikd w f u kd yf [
JG m tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;a&;tpd;k &&JŒt=urf;zufru _ usaemfw@kd ukd
wGe;f yd@k csrw S v f @kd ay:vmwmbJjzpfygw,f?
tpd;k &a&m/ attifpaD &m ppfa&;eJ@Eikd if aH &;qdw k hJ vrf;a=umif;ESpaf =umif;ay:rSm
av#mufae=uw,f? Edik if aH &;rsuEf mS pmrSm tpd;k &[m ¡vlrnf;¢ tmz&duwdu k o f m;awGukd
ujym;awG/ ukvm;awGe@J cGyJ pfz@kd óu;d pm;wJt h aeeJ@ xH;k pHtwdik ;f aoG;cGt J yk cf sKyfa&;r[mAsL
[mudk usio hf ;kH aew,f? 1983 c/k Ed0k ifbmvrSm vkyw f qhJ ENc, H yl wJG ckrmS vljzLrJqEN&iS af wGu
bdo ··
k m &JŒ v$waf wmfo;kH &yfygvrD efqw kd [ hJ m xlaxmifz@kd prD u H ed ;f udk axmufct H wnfðycJh
=uw,f? v$waf wmfo;kH &yfqw kd muawmh vljzLv$waf wmftjyif ukvm;v$waf wmfe@J
ujym;v$wfawmfudkaxmifzdk@ qdkvdkwmjzpfw,f? 'g[m ukvm;awGeJ@ujym;awGudk
pepfxq J aJG qmifac:,l+yD;/ tmz&duwdu k of m;awGe@J cGjJ cm;ypfz@kd óud;yrf;wmjzpfw,f?
'gayrJh 'Durf;vSrf;csuf[m ‘uav;upm;p&m w,fvDzkef;±kyf’ oufoufyJjzpfw,f?
bma=umifv h q J akd wmh ukvm;awGe@J ujym;awG&ŒJ ygvrD efvy_ &f mS ;r_tm;vH;k [m vljzL
ADwakd tmufrmS &Sad evd@k jzpfw,f? 'g[m tpd;k &u tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;a&;udk ðyjyifajymif;
vJaeygw,fv@kd jyifyurBmuxifatmif vSnphf m;wmvnf;jzpfw,f? bdo k mhvn S u hf u
G f
[m jynfoal wGukd rvSnzhf sm;Edik cf yhJ gb;l ? bmvd@k vq J akd wmh rJqENay;cGi&hf w dS u hJ v k m;eJ@
ujym; rJqEN&iS f (80) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f ausmu f 1984 c/k ygvrD efvw $ af wmfopfa&G;aumufyu JG kd
oydwaf rSmuf=uvd@k jzpfygw,f?
· attifpOD uUÏ
·· 0ef}u;D csKyf (aemifrmS orw)
19
tiftm;aumif;wJh atmufajcvlxkEkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awG wdkif;jynfxJrSm
xlaxmifz@JG pnf;vm=u+yD; tJ't D zG@J awG[m attifpeD @J ckid rf mwJch sw d qf ufra_ wGxm;
&S=d uw,f? tJ'x D rJ mS t"dutzG@J uawmh 'Dru kd a&pDn! D w G af &;wyfaygi;f pk (UDF ,l'D
tufz)f jzpf+yD; 'DtzG@J [m usaemfu h kd em,utjzpf a=unmxm;w,f? ,l't D ufzf wnf
axmifwm[m 1983 ck/ tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;a&; zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'opf
udk qef@usiu f ef@uu G rf e_ @J 1984 c/k oD;jcm;cGx J m;wJh ygvrD efvw $ af wmfo;kH &yftwGuf
yxrqH;k a&G;aumufyaJG wGukd qef@usiu f ef@uuG rf a_ wG qufpyfnEd‡ id_ ;f ay;zd@k wnfaxmif
wmjzpfw,f? ,l't D ufz[ f m r=umrDtwGi;f rSm tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;r_qef@usiaf &;
tzG@J tpnf; (600) ausmu f pkd pk nf;xm;wJh tiftm;aumif;tzG@J }uD;wcktjzpf wd;k wuf
xGe;f um;vm+y;D tvkyo f rm;or*~awG/ tusK;d wltzG@aJ wG/ bmoma&;toif;tzG@J awGe@J
ausmif;om;toif;tyif;awG yg0ifc=hJ uw,f?
attifpD[m vlxkaxmufcHr_topfwzefjyef&aew,f? oabmxm;tjrif
aumuf,cl suaf wGt& attifp[ D m &mpkEpS wf ck&ŒJ av;yHw
k yHk (25 ESp)f avmuf rw&m;oif;
a=unmcHxm;&wmawmifrS tmz&duwdu k of m;awG=um; vlxak xmufcrH t _ &qH;k Edik if aH &;
tzG@J tpnf;jzpfaewmudk jyaew,f? tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;r_ qef@usiaf &;wdu k yf w
JG ckv;kH
udv k nf; urBmu tm±Hpk u kd af e+yDjzpfw,f? 1984 ckrmS bke;f awmf}uD;'ufprf eG w f ;l wl;
+idrf;csrf;a&;EdkA,fvfqk csD;jr‡ifhcH&w,f? (bkef;awmf}uD;wl;wl;qD csD;usL;*k%fðya=umif;
usaemfhay;pmudk tm%mydkifawGu ydk@ay;zdk@jiif;qefcJhw,f?) awmiftmz&du tpd;k &[m
wae@wjcm;}u;D rm;vmaewJh Edik if w H umhzt d m;udk cHae&w,f? wurBmvH;k uEdik if aH wG[m
y&Dw;kd &D;,m;tpd;k &tay: pD;yGm;a&;'%fcwfta&;,lra_ wG pwifcsrw S vf m=uw,f?
tpd;k &[m usaemfu h kd ‘tuJprf;r_awG’ ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm vkycf w

hJ ,f? pwmuawmh
·
¡tusO;f axmif¢0ef}uD; u±l;*g;uae usaemfu h kd x&efpau;e,f rSmoGm;aezd@k em;cs
wmawGu pprf;cJw h ,f? 'gawG[m aphpyfaqG;aEG;zd@k óud;yrf;r_awGr[kwb f J usaemfu h kd
usaemft h zG@J tpnf;eJ@ uif;uGmoGm;atmif óud;yrf;wmyJjzpfw,f? u±l;*g;u usaemfu h kd
wjcm;t}urd t f awmfrsm;rsm;rSmvnf; “rif'v J m;/ cifAsm;eJ@q&kd ifawmh usaemfw@kd wGv J yk v f @kd
&Edkifw,f? 'gayrJh cifAsm;taygif;toif;awGeJ@awmh rjzpfbl;As? OD;aESmufoHk;ygAsm” vdk@
ajymcJwh ,f? 'Da&SŒajy;csO;f uyfra_ wGukd usaemfrwH@k jyefcahJ yrJh olw@kd [m wdu k cf u
dk rf ,fh
tpm; pum;ajymaew,fqw kd t
hJ csuu
f u
kd ppfreS wf ahJ phpyfaqG;aEG;yGaJ wGtwGuf ed'ge;f
tjzpf =unfjh rifv@kd &Edik yf gw,f?
tpd;k &[m a&twdrt f eufprf;aew,f? 1984 ck aESmif;ydik ;f eJ@ 1985 ck tpydik ;f rSm
·[efjyvlrnf;ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;jynfe,fwck
20
xif&mS ;wJh taemufEikd if aH cgi;f aqmifEpS af ,muf usaemfu h kd axmif0ifpmvmawG@w,f?
wa,mufu +Adwo d #txufvw $ af wmftrwfvnf;jzpf/ Oa&myygvrD eftrwfvnf;
jzpfwhJ edu;kd vyfpb f o J vJ jf zpf+yD; aemufwa,mufuawmh a*smah wmif;wuUov kd f Oya'
ygarmuQvnf;jzpf/ tar&dueftxufvw $ af wmf 0g;wm;*dwaf umfrwD twdik yf ifcaH [mif;
wa,mufvnf;jzpfwJh qifjrL,,f'uf&Sfjzpfw,f? 'Daxmif0ifpmawG@r_ESpfckvHk;udk
w&m;a&;0ef}uD;topf udb k u D tkd ufq;D ucGiðhf ywmjzpfw,f? 'D0ef}uD;opf[m tmz&d
·
uef ;em;vl r sKd ; acgi;f aqmif trsK;d tpm;opfjzpfy&kH w,f?
usaemf[m trwf}uD;bJoJvfeJ@ axmifydkif±Hk;cef;rSmawG@&w,f? ±Hk;cef;xJrSm
orwbdo k m&JŒ ±_o;kd od;k platmifah tmif"h mwfy}kH uD;wyHu k v$r;f rd;k aew,f? bJov J [f m
aysmaf ysmaf ewwf+yD; 00zdik zhf ikd jhf zpfw,f? usaemf ole@J yxrqH;k t}udraf wG@wt hJ cg ol@&ŒJ
0zdik rhf e_ @J ywfouf+y;D aemufcw hJ ,f? usaemfu ole@J vufqEJG w _ q f uf&if; “cifAsm;=unf&h wm
csmcsDeJ@ aqGrsKd;awmfyHk&w,f” vd@k ajymawmh olu&,fw,f?
trwf}u;D bJov J u f ydv k pf rd;k axmifwiG ;f usaemfw@kd tajctaeawG odcsiw f mudk
usaemfajymjyvdu k wf ,f? usaemfw@kd [m vufeufuikd w f ukd yf tJG a=umif; aqG;aEG;=u&mrSm
usaemfu t=urf;zufr_ (Violence) pGe@f vw $ af &;[m usaemfw@kd ay:rlrwnfbJ tpd;k &ay:
rlwnfa=umif; ol@udk&Sif;jycJhw,f? usaemfwdk@[m ppfa&;ypfrSwftppftrSefawGudkyJ
OD;wnf+yD; jynfoal wGuOkd ;D rwnfa=umif; xyfavmif;tmrcHcw hJ ,f? “usaemfhtaeeJ@
usaemfw@kd vlawGu/ Oyrmtm;jzifh a[m'DuAdv
k rf ;ª udk vky=f uHowfjzwfapzd@k rvdv
k m;ygb;l ”
vd@k ajym&if; usaemfw@kd axmif0ifpmawG@ pum;ajymwmawGukd em;axmifrw S ,f al ewJh
Adkvfrª;z&pfZf0efppfwwfudk vuf!_d;xdk;jyvdkufw,f? 0efppfwwf[m pum;enf;
+yD;oabmaumif;wJh vlwa,mufjzpfayrJh usaemfrSwfcsufay;vdkufwm=um;awmh
wGe@f omG ;w,f?
trwf}uD;bJoJvfeJ@awG@+yD; bmrSodyfr=umcif ygarmuQ'uf&SfeJ@awG@&wJhtcg
usaemfu vlrsK;d rcGjJ cm;wJh tem*wfawmiftmz&duEdik if t H wGuf tedrq hf ;kH vdt
k yfcsuf
tjzpf usaemfjrifxm;wmawGukd &Si;f vif;csjycJw h ,f? tJ'gawGuawmh Zmwdjynfe,f
··
(Homeland) awGr&Sw d hJ wjynfaxmifpepf/ trsK;d om;v$waf wmftwGuf vlrsK;d rcGw J hJ
a&G;aumufyeJG @J vlwud, k rf w
J rJw@kd jzpfygw,f? tpd;k &u vlrsK;d uGv
J ufxyfxrd ;f jrm;a&;
¡ydwfyifxm;wJh¢ Oya'awGeJ@ wjcm;tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;a&;Oya'pnf;rsOf;wcsKd@
y,fzsufzdk@&nf&G,fa=umif; a=unmwmtay: usaemfhtaeeJ@ pdwftm;wufºuG
auseyfrj_ zpfrjzpf ygarmuQ'uf&u fS ar;w,f? usaemfu “'g[m tmyvmygbJ? usaemfh
·'wfcst
f EG,0f ifvjl zL
··
[efjy ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG &hf jynfe,f
21
&nfrSef;csufu vljzLrwa,mufeJ@vufxyfEdkifzdk@/ 'grSr[kwf vljzLoD;oef@a&ul;uefrSm
a&ul;&zdk@r[kwfbl;? usaemfwdk@vdkcsifwmu EdkifiHa&;t&wef;wlr_yJjzpfw,f” vd@k jyefajym
vdu k wf ,f? usaemfw@kd [m tpd;k &udk ppfajrjyifrmS tEdik &f zd@k rjzpfEikd b f ;l ? 'gayrJh tpd;k &
taeeJ@ tkycf sKyfa&;vkyif ef;awGvyk u f ikd &f mrSm tcuftcJjzpfatmifawmh vkyEf ikd w f ,fv@kd
usaemfu'uf&u fS kd tawmfyiG yhf iG v
hf if;vif;yJ ajymjyvdu k w f ,f?
tJoavmuftqifracsmwJh axmif0ifpmawG@ru _ akd wmh a&S;±d;k pGoJ wif;pmjzpfwhJ
“0g&Sifwefwdkif;rf” &JŒt,f'w D m tar&duefEpS af ,mufe@J ñuHcw hJ ,f? olw@kd =unf&h wm
usaemfh oabmxm;awG/ tjrifawGupkd ;l prf;zd@k xuf usaemf[m uGejf rLepfwa,muf/
t=urf;zuform;wa,muf (Terrorist) jzpfw,fqw kd m oufaojyzd@k ydpk w d o
f efy&kH w,f?
olw@kd ar;or#ar;cGe;f awG[m tJ'zD ufuakd Zmif;ay;aew,f? usaemf[m uGejf rLepfvnf;
r[kwb f ;l ? t=urf;zuform;vnf;r[kwb f ;l vd@k usaemfu xyfavmif;ajymwJt h cg
olw@kd u usaemf[m c&pf,mefbmom0ifwa,mufvnf;r[kwb f ;l vd@k oufaojyzd@k
óu;d pm;=ujyefw,f? olw@kd ajymwmu oif;tkyq f &m rmwifvo l muif;[m t=urf;zufr_
udk b,fwek ;f urSrusio hf ;kH cJb
h ;l vd@k ajymw,f? usaemfu olw@kd ukd rmwifvo l muif;
wduk yf 0JG ifc&hJ wJt
h ajctaeawG[m usaemfw@kd tajctaeawGe@J vH;k vH;k vsm;vsm;uGjJ ym;wJh
ta=umif;/ tar&duefEikd if [ H m t=urf;rzufwhJ uef@uu G q f ENjyr_awGukd tumtuG,f
ay;wJhtajccHOya't& wef;wltcGifhta&;awGtmrcHwJh 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHjzpfa=umif;
('gayrJhvnf; vlrnf;awGtay: tmCmwawG&SdaeqJyg)? awmiftmz&duEdkifiHuawmh
wef;rwla&;udk tajccHOya'eJ@tr$ef;wif ypm;ay;xm;wJh tm%m&SifEdkifiHjzpf+yD;
t=urf;rzufru _ kd tiftm;oH;k wH@k jyefwhJ ppfwyf&adS =umif; jyefajymvdu k w f ,f? usaemf[m
c&pf,mefbmom0ifwa,mufjzpf+yD; wav#mufv;kH c&pf,mefjzpfcw hJ ,fv@kd ajymvdu k f
w,f? usaemfu c&pfawmfawmifrS wjcm;a&G;p&menf;vrf;r&Sad wmhwt hJ cg bk&m;
ausmif;awmfxJu aiGwdk;acs;pm;orm;awGarmif;xkwfzdk@ tiftm;oHk;cJh&ao;w,f/
c&pfawmf[m t=urf;zufr_ (Violence) vdv k m;olr[kwaf yrJh raumif;r_uq kd ef@usizf @kd
rv$rJ a&Smifom tiftm;oH;k cJ&h w,fv@kd ajymvdu k w f ,f? tJ'ED pS af ,muf[m usaemfh
tjrifawGukd oabmayguv f ufco H mG ;vdrrhf ,fv@kd awmh usaemfrxifryd g?
jynfwGif;rSmvnf; jy\emawGñuHae/ jynfyuvnf; zdtm;ay;wmcHae&wJh

bdo
k m[m [drk a&muf'rD a&mufajcvSr;f eJ@ tav#mah y;urf;vSr;f vmw,f? 1985 ck
Zefe0g&vD (31) &ufae@rmS orwbdo k mu ygvrD efwiG ;f aqG;aEG;&if;eJ@ tu,fI usaemf[m
‘t=urf;zufr_ (Violence) udk EdkifiHa&;vufeufwcktjzpfoHk;wm ¹cif;csufr&Sd pGef@v$wf&if’
usaemfhudk jyefv$wfay;r,fvdk@ vlod&Sif=um;urf;vSrf;cJhw,f? 'Durf;vSrf;csufudk
22
Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;tm;vH;k tay:vnf; wd;k csŒJ urf;vSr;f cJw h ,f? aemuf+y;D oluusaemfu h kd
trsm;jynfoal &SŒrSm pdeaf c:wJyh pkH eH @J “'ga=umifh tckq&kd if rpPwmrif'v
J m;&JŒ vGwaf jrmufr_
udk t[ef@twm;ðyaewmu awmiftmz&dutpd;k &r[kwaf wmhygb;l ? rif'v
J m; ud,
k w
f ikd yf J
jzpfawmhw,f” vd@k xyfajymvdu
k af o;w,f?
tpd;k &[m usaemfv h w G af jrmufa&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; tqdðk ycsuw f ckvyk zf @kd &w dS ,f
qdw k m tm%mydik af wGu usaemfu h ókd udwifowday;xm;+yD;jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh tJ'gukd
Edik if aH wmforwu ygvrD efvw $ af wmfwiG ;f rSm vkyv f rd rhf ,fv@kd awmh usaemfar#mv f ifh
rxm;cJb h ;l ? usaemfrw S o f m;rdoavmufq&kd if tJ'g[m +y;D cJw h q hJ ,fEpS t f wGi;f usaemfu h kd
v$waf y;zd@k tpd;k &u ajcmuf}urd af jrmuf¹ciG ;f csuef @J urf;vSr;f wmjzpfw,f? ¡bdo k mh¢ rde@f ceG ;f
udk a&'D,u kd ae em;axmif+yD;wmeJ@ usaemfu axmifyikd x f H usaemfZh eD;eJ@ usaemfah &SŒae
tDprdik t f ,GAw f @kd ta&;w}u;D axmif0ifpmvmawG@apzd@k yef=um;cJw h ,f? olw@kd vmawG@rS
orw&JŒ urf;vSr;f r_tay: usaemfw h @kH jyefcsuuf kd a&;rSw, f cl ikd ;f vd@k &rSmjzpfygw,f?
0ifeeD @J tpD rdik wf @kd [m wywfavmuf=umwJt h xd axmif0ifpmvmawG@ciG rhf &cJb h ;l ?
'DtawmtwGi;f usaemfu Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD; ypfbo kd mqD pmwapmifa&;+yD; usaemfh
vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf ¹cGi;f csut f aetxm;awGukd y,fcscw hJ ,f? trsm;jynfoo l d
wkŒH jyefcsuw f ckvyk zf @kd vnf; jyifqifaecJw h ,f? tJ'w D @Hk jyefa&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; usaemf[m
udp&P yftawmfrsm;rsm;vkyzf @kd pdwx f ufoefaew,f? bmvd@k vq J akd wmh bdo k mhurf;vSr;f
csuf[m usaemfhudk attifpDuy,fcsxm;wJhay:vpDwck vufcHzdk@aoG;aqmifjcif;
tm;jzifh usaemfe@J usaemfv h yk af zmfuikd zf ufawGt=um; oyfv#Kzd @kd óud;yrf;csuw f ckjzpf
vd@k ygy?J usaemf[m tzG@J tpnf;tay: oHo,jzpfp&mrvdak tmif opPm&Sw d ,fqw kd m
a,bk,stm;jzifh attifpw D zG@J v;kH udak &m/ txl;ojzifh ¡OuUÏ¢ atmfvAD mwrfAu kd ykd g
xyfrt H mrcHcsiw f ,f? xk@d tjyif tpd;k &qDukd olw@kd &ŒJ urf;vSr;f csuu f kd yl;wGyJ g ¹ciG ;f csuaf wG
a=umifyh ,fcs&ayrJh b,fvykd jJ zpfjzpf jy\emtajz&Smzd@k vrf;a=umif;[m ppfyrJG [kwb f J
aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;jzpfw,fv@kd usaemf,q l a=umif; owif;pum;yg;zd@k vnf; qEN&w dS ,f?
bdo k mu usaemfw@kd ycH;k ay:udk t=urf;zufre_ @J ywfouf+y;D wm0ef&w dS ,fv@kd yHck scsif
aew,f? usaemfuawmh usaemfw@kd tay:usL;vGew f t hJ =urf;zufru _ kd usaemfw@kd u jyefwŒHk
jyefwmomjzpfw,fv@kd urBmudx k yfrt H wnfðya=unmvdw k ,f? tu,fI usaemfaxmif
uxGufvmwJhtcg usaemfptzrf;cHcJh&wkef;u tajctaeawGyJjyefóuH&&if usaemf
tzrf;cH&apcJw h v hJ y_ &f mS ;r_awGuykd J rjzpfraejyefvyk &f vdrrhf ,fqw kd m &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;
odjrif=uapzd@k &nf&, G w f ,f?
usaemf[m aom=umae@rmS 0ifeeD @J tDprdik w f @kd ukd awG@&w,f? we*FaEGae@rmS
qd0k w D òkd rŒd *smblvmeDtm;upm;uGi;f rSm ,l't D ufzv f x l pk nf;a0;yGv J yk zf @kd &wdS ,f? tJ'rD mS
23
usaemfw h ŒHk jyefcsuu f kd vlo&d iS =f um;xkwjf yefz@kd jzpfw,f? tJ'aD xmif0ifpmawG@ru _ kd }u;D =uyf
aewmu usaemftu|r;f w0ifr&Sw d hJ 0g'gwcsKŒd jzpfw,f? orwqD usaemfjh yef=um;csuf
udpP paqG;aEG;=uwJhtcg cyfi,fi,f0g'gwa,mufu=um;0if+yD; rdom;pkudpPawGyJ
aqG;aEG;ajymqdck iG &hf w dS ,fv@kd 0ifajymw,f? usaemfu ol@u*kd ±krpdu k b f J qufajymaewJh
tcg olurdepftenf;i,ft=umrSm usaemfaumif;aumif;rodw/hJ enf;enf;&mxl;yd}k u;D
wJ0h g'gwa,muf oGm;ac:vmw,f? tJ'0D g'gu usaemfu h kd Edik if aH &;aqG;aEG;wm&yfz@kd ajym
awmh usaemfu 'g[m wrsK;d om;vH;k eJ@cs+D yD; ta&;}uD;wJu h pd aP qG;aEG;aewm jzpfw,f?
Edik if aH wmforwqDu urf;vSr;f csuef @J ywfoufw,fv@kd jyefajymvdu k w f ,f? wu,fv@kd
ol 'DaqG;aEG;r_ukd [ef@wm;csi&f if orwud, k w f ikd qf u D trde@f wu kd ±f ukd , f zl @kd vw kd ,fv@kd
usaemf ol@uo kd wday;vdu k w
f ,f? “wu,fv@kd tJ't D rde@f &zd@k orwqD rif;zke;f rqufcsi&f if
aus;Zl;ðy+yD; igw@kd udk aemufxyfraESmif, h uS yf ge@J ” vd@k usaemf cyfat;at;ajymvdu k w f ,f?
ol xyfraESmif, h u S af wmhyg?
usaemfóudwifjyifqifa&;om;xm;wJrh ed @f ceG ;f udk tDprdik ef @J 0ife@D uakd y;vdu k w f ,f?
tJ'x D rJ mS tpd;k &qDjyef=um;csut f jyif ,l't D ufzu f kd aumif;aumif;v_y&f mS ; tvkyf
vkyEf ikd w f t hJ wGuf aus;Zl;wifcs;D usL;a=umif; Edik if o H ad jym=um;xm;+y;D *d% k ;f csKyf}u;D wl;wl;
udk ¡Edb k ,fv¢f qk&wJt h wGuf cs;D usL;*k%ðf yvdu k w f ,f? 'Dq[ k m jynfow l &yfv;kH eJ@qikd w f ,f
qdw k mudyk gxnfah jymxm;w,f? 1985 ck/ azazmf0g&D (10) &uf/ we*FaEGae@rmS usaemfh
orD;ZifZu D usaemfjh yef =um;csuu f kd vufcyk w f ;D =obmay;aewJh vltyk }f u;D udzk wfjyw,f?
'Djynfoal wG[m usaemfph um;awGukd awmiftmz&duEdik if x H J b,fae&mrSmrqdk w&m;0if
em;raxmifEikd cf w hJ m tESpf (20) ausm+f yDjzpfw,f?
ZifZ[ D m ol@tarvdyk J pum;ajymwmrmefygw,f? olru tckpum;awGajymzd@k
'Dtm;upm;uGi;f xJ tazud, k w f ikd af &mufaeoifw h ,fv@kd ajymw,f? usaemfrh ed @f ceG ;f zwfjy
wm olrjzpfw,fqw kd mod&vd@k usaemf*% k , f rl w
d ,f?
usaemf[m tmz&dutrsKd;om;uGef*&uf&JŒ tzGJ@0ifwa,mufjzpfygw,f? usaemf[m

tmz&dutrsKd;om;uGef*&uf&JŒtzGJ@0ifwa,muft+rJjzpfcJh+yD; aowJhtxd tzGJ@0ifqufjzpf
aeygvdrfhr,f? atmfvDAmwrfAdk[m usaemfhtwGuf tudkwa,mufruygbl;? ol[m ESpfaygif;
ig;q,feD;yg; usaemfh&JŒtaumif;qHk;rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;vnf;jzpf/ &Jabmf&Jbufvnf;jzpfw,f?
cifAsm;wdk@txJrSm usaemfhvGwfajrmufa&;udk txl;vdkvm;ar#mfvifhol b,folŒxufrqdk
atmfvAD mwrfAu kd usaemfvh w
G af jrmufa&;udyk +kd yD; ar#mrf eS ;f vdv
k m;wmjzpfw,f? usaemfvw
G zf @kd
twGufqdk&if ol@toufawmifpGef@r,fqdkwm usaemfodw,f? æ
tpdk;&u usaemfhtay:csrSwfvdkwJh ¹cGif;csufawGudk usaemftHh=ordw,f? usaemf[m
vl=urf;wa,mufr[kwfygbl;? æ usaemfwdk@twGuf wjcm;ckcHqef@usifa&;o¾mefvrf;
a=umif;awGtm;vHk; ydwfoGm;awmhwJhtcgrS usaemfwdk@[m vufeufudkifwdkufyGJbufvSnfhwm
24
jzpfw,f? bdkom[m ¡,cif0ef}uD;csKyfawGjzpfcJhwJh¢ rmvef/ px&D'Grf/ Am;0k'fwdk@eJ@ rwla=umif;

jyyg? t=urf;zufr_ pGef@v$wfa=umif; a=unmvdkufprf;yg? tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;a&;0g' zsuf
odrf;r,fvdk@ ajymvdkufyg? jynfolvlxk&JŒtzGJ@tpnf;jzpfwJh tmz&dutrsKd;om;uGef*&ufudk
rw&m;oif;a=unmwm ±kyfodrf;ypfyg? tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;a&;0g' qef@usifr_a=umifh axmif
uscHae&olawG/ e,fESif'%fcHae&olawG/ jynfESif'%fcHae&olawGtm;vHk;udk vGwfvyfcGifh
ay;vdkufyg? jynfolvlxku udk,fhtkyfcsKyfr,fholudk a&G;cs,fqHk;jzwfEdkifzdk@ vGwfvyfpGmEdkifiHa&;
v_yf&Sm;cGifhudk tmrcHvdkufprf;yg? æ
usaemf[m udk,fhvGwfvyfr_udk tifrwefwefzdk;xm;vdkvm;ygw,f? 'gayrJh cifAsm;
wd@k &ŒJ vGwv f yfru
_ kd ydv
k @kd awmifwefz;kd xm;vdv k m;w,f? usaemf axmifxaJ &mufwhJ tcgor,
aemufydkif; vlaygif;rsm;pGmaoa=ucJh=u&+yD; vGwfvyfr_udkjrwfEdk;vdk@ vlaygif;rsm;pGm 'kuQcHpm;
cJh=u&yg+yD? tJ'DaoqHk;'kuQa&mufolawGtwGuf ylaqG;idkaºuG;cJh=uwJh usef&pfolrkqdk;rawG/
usef&pfolzwqdk; rdwqdk;awG/ usef&pfolrdcifeJ@ zcifawGtay: usaemftaºuG;wifaeygw,f?
'D&Snf=um+yD; txD;usefEkdifwJh/ tv[\jzpfoGm;wJh ESpfumvrsm;twGif; usaemfwa,muf
xJom 'kuQcHpm;cJh&wmr[kwfygbl;? usaemf[m udk,fhb0udk,fcifwG,f&mrSm cifAsm;wdk@xuf
ravsmhygbl;? 'gayrJh usaemf[m udk,fvGwfzdk@twGuf udk,fharG;&mygtcGifhta&;udk a&mif;rpm;
ypfEdkifygbl;? tvm;wlyJ jynfolawG&JŒarG;&mygtcGifhta&;udkvnf; a&mif;pm;zdk@tawG;tac:
r&Sdygbl;? æ
jynfolvlxk&JŒtzGJ@tpnf; ydwfyifcHae&wJhtcsdefrSm usaemfhudkurf;vSrf;vmwm[m
bmvGwfvyfr_vJ? usaemfhudk c&D;oGm;cGifhvufrSwfjypfr_eJ@ tzrf;cH&Edkifp&m&SdwJhtajctaerSm
usaemfhudkurf;vSrf;vmwm bmvGwfvyfr_vJ? b&if;zdk@òrdŒudk e,fESif'%fcHae&wJh usaemfh&JŒ
cspv f pS mG aomZeD;onfe@J twl rdom;pkb0cHpm;&zd@k usaemfu h u
kd rf;vSr;f vmwm bmvGwv f yfr_
vJ? òrdŒxJae&zdk@ cGifhðycsufav#muf&wJhtajctaerSm usaemfhurf;vSrf;vmwm bmvGwfvyfr_
vJ? æ usaemfh&JŒ awmiftmz&duEdkifiHom;jzpfr_udk,fYu rav;pm;cH&wJhtajctaerSm
usaemfhudk urf;vSrf;vmwm bmvGwfvyfr_vJ? æ
vGwv f yfwv hJ al wGom aphpyfaqG;aEG;Edik yf gw,f? tusO;f om;awG[m aqG;aEG;oabm
wlcsufawG vkyfvdk@r&Ekdifygbl;? æ usaemfeJ@wuG cifAsm;wdk@jynfolawG vGwfvyfr_r&SdcsdefrSm
usaemfhtaeeJ@ bmudkrSuwday;oabmwlr_ rvkyfEdkifygbl;? vkyfvdrfhrSmvnf; r[kwyf gb;l ?
cifAsm;wd@k &ŒJ vGwvf yfre_ @J usaemfv
h w
G v
f yfr_ cGjJ cm;r&Edik yf gb;l ? usaemf jyefudkvmrSmyg? æ”
89
1985 ckrmS axmifq&m0efu yHrk eS af q;ppfrv _ yk +f yD;awmh usaemfu h kd qD;a&m*g
yg&*lxH !¸ev f u kd wf ,f? qD;a&m*gyg&*lu usaemfrh mS ya&mpwdw*f vif; (qD;t}udw)f
}uD;aew,fv@kd a&m*gppfcsuaf y;+yD; cGpJ w d u f ok zd@k axmufcw H u kd w
f eG ;f w,f? olu 'g[m
omrefvyk ±f ;kd vkypf OfygyvJ @kd ajymw,f? usaemf[m rdom;pke@J wikd yf if+yD; cGpJ w d rf c_ ,
H zl @kd
qH;k jzwfvu
kd w f ,f?
usaemfu h kd udyaf wmif;òrdŒrSm&Sw
d hJ aAgv
h uf af q;±Hu
k kd vkðH cHa&;xlxyfpmG eJ@ ac:oGm;
25
w,f? cGpJ w d rf r_ vkycf if 0ifeu D av,mOfe@J vm+yD; usaemfu h akd wG@ciG &hf cJw
h ,f? 'gayrJh
usaemfu h v kd mawG@ol wjcm;wa,muf&adS o;w,f? ar#mv f ifrh xm;ol/ tHtm;oifph &m
aumif;oljzpfygw,f? oluawmh w&m;a&;0ef}uD;udb k u D t kd ufq;D ygy?J odyrf =umcif
wke;f u usaemf ol@qpD ma&;+yD; attifpeD @J tpd;k & aqG;aEG;yGv J yk af &;udpaP jymzd@k ole@J awG@
cGiahf wmif;cJw h ,f? olu bmrSrjyef=um;cJyh g? 'gayrJh 'DreufrmS awmh ol[m qdik ;f rqifh
AHrk qifh aq;±Hu k akd &mufcsvmw,f? rrmruse;f jzpfv@kd &ufwcsKŒd tdy, f mxJvaJ ewJh
rdwaf qGa[mif;wa,mufqD vlemvmar;wJh yHpk rH sK;d ygy?J ol[mvH;k vH;k }uD;udk ,Ofaus;
ysLiSmae &if;ES;D azmfa&Gaew,f? usaemfw@kd [m t"dutm;jzifh tmvmyov†myawGyJ
ajym=uw,f? usaemfu tcktjzpfukd tifrwefŒjzpf±;kd jzpfpOfv/kd rxl;qef;ovdyk pkH rH sK;d
o±kyaf qmifaeayrJh pdwx f rJ mS awmh tH=h oaerdw,f? tpd;k &[m attifpeD @J wpHw k &m
oabmwlncD su&f zd@k vw kd ,fqw kd mudk ‚if;wd@k ypkH t
H wdik ;f ajz;ajz;av;av;/ wGe@f qw k wf eG @f
qkwef @J pOf;pm;wGucf surf ad e+yjD zpfw,f? udt k ufq;D &JŒ vma&mufvnfywfr[ _ m oHviG f
cufwcufygy?J
usaemfw@kd [m Edik if aH &;raqG;aEG;cJah yrJh tuJqwfwjhJ y\emwckawmh usaemf
wifvdkufao;w,f? tJ'guawmh usaemfhZeD;&JŒtaetxm;jzpfw,f? =o*kwfvxJ
usaemf aq;±Hrk wufcifav;rSm 0ife[ D m *sK[ d efepPbm*fòrdŒudk aq;ukczH @kd omG ;cJw h ,f?
·
b&if;zd@k òrŒ uae wjcm;udck &D;oGm;cGiq hf wkd m usaemfq h vD mawG@wm/ 'grrS [kwf q&m0efqD
oGm;wmyJ tcGi&hf w,f? olr *sK[ d efepPbm*fòrdŒa&mufaepOf b&if;zd@k rmS &Sw d hJ olrtdref @J
tdrt f aemufzufu aq;cef;[m rD;avmifA;kH cGzJ suq f ;D cH&w,f? 0iferD mS wjcm;aep&m
tdrv f nf;r&Sad wmh *sK[ d efepPb*frmS yJ qufaezd@k q;kH jzwfvu kd w f ,f? 'gayrJh wu,fu
awmh *sK[ d efepPb*fòrdŒ[m olrudu k ef@owfciG ðhf yxm;wJh e,fajrtjyifbufrmS jzpfw,f?
&ufowWywftenf;i,ftwGi;f rSmawmh bmrSrjzpfcb hJ ;l ? 'DaemufrmS awmh vHðk cHa&;
ykvyd u f olrudk b&if;zd@k utdru f kd jyif+yD;+yDjzpfwthJ a=umif;eJ@ olrjyef&r,ft h a=umif;
pma&;ta=umif;=um;vmw,f? 'gayrJh olru jyefzdk@jiif;cJhw,f? 0ifeDudk *sKd[efepP
bm*frmS yJ qufaecGiahf y;zd@k e@J b&if;zd@k ukd twif;t=uyfrjyefcikd ;f zd@k udt k ufq;D udk usaemf
yef=um;cJw h ,f? udt k ufq;D u ol@taeeJ@bmudrk S uwdray;Edik af =umif;/ 'gayrJh pHpk rf;
avhvm=unfah y;r,ft h a=umif; ajymw,f? usaemf ol@ukd aus;Zl;wifa=umif; ajymvdu k f
w,f?
usaemf[m cGpJ w
d u
f o
k +yD;aemuf aq;±Hrk mS yJ emvefx&if; &ufwcsKŒd =umcJw h ,f?
aq;±Hu
k qif;wJt
h cg usaemfu h kd Adv
k rf ;ª csKyfref±;kd uvmac:w,f? axmifr;ª / axmifyikd f
· e,fESif'%fcHae&aomae&m
26
awG[m aq;±Hkqif;tusOf;om;awGudk vmóud±dk;xHk;pHr&Sdygbl;? 'ga=umifh usaemf

csujf cif;yJ rouFmjzpfrw d ,f?
tjyefum;pD;vm&if; Adv k rf ;ª csKyfref±;kd u omrefpum;pjrnfajymaeovdrk sK;d tr_rhJ
trSwrf yhJ pkH eH @J “rif'Jvm;/ tck cifAsm;udk cifAsm;rdwfaqGawGqD jyefac:roGm;awmhbl;” vd@k
ajymvdu k w f ,f? olbmqdv k o kd vJv@kd usaemfar;vdu k w
f ,f? “tckup+y;D cifAsm; wa,muf
xJyJ ae&awmhr,f?” bma=umifv h v J @kd usaemfuar;w,f? olacgi;f cgjyw,f? “usaemf
vnf; rodbl;As? ckeav;wifyJ ±Hk;csKyfu 'D!¸ef=um;csufudkay;vmwm” vd@k jyefajymw,f?
¡cgwikd ;f vdyk ¢J tckwcgvnf; óudwifowday;r_r&S/d ta=umif;jycsurf &Syd g?
yd;k vfprd;k jyefa&mufawmh usaemfu h kd axmif&ŒJ ajrnDxyfu tcef;wcef;udak c:oGm;
w,f? t&ifaecJw h thJ cef;&JŒatmuf oH;k xyferd @f +yD; taqmifcsi;f vnf; vH;k 0rwlawmhyg?
usaemfah e&mu tcef;oH;k cef;eJ@ oD;oef@trd o f m/ a&csK;d cef;ygw,f? wcef;udt k yd cf ef;/
wcef;udkpm=unfhcef;eJ@ aemufwcef;udk usef;rma&;avhusifh&mtjzpfoHk;vdkufw,f?
tusO;f axmifpEH e_ ;f awGt&qd&k if 'Dae&m[m eef;awmfwr#ygy?J 'gayrJh tcef;awGu
pdxk ikd ;f +yD; r_ad pmfew H ,f? obm0tvif;a&mifvnf; enf;enf;av;yJ&w,f? usaemfu
Adv
k rf ;ª csKyfukd bmrSrajymawmhb;l / bmvk@d vq J akd wmh ¡'Dvakd jymif;a&$Œzd@k ¢ qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd
olay;wmr[kwrf eS ;f usaemfov d @kd jzpfygw,f? 'Dajymif;a&$Œr_&ŒJ tvm;tvmawG/ tusK;d
qufawGukd usaemftcsed , f +l y;D pOf;pm;csiaf o;w,f? bma=umifh tpd;k &[m 'DajcvSr;f udk
vSr;f vdu k o f vJ?
'gukd vrf;ayguzf iG jhf yr_wcktjzpfajymzd@k awmh awmfawmfu h v kd ykd gao;w,f? 'gayrJh
aemufxyf&ufowWywftenf;i,ftwGif;rSmawmh usaemfhtaetxm;opfeJ@
ywfouf+yD; oabmayguo f jd rifrw _ ck&vmw,f? tajymif;tvJ[m jy\em0efxyk f
0efy;kd r[kwb f ;l ? tcGit hf vrf;wckjzpfw,fv@kd usaemfq;kH jzwfvu kd w
f ,f? usaemfv h yk af zmf
udik zf ufawGe@J c&JG wmudk usaemfpw d rf aumif;jzpfrw d ,f? usaemfOh ,smOf+ceH @J wwd,xyfu
aea&mif&wJh uGi;f jyifav;udv k nf; vGr;f rdw,f? 'gayrJh usaemf&ŒJ wud, k af wmfb0[m
usaemft h wGuf wpHw k &mvGwv f yfrj_ zpfapw,f? tJ'ge@J usaemf[m ud, k pf Of;pm;qifjcif
aewm=um+yDjzpfwhJ udp&P yfwckaqmif&u G Ef ikd af tmif 'Dwud, k af wmfb0udk toH;k csz@kd
qH;k jzwfvu kd w f ,f? tJ'u D pd &P yfuawmh tpd;k &eJ@aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGpwifa&;ygy?J ¡usaemfw@kd ¢
wdu k yf [ JG m aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGaJ wGuwqifo h m a&SŒudk taumif;qH;k wGe;f wifEikd rf ,ft h csed f
a&mufvm+yDv@kd usaemfe*d ;kH csKyf aumufcsuq f x JG m;w,f? tu,fI usaemfw@kd [m
awG@qakH qG;aEG;r_ tjrefprvky&f if ESpb f ufv;kH [mzdEydS rf /_ t=urf;zufre_ @J ppfyq JG w
kd hJ trdu k f
arSmifxJ r=umcifepfjr‡KyfoGm;=uvdrfhr,f? usaemfh&JŒ wudk,fawmfb0[m tJ'D
¡aqG;aEG;a&;¢ OD;wnfcsufoGm;zdk@ ajcvSrf;pvSrf;Ekdifr,fhtcGifhta&;ay;ae+yD; 'Dvdk
27
óud;yrf;csuaf wGukd ysujf ym;apEdik af vh&w dS hJ ab;ursuv f ;kH a'guaf xmuf=unfrh r_ sK;d awG
vnf;r&Sjd zpfaew,f?
usaemfw@kd [m vljzLvlenf;pktyk cf sKyfa&;udk &mpkEpS w f ck&ŒJ av;yHo k ;kH yHk (75 ESp)f
=umatmif wdu k yf 0JG ifaecJ=h uw,f? usaemfw@kd [m vufeufuikd w f u kd yf u
JG kd q,fpEk pS Ef pS cf k
(tESpf 20) ausmq f ifEaJ$ ecJw h ,f? ESpzf ufv;kH u vlaygi;f rsm;pGmaocJ=h u+yD? &efo[ l m
tiftm;}uD;+yD; }uH@cikd jf ywfom;w,f? 'gayrJh olw@kd A;kH }uJav,mOfawG/ wifu h m;awG
wyH}k uD;&Sad ewmawmifrS olw@kd [m ordik ;f &JŒtrSm;bufjcrf;rSma&mufaew,fqw kd m
odjrifcpH m;vmyH&k w,f? usaemfw@kd zufrmS awmh trSew f &m;&Sad ew,f? 'gayrJh tiftm;
awmhr&Sdao;ygbl;? ppfa&;t& atmifyGJcHzdk@qdkwmrjzpfEkdifbl;vdk@ rajymEdkifawmifrS
tawmftvSr;f a0;wJh tdyrf ufjzpfw,fqw kd m usaemft h wGu&f iS ;f aeygw,f? rvdt k yf
bJe@J yÉdyuQwckxrJ mS ESpb f ufv;kH u toufawGoef;cs+D yD;r[kwaf wmif axmifcs+D yD;
tqH;k cHz@kd qw kd m b,fvrkd t S "dyg` ,rf &Syd gb;l ? olw@kd vnf; 'gukd aumif;aumif;ody&kH w,f?
pum;ajymzdk@tcsdefusaeyg+yD?
'DudpP[m tifrwef@udk tuJqwfwJhudpPjzpfw,f? aqG;aEG;w,fqdkwmudk
tm;enf;wJv h uQ%mtjzpf/ opPmazmufwv hJ uQ%mtjzpf ESpb f ufpvH;k u oabm
xm;=uw,f? wzufzufu xif&mS ;wJt h av#mah y;r_awGrvkyrf csi;f aemufwzufu
pm;yG0J ikd ;f qDvmrSm r[kwyf gb;l ? tpd;k &u usaemfw@kd [m uGejf rLepfawG&ŒJ t=urf;zuf
(Terrorist) tzG@J tpnf;jzpfw,f? tpd;k &[m t=urf;zuform;awG (od@k r[kw)f uGejf rLepf
awGe@J b,fawmhrpS um;ajymrSmr[kwb f ;l vd@k xyfcgxyfcgtcdik t f rmajymxm;w,f?
·
'g[m trsK;d om;ygwD &JŒ w&m;aocH,cl sujf zpfw,f? attifpu D vnf; tpd;k &[m
zufqpfjzpfw,f/ vlrsK;d cGjJ cm;a&;orm;jzpfw,f/ tpd;k &[m attifpu D kd rw&m;oif;
a=unmxm;wmry,fzsurf csi;f / Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;tm;vH;k udk ¹ciG ;f csurf &Sd jyefrv$wf
··
rcsi;f / òrŒopfawG uae ppfwyfawGjyefr±kyrf csi;f / tpd;k &eJ@pum;ajymzd@k r&Sb d ;l vd@k xyfcg
xyfcg tcdik t f rmajymxm;w,f?
tpd;k &eJ@ pum;ajyma&;qH;k jzwfz@kdqw kd m tvGe@f ut kd a&;}u;D wJt h wGuf 'Dq;kH jzwfcsuf
Ð
[m vlqmumòrdŒ rSmyJ qH;k jzwf&r,fu h pd jP zpfw,f? 'gayrJh ¡pum;ajyma&;¢ jzpfpOf[m
pzd@k vakd e+yDv@kd usaemf,q l w,f? aemuf+yD; atmfvAD meJ@ aoaocsmcsmqufo, G zf @kd
usaemfrh mS tcsed v f nf;r&S/d enf;vrf;vnf;r&Sjd zpfaew,f? usaemfw@kd bufu wa,muf
a,mufu yxrqH;k ajcvSr;f udpk vSr;f zd@k vakd e+yD; usaemf&h ŒJ oD;oef@wud, k af wmftae
· tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;a&;0g'D vljzLygwD
··vlrnf;rsm;twGuf oD;oef@owfrw f m;aomòrŒe,frsm;
S x
ÐattifpAD [d&k &dS m Zrfb,
D mEdik if ðH rd@awmf
28
txm;opfu tJovdv k yk Ef ikd zf @kd vGwv

f yfru
_ akd &m/ usaemfóh ud;yrf;csuaf wG raygu=f um;
a&;twGuf tedrq
hf ;kH tm;jzifh umvwck tmrcHcsuu f ykd g tcGithf vrf;ay;aeygw,f?
usaemf[mtckq&kd if tifrwefaumif;wJ/h wud, k w f nf; oD;oef@csKyfaESmifc&H r_rsK;d

cHae&w,f? usaemfhvkyfazmfudkifzufawG[m usaemfhtay:oHk;xyfrSmom&SdaeayrJh
olw@kd[m *sK[ d efepPbm*frmS a&mufaeovdyk gy?J olw@kduakd wG@z@kdq&kd if usaemf[m w&m;0if
yef=um;csuw f ck wifjy&w,f? tJ'yD ef=um;pmudk y&Dw;kd &D;,m;±H;k csKyfu cGiðhf yaxmufczH @kd
vdwk ,f? tJovdk cGiðhf ya=umif;jyef=um;csu&f zd@k &ufowWywfaygi;f rsm;pGm =umavh&ydS g
w,f? cGiðhf ycsu&f wJt h cg usaemf[m olw@kd e@J axmif0ifpmawG@wahJ e&mrSm awG@&w,f?
'g[mjzifh xl;jcm;opfqef;wJh tawG@tñuHwckygy?J usaemf&h aJ bmfawGe@J b0wltusO;f om;
awG[m tckq&kd if usaemfu h kd w&m;0ifaxmif0ifpmawG@oal wG jzpfae+yD? usaemfw@kd [m
t&ifu ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGmtwlaecJ+h yD; w&ufukd em&Daygi;f rsm;pGm pum;ajymEdik cf w hJ ,f?
tckawmh w&m;0ifav#mufvm$ awGwif/ csed ;f qdck suaf wGvyk rf &S +yD; ajympum;awGvnf;
ab;uapmifeh m;axmifc&H w,f?
usaemf[m tcef;opfa&muf+yD; &uftenf;i,ft=umrSm tJovdak wG@qrkH w _ ck
pDpOfay;zd@k axmifyikd u f ykd ef=um;cJw h ,f? olppD Ofay;vd@k usaemfw@kd av;a,mufawG@&+yD;
usaemfae&majymif;cH&wJu h pd P aqG;aEG;=uw,f? a0gvw f m/ uufoeD @J a&;wd@k [m usaemfe@J
vlcsi;f uGo J mG ;vd@k a'goxGuaf e=uw,f? olw@kd u jyif;jyif;xefxefuef@uu G rf w _ &yf
vkycf si=f u+y;D usaemfw@kd ukd jyefaygi;f xm;zd@k awmif;qdck si=f uw,f? usaemfw h @kH jyefcsu[ f m
olw@kd ar#mv f ifx h m;ovdk r[kwcf yhJ g? usaemfu “'DrSmudk,fhvlwdk@/ usaemfhtaeeJ@ 'gudk
qef@usio h ,fv@kd rxifb;l ” vd@k ajymvdu
f ifw k w
f ,f? usaemfu h xkd m;wJah e&mopf[m tqifh
jrifhw,f? 'gudk EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vHk;twGuf tpOftvmjzpfatmifvkyf
oGm;Edik rf ,fv@kd usaemfu ajymjyw,f? +yD;awmh usaemfu “'Dupd u P ae aumif;wmwckck
jzpfcsijf zpfvmEkid w
f ,f? tckq&dk if tpk;d &u usaemfw@kd ukd csO;f uyfEikd zf @kd taetxm;rSm usaemf
&Sad e+yD” vd@k cyf0g;0g;xyfjznfah jymvdu
k w f ,f? 'Daemufq;kH &Si;f jycsuu f kd olw@kd ody*f ±krrlrd
=uyg? *±krrl mS r[kwb f ;l qdw
k mvnf; usaemfoyd gw,f?
usaemf bmvkyrf ,fqw kd m b,fo@l rrS ajymzd@k qH;k jzwfxm;w,f? tay:xyfu
usaemfh vkyfazmfudkifzufawGa&m/ vlqmumu &JabmfawGa&m rajymzdk@jzpfw,f?
attifp[ D m tpktaygi;f wckjzpfayrJh 'Dae&mrSm tpd;k &u pkaygi;f ¡aqG;aEG;wdik yf if¢ r_ukd
rjzpfEikd af tmifvyk x f m;w,f? usaemft h zG@J tpnf;eJ@ 'Dupd aP wGaqG;aEG;zd@k usaemfrh mS vHðk crH _
vnf;r&S?d tcsed v f nf;r&Sd jzpfaew,f? tay:xyfu usaemft h azmfawG[m usaemfh
tqdðk ycsuu f kd ±_wcf sjypfwif=urSm usaemfow d ,f? tJovdq k &kd if usaemf&h ŒJ a&SŒaqmif
29
a&SŒ&Gurf [
_ m av#marG;jzpfomG ;vdrrhf ,f? acgi;f aqmifwa,muf[m ud, k v
hf al wGukd
vrf;rSet
f wdik ;f OD;aqmifaew,fqw kd m ,H=k unfrt _ jynfeh @J ud,
k t
hf yk af &SŒudk xd;k xGuo f mG ;+y;D
OD;wnfcsuftopftwdkif; xGufoGm;&r,fhtcsdeftcgawG&Sdw,f? aemufqHk;tcsuf
taeeJ@ wu,fv@kd t&mudpaP wG ar#mv f ifph pD Ofxm;ovdjk zpfrvm&if usaemf&h ŒJ wud, k f
awmfo;D oef@ tusO;f cHb0udk usaemht f zG@J tpnf;taeeJ@ ta=umif;jycsuaf y;p&mvnf;
&w,f? b,fvv kd q
J akd wmh tzd;k }u;D u wa,mufxaJ eae&+y;D tukev f ;kH eJ@ tqufjywf
aew,f/ ol@vyk &f yfawG[m ol@wOD;csi;f yJqikd w f ,f/ attifpu D kd ud, k pf m;rðybl;vd@k
qifajcay;Edik w
f ,fav?
90
ae&majymif;+yD; &ufowWywftenf;i,ftwGi;f usaemf[m udb k u D tkd ufq;D xH
pum;ajyma&;udpeP @J ywfouf+yD; pum;ajymqdak qG;aEG;zd@k tqdðk yurf;vSr;f pm a&;vdu k f
w,f? cgwikd ;f vdyk J bmjyef=um;csurf rS &yg? usaemf aemufwcg pmxyfa&;w,f? 'gvnf;
bmrS wkŒH jyefrr_ &Sjd yefygb;l ? 'g[mxl;qef;+yD; pdw"f mwfusp&mygy?J usaemfajymwmudk
=um;atmif wjcm;tcGifhtvrf;&Smzdk@vdkw,fqdkwm usaemfhtaeeJ@ oabmayguf
vmw,f? tJ'D tcGit hf vrf;u 1986 c/k ESpOf ;D ydik ;f rSm ay:vmw,f?
1985 ck/ atmufwdkbmvu emaqmrSmusif;ywJh +Adwdo#"eo[m,tzGJ@
tpnf;ta0;wckrmS "eo[m,acgi;f aqmifawG[m awmiftmz&duEdik if t H ay: Ekid if H
wumpD;yGm;a&;'%fcwfra_ wGxJ yg0ifa&;/ ryg0ifa&; oabmwlnrD r_ &Edik b f J jzpfcw hJ ,f?
'g[m t"dutm;jzifh +Adwo d #0ef}uD;csKyf rm*&ufoufcsmu acgi;f rmrmeJ@ ¡'%fcwfa&;
ud¢k qef@usiaf evd@k jzpfygw,f? vdycf w J nf;vnf;tajctae ajz&Si;f zd@k twGu/f pnf;a0;
ae=uwJEh idk if aH wGu awmiftmz&duEdik if u H kd ‘xif&mS ;aomyk*Kd~ vfrsm;’ yg0ifwhJ ud, k pf m;
vS,w f zG@J vw$ +f y;D tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;a&;0g' tqH;k owfapzd@k &mrSm '%fcwfta&;,lr_
awG[m oifah vsmw f t hJ axmuftulvufeufjzpfrjzpf jyeftpD&ifcaH pzd@k oabmwl
vdu k =f uw,f? 1986 ckEpS pf rSm Edik *f s;D &D;,m;Edik if H ppfacgi;f aqmifa[mif; Adv k cf sKyf}uD;
tdv k pl *D eftb kd mpef*sKed @J =opa=w;vsEikd if H 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; r,fvu f rG zf a&Zmwd@k acgi;f
aqmifwhJ tzG@J 0if (7) OD;yg xif&mS ;aomyk*Kd~ vfrsm;tzG@J [m tcsut f vuf&mS azGa&;
c&D;pOftjzpf awmiftmz&duEdik if u H kd a&mufvmw,f?
azazmf0g&v D rSm usaemfu h kd Adv
k cf sKyf}u;D tdb k mpef*sKv d mawG@+y;D ud, k pf m;vS,t f zG@J
&JŒ owfrw S x
f m;wJh wm0efyikd ;f oabmobm0udk aqG;aEG;cJw h ,f? ol[m usaemfe@J ud, k f
pm;vS,w f zG@J v;kH awG@qakH qG;aEG;yGv
J yk af &;jzpfEikd af pzd@k pdwx f ufoefaew,f? tpd;k &&JŒ cGiðhf y
csuef @J arvxJrmS tJ'aD wG@qakH qG;aEG;yGv J yk zf @kd pDpOfvu kd w
f ,f? usaemfe@J awG@+yD;&if 'DtzG@J
30
[m tpd;k &tzG@J e@J aqG;aEG;zd@k &w

dS ,f? 'Dawmh usaemfu 'gukd aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGu J pd t P aumif
txnfazmfz@kd tcGit hf a&;wcktjzpf oabmxm;cJw h ,f?
tpd;k &u usaemfe@J t'J t D zG@J awG@qpkH um;ajym=ur,fuh pd u
P kd xl;jcm;r_}uD;wck
tjzpf oabmxm;w,f? awG@qykH rJG wdik cf if ESp&f uftvdrk mS usaemfu h kd Adv
k rf ;ª csKyf ref±;kd
vmawG@w,f? ole@J twl t0wfcsKyo f rm;wa,mufac:vmw,f? axmifyikd u f “rif'v J m;/
usaemfwdk@u cifAsm; 'DvlawGeJ@awG@wJhtcg atmufusaemufusrjzpfapcsifbl;? tJ'D axmif
t0wftpm;a[mif;awG r0wfapcsib f ;l ? 'ga=umifh 'Dt0wfcsKyfq&mu cifAsm;ud,
k w
f ikd ;f awG
kH xnfcsKyf+y;D qifay;vdrrhf ,f” vd@k ajymw,f? t0wfcsKyform;[m
,l+y;D oifah wmfw0hJ wfpw
tawmfx;l c|ew f hJ ynm&Sijf zpfyykH gy?J bmha=umifv h qJ akd wmh aemufwae@rmS ¡oly@kdvmwJ¢h
a'givf u
kd tf pif;eJ@ taemufwikd ;f 0wfpu kH 0kd wf=unfw
h thJ cg wu,fu h kd tHuu kd jf zpfaevd@k yg?
usaemfu h kd &Syt
f usw ô xnf/ vnfp;D / &SL;zdeyf/ ajcpGyef @J twGi;f cHabmif;bDawGvnf;
xkwaf y;w,f? axmifyikd u f usaemf0h wfpm;qif,ifrt _ opfukd oabmus+y;D “rif'v J m;/
cifAsm;tck tusO;f om;eJ@rwlawmhb;l / 0ef}u;D csKyef @J wlae+yAD s” vd@k ajym+yD;ðyH;w,f?
usaemfe@J xif&mS ;aomyk*Kd~ vfrsm;tzG@J awG@qykH rJG mS xl;jcm;xif&mS ;wJh avhvmolEpS f

a,mufvnf; vmwufw,f? olw@kd uawmh udb k u D t
kd ufq;D eJ@ tusO;f axmifrif;}uD;
'k Adv
k cf sKyf}u;D 0DvrfpwD @kd jzpfw,f? 'DEpS af ,mufuvnf; t0wfcsKyfq&mvdk usaemfu h ,kd f
wdik ;f vm,lwm ¡vmtuJcwfwm¢ jzpfayrJh xl;xl;qef;qef;yJ olw@kd [m tpnf;ta0;
p+y;D odyrf =umcifjyefxu G of mG ;=uw,f? usaemfu olw@kd ukd usaemfrh mS bmrSz;kH uG,pf &m
r&Sdbl;vdk@ajym+yD; twif;qufaecdkif;ayrJhvnf; olwdk@u xGufoGm;=uw,f? olwdk@
xGurf oGm;cif usaemfuolw@kd ukd tcktcsed [ f m ppfwu kd zf @kd tcsed rf [kwaf wmhbJ aphpyf
aqG;aEG;zd@k tcsed af &mufvm+yjD zpfwt hJ a=umif;eJ@/ tpd;k &eJ@attifpw D @kd[m xdik +f y;D pum;ajym
oif+h yDv@kd ajymvdu k wf ,f?
xif&mS ;aomyk*Kd~ vfrsm;tzG@J [m t=urf;zufr_ (Violence) udp/P aphpyfaqG;aEG;
a&;udp/P Edik if w H um'%fcwfta&;,lru _ pd aP wGe@J ywfouf+yD; ar;cGe;f awG trsm;}uD;
ar;=uw,f? ppcsi;f rSmyJ usaemfu usaemfw@kd aqG;aEG;r_awGtwGuf tajccHabmifukd
csxm;vdu k wf ,f? usaemfu olw@kd ukd “usaemf[m v_yf&Sm;r_&JŒacgif;aqmifr[kwfygbl;?
v_y&f mS ;r_&ŒJ acgi;f aqmif[m vlqmumòrdŒrSm&Sw
d hJ atmfvAD mwrfAkd jzpfw,f? cifAsm;wd@k ol@udk
oGm;awG@oifhw,f? cifAsm;wdk@ ol@udk usaemfhtjrifawG ajymjyEdkifygw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dtjrif
awG[m usaemfhwa,mufwnf;&JŒ wOD;csif;tjrifawGjzpfygw,f? 'DtjrifawG[m 'Daxmif
xJrSm&SdwJh usaemfhtazmfawG&JŒ tjrifawGudkawmif udk,fpm;rðyygbl;? b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf
usaemfhtaeeJ@ attifpDeJ@tpdk;& aqG;aEG;yGJawGpwifa&;udk vdkvm;ygw,f” vd@k ajymvdu k f
31
w,f?
tzG@J 0iftrsm;tjym;u usaemf&h ŒJ Edik if aH &;t,ltqeJ@ywfouf+y;D pd;k &drrf a_ wG&=dS u
w,f? attifpDacgif;aqmifr_atmufrSm awmiftmz&duEdkifiH b,fvdkyHkxGufrvJ
qdw k mudv k nf; pd;k &dr=f uw,f? usaemfuolw@kd ukd usaemf[m awmiftmz&du trsK;d om;
a&;0g'w D a,mufjzpfa=umif;/ uGejf rLepfwa,mufr[kwaf =umif;/ trsK;d om;a&;0g'aD wG
[m ta&miftaoG;rsK;d pH&k adS =umif;eJ@ usaemf[m vlrsK;d rcGjJ cm;wJh vl@abmifw&yfxl
axmifa&;udk cdik cf ikd rf mrmcH,x l m;a=umif; ajymvdu k w f ,f? usaemf[m vGwv f yfa&;
·
a=unmpmwrf; (Freedom Charter) udk ,H=k unfa=umif;/ a=unmpmwrf;[m 'Drdkua&pDeJ@
vl@tcGit hf a&;tajccHral wGukd azmfjy!¸e;f qdx k m;+yD; qd&k , S v f pfpepfypkH =H urf; qGx J m;wm
r[kwaf =umif; olw@kdukd usaemfajymjyw,f? vljzLvlenf;pk[m awmiftmz&duEdik if o H pfrmS
rvGrJ aoG vHðk crH c_ pH m;&apzd@k usaemftav;xm;a=umif;ajymjyw,f? usaemfw@kd jy\em
tawmfrsm;rsm;[m tpd;k &eJ@attifp=D um; qufo, G rf r_ &Sv d @kd ay:vmwmjzpfw,fv@kd
usaemf,q l a=umif;eJ@ 'Djy\emwcsK@d [m vufawG@aqG;aEG;ajymqd&k if;eJ@ ajz&Si;f Edik f
a=umif; olw@kd ukd usaemfajymvdu k w f ,f?
olw@kdu usaemfu h kd t=urf;zufr_ (Violence) udpeP @J ywfouf+y;D aphaphppkH akH r;=uw,f?
usaemfu t=urf;zufru _ pkd eG @f vw $ zf @kd qENr&Sad o;ayrJh t=urf;zufr[ _ m awmiftmz&du
EdkifiH&JŒtajctaeudk tqHk;pGefajz&Sif;csufawmh b,fawmhrSrjzpfEdkifwJhta=umif;eJ@
vlom;awG[m a,mufsm;jzpfap/ rde;f rjzpfap yifu, kd o f bm0t& aphpyfaqG;aEG;+yD;
em;vnfrw _ pHwk &m&,lz@kd vt kd yfw,fv@kd cdik cf ikd rf mrmajymvdu k w f ,f? tckajymaewm
awG[m usaemft h jrifawGyjJ zpf+y;D attifpt D zG@J tpnf;&JŒtjrifawG r[kwb f ;l qdw k mudk
aemufxyfw}urd f taotcsmajym&if;eJ@ usaemfu tu,fI tpd;k &u òrŒd opfawGrmS csxm;
wJh ppfwyfe@J yv k yd u f ±kd yk o
f rd ;f ay;&if attifpu D vnf; aqG;aEG;yGaJ &SŒajy;tjzpf vufeuf
udik wf ukd yf &JG yfqikd ;f xm;zd@k oabmwlEikd pf &m&Sw d ,fv@kd t=uðH yvdu k w f ,f? usaemfu h kd v$w±f kH
oufoufe@J wdik ;f jynfxu J t=urf;zufra_ wG &yfwef@aprSmr[kwo f vdk aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJ
awGukd tpysK;d ay:ayguaf prSmvnf;r[kwb f ;l vd@k olw@kd ukd usaemfajymvdu k wf ,f?
usaemfe@J upd +P y;D oGm;wJt h cg tzG@J u vlqmumrSm&Sw d hJ atmfvAD mudak &m/ y&Dw;kd
&D;,m;u tpd;k &t&m&Sad wGuakd &m awG@qzkH @kd tpDtpOf&w dS ,f? usaemfw@kd [m oifah wmfwhJ
tajctaeawGatmufrmS tpd;k &eJ@pum;ajymr,fqw kd mudk tpd;k &bufu odapcsif
w,f? usaemf&h yfwnfcsuef @J atmfvAD mh&yfwnfcsuf twlwyl q J w kd mudv k nf; atmfvAD mudk
odapcsiw f ,f?
arvrSm xif&mS ;aomyk*Kd~ vfrsm;tzG@J u usaemfu h kd aemufq;kH w}urd af wG@qzkH @kd pDpOf
·1955 ck attifpD jynfo@l nv
D mcHu csrw
S cf w
hJ phJ mwrf;
32
xm;w,f? usaemfuawmh taumif;jrifpw d &f adS ew,f/ bma=umifv h qJ akd wmh olw@kd [m
vlqmumvnf;a&muf/ y&Dw;kd &D;,m;vnf;a&mufcw hJ thJ wGuf aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;rsK;d aphukd
csc+hJ yDv@kd usaemfar#mv f ifrh w
d ma=umifjh zpfw,f? 'gayrJh usaemfe@J tzG@J awG@r,fah e@rwdik f
rD&ufrmS "eo[m,tzG@J u{nfo h nfawmfawG zefw;D azmfxw k x f m;or# cHpm;csuaf umif;
tm;vH;k udk zsuq f ;D ypfwahJ jcvSr;f wvSr;f awmiftmz&dutpd;k &u vSr;f vdu k w
f ,f?
xif&mS ;aomyk*Kd~ vrf sm;tzG@J u tpd;k &tzG@J 0ef}u;D awGe@J awG@qzkH @kd pDpOfxm;wJah e@rmS awmif
tmz&duumuG,af &;wyfz@JG [m orwbdo k m&JŒtrde@f t& abmhp0gem/ Zrfb, D meJ@ Zif
bmabGwdk@rSm&SdwJh attifpDpcef;awGudk ava=umif;uwdkufcdkufr_awGeJ@ uGefref'dk
wduk cf u kd rf a_ wGðyvkycf w
hJ ,f? 'g[m aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGukd vH;k 0xdcu kd af tmifx;kd ESuyf pfvukd +f y;D
xif&mS ;aomyk*Kd~ vfrsm;tzG@J [m awmiftmz&duEdik if u H ae csujf cif;yJxuG cf mG oGm;awmh
w,f? aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&; a&SŒwqifw h ufapzd@k usaemfóh ud;yrf;csuaf wG [ef@wm;cHvu kd f
&jyef+yDv@kd usaemfcpH m;rdw,f?
atmfvAD mwrfAekd @J attifpu D awmiftmz&duEdik if rH mS tpd;k &tkycf sKyfv@kd r&Edik f

atmifvyk zf @kd jynfov l x l u k v kd @H_ aqmfxm;+y;D jynfoal wGuvnf; v_@H aqmfrt _ wdik ;f vdu k f
emvkyaf qmifae=uw,f? r+ird o f ufrt _ ajctaeeJ@ Edik if aH &;t=urf;zufr[ _ m jrifrh m;wJh
tqifo h pfwcka&mufvmw,f? vlxak wG&ŒJ a'go[m rxde;f Ekid rf odr;f Edik jf zpfaew,f?
òrdŒopfawG[m tHºk uGae=uw,f? Edik if w H umhzt d m;[m wae@wjcm; ydt k m;aumif;vm
w,f? 1986 ck/ ZGev f (12) &ufrmS tpd;k &[m uef@uu G qf ENjyr_ukd csKyx f ed ;f zd@k óu;d yrf;csuf
tjzpf ta&;ay:tajctaea=unmcJw h ,f? tjyifyef;uae b,fvykd =J unf=h unfh 'Dtcsed f
[m aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGv J yk zf @kd roifw h t hJ csed v f @kd xif&w,f? 'gayrJh pdwyf supf &mtaumif;
qH;k tcsed t f cgawG[m a&SŒaqmifa&SŒ&Gux f ;kd xGi;f r_w&yfpvkyzf @kd tcsed t f wdtusvnf;
r=umc%jzpfwwfw,f? tJ'v D t kd csed rf sK;d rSm vlawG[ma0cG&J cufwhJ tusO;f t=uyfxu J
xGuaf yguu f &kd mS azG=uw,f? tJ'v D rSmyJ usaemfu axmifrif;}uD; Adv k cf sKyf0v D rfpxD u H kd
±d;k ±d;k av;yJ pmwapmifa&;vdu k w f ,f? “usaemf cifAsm;udk wEdkifiHvHk;eJ@qdkifwJh ta&;}uD;
udpw P cktwGuf awG@csiw f ,f” vd@k yJ a&;vdu k w f ,f? Ak'[ < ;l ae@wae@rmS pmudk Adv k rf ;ª csKyf
ref±;kd vufxJ xnfv h u kd w f ,f?
tJ'tD ywfpaeae@rmS awmh usaemfu h kd y&Dw;kd &D;,m;uqif;vmae+yjD zpfwhJ Adv k cf sKyf
}u;D 0DvrfpeD @J awG@&atmifjyifxm;zd@k axmifyikd u f ajymvmw,f? 'DawG@qrkH u _ kd xH;k wrf;pOf
vmyHpk eH @J raqmif&u G yf g? axmif0ifpmawG@&mae&mrSm Adv k cf sKyfe@J awG@qakH qG;aEG;wmvkyf
r,ft h pm; usaemfu h kd yd;k vfprd;k axmif0if;xJrmS &Sw d hJ olwnf;cdak exdik &f mqDac:oGm;w,f?
0Dvrfp[ D m yGiv hf if;wJv h w l a,mufjzpf+yD; usaemfw@kd [m csujf cif;yJ vd&k if;udpP
33
aqG;aEG;=uw,f? usaemf w&m;a&;0ef}uD; udb k uD tkd ufq;D eJ@ awG@csiw

f ,fv@kd ol@ukd
ajym vdu
k wf ,f? olu bmudpaP wG@csiw f mvJv@kd ar;w,f? usaemfu Edik if aH &;udpaP wGukd
axmif0efxrf;wa,mufe@J raqG;aEG;csiv f @kd tajzay;&rSm wGe@f qw k af erdw,f? 'gayrJh
usaemfaemufawmh yGiyhf iG v
hf if;vif;yJ jyefajymvdu k wf ,f? “usaemf 0ef}uD;udkawG@csifwJh
ta=umif;uawmh tpdk;&eJ@attifpD=um; aqG;aEG;yGJjy\emudk wifcsifvdk@yg?”
olwc%pOf;pm;+yD;aemuf “rif'Jvm;/ cifAsm;odwJhtwdkif;yJ usaemfu EdkifiHa&;
orm;r[kwfbl;As? tJ'DvdkudpPrsKd;awG usaemfraqG;aEG;Edkifbl;? bmvdk@vJqdkawmh usaemfh
vkyfydkifcGifhtjyifrSm jzpfaew,fcifAs” vd@k ajymw,f? olu c%pum;ajym&yf+yD; tckrS
wpHwk &mudo k mG ;pOf;pm;rdyrkH sK;d eJ@ “ñuHóuufcsiaf wmh w&m;a&;0ef}uD;u udyaf wmif;òrŒrSm
a&mufaew,fAs? cifAsm;ole@J awG@csiaf wG@&Edik w f ,f? usaemf ar;=unfOh ;D r,fav” vd@k ajym
w,f?
Advk cf sKyuf 0ef}u;D qDzek ;f quf+y;D olw@kd EpS af ,muf c%pum;ajym=uw,f? zke;f cs+y;D
wJt h cg Adv k cf sKyf}uD;u usaemfb h ufvn S +hf yD; “0ef}uD;u ‘ac:vmcJh’ vdk@ ajymw,fAs” vd@k
ajymw,f? rdepfwcsK@d =um+y;D aemuf usaemfw@kd [m Adv k cf sKyf&ŒJ um;eJ@ olwnf;cd&k muxGuf
vm+yD; udyaf wmif;òrdŒu 0ef}uD;tdru f kd OD;wnfcw hJ ,f? vHðk cHa&;u rwif;=uyfvyS g?
Adv
k cf sKyf&ŒJ um;udk wjcm;um;wpD;wnf;yJ tapmifv h u kd yf gvmw,f? tckawG@qykH aJG y:
ayguv f mwJh vG,u f rl e_ @J jrefqefrw _ @kd a=umifh tpd;k &[m 'DawG@qrkH u _ kd óudwifppD Ofxm;
wmrsm;vm;vd@k awmif usaemfoo H ,jzpfrw d ,f? olw@kd óudwifppD Ofwm [kwrf [kwf
ta&;r}uD;yg? ta&;}uD;wmu aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGrJ sm;qD yxrqH;k ajcvSr;f pvSr;f zd@k tcGihf
ta&;yJjzpfygw,f?
òrŒd xJu udt k ufq;D aewJh tpd;k &a*[ma&mufawmh udt k ufq;D u usaemfu h kd v_u
d f
v_u d v f v JS óJS uqd +kd y;D ol@em;aecef;xJu oufawmifo h ufom&Sw d hJ ukvm;xdik af wGay:xdik =f u
w,f? usaemf axmift0wftpm;awGvv J mzd@k tcGit hf a&;r&vdu k w f thJ wGuf olu
awmif;yefpum;ajymw,f? usaemf[m ole@J o;kH em&D=umpum;ajymqdck +hJ yD; ol@&ŒJ u|r;f
usiEf @HS pyfr/_ wzufom;pum;em;axmifz@kd pdwyf gvufyg&rdS w _ @kd ukd todtrSwðf yrdw,f?
olu todtjrifºu, G ºf u, G 0f 0eJ@ vdt k yfovdq k ufpyfywfoufwhJ ar;cGe;f awGar;w,f?
'Dar;cGe;f awG[m tpd;k &eJ@attifpw D @kd ukd ydik ;f jcm;xm;wJu h pd &P yfawGe@J oltu|r;f w0ifjzpfr_
udk xif[yfjyaew,f? olu usaemfu h k d b,ftajctaeawGatmufrmS usaemfw@kd [m vufeuf
udik w f ukd yf &JG yfprJ vJv@kd ar;w,f? usaemf[m attifpw D zG@J v;kH udk ud, k pf m;ðyajymwm
[kwrf [kwaf r;w,f? awmiftmz&duEdik if o H pfrmS vlenf;pkawGtwGuf tajccHOya't&
tmrcHcsuaf wGwrsK;d rsK;d ay;zd@k ar#mrf eS ;f pdwu f ;l xm;wm&So d vm;ar;w,f? ol@ar;cGe;f awG
[m tpd;k &eJ@attifpu D v JG aJG pwJh udp&P yfawG&ŒJ tESpu f kd qkyrf w d ,f?
34
xif&mS ;aomyk*Kd~ vrf sm;tzG@J e@J wek ;f uyHpk t H wdik ;f usaemfjyef&iS ;f +y;D aemufrmS udt k uf
qD;[m wpHw k &mqkyq f yk u
f ikd u
f ikd tf csut f vuf&csiyf &kH w,fv@kd usaemfxifrw d ,f?
olu “aemufajcvSr;f ubmvJ” vd@k ar;w,f? usaemfu Edik if aH wmforweJ@ Edik if jH cm;a&;
0ef}u;D ypfbo kd mwd@k e@J awG@csiw f ,fv@kd ajzvdu k w f ,f? udt k ufq;D u ol@ab;rSm&Sw d hJ pm&Guf
ydik ;f tkyu
f av;ay:rSm tJ'guakd &;rSwv f ukd +f y;D usaemfyh ef=um;csuu f kd vrf;a=umif;twdik ;f
yd@k ay;r,fv@kd ajymw,f? 'DaemufrmS usaemfw@kd vufqEJG w _ qf uf=u+y;D usaemfu h kd yd;k vfprd;k
axmifajrnDxyfu wa,mufwnf;oD;oef@xm;&mwdu k cf ef;qD um;armif;jyefy@kd ay;
w,f?
usaemf[m tifrwef@ukd pdwt f m;wufrw d ,f? tpd;k &[m wdik ;f jynfxu J aomifr
wif a&rustaetxm;udak usmv f m$ ;zd@k pdwt f m;xufoefae+y;D / &yfwnfcsuaf [mif;awG
udk pGe@f cmG vdwk ,fqw kd m tcktcg odjrifc, H v l m+yDv@kd usaemfxifrw d ,f? tay;t,l
tavsmt h wif;vkyaf phpyfr&_ ŒJ ed'ge;f tpudk usaemf cyfa&;a&;jrifaerdw,f?
usaemfah wG@qrkH u _ kd b,fo@l rrS ajymjycJyh g? usaemf wa,mufa,mufukd todray;
ao;cif ¡aqG;aEG;yG¢J jzpfpOf aumif;aumif;vnfywfomG ;apcsiw f ,f? wcgwavus ud, k hf
vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufawGukd cl;+yD;cyf+yD;toifjh zpfwahJ y:vpDay;zd@k vw kd m&Sw d ,f? yd;k vfprd;k eJ@
vlqmumrSm&Sw d hJ usaemfah &mif;&if;awG[m tajctaeudk aoaocsmcsmpl;prf;avhvm
+yD;&if usaemfhudk axmufcH=ur,fqdkwm usaemfodw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dtvm;tvm
aumif;yH&k wJh tpcsrD t _ +yD;rSm bmrSxyfrjzpfawmhyaJ ejyefw,f? &ufowWywfaygi;f rsm;
pGm/ 'Daemuf vaygi;f rsm;pGm=umwJt h xd udt k ufq;D xHu bmpum;wcGe;f rSr=um;&yg?
usaemf[m aerxdxikd rf omjzpf+yD; ol@xH aemufxyfpmwapmifa&;vdu k w
f ,f?
91
usaemf udb k u
D t
kd ufq;D xHu wdu k ±f u kd w f ŒHk jyefcsurf &ayrJh tpd;k &[m usaemfu h kd
aexdik rf b _ 0yHpk H aemufwrsK;d eJ@xm;zd@k jyifqifaewJv h uQ%mawGawmhawG@&w,f? c&pPrwf
rwdik cf iftóu&d ufrmS yd;k vfprd;k 'kaxmifyikd f 'kAv kd rf ;ª }u;D a*:0Drmhupf u f usaemf reufpmpm;
t+y;D usaemft h cef;ab;u av#mufomG ;&if;eJ@ “rif'v J m;/ cifAsm;òrŒxJ av#mufr=unhcf sib f ;l
vm;” vd@k cyfaygah ygyh aJ r;vdu k wf ,f? ol@pw d x f J bm&nf&, G w f ,fqw kd m usaemfa&a&
&m&mrodayrJh ‘tif;’ ajzvdu k vf @kd jy\emr&SEd ikd b f ;l ,lqrdw,f? aumif;+yD/ 'gqv kd ukd f
cJah ygv
h @kd oluajymw,f? usaemf[m Adv k rf ;ª }uD;eJ@twl usaemft h usO;f cef;uae axmif
Al;0a&mufwt hJ xd aomhcwfxm;wJh owWKwHcg; (15) csyu f kd jzwfausm+f yD;aemuf axmif
tjyifa&mufwt hJ cg ol@um;u usaemfw@kd uakd pmifah ewm awG@&w,f?
usaemfw@kd [m yifv,furf;ajceJ@tòyid o f mG ;wJ/h om,mwJv h rf;twdik ;f udyaf wmif;
35
òrŒd xJukd um;armif;oGm;=uw,f? ol@acgi;f xJ OD;wnfcsuo f wfowfrw S rf w S rf &Sb d J usaemfh
wd@k [m pdwaf t;vufat;yHpk eH @J òrdŒxJa&Smufywfarmif;=uw,f? jyifyurBmavmu}uD;
xJuvlawG&ŒJ ±d;k ±d;k omrefvy_ &f mS ;r_awG=unf&h wm tifrwef@u=kd unfah umif;aew,f?
tzd;k tdak wGu aepmv_aH e/ rde;f rawGu aps;0,fae/ vlawGu ud, k t hf rd af rG;acG;eJ@ vrf;
av#mufxu G af e=uwmawG/ tJovdk bmrStqef;w=u,fr[kww f hJ ae@pOfb0v_y&f mS ;r_
awGuykd J axmifusaeolwa,mufu owd&twrf;wqH;k jzpfw,f? usaemf[m xl;jcm;
qef;=u,fwhJ e,fajrwckuakd &mufaewJ/h odcsijf rifcsipf w d jf yif;jyaewJh urBmvSnchf &D;onf
wa,mufvkd cHpm;rdw,f?
wem&Davmuf=umawmh Adv k rf ;ª }u;D rmhupf u f vl&iS ;f wJv h rf;uav;wvrf;u qdik f
uav;wqdik af &SŒ um;&yfvu kd w f ,f? “cifAsm; tat;aomufrvm;” vd@k oluar;w,f?
usaemfacgi;f ndwv f ukd af wmh olqikd x f 0J ifomG ;w,f? um;ay:rSm usaemfwa,mufxJ
xdkifusefaecJhw,f? tpydkif;rSmawmh udk,fhtajctaeudk,f rpOf;pm;rdygbl;? 'gayrJh
tcsed =f umvmwmeJ@tr# usaemf ydI k ydIk pdwv f y_ &f mS ;vmawmhw,f? usaemf[m (22) ESpf
twGi;f yxrqH;k t}udrt f jzpf axmiftjyifrmS tapmift h =uyfr&Sb d aJ &mufaew,f?
usaemf[m wHcg;udzk iG /hf um;xJuckex f u G +f yD; ta0;rSmaysmufomG ;wJt h xd xGuaf jy;zd@k
pdwu f ;l ay:rdw,f? usaemfu h , kd wf iG ;f wpHw k ckuae tJovdo k mvkyv f u kd zf @kd wdu k w f eG ;f ae
w,f? usaemfyek ;f vd@k &Edik w f /hJ opfyifawGxw l ahJ e&mwckukd vrf;ab;em;rSm usaemfowdðyrd
w,f? usaemhpf w d xf J wtm;wif;=uyfae+yD; ac|;pD;awGjyefpðyvmw,f? Adv k rf ;ª }uD;u
b,fomG ;aewmwk;H ? 'gayrJh tJ't D cdu k rf mS yJ usaemf ud, k u hf , kd u f , kd x f ed ;f csKyfvu kd Ef ikd f
w,f? ckeuajymovdkvkyfvdkuf&if tqifjcifrJh&m wm0efrJh&musvrd rhf ,f? 'gt h jyif
tE &W m,f&rdS mS uawmh ajymp&mrvdyk g? 'Dtajctaewckv;kH [m usaemfxu G af jy;csif
atmif =uHpnfzefw;D xm;wmvnf;jzpfEikd w f ,f? 'gayrJh tJovdak wmh usaemfrxifryd g?
tcsdeftenf;i,ft=umrSm Adkvfrª;}uD;u udkumudkvmoHAl;ESpfAl;udkif+yD; um;qDjyef
av#mufvmwm awG@vu kd &f awmhrS usaemf tvGe@f ukd pdwo f ufom&m&oGm;w,f?
udyaf wmif;òrdŒu tJ'w D ae@wm[m avhvma&;c&D;rsm;pGm&JŒtpjzpfw,fqw kd m
odvm&w,f? aemufvtenf;i,ftwGi;f rSm usaemf[m Adv k rf ;ª }u;D eJ@twl udyaf wmif;
òrdŒudok mruyJ òrdŒjyifu±_cif;±_uu G af wG/ om,mvSywJyh ifv,furf;ajcawGe@J at;csr;f
=unfE;l zG,af wmifwef;awGqD xyfomG ;&w,f? aemufr=umcif &mxl;ydik ,fwt hJ &m&Sd
awGu usaemfu h akd c:vnfciG &hf w,f? 'Dt&m&Sid ,fawGe@J twl usaemfyrkH eS o f mG ;vnfwhJ
ae&mwckuawmh ‘O,smOf’ vd@k ac:wJah e&mjzpfw,f? tJ'aD e&mu axmif&ŒJ pm;zdt k wGuf
oD;ESaH wGpu kd yf sK;d xm;&m axmif0if;tpGeu f ajruGuaf v;awGtpkvu kd &f w dS ahJ e&m jzpf
w,f? usaemf[m obm0avmuxJxGuf&wmudk ESpfoufrdw,f? rdk;ukyfpuf0dkif;
36
jrif&wm/ ae&JŒtyl&edS f usaemfyh cH;k ay:cHpm;&wmudk ESpo f ufrw d ,f?

wae@rmS usaemf[m Adv k }f u;D wa,mufe@J twl O,smOfawGqo D mG ;cJw h ,f? ,mcif;
awGxaJ v#muf=unf+h y;D aemuf usaemfw@kd [m jrif;aZmif;awGqo D mG ;cJ=h uw,f? jrif;aZmif;
awGxrJ mS vljzLvli,fEpS af ,muf tvky=f urf;0wfpakH wG0wf+y;D jrif;awGuikd w f , G af ew,f?
usaemfu olw@kd qaD v#mufomG ;+yD; jrif;waumifukd oabmusa=umif;pum;ajym&if;
“a[h/ 'Djrif;emrnf bmvJ” vd@k ar;vdu k w f ,f? tJ'vD il ,f[m enf;enf;*a,mifacsmufcsm;Edik +f yD;
usaemfu h v kd nf; jyefr=unfyh g? 'Daemuf jrif;emrnfukd AvH;k AaxG;eJ@ajymw,f? 'gayrJh
usaemhfudkajymwmr[kwfbJ Adkvf}uD;udkajymwmjzpfw,f? 'geJ@usaemfu aemuf
wa,mufukd ol@jrif;emrnfbmvJv@kd wvSnahf r;awmhvnf; ckeuvdw k ŒHk jyefrr_ sK;d yJ&w,f?
usaemf[m Adv k }f u;D eJ@twl axmifqjD yefav#mufvm&if; vli,fEpS af ,muf&ŒJ xl;
xl;qef;qef;tðytrlv@kd usaemfxifwmudk Adv k }f u;D udak jymrdw,f? Adv k }f u;D u&,fw,f?
“rif'Jvm;/ tJ'DESpfa,mufubmvJqdkwm cifAsm;rodbl;vm;?” usaemfu roda=umif;
ajymvdu k w f ,f? “olwdk@u vljzLtusOf;om;awGav? vljzLt&m&Sdwa,mufa&SŒrSm wdkif;
&if;om;tusOf;om;wa,mufu olwdk@udkar;cGef;awGar;wm wcgrSrcHcJhzl;bl;cifAs?”
wcsKd@0g'gi,fawGu usaemfhudk awmfawmfa0;a0;awGtxd ac:oGm;=uw,f?
usaemfw@kd [m yifv,furf;ajc rSm vrf;av#muf=uw,f? vzuf&nfqikd w f qdik 0f if+yD;
vzuf&nfawmifaomuf=uao;w,f? tJ'aD e&mawGrmS usaemfu h kd vlawGrw S rf o
d vm;
qdkwm r=umc%prf;=unfhrdw,f? 'gayrJh b,folrSrrSwfrd=uyg? owif;pmxJygwJh
usaemfah emufq;kH "mwfyu kH 1962 ckwek ;f ujzpfw,f?
'Dc&D;pOfawG[m yHpk t H rsK;d rsK;d eJ@ynm&apygw,f? usaemf axmifxaJ &mufaepOf
avmu}u;D rSm b,fvakd jymif;vJomG ;cJo h vJqw kd mudk awG@&w,f? usaemfw@kd [m t"du
tm;jzifh vljzLe,fajrawGudkyJoGm;cJhwJhtwGuf vljzLawGcHpm;ae&wJh tvGeftusL;
csr;f omºu, G 0f r_e@J oufawmifo h ufwmtqifajyr_ukd awG@&w,f? wdik ;f jynf[m qlyu G f
tHkºuGae+yD; òrdŒopfawG[m ppfrD;twdtvif;awmufavmifcgeD;jzpfaeayrJh vljzL
avmuuawmh at;aq;+idro f uf+yD; bmrSrjzpfovdyk gy?J olw@kd &ŒJ b0awG[m xdcu kd rf _
r&Syd gb;l ? wcguawmh tawmfu h akd zmfa&G,Ofaus;wJh vli,f0g'g t&mcHAv kd bf &ef;u
usaemfu h kd ol@ro d m;pkaewJw h ukd cf ef; ac:csomG ;+yD; ol@ZeD;om;orD;awGe@J rdwq f ufay;cJh
w,f? tJ'aD emufyikd ;f rSmawmh usaemfu ol@cav;awGqD c&pPrwfEw _ cf eG ;f qufu'fjym;awG
ESpw
f ikd ;f yd@k ay;cJw h ,f?
'DpeG @f pm;cef;av;awGukd usaemfoabmusEpS òf cu d rf w
d meJ@tr# tm%mydik af wG[m
usaemfu h t kd m±Hv k aJ$ y;zd@k tjyif wjcm;&nf&, G cf suw f ck&wdS ,fqw kd mvnf; usaemfaumif;
aumif;odrw d ,f? olw@kd [m usaemfu h kd awmiftmz&duEdik if &H ŒJ ae@pOfb0eJ@ tom;us
37
u|r;f 0ifomG ;apcsiw f ,fv@kd usaemfxifrw d ,f? wcsed w f nf;rSm usaemfaxmifuvH;k vH;k
vGwaf jrmufz@kd twGuf tav#mah y;aphpyfcsipf w d af wGay:vmatmif vGwv f yfrt
_ ao;
pm;av;awG&ŒJ t&omrSm wtm;,pfr;l oGm;apcsiyf v kH nf; jzpfaumif;jzpfEikd w f ,fv@kd
usaemfxifryd gw,f?
92
1987 ckrmS usaemf[m udb k u D t kd ufq;D eJ@ tquftoG,jf yefjzpfcw hJ ,f? usaemf
[m ole@J ol@aetdrrf mS oD;oef@awG@qakH qG;aEG;r_awG tawmfrsm;rsm;vkycf w hJ ,f? tJ'ED pS f
ukeyf ikd ;f avmufrmS tpd;k &u yxrqH;k aom tcdik t f rmurf;vSr;f csuv f yk v f mw,f?
udtk ufq;D ajymwmu tpd;k &[m usaemfe@J oD;oef@aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGvyk zf @kd txufwef;
t&m&S}d u;D awGyg0ifwhJ aumfrwDw&yfcef@tyfz@JG pnf;r,fh oabmxm;&Sw d ,fv@kd qdw k ,f?
'g[m Edik if aH wmforw&JŒ &mE_e;f jynfo h &d cdS iG ðhf yr_e@J vkyrf mS jzpfw,fv@kd udt k ufq;D uajym
w,f? aumfrwDt}uD;tuJu udktufqD;udk,fwdkifjzpf+yD; aumfrwDtzGJ@0ifawGu
tusO;f axmifrif;}uD; Adv k cf sKyf}uD;0Dvrfp/D tusO;f OD;pD;Xme !¸e=f um;a&;rª;csKyf zifeAD ef
'grm0DeJ@ trsKd;om;axmufvSrf;a&;Xmet}uD;tuJjzpfol ynmwHcGeftoif;om;
a[mif; a'guw f meD;vfbm;emh'w f @kd jzpfw,f? yxroH;k a,mufu tusO;f axmif,E &W m;eJ@
ywfoufaeolawGjzpfwt hJ wGuf wu,fv@kd aqG;aEG;yGaJ wG ratmifrjrifjzpf&if 'grrS [kwf
owif;pmawGukd aygu=f um;oGm;&if aqG;aEG;wJEh pS zf ufv;kH u zH;k zdEikd rf mS jzpf+yD; usaemfw@kd
[m tusO;f axmiftajctaeawG aqG;aEG;ae=uwmyJjzpfw,f? wjcm;bmrS aqG;aEG;
wmr[kwb f ;l vd@k ajymEdik rf mS jzpfw,f?
'gayrJh a'guw f mbm;emh'yf g0ifaewma=umifh usaemfpw d pf Ed;k paemifjh zpfrw d ,f?
ol[m awmiftmz&duEdik if u H pDtikd af tvdt k zG@J rsK;d &JŒt}uD;tuJjzpf+yD; ppfaxmufvrS ;f
a&;eJ@vnf; ywfoufaew,f? usaemf[m wjcm;t&m&Sad wGe@J q&kd if aqG;aEG;yGaJ wG avsmf
uefr_&Sda=umif; usaemfhtzGJ@tpnf;udkajz&Sif;EdkifayrJh bm;emh'feJ@aqG;aEG;wm avsmf
uefa=umif;udak wmh &Si;f jyzd@k rvG,yf gb;l ? bm;emh'yf gaewm[m aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGukd ydI k
jy\em±_yfap+yD; ydkus,fjyef@wJh aqG;aEG;yGJtpDtpOfudk !¸ef;qdkaew,f? usaemfu
urf;vSr;f csuu f kd wnpOf;pm;csiw f ,fv@kd udt k ufq;D udk ajymvdu k wf ,f?
tJ'n D rSm usaemfu jzpfEikd pf &mtusK;d quftm;vH;k udk qifjcif=unfw h ,f? orw
bdo
k m[m vHðk cHa&;u|r;f usio f al wGe@J axmufvrS ;f a&;t&m&Sad wGyg0ifw/hJ v#K@d 0u S Xf me
wckjzpfwhJ Edik if aH wmfvðkH cHa&;aumifpv D @kd ac:wJ[ h mwck zG@J pnf;xlaxmifxm;w,fqw kd m
usaemfox d m;w,f? owif;pmawGtqdt k & tJ'guv kd yk wf m[m ol@taeeJ@ 0ef}uD;
tzG@J &ŒJ tcGit hf m%mudk ausmv f eG af &SmifuiG ;f +yD; ol@u, kd yf ikd t
f m%m }uD;xGm;apzd@k jzpf
w,f vdk@qdkygw,f? a'gufwmbm;emh'f[m 'DtwGif;pnf;aumifpDrSm t"duusol
38
rif'v
J m; (19) ESpo
f m;t&G,?f
1952 *sKd[efepPbm*fhòrdŒwGif
atmfvDAmESifhtwl awmif
tmz&du. yxrqk;H vlrnf;
a&S@ae¶kH;zGifhpOf?
39
tm%mzDqefa&;
v_yf&Sm;r_umv/
a'guw f mrk¶d u
dk m/
,lpGwfzf'g'l;wkd@
ESit
hf wl w&m;¶k;H
tjyifY?
qkdif;ihHaxmif'%f
ukd;v pD&ifcH&+yD;
aemuf x&ef p
Am;vf w&m;¶kH;
csKyfwiG f yufx&pf
rkv
d 0dk g// a&mbwf
&D&mS wk@d ESihf twl?
40
attifpOD uUÏ &mxl;
ukd a'guwf m rk¶d udk mrS
apmfbGm; tJvfbwf
vlov l o
D @dk v$aJ jymif;
ay;t+yD;?
(41) }udraf jrmuf ESpf

ywf vnf nDvmcHY
ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ukd
apmfbGm; vlolvDu
‘tmz&dum;’ tav;
ðyenf;jzifh tav;ðy
aepOf?
41
1955 Y vli,f
acgif ; a q m i f
yDwmtifoDwD
ESihf twl?
tkypf v
k udk ef ,fajrrsm;
Oya't& ta&;yg
aom qk d z D , mòr@uk d
‘trnf;a&mife,fajr’
tjzpf a=unmcJh+yD;
1955 Y pm;usuu f iG ;f
a'orsm;okd@ ajymif;
a&G@&ef pDpOfcohJ nf?
42
taemuf y k d i f ; a'orsm;
t"rRajymif;a&G@r_ qef@
usiaf &; ratmifjrifjcif;rS
u
S saemf&onfh oifcef;pm
wckrmS wku d yf .
JG oabm
obm0uk d owf r S w f j y
Ïmef;olrmS zdEydS of v
l w
l ef;
pm;jzpfonf[al om oif
cef;pmjzpfonf? tqkH;
wGif usaemfwkd@rSm vuf
eufuidk f ckcaH wmfveS &f efrS
wyg; tjcm;a&G;cs,pf &m
r&S?d
c&D;oGm;vufrw
S f Oya'ukd qef@usiu f ef@uGu&f ef y&Dw;dk &D;,m;jynfaxmifp¶k ;Hk ok@d csw
D uf
qENjyae aom trsK;d orD;wzG@J ukd pum;ajymaepOf?
43
1956/ tajctae wif;
rmaecsdef?
1956/ Ekid if aH wmfyek uf ef

r_ w&m;¶kH;wifppfaq;
r_? w&m;cHrsm;ukd *sK[ d ef
epPbm*frS y&Dw;dk &D;,m;
okd@ ae@pOf bwfpfum;
rsm;jzifh yk@d aqmif¶;Hk xkwf
onf?
44
usaemfwkd@onf EkdifiHa&;
pka0;yGJrsm;ukd vkH;0rwuf
a&muf&ef ydwfyifcHxm;&
aomfvnf; EkdifiHawmfykef
uefr_ ppfaq;¶kH;xkwf&mY
acgi;f aqmiftrsm; pka0;rd
ojzifh ae@vnfxrif;pm;
csdefrsm;rSm EkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m
tvk y f t r_ a qmif a umf
rwDtpnf;ta0;rsm;ESifh
wlaeavh&o dS nf?
1958/ y&D w k d ; &D ; ,m;

w&m;¶k;H tjyifY axmufcH
olrsm;ESifhtwl oDcsif;qkd
ae=upOf?
45
e,f v f q if r if ' J v m; &efolESifh pum;ajymjcif;
wa,mufjzpf+yD; orw&JŒ vuf&if;vl,akH wmfjzpfw,fv@kd ajym=uw,f? usaemfu
bm;emh'u f kd vufrcHbjJ iif;vdu k &f if bdo k mudk pdr;f um;vdu k &f musomG ;vdrrhf ,fv@kd awG;rd
w,f? tJovdek nf;vrf;[m tifrwef@ukd tE &W m,frsm;w,fv@kd qH;k jzwfvu kd wf ,f?
Ekid if aH wmforwudk 0dik ;f xJqrJG xnf&h if bmrSjzpfvmEdik rf mS r[kwyf g? reufr;kd vif;awmh
usaemf udt k ufq;D xH ol@urf;vSr;f csuf vufcaH =umif;pum;yg;vdu k w f ,f?
usaemfuikd w f , G af qmif&u G zf @kd vwkd hJ tcsut f csmudpo
P ;kH ck&w dS ,fqw kd m usaemfod
w,f? yxrudpPtaeeJ@ usaemfa&SŒqufrwdk;cif oHk;xyfrSm&SdwJh usaemfhtazmfawG
oabmxm;wD;acgu=f unfch siw f ,f? 'kw, d udpu P tckjzpfaewmawGukd vlqmumòrŒd rSm
&Sw
d hJ atmfvAD mxH qufo, G o f wif;yd@k z@kd ta&;}u;D w,f? aemufq;kH udpu P awmh wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ
t"duudpP&yfawGeJ@ywfoufwJh usaemhftjrifawGeJ@ attifpD&JŒoabmxm;awGudk
azmfxw k &f iS ;f jywJh tqdðk ypmv$mwapmifa&;qG+J yD; bdo k mqDy@kd z@kd &nf&, G w f ,f? 'Dtqdðk y
pmv$m[m tem*wfaqG;aEG;yGw J ikd ;f twGuf pum;ajymp&mtcsut f vufawGay;vdrhf
r,f?
usaemfu vkyfazmfudkifzufawGeJ@ awG@cGifhawmif;wJhtcg tm%mydkifawGu
cyfjrefjrefyjJ iif;vdu k w f m tH=h opGmawG@&w,f? 'Dvjkd iif;wm tawmfx;l jcm;w,f? 'g[m
usaemfe@J tpd;k &=um; v#K@d 0u S pf um;ajymyGaJ wG&ŒJ tvm;tvmeJ@ywfouf+yD; tpd;k &
bufu tawmf}u;D udk pdw*f a,muf*,ufjzpfaewmudjk yw,fv@kd usaemf,q l rdw,f?
usaemfu ydt k qifjh rifw h hJ txuft&m&Sad wGqD xyfwifwt hJ cg aemufq;kH rSm usaemfh
yef=um;csuu f kd cGiðhfyvdu k wf ,f? 'gayrJh ¹ciG ;f csuu f awmh usaemf[m usaemft h azmfawGudk
wa,mufcsi;f yJawG@Eikd +f yD; tm;vH;k wòydief ufawG@ciG rhf &yg?
usaemf olw@kd e@J axmif0ifpmcef;rSmawG@&w,f? tao;pdwt f csuw f csKŒd rajymbJ
csex f m;zd@k usaemfq;kH jzwfxm;w,f? aqG;aEG;bufaumfrwDw&yf vufawG@z@JG pnf;xm;
+yD;+yDqw kd mrajymbJ tpd;k &eJ@pum;ajyma&;t,ltqtay: olw@kd t}uH^m%f&,lz@kd jzpf
w,f? a0gvw f meJ@ yxrqH;k awG@&w,f? ol@ukd usaemfu tusO;f axmifrif;}u;D qDa&;wJh
pmta=umif;eJ@ udt k ufq;D eJ@usaemf awG@qckH w hJ t hJ a=umif; ajymjyvdu k w f ,f? tpd;k &eJ@
aqG;aEG;yGJawGpzdk@pdwful;udk udktufqD;eJ@aqG;aEG;cJh+yD; tpdk;&uvnf; pdwf0ifpm;yHk&
w,fv@kd usaemfajymjyw,f? 'Dupd eP @J ywfouf+yD; ol@tjrifb,fv&kd o dS vJ?
usaemf[m a0gvw f meJ@twl tcuftcJtrsK;d rsK;d jzwfoef;cJb h ;l w,f? ol[m
qifjcifww kH &m;eJ@jynfph +kH yD; ^m%fynm&So d jl zpfw,f? usaemft h a=umif;vnf; ol@xuf
ydok o d rl &Syd g? ol@oabmxm;xufy+kd y;D usaemf,=kH unftm;ud;k wJh 'grrS [kwf wefz;kd xm;wJh
olr&Sdyg? usaemfajymwmudk a0gvfwm pOf;pm;qifjcif=unfhw,f? ol[m pdwfpEdk;
paemifjh zpfaewm usaemfawG@&+yD; tvGeq f ;kH ajym&&if odyv f u d_ v f u d_ v f v JS rJS &Sb
d ;l vd@k
46
e,f v f q if r if ' J v m; &efolESifh pum;ajymjcif;
ajymEdik yf gw,f? olu “rltm;jzifh usaemf[m aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;udk rqef@usifygbl;? 'gayrJh
usaemfhqENuawmh aqG;aEG;r_awGudk usaemfwdk@u tpdk;&qD tpðyurf;vSrf;wmr[kwfbJ
tpdk;&u usaemfwdk@qD tpðyurf;vSrf;wmjzpfapcsifw,f” vd@k ajymw,f?
usaemfu wu,fv@kd ol[m aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;udk rltm;jzifh rqef@usib f ;l qd&k if
'DaqG;aEG;yGuJ kd b,fou l yJtpðyurf;vSr;f wmjzpfjzpf bmta&;vJv@kd jyefajymvdu k w f ,f?
ta&;}uD;wmu aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGb,fvpkd w,fqw kd mr[kwb f J bm&v'fawGxu G o f vJ
qdwk mjzpfw,f? usaemfw@kd [m aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;udk a&SŒqufvyk o f ifw h ,f? b,fol
t&ifwcH g;acguo f vJqw kd m ylyifraeoifb h ;l vd@k usaemf a0gvw f mudak jymvdu k w f ,f?
usaemf[m qH;k jzwfcsucf ikd cf ikd rf mrmcsxm;+y;D +yq D w
kd m a0gvw f modjrif+y;D oluusaemfu h kd
[ef@wm;rSmr[kwaf =umif; ajymw,f? 'gayrJh usaemf[m ud, k bf mvkyaf ew,fqw kd m
ud, k [
hf mud, k o f zd @kd olar#mv f ifah =umif;ajymw,f?
aemufxyfawG@&olu a&;rGet f rfvmS ;bm;jzpfw,f? usaemf a0gvw f mhukd &Si;f jycJh
ovdyk J ol@ut kd ajctaewckv;kH &Si;f jyw,f? a&;[m t+ryJ pJ um;enf;oljzpfw,f? olu
usaemfajymjywmawGukd tcsed , f pl Of;pm;w,f? 'Dah emuf usaemfu h kd vSr;f =unf+h yD; ajym
·
vdkufw,f? “rm'Dbm;/ cifAsm; bmudkapmifhaewmwkef;? usaemfwdk@[m 'gudk ESpf
tawmf=umuwnf;u poifhcJhwmjzpfw,f?” tif'±l;trfvef*ife&D ŒJ wH@k jyefru _ vnf;
a&;eJ@qifwjl zpfw,f? aemufq;kH awG@&olu uufojD zpfw,f? ol@w@kHjyefru _ qef@usib f ufu
jzpfygw,f? usaemft=uðH ywmudk a&;rGeef @J tif'±l;wd@k uaxmufco H avmuf oluawmh
jywfjywfom;om;qef@usiw f ,f? olu a0gvw f mxufawmifyjkd yif;xefae+y;D usaemfw@kdu
aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGukd tpðyurf;vSr;f jcif;tm;jzifh t±_;H ay;tnHch &H ma&mufw,fv@kd ol,q l
w,f? a0gvw f mvdyk J oluaphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;udk rltm;jzifrh qef@usib f ;l vd@k ajymw,f?
usaemfuvnf; a0gvfwmudkjyefajymcJhwJhtwdkif;yJ ol@udkjyefajymvdkufw,f? 'gayrJh
uufou D acgi;f rmvSw,f? olu usaemf[m vrf;rSm;twdik ;f vGiahf rsmae+yv D @kd ,lqae
w,f? 'gayrJh ol[m pdk;&drfa=umifh=ur_awG&Sdaeaomfvnf; usaemfoGm;r,fhvrf;udk
ydwyf if[ef@wm;rSmr[kwb f ;l vd@k ajymw,f?
tJovdak wG@+y;D odyrf =umcif usaemf[m atmfvAD mwrfAq kd uD pmuav;wapmif

&cJw
h ,f? tJ'pD mudk usaemfah &SŒaewa,muf cd;k oGi;f ay;wmjzpfw,f? olu usaemf[m
tpd;k &eJ@v#K@d 0u
S af qG;aEG;r_awGvyk af ew,fv@kd owif;awG=um;+yD; pd;k &draf ew,f? usaemf
[m umvtawmf=um=um wa,mufxaJ e&+yD; vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufawGe@J cGx J m;cHae&
w,fqw kd m oload =umif;ajymw,f? rif'v J m; bmawGjzpfae+yvD q J w kd m olpOf;pm;awG;
·rm'Dbm;qdw
k m rif'v
J m;&JŒ aqGrsK;d pkemrnfjzpfw,f
47
awmaerdrmS ygy?J atmfvAD m&JŒpmu wdw k ekd @J v&kd if;a&;xm;w,f? olocd siw f mu usaemf
tpd;k &eJ@ bmawGaqG;aEG;aeovJqw kd mjzpfw,f? usaemf azmufjyefomG ;+yDv@kd awmh
atmfvAD m ,lqrSmr[kwyf gb;l ? 'gayrJh usaemf[m oH;k oyftuJjzwfcsut f rSm; vkyf
aew,fv@kd olawG;aumif;awG;rdEidk w f ,f? wu,fyJ ol@pm&JŒavoHu tJ'yD pkH aH yguaf e
w,f?
usaemfu atmfvAD mqDukd tifrwefwakd wmif;wJph mwapmif jyefvu kd w f t hJ xJrmS
usaemf[m tpdk;&udk ta=umif;udpPwckeJ@ywfouf+yD; pum;ajymaea=umif;/ tJ'D
ta=umif;udpPwckxJudkom ajymaea=umif;/ tJ'guawmh attifpDEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m
tr_aqmifaumfrwDeJ@ awmiftmz&dutpdk;&wdk@ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;udpPjzpfa=umif;
a&;vdkufw,f? usaemf tao;pdwfawGawmh ra&;vdkufyg? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh
qufo, G af &;vrf;a=umif;&JŒ v#KŒd 0Surf x _ ed ;f odr;f Edik pf rG ;f udk usaemfr,H=k unfv@kdygy?J pmxJrmS
tJovdpk um;ajymqdrk a_ wGvyk zf @kd tcsed u f svm+yDjzpfa=umif;eJ@ usaemf[m b,fvekd nf;
eJ@yjJ zpfjzpf tzG@J tpnf;epfematmifvyk rf mS r[kwaf =umif; ±d;k ±d;k &Si;f &Si;f yJajymvdu k w f ,f?
attifp[ D m tpd;k &eJ@ pum;ajyma&;udk q,fpEk pS af ygi;f rsm;pGm awmif;qdck ahJ yrJh
usaemfw@kd [m 'Dvpkd um;ajymqdrk a_ wG wu,fvufawG@jzpfz@kd tvm;tvmeJ@ wcgrS
rñuHczhJ ;l ao;yg? pum;ajyma&;udk oabmw&m;t&pOf;pm;wmu wu¾/ vufawG@
qifEw J$ muawmh wu¾jzpfygw,f? usaemf[m atmfvAD mhqpD mjyefaepOfrmS yJ orw
bdo k mxH tqdðk ypmv$mudv k nf; pa&;aeygw,f? 'Dtqdðk ypmv$mudk atmfvAD myg rvGJ
raoGzwf&atmif usaemfvkyfrSmjzpfw,f? atmfvDAmeJ@ EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mtr_aqmif
aumfrwDu usaemft h qdðk yv$mzwf&wJt h cg usaemfvrf;ab;acsmx f u G o
f mG ;+yDv@kd olw@kd
pd;k &dryf yl efaewmawG ajyavsmo h mG ;vdrrhf ,fqw kd m usaemfow d ,f?
93
v#Kd@0SuftvkyftzGJ@&JŒ yxrqHk;w&m;0ifaqG;aEG;yGJudk 1988 ck/ arvxJrSm
yd;k vfprd;k 0if;xJu om;em;tqifjh rifw h hJ t&m&S&d yd o f mrSmvkycf w hJ ,f? usaemf[m udt k uf
qD;udak &m/ 0Dvrfpu D ykd g odu|r;f ayrJh Aef'grm0De@J a'guw f mbm;emh'w f @kd uakd wmh wcgrS
rawG@czhJ ;l ygb;l ? Aef'grm0D[m at;aq;+yD; ormorwf&o dS w
l a,mufjzpfw,f? ta&;
}u;D wJuh pd &P rdS S pum;ajymwJv h jl zpfw,f? a'guw f mbm;emh'u f awmh touf oH;k q,fih g;ESpf
0ef;usiaf vmuf&+dS y;D tifrwef@ux kd ufjrufojl zpfw,f? wnfwnf+idr+f idref @J tod^m%f
ºuG,0f ol/ ud, k u
hf ,
kd uf dk xde;f csKyf=uyfrwfEikd pf rG ;f &So
d jl zpfw,f?
ueOD;aqG;aEG;yGJu tawmfav;wif;wif;awmifhawmifhjzpfayrJh aemufydkif;
aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGrmS awmh usaemfw@kd [m yd+k yD;yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif;eJ@ wJw h ;kd pum;ajymEdik cf whJ ,f?
48
usaemf olwdk@eJ@ vwcsKdŒ=umatmif wywfwcge;D eD;awG@cw hJ ,f? aemufydkif;rSmawmh
aqG;aEG;yGaJ wG[m tcsed rf eS rf [kwaf wmhb;l ? wcgwav wv=umwJt h xd aqG;aEG;yGJ rjzpf
bJae+yD;aemuf ±kww f &ufcsujf cif; tywfwikd ;f aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGvyk jf yefw,f? aqG;aEG;yGJ
awGukd trsm;tm;jzifh tpd;k &u pDpOf}u;D rª;wmjzpfayrJh wcgw&HrmS awmh aqG;aEG;yGJ vkyzf @kd
usaemfupyef=um;wmvnf; &Sw d wfw,f?
a&SŒydik ;f aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGtwGi;f usaemfah qG;aEG;azmftopfawG[m a'guw f mbm;
emh'u f vG&J if attifpt D a=umif; bmrSoyd rf od=ubl;qdw k m usaemfawG@c&hJ w,f? olw@kd
·
tm;vH;k [m ES@H pyfayguaf &mufwhJ tmz&duef;em;vlrsK;d awGjzpf+yD; wjcm; olw@kd vrl sK;d
awGtm;vH;k eD;yg;xuf trsm;}uD;yd+k yD; tjrifus,o f al wGjzpfayrJh t}uD;tus,0f g'jzef@
r_&ŒJ om;aumifawGjzpfaewJt h wGuf wcsK@d tcsut f vufawGe@J ywfouf+yD; olw@kd ukd
tjrif&iS ;f oGm;atmif t&ifvyk zf @kd vw kd ,f? attifpt D a=umif;avhvmxm;wJh a'guw f m
bm;em'fawmifrS ol@owif;tcsut f vuftrsm;pkukd ykvyd ef @J axmufvrS ;f a&;zdik w f JG
awGu&wmjzpfw,f? 'D ykvyd ef @J axmufvrS ;f a&;rSww f rf;rSwpf ak wG[m a,bk,stm;jzifh
rrSerf uefawGjzpf+y;D 'D owif;pkaqmif;&,lco hJ al wG&ŒJ tmCmwqENpaJG wGpeG ;f xif;aevd@k
wefz;kd avsmu h saewmawGjzpfw,f? a'guw f mbm;emh't f aeeJ@vnf; 'Dwbufowfusr_
tpGaJ wG ul;pufc&H ,Hu k vG+J yD; bmrSrwwfEikd cf yhJ gb;l ?
tpydik ;f rSm usaemfu attifpo D rdik ;f udk tcsed , f tl =urf;zsi;f &Si;f jy+y;D aemuf tzG@J
tpnf;eJ@tpd;k &=um; oabmxm;uGv J aJG ewJh tajccHupd &P yfawGtay: usaemfw@kd &yfwnf
csut f aetxm;udk &Si;f jycJw h ,f? 'Dy%mrjyifqifra_ wG+yD;awmh usaemfw@kd [m yifr
udp&P yfawGukd tav;ay;aqG;aEG;=uw,f? 'Dupd aP wGuawmh vufeufuikd w f u kd yf uJG pd /P
attifpeD @J ueG jf rLepfygwD r[mrdwzf @JG ru _ pd /P vlrsm;pktyk cf sKyfa&;yef;wdik u f pd eP @J vlrsK;d a&;
t& &if=um;apha&;t,ltqwd@k jzpfw,f?
yxrqH;k wifwu hJ pd [
P m buftawmfrsm;rsm;u=unf&h if ta&;}u;D qH;k udpjP zpfwhJ
vufeufuikd w f ukd yf u JG pd P jzpfygw,f? 'Dta=umif;udk vwcsK@d tcsed , f +l yD;aqG;aEG;cJw h ,f?
olw@kd u attifp[ D m t=urf;zufr_ (violence) udk pGe@f vw $ +f y;D vufeufuikd w f u kd yf JG &yfpJ
wm t&ifvyk rf S tpd;k &uaphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;udo k abmwlr,f? usaemfvnf; orw
bdok meJ@ awG@ciG &hf r,fv@kd twif;&yfcaH ew,f? olw@kd ay;wJq h ifajcuawmh t=urf;zufr_
qdw k m Ekid if aH wmftpd;k &u vufrcHEikd w f &hJ mZ0wfrt _ ðytrlyjJ zpfw,fv@kd qw kd ,f?
usaemfu t=urf;zufrt _ wGuw f m0ef&o dS [l m Edik if aH wmftpd;k &jzpfw,f? wdu k yf JG
o¾mefowfrw S o f [l m zdEydS o f ol mtpOft+rjJ zpf+y;D tzdEydS cf aH wGu owfrw S q f ;kH jzwfwm
r[kwb f ;l vd@k jyefajymcJw h ,f? tu,fI zdEydS o f u l t=urf;zuf&if tzdEydS cf aH wGrmS t=urf;
·'wfcsftEG,f awmiftmz&duvljzLvlrsKd;
49
zufwkHŒjyefzdk@uvGJ+yD; wjcm;a&G;p&menf;vrf;r&Sdbl;? usaemfwdk@ ta&;udpPrSmqdk&if

t=urf;zufr[ _ m oifah wmfreS u f efw/hJ w&m;wJ/h ud, k uhf ukd ,
kd u
f muG,zf @kd o¾mefwckr#
omjzpfw,f? wu,fv@kd Edik if aH wmftpd;k &uom +idr;f csr;f wJeh nf;emawGo;kH zd@k qH;k jzwf
vduk &f if attifpu D vnf; +idr;f csr;f wJeh nf;vrf;awGo;kH rSmjzpfw,fv@kd awmif usaemf
t&JpGef@ ajymvdkufw,f? “t=urf;zufr_pGef@v$wfzdk@qdkwm cifAsm;wdk@&JŒwm0efjzpfw,f?
usaemfwdk@tay: rwnfbl;” vd@k usaemfajymvdu k w
f ,f?
'Djy\emeJ@ywfouf+yD; olw@kd em;vnfoabmaygurf w _ ;kd wufatmif usaemf
vkyEf ikd cf w
hJ ,fv@kd usaemfxifrad yrJh 'Dupd [ P m r=umcifrmS yJ '\ejy\emtjzpfuae
vufawG@jy\eme,fy,fukd a&$Œvmw,f? 0ef}uD;udt k ufq;D eJ@ a'guw f mbm;em'fw@kd
·
axmufjywmu trsK;d om;ygwD [m t=urf;zufru _ kd axmufct H m;ay;wJh b,ftzG@J
tpnf;eJ@rqdk aphpyfaqG;aEG;rSmr[kwb f ;l vd@k xyfcgxyfcga=unmxm;cJw h ,f/ 'ga=umifh
tpd;k &[m pum;Aavmif;AvJvyk &f mra&mufbeJ @J attifpeD @J aqG;aEG;r,fv@kd b,fvkd
vky+f y;D ðAef;pm;}u;D a=unmEdik rf mS vJw?hJ olw@kd bufu aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGpvkyEf ikd zf @kd attifpu
D
wpHw k &m tavsmah y;r_vyk rf S tpd;k &[m ol@bufujynfoal wG=um; odumQ rusrmS
jzpfw,fv@kd olw@kd uajym=u w,f?
olw@kd ajymwm qDavsmaf vsmufywfwt hJ csujf zpf+yD; usaemf aumif;aumif;em;
vnfay;Edik w f thJ csuvf nf;jzpfw,f? 'gayrJh usaemf olw@kd ukd xGuaf ygurf ay;Edik yf gb;l ?
“vl}uD;rif;wdk@cifAsm;/ cifAsm;wdk@&JŒtusOf;tusyfudk ajz&Sif;ay;zdk@[m usaemfhtvkyf r[kwf
ygb;l ” vd@k usaemfajymvdu k wf ,f? olw@kd [m attifpeD @J pm;yGwJ 0dik ;f xJ xdik rf aqG;aEG;bJe@J
+idr;f csr;f a&;r&Edik b
f ;l ? awmiftmz&duEdik if &H ŒJ tajctaetwGuf tajzr&Edik b
f ;l qdw
k m
olwdk@vlawGudk ajymjy&vdrfhr,fvdk@yJ usaemfolwdk@udk ±dk;±dk;&Sif;&Sif;ajymvdkufw,f?
“jynfolawG em;vnfoabmayguf=urSmyg” vd@k usaemfajymvdu k wf ,f?
attifpu D uGejf rLepfygweD @J r[mrdwzf @JG xm;r_uvnf; vufeufuikd w f u

kd yf v
JG ykd J
olw@kd ut kd ifrwef pdw'f u k aQ y;aeyH&k w,f? trsK;d om;ygw[ D m 1950 ckEpS rf sm;u ppfat;
wdkufyGJ0g'a&;&mawG&JŒ a&S;±dk;pGJw&m;aotusqHk;t,ltqawGudk vufcHxm;+yD;
qdAk ,
D ufjynfaxmifpu k kd rdpm> tifyg,m}uD;tjzpf/ uGejf rLepf0g'udk rm&fewfq;kd vky&f yf
tjzpf oabmxm;aew,f? 'Dtjrifuae trSet f wdik ;f ajymif;vJjrifatmif b,fvrkd S
vkyv f @kd r&Edik yf gb;l ? uGejf rLepfygw[D m attifpu D vkd r$ ;f rd;k }uD;pd;k +yD; xde;f csKyfxm;w,f?
tJ'ga=umifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_awGpEdik zf @kd twGuf usaemfw@kd [m ygweD @J tqufjzwf&r,fv@kd
olw@kd u xyfwvJvaJ jymaew,f?
·tm%m&vljzLygwD
50
usaemfyxrqH;k jyefajymwmu awmfveS af &;rme&Sw d hJ b,fvw G v f yfa&;wdu k yf 0JG if
orm;urS olqef@usiw f ukd cf ukd af ewJth pd;k &&JŒ trde@f ay;apcdik ;f r_ukd vdu k ef mrSmr[kwf
bl;? 'grrS [kwv f nf; &efbufwa,mufauseyfapzd@k twGuf umv=um&Snv f ufwcJG w hJ hJ
r[mrdwfwa,mufudk vufwGJðzwfab;z,fxkwfrSmr[kwfbl;vdk@ ajymvdkufw,f?
'Daemufawmh usaemfu ygweD @J attifp[ D m oD;jcm;jzpf+yD; rwlujJG ym;wJh tzG@J tpnf;
awGjzpfw,f? vlrsK;d a&;zdEydS rf _ z,f&mS ;a&;eJ@ vlrsK;d rcGjJ cm;wJh awmiftmz&duEdik if H ay:xGe;f
a&;qdwk hJ a&wd&k nfreS ;f csuaf wG ESpzf @JG v;kH rSmwln=D uayrJh a&&Sn&f nfreS ;f csuaf wGuawmh
rwl=ubl;vd@k &Sn&f n S af 0;a0;&Si;f jycJw h ,f?
'DaqG;aEG;r_[m veJ@cs=D umcJw h ,f? tmz&duef;em;vlrsK;d trsm;pkvykd J olw@kd uvnf;
attifpx D rJ mS &Swd hJ uGejf rLepftrsm;tjym;[m vljzLawG (od@k r[kw)f ukvm;awGjzpfwhJ
twGuf tJ'gawGu attifpx D u J vlrnf;awG udck sKyu
f ik d af ew,fv@kx d if=uw,f? usaemfu
attifpeD @J uGejf rLepfygww D @kd ay:vpDyikd ;f rSm oabmxm;uGv J cJG +hJ yD; attifpb D ufu
tompD;&cJhwJhtcgor,trsm;tjym;udk axmufjycJhayrJh tJ'g[m olwdk@tjrifudk
rajymif;apEdik cf yhJ gb;l ? aemufq;kH rSmawmh usaemf[mu|+J rD;wdv k m+yD; “vl}uD;rif;wd@k [m
udk,fhudk,fudk tod^m%fjynfh0w,fvdk@ ,lq=uw,fr[kwfvm;? udk,fhudk,fukd pum;ajym
aumif;w,f/ olrsm;udkajzmif;zsem;csEdkifpGrf;&Sdw,fvdk@ ,lq=uw,fr[kwfvm;? uJ ætck
cifAsm;wdk@u av;a,muf&Sdw,f? usaemfu wa,mufxJyJ&Sdw,f? 'gayrJh cifAsm;wdk@u
usaemfhudk rcsKyfudkifEdkifbl;? 'grSr[kwf usaemfhpdwfudkajymif;atmifrvkyfEdkifbl;? cifAsm;wdk@
rvkyfEdkifwmudk uGefjrLepfawGuvkyfEdkifw,fvdk@ b,fvdkvkyf+yD; cifAsm;wdk@pOf;pm;=uwmvJ”
vd@k olw@kd uakd jymvdu
k w
f ,f?
olw@kd [m jynfoyl ikd o f rd ;f a&;t,ltqudv k nf; pd;k &dryf yl ef=uw,f? attifpeD @J

vGwv f yfa&;a=unmpmwrf;[m awmiftmz&dupD;yGm;a&;udk tHv k u kd u f si;f vdu
k f jynfol
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f rd ;f a&; axmufcx H m;w,fv@kd olw@kd upGypf w JG ,f? usaemfu wcsK@d aompufrv _ yk if ef;
awG/ tckuwnf;u vuf0g;}u;D tkyv f yk if ef;jzpfaewJh pufrv _ yk if ef;awG&ŒJ tusK;d tjrwf
awGukd yd+k yD;r#r#wwjzef@caJG &; usaemfw@kd vv kd m;a=umif;/ tJ'v D ekd ,fy,fawGrmS awmh
jynfoyl ikd o f rd ;f wmjzpfaumif; jzpfvmEdik af =umif; &Si;f jyvdu k w f ,f? 'gayrJh 1956 ckwek ;f u
“vGwfajrmufa&;” pmapmiftwGuf usaemfa&;wJah qmif;yg;wyk'x f rJ mS vGwv f yfa&;
a=unmpmwrf;[m qd&k , S vf pfpepfwnfaqmufz@kd yHpk jH ymrl=urf;qGx J m;wmr[kwb f J
tmz&duyHkpHt&if;&Sifpepfwnfaqmufzdk@ yHkpHjymrl=urf;omjzpfw,fvdk@ajymxm;wm
olw@kd u! kd e¸ ;f jycJw
h ,f? usaemf[m tJ'u D wnf;u tckxt d ,ltqrajymif;cJb h ;l vd@k
olw@kd uakd jymvdu k wf ,f?
51
wjcm;t"duaqG;aEG;p&mu¾uawmh vlrsm;pktkyfcsKyfa&;udpPjzpfygw,f?
wu,fv@kd vlrsm;pktyk cf sKyfa&;jzpf&if vlenf;pktcGit hf a&;awG eif;acsc&H vdrrhf ,fv@kd
olw@kd xif=uw,f? vljzLvlenf;pk&ŒJ tcGit hf a&;awGukd attifpu D b,fvu kd muG,f
apmifah &Smufay;rvJqw kd m olw@kd ocd si=f uw,f? usaemfu awmiftmz&duEdik if o H rdik ;f rSm
awmiftmz&dujynfoal wGtm;vH;k vlrsK;d awGtm;vH;k udk pnf;vH;k nD!w G af tmifóu;d pm;wJh
ae&mrSm attifpu D rkd w D thJ zG@J tpnf; r&Sb
d ;l vd@k ajymvdu k wf ,f? usaemfu vGwv f yfa&;
a=unmpmwrf;&JŒ pum;csD;tcef;udk!¸ef;jyw,f? tJ'DrSm “awmiftmz&duEdkifiHudk
Edik if w
H iG ;f aexdik o
f l vlrnf;vljzLtm;vH;k u ydik q f nf” vd@k ygw,f? usaemfu vljzLawG
f ikd o
[mvnf; tmz&duwdu k o f m;awGjzpfw,f? b,ftem*wfEikd if aH &;pepfrmS rqdk vlrsm;pk
[m vlenf;pkukd vdt k yfrmS jzpfw,fv@kd olw@kd uakd jymvdu k w f ,f? “usaemfw@kd u cifAsm;wd@k ukd
yifv,fxJarmif;cscsifpdwfr&Sdygbl;” vd@k usaemfajymvdu k w f ,f?
94
aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGu aumif;wJt h usKd ;oufa&mufr_ ay:vmw,f? =o*kwv f rukecf if
orwbdkomu usaemfeJ@awG@zdk@pDpOfaew,fvdk@ 1988 ck/ aqmif;&moDtwGif;
usaemfu h akd jymvmw,f? wdik ;f jynfuawmh qlyu G t f ºkH uaG eqJjzpfw,f? tpd;k &[m 1987 ck
rSma&m/ 1988 ckrmS yg ta&;ay:tajctae jyefvnfcsrw S cf w
hJ ,f? Edik if w
H umhzt d m;
uvnf; jrifw h ufvm+yD; awmiftmz&duuxGucf mG wJu h rk %` aD wG rsm;oxufrsm;vm
w,f? tar&duefueG *f &ufvw $ af wmfu ta&;ygwjhJ ypf'%fcwfta&;,la&; Oya'=urf;
wck twnfðyvdu k w f ,f?
1987 ckrmS attifp[ D m oufwrf; (75) ESpaf jrmuftcrf;tem;qifE+J$ y;D tJ'ED pS t f
ukef wefZef;eD;,m;Edik if rH mS uGezf &ifw h ckusi;f ycJ&h m Edik if aH ygi;f ig;q,fausmu f ud, k pf m;
vS,af wG wufa&muf=uw,f? atmfvAD mu tpd;k &[m tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;a&;pepf
zsuo f rd ;f a&; aqG;aEG;zd@k rjyifqifrcsi;f vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;udk t&Sed jf ri‡ o hf mG ;r,fv@kd
a=unmcJw h ,f? vGecf w hJ EhJ pS Ef pS uf vGwv f yfa&;a=unmpmwrf; ESpf (30) ajrmuftjzpf
ZrfbD,mEdkifiHrSmusif;ycJhwJh attifpD&JŒ umb0DuGefz&ifhrSm wjcm;vlrsKd;awGxJu
yk*Kd~ vfawGukd yxrqH;k t}udrt f jzpf Edik if vH ;kH qdik &f mtr_aqmifaumfrwDxJ a&G;aumuf
wifajrm‡ ufc+hJ y;D Edik if v
H ;kH qdik f &mtr_aqmifaumfrwDu attifpaD cgi;f aqmifawGtm;vH;k
axmifurvGwrf csi;f tpd;k &eJ@ aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGrusi;f yEdik b f ;l vd@k uwdc0H efðycJw h ,f?
t=urf;zufra_ wG tjyef@tES@H &adS eqJjzpfayrJh trsK;d om;ygw[ D m tckavmuf wcgrS
tiftm;raumif;cJzh ;l bl;? 1987 ck/ arv vljzLtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyrJG mS trsK;d om;
ygwo D rm;awG tjywftowfEikd cf w hJ ,f? 'Dxufyq kd ;kd wmuawmh w&m;0iftwdu k t f cH
52
tjzpf oabmxm;aysmah ysmif;wJh wd;k wufaomzuf'&,fygwu D kd uGeq f maA;wpfygwu D

z,f&mS ;tpm;xd;k vdu k w f mjzpfw,f? uGeq f maA;wpfygw[ D m trsK;d om;ygwo D rm;awG
xuf ydv k usmF us+yD; a&G;aumufyrJG q J , G cf w
hJ ek ;f uvnf; tpd;k &[m vlrnf;twdu k t
f cH
awGtay: aysmv h eG ;f tm;}uD;w,fqw kd hJ tmabmfvi$ rhf q J , G cf w hJ ,f?
v#Kd@0SufaqG;aEG;yGJawGtay: usaemftaumif;jrif0g'xm;ayrJh 'Dumv[m
cufcJwJhumvjzpfygw,f? r=umao;cifu 0ifeD axmif0ifpmvmawG@wJhtcgrSm
usaemfw@kd r*Fvmaqmifc&hJ m/ usaemf rdrad etdrv f @kd rw S , f &l m atmfvif;'dk taemuf
&yfuu G f tdrt f rSwf (8115) rD;±_Œd cH&vd@k jymusomG ;+yq D w kd mod&w,f? usaemfw@kd &ŒJ wefz;kd
rjzwfEikd w f hJ rdom;pkrw S w f rf;awG/ "mwfyakH wGe@J trSww f &ypPn;f awG qH;k ±_;H oGm;w,f?
usaemfvGwfvm&ifpm;zdk@ 0ifeDodrf;xm;wJh vufxyfudwfrkef@wpdwfyg ygoGm;w,f?
usaemfaxmifuvGwv f mwJw h ae@rmS tJ'"D mwfyakH wGe@J pmawGu=kd unf&h if; twdwu f kd
jyefcpH m;=unfEh ikd zf @kd t+rJpOf;pm;cJah yrJh tckawmh tJ'gawGq;kH oGm;yg+yD? tusO;f axmif
[m usaemfv h wG v f yfru _ kd qH;k ±_;H apcJah yrJh usaemft h rSw&f r_awGuakd wmh qH;k ±_;H atmif
rvkyEf ikd cf yhJ gb;l ? tckawmh &efow l csKŒd [m tJ't D rSw&f p&mawGuakd wmif qH;k ±_;H atmif
vkyzf @kd óud;pm;cJ=h u+yDv@kd cHpm;rdw,f?
usaemf[m aysmufuif;atmifvyk Ef ikd yf rkH &wJh acsmif;qd;k a&m*gwckvnf; qd;k qd;k
0g;0g; cHpm;ae&+y;D use;f rma&;avhusichf ef;rvkyEf ikd af vmufatmif r=umc%yJ tifrwef
tm;enf;aewwfw,f? usaemfhtusOf;cef;&JŒpdkxdkif;r_udk awmufav#mufwdkifwef;
uef@uu G cf ahJ yrJh bmrSvyk af y;wmr&Scd yhJ gb;l ? wae@rmS usaemfah &SŒae tDprdik t f ,GyAf ef @J
axmif0ifpmawG@aewke;f usaemfaeraumif;jzpfvm+yD; tefcw hJ ,f? usaemfu h kd tusO;f
cef;qDjyefac:oGm;+yD; q&m0efwa,muf ppfaq;=unfh±_ay;w,f? r=umcifyJ jyef
aumif;vmcJw h ,f? od@k ayrJv h nf; aemuf&uftenf;i,ft=umrSm usaemfnpmpm;t+y;D
tusOf;cef;xJ&SdaepOf 0g'gwcsKd@eJ@ q&m0efwa,mufa&mufvmw,f? q&m0efu
usaemfu h kd cyfow k of w k pf pfaq;=unf±h +_ y;D wJah emuf 0g'gwa,mufu usaemfu h dk t0wf
vJcikd ;f w,f? “cifAsm;udk udyfawmif;òrŒu aq;±Hkac:oGm;r,f” vd@k ajymw,f? vHðk cHa&;u
wif;=uyfvSygw,f? usaemf[m ±dk;±dk;um;awGeJ@ ppfum;awGyg0ifwJh ,mOfwef;wck
eJ@omG ;&+yD; tenf;qH;k 0g'g w'gZifavmufvu kd vf mw,f?
usaemfu h kd wdik *f gbmh*af q;±Hu

k akd c:oGm;w,f? tJ'g[m udyaf 'o&JŒ csr;f omºu, G 0f
+yD; pdr;f pdv
k ef;qef;wJeh ,fajr&Sd pw,fvifbw G &f fS wuUov kd 0f if;xJrmS &Sw
d ,f? usaemf
aemufyikd ;f odvm&wmu wuUov kd af q;±Hq
k &kd if usaemfth ay:pmempdwef @J tm±Hpk u kd f
vmEdik rf mS udk tm%mydik af wGp;kd &dr+f y;D wjcm;aq;±Hw k ck a&G;rvdak wmifjzpfcahJ o;w,fqw kd m
53
odc&hJ w,f? 0g'gawGu aq;±Hx k t J &if0ifomG ;+yD; 0ifayguaf e&mu vlawGtm;vH;k udk
&Si;f vdu
k wf ,f? 'Daemuf usaemfu h kd vlv;kH 0r&Sw d hJ txyfwxyfqD ac:wufomG ;w,f?
cef;rxJrmS vufeufuikd t f apmifh w'gZifausmf wef;pDapmifah ew,f?
vlem=unfch ef;xJu pm;yGaJ y: usaemfxik d &f +y;D i,f&, G af zmfa&Gwh J q&m0efwa,mufu
=unf±h p_ pfaq;w,f? 'Dq&m0ef[m wuUov kd &f ŒJ aq;ausmif;rSm ygarmuQvnf; jzpfw,f?
olu usaemfv h nfacsmif;udk ppfaq;w,f? &ifbwfuakd cguw f ,f? wHawG;/ ovdyf erlem
awG,lw,f? bmrSr=umcifrSmyJ usaemfhudk usef;rma&;aumif;w,fvdk@ azmfxkwf
a=unmvdu k w f ,f? “cifAsm;rSm bma&m*grrS &Syd gb;l ” vd@k oluðyH;+yD;ajymw,f? “eufjzef
qd&k if usaemfw@kd cifAsm;udk jyefy@kd vd@k &Edik rf mS yg” wJ?h usaemf[m tpd;k &eJ@pum;ajymaewm
rjywfcsiv f @kd ol@&ŒJ a&m*gppfcsuu f kd auseyfcrhJ w d ,f?
ppfaq;=unf±h +_ yD;wJt h cg q&m0efu usaemfu h kd vufzuf&nfaomufrvm;ar;
w,f? usaemfu aomufr,fv@kd ajymwJt h cg c%aeawmh t&yfjrifjh rift h oufi,fi,f
ujym;olemðyq&mrwa,muf vifAef;wcsyef @J 0ifvmw,f? vufeufuikd t f apmifah wGe@J
0g'gawGwðy}H u;D awG@vu kd af wmh wtm;a=umufvef@omG ;vd@k usaemft h yd ,f may: vifAef;
vGwu f somG ;wJt h cg vzuf&nfawGzw d u f ek +f y;D olrvnf; tcef;xJuxGuaf jy;oGm;w,f?
usaemf[m vlr&Sw d hJ vlemaqmifxJ tapmift h =uyfxx l pJ mG eJ@ ntdy&f w,f?

aemufwae@reuf usaemfreufpmawmifrpm;&ao;cif aq;±H&k ŒJ aq;ynmXmerª;jzpfwhJ
touf}u;D }u;D q&m0efwa,mufvm=unfw h ,f? oluawmh tydq k m'g;awGrajymwwf/
rvkywf wfbJ rae@nuazmfa&Gwv hJ il ,fq&m0ef&ŒJ vlem=unfyh pkH eH @J pm&if trltusihf
trsm;}uD;qdk;w,f? pum;csD;awG/ tmvmyov†myawG bmrSajymraebJ usaemfh
&ifbwfudk =urf;=urf;wrf;wrf;acguf+yD;aemuf pum;cyfrmrmeJ@ “cifAsm;tqkwfxJ
a&0ifaew,f” vd@k ajymw,f? usaemfu rae@u q&m0efvm prf;oyfppfaq;r_awGvyk +f y;D
usaemfu h se;f rma&;aumif;a=umif;ajymoGm;w,fv@kd ajymvdu k wf ,f? olu rausreyf
avoHe@J “rif'Jvm;/ cifAsm; &ifbwfudk cifAsm;jyef=unfhOD;” vd@k ajymw,f? usaemf&h iftkH
wzufu aemufwzufxuf wu,fy}J uD;aewmudk olu!¸ejf y+yD; tJ'g[m a&eJ@jynfh
aewmjzpfEidk w f ,fv@kd ajymw,f?
olu olemðyq&mrwa,mufukd aq;xd;k qvif;wacsmif;,lvmcdik ;f +y;D csujf cif;yJ
usaemf&h ifbwfxx J ;kd oGi;f !dn
k pfnpft&nfwcsK@d pw
k ,f vl u
kd wf ,f? olu “cifAsm;reuf
pm pm;+y;D yvm;” ar;w,f? rpm;&ao;bl;vd@k usaemfjyefajymvdu k wf ,f? “aumif;w,f”
vdk@ oluajymw,f? “cifAsm;udk usaemfwdk@ tckcsufcsif; cGJpdwfcef;udkac:oGm;r,f?”
usaemft h qkwx f J t&nftrsm;}uD;&Sad ew,fv@kd oluajym+yD; tJ'gawGukd oluwcgxJ
54
pkwxf w k cf siaf ew,f?

cGpJ w
d cf ef;xJrmS usaemfu
h akd rhaq;ay;+y;D owdjyef&wJt h cg tcef;wcef;xJrmS q&m0ef
eJ@twl&adS ewmawG@&w,f? usaemf[m EH;k acGxx kH ikd ;f aeayrJh olajymwJph um;udk tm±Hpk u kd f
em;axmifcw hJ ,f? olajymwmu usaemf&h ifbwfxu J t&nfEpS v f w
D mudk z,f&mS ;xkwf
,lcw hJ ,f? tJ't D &nfupkd pfaq;wJt h cg wDbyD ;kd awG@&w,fv@kd ajymw,f? olu 'g[m
a&m*g&ŒJ ueOD;tpydik ;f tqifah wGrmS yJ&adS o;w,f? tqkwu f rkd xdcukd af o;bl;vd@k ajym
w,f? wDbD (tqkwef m) a&m*g&if&h if aysmufatmifuzk @kd yHrk eS t f m;jzifh ajcmufvavmuf
=umwwfayrJh usaemfuawmh ESpv f avmufe@J aumif;oGm;Edik w f ,fv@kd oluajymw,f?
usaemfah &m*gjzpfvmapwm pdx k ikd ;f wJt
h usO;f cef;a=umifh jzpfEikd w f ,fqw kd m q&m0efu
oabmwlw,f?
usaemf[m wdik *f gbmh*rf mS emvefxwmeJ@ ukor_c, H w l m aemufxyfajcmufywf

=umcJw h ,f? 'DZifbmvxJrmS usaemfu h kd uGepf wef&mS bmh*af q;cef;udk a&$Œvdu k w f ,f?
tJ'aD q;cef;[m yd;k vfprd;k em;rSm&Sw d hJ tqifjh rifZh rd cf t H aqmufttHw k ckjzpf+yD; t&ifu
wcgrS vlrnf;vlemvufrcHz;l bl;? tJ'u D akd &mufwhJ yxrae@reufrmS usaemfu h kd apmapm
pD;pD; udb k uD tkd ufq;D vmawG@w,f? ole@J twl Adv k rf ;ª rm&mtpfqw kd /hJ usaemfuh kd =unf±h _
apmifah &Smufz@kd wm0ef,x l m;wJh 'kaxmifyikd w f a,mufvu kd v f mw,f? usaemfw@kd [m
tjyeftvSeEf w _ q f ufpum;qd+k yD;±Hrk mS yJ aq;cef;0efxrf;u usaemfrh eufpmud, k v l m
w,f?
avmavmvwfvwf zsm;emxm;wma=umifw h a=umif;/ aoG;wd;k rSww f rf;&Sx d m;vd@k
wa=umif; usaemfu h kd udv
k ufpxa&mtqDenf;wJ"h mwfpm wif;wif;=uyf=uyfcsrw S x f m;
w,f? tJ'! D e¸ =f um;csu[ f m aq;cef;pm;zdak qmifukd a&mufyrkH ay:ao;yg? ta=umif;
uawmh reufpmvifAef;xJrmS =uufOar$a=umfawG&,f/ 0ufom;ajcmufo;kH ajr‡mif;eJ@
aygirf ek @f axmywfow k w f csKŒd ygvmvd@k ygy?J usaemf[m 0ufom;ajcmufe@J =uufOudk b,f
wke;f u aemufq;kH pm;cJ&h ovJawmif rrSwrf ad wmhygb;l ? tifrwefrv S nf; qmavmif
rGwo f yd af eygw,f? usaemf[m t&om&Sw d =hJ uufOwZGe;f pm;rvd@k vyk af ewke;f rSmyJ Adv k rf ;ª
rm&mtpfu “r&bl; rif'Jvm;? 'g cifAsm;q&m0ef&JŒ !¸ef=um;csufeJ@ qef@usifaew,f
cifAs” vd@k ajym+yD; oluvifAef;ud, k zl @kd vufvrS ;f vdu k w f ,f? usaemfu vifAef;ud+k rJ+rJ
qkyu f ikd xf m;+yD; “0rf;enf;ygw,f Adv k rf ;ª / 'Dreufpmpm;vdu k vf @kd usaemfaor,fq&kd ifvnf;
'Duae@ taocHzdk@toifhygyJAsm” vd@k ajymvdu k wf ,f?
usaemfu
h kd uGepf wef&mS bmh*rf mS vHðk cHpw
d cf spmG xm;+yD;wmeJ@ usaemf[m udb
k u
D kd
55
tufq;D wd@k / v#K@d 0u S af umfrwDw@kd e@J jyefvnf+yD;aqG;aEG;wmawG pvky&f w,f? usaemf
aq;cef;rSmyJ&adS epOf udt k ufq;D uusaemfu h kd tusO;f usre_ @J vw G vf yfr=_ um; w0ufavmuf
taetxm;rSm xm;vdkw,fvdk@ajymw,f? 'gbmqdkvdkw,fqdkwm ol r&Sif;jyayrJh
usaemfoabmayguv f u kd +f y;D acgi;f yJnwd jf yvdu k wf ,f? vGwaf jrmufz@kd ol@urf;vSr;f csuu f kd
vufcHpOf;pm;avmufatmuf usaemf rt ygbl;? 'gayrJh 'g[m tJ'DudkOD;wnfwJh
ajcvSr;f wvSr;f jzpfw,fqw kd m usaemfow d ,f?
avmavmq,frmS awmh aq;cef;[m tifrwef@ukd oufawmifo h ufwm&S+d yD;
usaemf[m yxrqH;k t}urd t f jzpf aq;±Hek mvefxt&omudk wu,fu h Ekd pS Ef pS òf cu
d òf cu
d f
cHpm;aerdw,f? vljzL od@k r[kwf ujym;awGjzpfwhJ olemðyq&mrawG (vlrnf;olemðy
q&mrawG 'Daq;±Hrk mS vkycf iG rhf &Syd g) u usaemfu h kd zsuq f ;D =uw,f? olw@kd [m aemufxyf
tcsKyd /JG vdu k yf aJG wGe@J acgi;f tH;k awG,v l may;w,f? olw@kd tvkycf sed rf [kwb f eJ @J awmif
usaemfq h D t+rJvmvnfae=uw,f?
wae@rmS olemðyq&mrwa,mufvm+yD; “rpPwmrif'Jvm;/ orD;wdk@ 'Dn ygwDyGJ
wckay;rvdk@/ tJ'g OD; vmapcsifygw,f” vd@k ajymw,f? usaemfu zdw=f um;wJt h wGuf
0rf;om*k%, f al yrJh tm%mydik af wG&ŒJ tqH;k tjzwf rvGrJ aoGvw kd ,fv@kd ajymvdu k wf ,f?
axmiftm%mydkifawGu usaemfhudkoGm;cGifhray;yg? tJ'ga=umifh olemðyq&mrawG
pdwuf u G =f u+y;D usaemft h cef;rSmyJ ygwyD u JG si;f yzd@k qH;k jzwfvu kd =f uw,f? usaemf rygrjzpf
bl;vd@k ajym=uw,f?
tJ'n D rSm trsK;d orD;i,fw'gZifavmuf[m ygwyD x JG ikd t
f 0wftpm;awGqif,if+y;D
usaemft h cef;xJ udwrf ek @f awG/ 0dik ef @J opfo;D azsm&f nfawG/ vufaqmifypPn;f awGe@J 0ifcsvm
=uw,f? tapmifah wG[m acgi;f ±_yu f ek w f yhJ ykH gy?J 'gayrJh 'Daysmw f wfwhJ rde;f uav;i,f
awGukd vHðk cHa&;tE &W m,fwckv@kd olw@kd r,lqEkid yf gb;l ? tapmifw h a,mufu olemðy
q&mrwcsKŒd udk usaemft h cef;xJr0ifz@kd wm;wJt h cg usaemfu ol@ukd tzd;k }u;D wa,mufu
'Davmufvw S hJ rde;f ri,fi,fav;awG&ŒJ *±kpu kd rf _ t}u;D tus,cf aH e&wmudk olremvdjk zpf
aew,fv@kd aemufvu kd w f ,f?
95
1988 ck 'DZbFmv apmapmydik ;f rSm usaemft h aqmifu vHðk cHa&;awG wif;=uyfxm;+y;D
wm0efust&m&SdawG cgwdkif;xufydkEdk;=um;ae=uw,f? tajymif;tvJwpHkw&mjzpf
awmhr,fh vuQ%mygy?J 'DZifbm (9) &uf naerSm Adv k rf ;ª rm&mtpf usaemft
h cef;xJ0if
vm+y;D ae&majymif;zd@k jyifxm;&efajymw,f? “b,fuv kd ”J vd@k usaemfar;w,f? olrajym
yg? usaemfyh pPn;f awGxyk yf ;kd +yD; usaemfb
h ufawmfom; olemðyq&mr wcsKŒd wavrsm;
56
&Srd vm;vd@k ab;bD=unfrh w d ,f? olw@kd ukd aus;Zl;wifa=umif;ajym+yD; E_wcf eG ;f rqufEikd cf hJ

wJt h wGuf usaemfpw d rf aumif;jzpfrw d ,f?
usaemfw@kd [m cyfow k of w k xf u G v f m/ wem&Davmufum;armif;+y;D aemuf usaemf
emrnf=um;zl;xm;wJh tusO;f axmifwckx0J ifvmcJw h ,f? tJ'g[m ApfwmAmpwmqdw k hJ
axmifjzpf+yD; udyjf ynfe,fxu J om,mvSya&S;uswhJ yg;vfqw kd hJ 'wfcsòf rdŒuav;rSm
wnf&w dS ,f? udyaf wmif;òrdŒ&JŒ ta&SŒajrmufzuf (35) rdik f tuGm 0dik t f &ufxw k vf yk &f m
a'oxJrmS jzpfw,f? 'Daxmif[m pHjytaqmufttHw k cktjzpf emrnfxif&mS ;w,f?
usaemfw@kd [m axmif0if;tqH;k xd um;armif;0ifomG ;+y;D aemuf axmifaemufzufacsmif
usus opfyifxx l al e&mudjk zwfomG ;wJh ajrvrf;auG@auG@aumufaumuftwdik ;f armif;
oGm;w,f? vrf;tqH;k rSmawmh woD;woef@wnf&adS ewJh aq;jzLokwx f m;wJh wxyf
tdrw f vH;k qD a&mufvmw,f? 'Dtrd u f kd uGeu f &pfww H ikd ;f eJ@ 0if;cwfxm;+yD; xif;&SL;yif
jrifjh rif}h uD;awGr;kd aew,f?
usaemfu h kd Adv
k rf ;ª rm&mtpfu tdrx f aJ c:oGi;f oGm;w,f? tdrx f rJ mS em;aeaqmif
us,u f s,w f cef;eJ@ uyf&ufr;D zdak qmif}uD;}uD;wck&+dS yD; aemufzufrmS tJ'gawGxufykd
us,w f hJ tdycf ef;wcef;&Sw d ,f? tdrx f rJ mS y&dabm*toH;k taqmifawG usu J syJ g;yg;yJ
&Sad yrJh oufawmifo h ufomjzpfavmufatmifawmh xm;ay;xm;w,f? usaemfa&muf
rvmcif 'Dae&mudk oef@&iS ;f vSn;f usi;f wm vkyrf xm;bl;? 'Dawmh tdycf ef;eJ@ {nfch ef;awGxJ
trsK;d rsK;d aom xl;xl;qef;qef; yd;k aumifrm$ ;aumifawG/ uif;ajcrsm;awG/ yifu h al wG
w&G&eG @J jynfah e=uw,f? wcsK@d taumifawGq&kd if usaemf wcgrrS jrifz;l bl;? tJ'n D rSm
usaemf[m tdy&f meJ@ jywif;abmifay:u yd;k aumifawGu&kd iS ;f ypfvu kd +f y;D usaemf&h ŒJ aetdro f pf
jzpfvmr,fh 'Dae&mrSm ESpEf pS òf cduòf cdut f yd af ysmo f mG ;cJw
h ,f?
aemufwae@reufrmS usaemfb h AkH rd mefopfukd vSnv hf nf=unf±h c_ &hJ mrSm tdraf emuf
zuf0if;xJ a&ul;uefwuefawG@c+hJ y;D tdrx f rJ mS tdycf ef;i,fi,fEpS cf ef;vnf;awG@cw hJ ,f?
usaemf[m tdrjf yifxu G v f rf;av#muf&if; tdru f akd ea&mifumay;+y;D at;jrapwJh opfyif
}uD;awGukd oabmuspmG =unfrh w d ,f? 'Dae&mwckv;kH [m t&m&meJ@ tqufjywf+yD;
woD;wjcm;txD;usejf zpfaew,f? om,mvSyvSwjhJ rifuiG ;f udk tusn;f wefaeapwJh
wckwnf;aomt&muawmh 0if;x&Hww H ikd ;f awGxyd rf mS oHq;l óud;awG wef;xm;wm
jzpfw,f? aemuf+yD; tdrt f 0if0rSm tapmifah wGcsxm;w,f? tJ'gawmifrS 'Dae&m[m
tifrwefEpS o f ufp&mae&mwck/ taetxm;wckjzpfygw,f? tusO;f axmife@J vGwv f yf
r_=um;w0ufrmS &Sw d hJ tdrjf zpfw,f?
tJ'aD e@cif;rSm usaemfq h u D kd bDut kd ufq;D vmvnfw,f? olu tdro f pfwufyJG
vufaqmiftjzpf udyef ,fxu G f 0dik wf aowWm,lvmcJw h ,f? axmifcsou l ol@axmif
57
om;qD 'Dvv kd ufaqmifrsK;d ,lvmay;wJh tqDtai:rwnfrh u _ kd usaemfw@kd EpS af ,mufv;kH

owdxm;rd=uw,f? ol[m tvGew f &mrS tav;xm;*±kwpdu k &f +dS yD; usaemft h aeeJ@
ae&mopfuókd uu d af tmif tpGr;f ukeóf u;d yrf;ay;csiaf ew,f? olu, kd w f ikd f tdru
f vkd n S yhf wf
=unfhw,f? olvkyfcdkif;wJh wckwnf;aomt&muawmh tdrfjyifuwHwdkif;awGudk
xyfjr‡izhf @kd jzpfw,f? 'g[m usaemft h wGuf woD;woef@vw G v f wG v f yfvyf&adS tmif vd@k
ajymw,f? ApfwmAmpwmu ,mawmyHpk t H rd [f m usaemfaxmifurvGwrf D aemufq;kH
ae&wJah e&mjzpfvrd rhf ,fv@kd oluajymw,f? 'Dvx kd m;wm&JŒ aemufct H a=umif;&if;
uawmh usaemft h aeeJ@ aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGukd woD;woef@ oufawmifo h ufomvkyEf ikd rf ,fh
ae&mwck&zdS @kd jzpfw,fv@kd oluajymw,f?
,mawmtdrf (cottage) av;[m wu,fyJ usaemfu h kd vGwv f yfrt _ m±Hak ,mifay;cJh
w,f? usaemf[m óuduw f t
hJ csed t f yd /f óuduw f thJ csed x f / óuduw f t hJ csed af &ul;/ qmwJh
tcsed pf m;eJ@ 'gawGtm;vH;k [m tawmft&om&Sw d hJ tm±Hck pH m;r_awGygy?J ae@cif;bufrmS
ud, k qf EN&w dS t hJ csed f tdrjf yifxuG v f rf;av#mufEikd w f mav;udu k yk*Kd~ vfa&;*k%o f ud mQ
&Sv
d yS gw,f? jyLwif;ayguaf wGrmS oHwikd af wGr&S/d aomhwaJG wG*avmuf *avmufjrnfwm
r&S/d aomhcwfp&m (od@k r[kw)f aomhziG phf &mwHcg;r&S?d 'g[m vH;k vH;k udEk pS o f ufauseyfp&m
ygy?J 'gayrJh a&$uyG x f m;wJh avSmiftrd w f vH;k yJjzpfw,fqw kd mudak wmh usaemfb,fawmh
rSrarhyg?
tusO;f axmiftyk cf sKyaf &;u usaemfu h kd xrif;csuw f a,mufay;w,f? oluawmh

t&mcHAv kd pf 0gw
h q f w
kd hJ t&yfjrifjh rifch yfat;at; tmz&duef;em;vlrsK;d wa,mufjzpf+yD;
t&ifwek ;f u a&mfbifu|e;f ay:rSm 0g'gvyk cf b hJ ;l w,f? usaemf ol@urkd rSwrf yd g? 'gayrJh
ol[m wcgw&Husaemfw@kd ukd ausmufrikd ;f awGqu D m;armif;yd@k &+yD; usaemfw@kd um;aqmifh
atmif ukew f ifum;udk wrifwumzkawGcsKid ahf wGay: armif;cJw h ,fv@kd olajymjyw,f?
“usaemf q&mwd@k ukd tJovdv hJ ,fAsm” vd@k olu &Su&f ŒHG &GŒH eJ@ajymawmh usaemf&,frw
k yk cf w d ,f?
ol[m ±d;k om;+y;D pdwx f m;aumif;oljzpfw,f? tmCmwvnf;uif;w,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm
usaemfn h w D a,mufvkd jzpfvmcJw h ,f?
olu reuf (7) em&DrmS a&mufvm+y;D nae (4) em&Dqkd jyefw,f? usaemf&h ŒJ reufpm/
ae@vnfpmeJ@ npmawGppD Ofcsuðf ywfw,f? usaemfu h kd q&m0ef!e¸ =f um;xm;wJh "mwfpm
owfrw S cf su&f +dS y;D p0gwh u f csuðf ywf&mrSm tJ't D wdik ;f vdu k ef maqmif&u G af y;w,f? ol[m
ESpv
f zkd ,G &f maumif;wJh xrif;csuw f a,mufjzpfw,f? ol naebuf tdrjf yefwt hJ cg
usaemfh npmudak EG;atmif rdu k u f ±dak 0hArf ;D zdx
k J xnfx h m;ay;cJw h ,f? rduk u
f ±dak 0hArf ;D zdk
uawmh usaemft h wGuf topftqef;jzpfaew,f?
58
t&mcHAv kd pf 0gwh [f m aygirf ek @f vnf;zkww f ,f? *si*f smbD,mvnf; ud, k [ hf mud, k f

azmufw,f? wjcm; rke@ftrsK;d rsK;d vnf;vkyw f ,f? usaemfq h u D k d {nfo h nfawGuvnf; r=umc%
a&mufoxufa&mufvmw,f? tJovdk {nfo h nfawGvmwJt h cg olu txl;pyg,f
&S,[ f if;vsmawG jyifqifcsuðf ywfay;w,f? {nfo h nfawGu tpm;taomufukd t+rJ
cs;D usL;=uw,f? pm;zdrk ;ª a=umifh {nfo h nftm;vH;k usaemfu h kd remvdjk zpf=uw,fv@kd awmif
usaemfajym&Jw,f? tm%mydkifawGu usaemf&JŒ attifpD&JabmfawG/ 'Drdkua&pD
nD!w G af &;wyfaygi;f pk (,l't D ufz)f eJ@ 'Dru kd a&pDvx l v k y_ &f mS ;r_tzG@J (trf't D rf) tzG@J 0if
awGukd usaemfq h D vmawG@ciG ahf y;wJt h cg usaemfu olw@kd ukd tpm;aumif;pm;csiv f @kd yJ
vmwm vd@k aemufajymcJw h ,f?
wae@rmS awmh rpPwmp0gw h cf suw f /hJ t&om&Sv d w S hJ xrif;wyGpJ m;+yD;wJah emuf
usaemf rD;zdx k 0J if+yD; yef;uefawGaq;ay;w,f? olu “r[kwfbl;/ 'gusaemfhwm0efyJ?
q&mu tdraf &SŒcef;jyefyg” vd@k ajymw,f? usaemfu wckcak wmhvyk &f rSjzpfr,f? ol xrif;
[if;csu&f if usaemfyef;uefaq;rS w&m;&musr,fv@kd ZGwt f wif;ajymw,f? rpPwm
p0gw h u f uef@uu G af yrJh aemufq;Hk rSmawmh vufcv H u kd w f ,f? reufzufrmS usaemf
tdy&f modr;f wmudv k nf; oluef@uu G w f ,f? tJ'gvnf; ol@wm0ef vd@k ajymw,f? 'gayrJh
usaemf[m tdy&f modr;f wm/ tdy&f mcif;wmudk ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm ud, k [
hf mud, k v f yk af ecJh
wmrd@k tusiyhf gae+yD?
wjcm;udpw P ckrmS vnf; usaemfw@kd [m wa,mufuw kd a,muf tjyeftvSef
tusKd;ðy=uwm&Sw d ,f? ol[m wjcm;tmz&duef;pum;ajym0g'gawGvykd J t*Fvyd pf um;udk
yd+k y;D u|r;f u|r;f usiu f siwf wfz@kd pdwx f ufoefaew,f? usaemfuvnf; tmz&duef;pum;
yd+k y;D u|r;f usiw f wfajrmufz@kd t+reJ nf;vrf;&Smóu;d pm;aewmjzpfw,f? 'Dawmh usaemfw@kd
ESpfa,muf oabmwlcsufwckcsvdkufw,f? oluusaemfhudk t*Fvdyfpum;eJ@ajym/
usaemfu tmz&duef;pum;eJ@jyefajz/ 'Denf;eJ@ usaemfw@kd EpS af ,mufv;kH ud, k t f m;enf;wJh
bmompum;udk avhusi&hf ma&mufcw hJ ,f?
wcgw&HrmS usaemfuol@ukd wcsK@d aom[if;vsmrsK;d awG csucf ikd ;f w,f? usaemf
uav;b0wkef;upm;avh&SdcJhwJh yJoD;[if;udk wcgwavcsufcdkif;w,f? w&ufrSm
usaemfu “vHk;wD;xrif;csufay;yg” vdk@ awmif;qdkvdkufw,f? olu “vHk;wD;xrif;
qdkwmbmvJ” jyefar;vd@k usaemftt hH m;oifo h mG ;w,f? p0gw h [ f m vli,fjzpfv@kd urBm
ppf}u;D udk rrSv D u kd yf gb;l ? usaemfu ol@ukd vH;k wD;xrif;/ vH;k wD;qefqw kd m urBmppf}u;D wke;f u
qefjzLr&Edik v f @kd pm;&wJ/h tacsm}uw d rf xm;wJh qefjzpfw,f/ qefjzLxufy+kd y;D use;f rma&;
eJ@n! D wG wf ,fv@kd &Si;f jy&w,f? olu odyt f ,Ht k =unfr&Syd g? 'gayrJh enf;enf;yg;yg;awmh
&Smvdk@&vmw,f? tJ'gudk olcsufay;+yD; usaemf txl;ESpfòcdufpGmoHk;aqmifcJhw,f?
59
od@k aomf rpPwmp0gw h u

f awmh t&omrcHEikd yf J tJ'grsK;d aemufxyfpm;csi&f if ud,
k [
hf m
ud,
k yf cJ suv
f @kd &mZoHay;w,f?
usaemf[m t&ufraomufwwfayrJh oifhavsmfpGm{nfhcHwwfoljzpfcsif+yD;

{nfo h nfawGukd 0dik t f &ufe@J {nfch cH siw f ,f? {nfo h nfawG pdwaf t;oufomjzpfatmif
usaemfudk,fwdkif r=umc% wiHkavmufaomufw,f? 'gayrJh usaemfvufcHEdkifwJh
0dik t
f &ufuawmh awmiftmz&duxGuf ‘w0ufcsK’d 0dik yf J jzpfygw,f? tJ'0D ikd [ f m wu,fh
wu,fawmh tvGe@f uckd sKyd gw,f?
usaemf{h nfo h nfawGrvmcif usaemfu rpPwmp0gw h u f kd eD'gbmh*0f ikd tf rsK;d tpm;
wykvif;&Smzd@k ajymxm;w,f? 'D0ikd u f kd usaemfjrnf;zl;+yD; w0ufcsKjd zpfreS ;f odxm;w,f?
wae@rmS usaemf[m rdwaf qGa&SŒaeawGjzpfwhJ 'gvmtdrk m/ a*smch sb f aD Zmhe@J tDprdik f
t,GyAf f wd@k ae@vnfpmvmpm;zd@k zw d x f m;+y;D rpPwmp0gw h uf kd eD'gbmh*0f ikd ef nf;enf;yg;yg;
0,fxm;zd@k ajymvdu k w f ,f? rlpvifr[kww f hJ a*smch sb f aD Zmh xrif;pm;&if;aomufcsirf vm;
qd+k y;D 0,fcikd ;f wmjzpfygw,f? usaemfcikd ;f wJt h cg p0gw h rf suEf mS ±_ŒH rJo
h mG ;wm owdxm;rdv@kd
bmjy\em&Sv d J ar;=unfrh w d ,f?
olu “rpPwmrif'Jvm;/ q&mcdkif;vdk@ usaemftJ'D0dkifudk q&mhtwGuft+rJ0,fay;
cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh tJ'Dh0dkifu taygpm;}uD;cifAs? aumif;vJraumif;bl;” vdk@ ajymw,f?
usaemfuol@ukd usaemf0ikd t f jyif;awGróuu d w f t hJ a=umif;eJ@ a*smch su f vnf; cGjJ cm;rodrmS
aocsma=umif;ajymvdu k wf ,f? rpPwmp0gw h u f ðy;H +y;D tav#mah y;aphpyfrw _ ck urf;vSr;f
w,f? oltjyifxu G +f yD; 0dik Ef pS yf v
k if;0,fvmr,f? 0dik t f jyif;wykvif;eJ@ usaemfeh 'D gbmh*f
wykvif;0,fvm+y;D {nfo h nfukd b,f[maomufcsiv f aJ r;r,fw?hJ usaemfu “aumif;+yD
av/ cifAsm;prf;oyfcsufudk vufawG@=unfh&atmif” vd@k ajymvdu k w f ,f?
usaemfw@kd av;a,muf ae@vnfpmpm;zd@k 0dik ;f xdik =f uwJt h cg p0gw h u f ykvif;ESpv f ;kH
udik xf u G vf m+yD; {nfo h nfawGukd “vl}uD;rif;rsm;/ b,f0ikd o f ;kH aqmifygrvJ” vd@k ar;w,f?
a*smch s[f m usaemfu h akd wmifvn S rhf =unfyh J 0dik tf jyif;ykvif;udk vuf!Kd‡ ;xd;k jyw,f? t&mcH
Adv k pf 0gw
h uf awmh ðyH;±Hyk ðJ yH;vdu k yf gw,f?
96
aumfrwDe@J aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGqufvyk cf w hJ ,f? 'gayrJh usaemfw@kd a&SŒqufrwufEikd f
atmif t[ef@twm;ðycJw h h J udp&P yfawGtay:rSmom t+rJ xpf xpfaew,f? tJ'gawGuawmh
vufeufuikd w
f u
kd yf u
JG pd /P uGejf rLepfygwuD pd eP @J vlrsm;pktyk cf sKyfa&;udpaP wGygy?J usaemfu
¡orw¢yD'AvsLbdkomeJ@ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;&zdk@vnf; udktufqD;udk twif;awmif;qdk
60
aeqJjzpfw,f? tcktcsdefrSmawmh tm%mydkifawGu usaemfhudk ydk;vfprdk;axmifeJ@

a&mfbifu|e;f axmifrmS &Sw d hJ usaemf&h aJ bmfawGe@J a&m/ vlqmumrSm&Sw d hJ attifpu D
usaemfh&JabmfawGeJ@a&m tqifhedrfhqufoG,fr_awG vkyfcGifhay;cJhw,f? usaemf[m
vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufawG&ŒJ a&SŒudk xd;k xGuaf e+yDqw kd m usaemfoad yrJh tvGet f vSr;f a0;a0;
rxGucf sib f ;l ? b,forl S ud, k ahf emufygrvmbJ txD;wnf;rjzpfcsib f ;l ?
1989 ck/ Zefe0g&v D xJrmS yd;k vfprd;k axmifu &Jabmfav;a,muf usaemfv h mawG@
wJt h cg usaemf Edik if aH wmforwqDay;yd@k z@kd &nf&, G x
f m;wJh pmv$meJ@ywfouf+y;D aqG;aEG;
cJ=h uw,f? tJ'x D rJ mS usaemfw@kd &ŒJ v#K@d 0u S af umfrwDaqG;aEG;yGaJ wGrmS usaemfajymcJw h hJ
tcsut f rsm;pkuykd J xyfavmif;ajymxm;w,f? 'gayr,f 'h t D csuaf wGukd orwtaeeJ@
usaemfhxHu taotcsmwdkuf±dkuf=um;odapcsifw,f? usaemfwdk@[m y&rf;ywm
t=urf;zuform;awGr[kwyf J pOf;pm;qifjcif^m%f&o dS al wGjzpfw,fqw kd m awG@apzd@k
jzpfygw,f?
rwfvtwGi;f bdo k mhqyD @kd vu
kd w
f phJ mv$mxJrmS “usaemf[m wjcm;awmiftmz&du
EdkifiHom;trsm;tjym; aocsmaygufcHpm;ae&ovdk tedÏm±Hkedrdwfqdk;&JŒaESmifh,Sufr_udk
cHpm;ae&w,f? tJ'Dedrdwfqdk;uawmh awmiftmz&duEdkifiH[m vlrnf;awGwzuf/ vljzL
awGwzuf tjyeftvSefowfjzwfae=uwJh &efbuftkyfpkESpfpktjzpf uGJoGm;r,fh edrdwfjzpf
ygw,f” vd@k usaemfa&;vdu
k wf ,f? 'guakd &SmifvEJ$ idk zf @kd e@J aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;twGuf tajccH
tkwjf rpfcsEikd zf @kd usaemf[m tpd;k &u attifpt D ay: aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;óuw d ifpnf;urf;
owfrw S cf suv f yk x f m;wJh awmif;qdck suo f ;kH ckukd udik w
f ,
G af jz&Si;f wJu
h rf;vSr;f csuf vkycf hJ
w,f? awmif;qdck suo kd muawmh t=urf;zufr_ (Violence) pGe@f vw
f ;kH ckqw $ &f ef/ awmiftm
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97
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64
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65
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ta=umif;tpazmf+yD; tJ'w D ek ;f u olyek af wG z&D;pwdwjf ynfe,fu òrdŒawGukd odr;f wJh
ta=umif; ajymjyvdu k w f ,f? usaemfw@kd wu kd yf [JG m 'Demrnfausmo f yl ek x f r_e@J tvm;wl
w,fv@kd ajym+yD; 'Dordik ;f tjzpftysut f ay: tawmfav;aqG;aEG;=uw,f? awmiftm
z&duordik ;f udk vlrnf;awG =unfjh rifre_ @J vljzLawG=unfjh rifr_ rwl=uwmtrSeyf gy?J olw@kd
tjrifu 'Doyl ek x f r_ukd nDtudck si;f &efjzpfwmvd@k jrif+y;D usaemfw@kd wu kd yf u JG akd wmh awmfveS f
ykeu f efrv_ @kd jrif=uw,f? usaemfu usaemfw@kd wu kd yf u JG v kd nf; tom;ta&mifujJG ym;ae&
wJh nDtudck si;f wdu k yf t JG jzpf =unhjf rifEikd af =umif; ajymvdu k wf ,f?
awG@qykH [ JG m em&D0ufawmifr=umvdu k b f J +yD;qH;k wJt h xd &if;&if;ES;D ES;D at;at;
aq;aq;jzpfcw hJ ,f? +y;D rSyJ usaemfuta&;}u;D wJu h pd &P yfwck wifvu kd w f ,f? tJ'guawmh
usaemfu, kd w f ikd t f ygt0if Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;tm;vH;k ¹cGi;f csurf &Sv d w $ af y;zd@k rpPwm
bdo k mudk usaemfawmif;qdv k ukd w
f myJjzpfw,f? tJ'g[m 'DawG@qakH qG;aEG;yGrJ mS tajc
taewif;rmoGm;apwJh wckwnf;aom tcsed t f cgjzpfcw hJ ,f? rpPwmbdo k muawmh tJ'g
vkyrf ay;Edik v f @kd 0rf;enf;a=umif; jyefajymw,f?
'DaemufrmS wu,fv@kd awG@qrkH o _ wif;awGaygu=f um;cJ&h if b,fv&kd iS ;f =urvJ
qdw k m cyfww kd akd qG;aEG;=uw,f? usaemfw@kd [m wdik ;f jynfrmS +idr;f csr;f a&;&zd@k óud;yrf;wJh
taeeJ@ vufzuf&nftwlaomufz@kd awG@q=kH uwJt h a=umif; cyf±;kd ±d;k a=unmcsuw f ck
cyfjrefjrefa&;qGv J u kd w f ,f? tJ'gukd oabmwl=u+yD;wJt h cg rpPwmbdo k mu xdik &f mu
x+y;D usaemfu h kd vufqEJG w _ qf ufw,f? awG@q&kH wJt h wGuf tifrwef0rf;ajrmufa=umif;
ajymw,f? wu,fyJ 0rf;ajrmufp&myg? usaemf ol@udkaus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif;ajym+yD;
vmvrf;twdik ;f jyefcw hJ ,f?
66
'DawG@qakH qG;aEG;yG[ J m aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;oabmt&=unf&h if bmudrk rS ayguf
a&mufcyhJ gb;l ? 'gayrJwh jcm;t"dym` ,ft&awmh ayguaf &mufcw hJ ,f? rpPwmbdo k m[m
e,fjcm;pnf;ausmfzdk@vdkwJhta=umif; ajymwm=umvS+yDjzpfayrJh oludk,fwdkifu tJ'Dh
wGiaf [G;pf reufyikd ;f xd wcgrrS ausmcf yhJ gb;l ? tckawmh aemufjyefvnS rhf &awmhb;l vd@k
usaemfxifjrifrw d ,f?
aemufwvt=umjzpfwhJ 1989 ck/ =o*kwv f rSm yD'AvsLbdo k m[m Edik if v H ;kH qdik &f m
±kyjf rifo=H um;uae+yD; Edik if aH wmforwtjzpfuE_wx f u G af =umif; a=unmvdu k wf ,f?
ol@ aemufq;kH E_wq f ufred @f ceG ;f [m xl;qef;tH=h ozG,&f myJ [dak &mufonfa&muf uayguw f d
uaygucf sm ajymoGm;w,f? tJ'x D rJ mS olu tpd;k &0ef}u;D awG[m ,H=k unfra_ zmufzsuf
w,f/ ol@uv kd spvf sL±_w,f/ tmz&dutrsK;d om;uGe*f &uf&ŒJ upm;uGux f J 0ifomG ;cJw h ,f
vd@k pyG pf xJG m;w,f? aemufwae@rmS awmh tufz'f AvsL'Duvyf[m ,m,Dorwtjzpf
usr;f opPmused q f +kd yD; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuyf ikd ;f jzwfcsuu f kd twnfðycJw h ,f?
usaemfw@kd twGuf rpPwm'Duvyf[m ta&;rygow l a,mufv@kd jrifcrhJ w d ,f? ol
trsK;d om;ygwaD cgi;f aqmifjzpfvmwJt h cg ol[m yHpk u H sygw0D efxrf;oufouftjzpfxuf
ydv
k rJ yd/k avsmv h rJ avsmyh &kH cJw h ,f? ol@twdwb f 0rSm ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;pdw"f mwfazmfjy
csuf wpGe;f wprS &Syd rkH &cJyh gb;l ? ol[m ynma&;0ef}uD;tjzpf vljzLwuUov kd af wGrmS
vlrnf;ausmif;om;awG wufciG rhf &atmif tm;xkwcf w hJ ,f? 'gayrJh ol trsK;d om;ygwD
acgi;f aqmifjzpfvmuwnf;u usaemf ol@ukd aoaocsmcsm apmif=h unfah vhvmcJw h ,f?
usaemf ol@red @f ceG ;f tm;vH;k zwf=unfch w hJ ,f? olajymwmawG em;axmifcw hJ ,f? ol[m
ol@t&ifvu l ae wu,fu h k d uGjJ ym;cGx
J u G v f mr_jyaewm pawG@vm&w,f? ol[m oabm
w&m;orm;r[kwb f J vufawG@orm;jzpfw,f? ajymif;vJz@kd vt kd yfw,f? a&SmifvrJ$ &bl;vd@k
jrifwo hJ jl zpfw,f? olusr;f opPmused q f w kd ahJ e@rmS yJ usaemf ol@xaH wG@qzkH @kd yef=um;pm
wapmif a&;yd@k vu kd w f ,f?
rpPwm'Duvyfu &mxl;vufcyH rJG ed @f ceG ;f rSm ol@tpd;k &[m +idr;f csr;f a&;&zd@k o"H Ïd mef
csxm;a=umif;eJ@ +ird ;f csr;f a&;twGuf ydik ;f jzwfxm;wJh b,ftzG@J e@J rqdk aphpyfaqG;aEG;r,fv@kd
ajymoGm;w,f? 'gayrJhtaetxm;yHkpHopftwGuf ol@ydkif;jzwfcsufudk vufawG@
oufaojywmuawmh udyaf wmif;òrdŒrSm ykvyd &f ŒJ &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfru _ kd uef@uu G w f hJ
cswD ufqENjyyGw J ck pDpOfwt hJ cg ay:vmw,f? tJ'q D ENjyyGu J kd *d%
k ;f csKyfbek ;f awmf}uD;
wl;wl;eJ@ q&mawmftvefbdk;qufwdk@u acgif;aqmifrSmjzpfw,f? orwbdkom
vufatmufrmS qd&k if csw D ufy[ JG m ydwyf ifc&H rSmjzpf+y;D qENjyolawGuvnf; tJ'yD w d yf ifr_
udt k mcH=uvd@k t=urf;zufra_ wGay:vmrSmjzpfw,f? orwopfuawmh Edik if aH &;pka0;yGJ
67
awGtay: uef@owfcsKyfcs,rf a_ wG av#mah y;r,fv@kd ajymxm;wJt h wdik ;f uwdwnf+yD;
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h ,f/ +idr;f +idr;f csr;f csr;f qENjyzd@k yaJ wmif;qdck w
hJ ,f? t&ifvel @J rwlwhJ
vlopfwa,mufu wufrudik af eyg+yD?
98
'DuvyforwjzpfvmwJhtcgrSmvnf; usaemf[m v#Kd@0SufaphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;
aumfrwDe@J qufvufawG@qakH ecJw h ,f? usaemfw@kd xrJ mS zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'
zG@H òzd;a&;0ef}uD; *s&J pf0v D , f iG f yg0ifvmw,f? 'Dv[ l m *E<0ifbmom&yfrmS a'guw f m
bG@J &xm;wJh xl;c|ex f ufjrufow l OD;jzpf+yD; ol@tcef;u¾uawmh usaemfw@kd aqG;aEG;yGJ
awGukd tajccHOya'abmifx0J ifatmifvyk zf @kd jzpfw,f? usaemfu tpd;k &apwemawGudk
oufaojyzd@k zdtm;ay;cJw h ,f? yd;k vfprd;k eJ@ a&mfbifu|e;f u usaemfb h 0wl Edik if aH &;
tusO;f om;awG v$waf y;jcif;tm;jzifh Edik if aH wmf&ŒJ t&if;cH pdwaf umif;apwemaumif;
awGjyzd@k wdu k w f eG ;f cJw
h ,f? usaemfu aumfrwDukd usaemfv h yk af zmfuikd zf ufawG ¹ciG ;f csurf &Sd
v$waf y;zd@k ajymaeovdk olw@kdvw G v f m+y;D aemuf qlqyl yl t l rltusiahf wG rvkyzf @kd tpd;k &u
ar#mv f ifEh ikd yf gw,fv@kd vnf; usaemfajymcJw h ,f? tJ'gukd 1987 c/k ESpu f ek yf ikd ;f rSm ¹cGi;f csuf
r&Sd v$waf y;vdu k w f hJ *dAk eftrfbu D &D ŒJ taetxdik u f oufaojycJw h ,f?
1989 c/k atmufwb kd m (10) &ufae@rmS orw'Duvyfu a0gvw f mppfp;l vl;eJ@
usaemf&h ŒJ a&mfbifu|e;f &Jabmfa[mif; (7) a,mufjzpfwhJ a&;rGet f rfvmS ;bm;/ tmruf
uufo&m;'g;/ tif'±l;trfvef*ife/D tJv, d rkwq f ;kd t,fv'D/ *suzf rf mpDrv kd m/ 0Dvw f ef
trfumG ,De@J atmfpumtrfyo D mwd@k ukd v$waf y;r,fv@kd a=unmw,f? tJ'rD eufrmS
yd;k vfprd;k axmifrmS &Sad eqJjzpfwhJ a0gvw f m/ uufo/D a&;eJ@ tif'±l;wd@k u usaemfu h kd vm
awG@v@kd usaemf E_wq f ufpum;qdck iG &hf cJw h ,f? tJ'g[m pdwv f y_ &f mS ;p&mtjzpfygy?J 'gayrJh
usaemfvnf; axmifxt J =um}uD;xyfae&OD;rSm r[kwaf wmhb;l qdw k m odaeygw,f?
'Dval wGukd aemufig;&uft=umrSm *sK[ d efepPbm*faxmifu v$waf y;vdu k w f ,f? 'Dvyk &f yf
[m jynfwiG ;f ua&m jynfyuyg xdu k w f efwchJ s;D usL;r_&&Scd +hJ y;D usaemf[m rpPwm'Duvyf
udk todtrSwðf ycs;D usL;a=umif; pma&;yd@k vu kd w f ,f?
'gayrJh usaemf 'Duvyfuakd us;Zl;wifwmxuf a0gvw f meJ@wjcm;vlawG vGwf
vmwmudk ESpfESpfumum0rf;omwmu ydkygw,f? 'g[m usaemfwdk@ ESpfaygif;
ajrmufjrm;vSpmG ar#mv f ifah pmifph m;cJ&h wJ/h wdu k yf 0JG ifc&hJ wJh ae@&ufwckygy?J 'Duvyf[m
uwdwnfc+hJ yD; tJ'v D al wGuv kd w $ &f mrSm bmuef@owfcsKyfcs,rf r_ rS ygbJ v$waf y;wm
jzpfygw,f? olw@kd [m attifpeD mrnfe@J pum;ajymEdik =f uw,f? usaemfw@kd tzG@J tpnf;
udk ydwyf ifxm;r_[m vufawG@tm;jzifh vGeaf jrmufomG ;+yq D w kd m xif&mS ;aew,f? 'g[m
68
usaemfw@kd &ŒJ a&&Snw f u kd yf JG w&m;r#wa=umif;eJ@ rlu=kd uHŒ=uHŒcdik u f ikd pf cJG rhJ _ rSeuf efa=umif;
jyaew,f?
'Duvyfu tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;a&;pepf&ŒJ tpdwt f ykid ;f trsm;tjym;udk pepf
wusz,f&mS ;zsuo f rd ;f r_ pvkycf w hJ ,f? olu awmiftmz&duyifv,furf;ajcawGukd
tom;ta&mifra&G; vlwikd ;f twGuzf iG ahf y;cJ+h y;D trsm;jynfoq l ikd &f mtaqmuftOD;rsm;
oD;oef@cjJG cm;a&;tufOya' r=umcifzsuo f rd ;f r,fv@kd ajymw,f? 'DtufOya't& 1953
ckEpS uf wnf;up+yD; ‘tedrfhpm; tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;a&;pepf’ udk taumiftxnfazmf
cJhw,f? tJ'guawmh yef;jcHawG/ Zmwf±HkawG/ pm;aomufqdkifawG/ bwfpfum;awG/
pm=unfhwdkufawG/ tdrfomawGeJ@ wjcm;trsm;jynfolqdkif&mtaqmuftOD; toHk;
taqmifawGukd vlrsK;d t&cGjJ crf;wmjzpfw,f? Ed0k ifbmvrSmawmh olu yD'AvsLbdo k m
vufxufu tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;a&;pepfqef@usio f al wGukd wdu k zf suzf @kd twGuf xl
axmifz@JG pnf;xm;wJh trsK;d om;vHðk cHa&;pDrt H yk cf sKyfrp_ epfqw kd hJ v#K@0d u S t f aqmufttHk
wck zsuo f rd ;f awmhr,fv@kd a=unmcJw h ,f?
'DZifbmvtapmydik ;f rSm usaemfu h kd 'Duvyfe@J (12) &ufae@rmS awG@q&kH zd@k &w dS ,f
vd@k ta=umif;=um;vmw,f? usaemf[m vkyaf zmfuikd zf uftopfawGa&m/ ta[mif;awG
eJ@yg wdik yf ifnEd‡ id_ ;f aeEdik +f yDjzpf+yD; usaemf, h mawmtdrrf mS vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufa[mif;awG/
'Drukd a&pDvx l v k y_ &f mS ;r_tzG@J e@J ,l't D ufzaf cgi;f aqmifawGe@J aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGvyk Ef ikd af eyg+y?D
usaemf[m a'oaygif;pHku attifpDvlawGtjyif ,l'Dtufzfudk,fpm;vS,fawG/
udqk mwl;·ud, k pf m;vS,af wGyg vufcaH wG@qckH w hJ ,f? 'Dvil ,fawGxu J wa,mufuawmh
pD&if;vf&mrm;zd;k pm;qdw k hJ Edik if v
H ;kH qdik &f mowWKwGi;f tvkyo f rm;rsm;or*~&ŒJ taxGaxG
twGi;f a&;rª;jzpf+yD; rsK;d qufopfacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f xJrmS tpGr;f tpt&Sq d ;kH olwa,muf
jzpfw,f? usaemfu h kd a&mfbifu|e;f u vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufawGvnf; vmawG@=uw,f? tJ'x D rJ mS
w,f&mvDuw kd meJ@wu kd sKpd q D mG vDw@kd yg0if+yD; ae@vnfpmpm;+yD;rS jyefomG ;w,f? olw@dk
ESpaf ,mufv;kH [m tawmfpm;Edik o f al wGjzpf+yD; olw@kd e@J ywfoufv@kd usaemf=um;&whJ
wckwnf;aom rausreyfajymqdck suu f awmh t&mcHAv kd pf 0gw h q f u D “tJ[v kd al wG[m
usaemfhwdk@&duQmawGudk tukefwG,fypfvdrfhr,f” vdk@ajymjcif;yJjzpfygw,f?
vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufawG&ŒJ ulnv D rf;!¸erf e_ @J usaemf[m 'DuvyfqD pmwapmifa&;
cJw
h ,f? t&ifu yD'AvsLbdo k mqDa&;wJh pmvdrk sK;d ygy?J udpu P awmh tpd;k &eJ@ attifpD
pum;ajym=uzd@k jzpfw,f? vuf&ydS ÉdyuQ[m awmiftmz&dujynf&ŒJ toufaoG;a=umudk
jzwfawmufypfae+yD; wckwnf;aomajz&Sif;csufuawmh aphpyfaqG;aEG;=uzdk@omjzpf
w,fv@kd usaemf orwudk pma&;ajymvdu k wf ,f? attifp[ D m aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGt J wGuf
·tvkyo
f rm;or*~rsm;tzG@J csKyf
69
b,fvókd uw d ifpnf;urf;owfrw S cf suu f rkd S vufcrH mS r[kw?f txl;ojzifh tpd;k &u tvdk
&Sw d hJ vufeufuikd w f u kd yf &JG yfpaJ &;qdw k hJ óuw d ifpnf;urf;owfru _ kd vufcrH mS r[kwb f ;l vd@k
usaemfajymvdkufw,f? tpdk;&[m usaemfwdk@qDu ‘+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf ±dk;om;pGm
ydik ;f jzwfxm;r_’ udk awmif;qdx k m;+yD; usaemfw@kd taeeJ@ aphpyfaqG;aEG;zd@k tqifoifjh zpfr_
[m tJ'yD ikd ;f jzwfru _ kd taotcsmazmfjyaew,fv@kd usaemfaxmufjycJw h ,f?
&mxl;vufcyH rJG ed @f ceG ;f rSm &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;azmfjyxm;wJt h wdik ;f trsK;d om;jyefvnf
oifjh rwfa&;tay: rpPwm'Duvyf&ŒJ tav;xm;r_a=umifh usaemftifrweftxif}uD;
ud;k pm;rda=umif;ajymjycJw h ,f? ol@pum;awG[m awmiftmz&duEdik if o H m; oef;aygi;f
rsm;pGmeJ@ urBmw0Sr;f u jynfoal wGukd awmiftmz&duEdik if o H pfw&yf r=umcifarG;zGm;
vmawmhr,fqw kd hJ ar#mv f ifch suef @J jynfv h #r;f apcJw h ,f? &if=um;apha&;vrf;a=umif;ay:u
yxrqHk;ajcvSrf;uawmh tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;a&;pepfeJ@ 'DpepfudktoufoGif;wJh
aqmif&u G cf sut f m;vH;k vk;H 0zsuo f rd ;f ay;zd@k jzpfvrd rhf ,fv@kd usaemfajymcJw h ,f?
'gayrJh ckaemufyikd ;f rSm tJ'rD ed @f ceG ;f ygpw d "f mwfukd vufawG@taumiftxnf odyf
rjrif&bl;vd@k usaemfajymvdu k wf ,f? vltawmfrsm;rsm;u tpd;k &&JŒ ay:vpDawG[m
tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;a&;pepfukd wjcm;enf;awGe@J qufvyk w f mvd@k jrif=uw,f? tpd;k &[m
vlrnf;Zmwdjynfe,facgi;f aqmifawG/ ¡tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;a&;¢ pepf}uD;u vufoyf
arG;xm;wJh wjcm;vlrnf;awGe@J pum;ajymwmudyk J wtm;tcsed u f ek cf vH yk af ew,fv@kd
usaemfajymvdu k w f ,f? 'Dval wG[m vlrnf;awmiftmz&duvlxak wGu 0dik ;f y,fxm;wJ/h
twdwu f mvzdEydS rf &_ ŒJ vufyg;apud, k pf m;vS,af wGjzpfw,fv@kd usaemfajymvdu k w f ,f?
aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_ukd tqifEh pS q f ifch v JG yk zf @kd usaemfth qdðk ycsuu f kd xyfwifvu kd w f ,f?
usaemf[m attifpu D csrw S cf whJ hJ 1989 ck [m&ma&a=unmcsuyf g vrf;!¸erf al wGukd
tjynft h 0axmufcw H ,fv@kd ajymvdu k w f ,f? 'Da=unmcsux f rJ mS Edik if aH wmftpd;k &
ud, k w f ikd zf efw;D cJw h /hJ aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;twGut f wm;tqD;awGz,f&mS ;zd@k tpd;k &rSmwm0ef
&Sw d ,fv@kd ajymxm;w,f? tJ'aD wmif;qdck suaf wGxrJ mS Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;tm;vH;k
v$waf y;a&;/ uef@owfcsKyfcs,cf t H zG@J tpnf;awGe@J vly*k Kd~ vfawGtay: uef@owfcsuf
tm;vH;k zsuo f rd ;f a&;/ ta&;ay:tajctaetqH;k owfa&;eJ@ òrŒd opfawGu ppfwyftm;vH;k
z,f&Sm;ay;a&;wdk@ yg0ifw,f? wdkufcdkufr_awGtqHk;owfzdk@ ESpfOD;ESpfzufoabmwl
typftcwf&yfpaJ &;[m yxr OD;pm;ay;vkyif ef;jzpfoifw h ,f/ bmjzpfv@kd vq J akd wmh tJ'g
r&S&d if bmtvkyrf v S yk Ef idk rf mS r[kwb f ;l vd@k tav;ay;ajymvdu k w f ,f? usaemf rpPwm
'Duvyfe@J awG@z@kd w&uftvdrk mS ol@qpD myd@k vu kd wf ,f?
'DZifbm 13 &ufreufrmS usaemfu

h kd wGiaf [G;pfuykd J xyfac:oGm;jyefw,f? 'Duvyf
70
rwdik cf ifvel @J vufzuf&nfaomufcw hJ thJ cef;xJrmS yJ 'Duvyfe@J usaemfawG@&w,f? ole@J

twl udb k u D t kd ufq;D / Adv k cf sKyf0v D rfp/D a'guw f mbm;emh'ef @J ol@vyk af zmfuikd zf uf rdu k v f ;l
wd@k &w dS ,f? usaemfu rpPwm'Duvyfukd orwjzpfvmvd@k cs;D usL;*k%ðf ya=umif;ajym+yD;
usaemfw@kd tvkyw f vJG yk v f @kd &Edik rf ,fv@kd ar#mv f ifah =umif;ajymjycJw h ,f? ol[m tvGef
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udk tm±Hpk u kd ef m;axmifw,fqw kd mygy?J 'g[m tifrwefopfqef;wJh tawG@tñuHjzpf
ygw,f? trsK;d om;ygwaD cgi;f aqmifawG[m vlrnf;acgi;f aqmifawGe@J aqG;aEG;&mrSm
olw@kd =um;vdw k mudyk J a,bk,stm;jzifh em;axmifwwf=uayrJh rpPwm'Duvyfuawmh
¡wjcm;tjrifawGu¢kd em;axmifz@kd e@J em;vnfz@kd wu,fwrf;óud;yrf;aeyH&k w,f?
tJ'aD e@u usaemftav;ay;ajymwJh udp&P yfwckuawmh r=umao;cifu csjycJw h hJ
trsK;d om;ygw&D ŒJ (5) ESpf pDru H ed ;f jzpfw,f? tJ'x D rJ mS ‘tkypf t
k cGit hf a&;’ qdw k hJ t,ltq
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ta&;’ qdw k m awmiftmz&duEdik if o H pfrmS vlenf;pkawG&ŒJ vGwv f yfru _ kd umuG,af y;wJh
enf;vrf;wcktjzpf t"dym` ,fziG =hf uayrJh wu,fv h ufawG@rmS awmh olw@kd tqdðk ycsu[ f m
vljzL}uD;pd;k r_ukd qufvufxed ;f odr;f wJeh nf;vrf;wck jzpfw,f/ 'gukd attifpt D aeeJ@
vufrcHEikd b f ;l vd@k usaemf rpPwm'Duvyfukd ajymvdu k w f ,f?
'Doabmxm;udk qufxed ;f xm;vd@k ol@rmS tusK;d r&Sb d ;l vd@k usaemfxyfjznfah jym
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acwfrSDatmif jyifcsifwmomjzpfw,fvdk@ xifjrifcsufjzpfay:ap+yD; 'Dwdkif;jynfeJ@
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owif;pmxJ r=umao;cif usaemfzwfc&hJ wJh acgi;f }uD;ydik ;f udk axmufjycJw h ,f? tJ'D
acgif;}uD;ykdif;xJrSm tkyfpktcGifhta&;t,ltq[m tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;a&;pepfudk
aemufaz;ayguu f ae vSno hf iG ;f zd@k óu;d pm;csuw f cktjzpf oabmxm;a=umif; oG,0f u kd f
azmfjyxm;w,f? usaemfu rpPwm'Duvyfukd ol@ygwo D wif;pmu tkypf t k cGit hf a&;udk
tJovdjk rifae&if usaemfw@kd ua&m b,fvo kd abmxm;=ur,f olxifovJv@kd ar;vdu k f
w,f? 'gt h jyif attifp[ D m tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;a&;pepfukd (75) ESpv f ;kH vH;k wduk vf mcJ+h y;D rS
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71
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owfa&;udk wu,fwrf; vdv k m;,H=k unfwmr[kwb f ;l vd@k usaemfajymvdu
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ol@t&nftcsi;f aumif;w&yfygy?J olu “usaemf&h nf&, G cf suu f cifAsm;[meJ@ bmrSruGm
ygbl;? yD'AvsLbdkomqDa&;wJh cifAsm;pmv$mxJrSm attifpDeJ@tpdk;&vufwGJ+yD; vlrnf;
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ypfwmaygh” vd@k ajymvdu k w f ,f?
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tus,rf mS ;vdrrhf ,fv@kd ajymvdu k w f ,f? tu,fI usaemf[m ptzrf;cHc&hJ wke;f u ¡tjyif
avmu¢ tajctaersK;d awGxu J okd m jyefvw $ af y;cH&&if usaemfu h akd xmifusapcJw h hJ
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taumif;qH;k enf;vrf;uawmh attifpeD @J wjcm;Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;awGukd ydwyf ifxm;
wmy,fzsu/f ta&;ay:tajctae±kyo f rd ;f / Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awGvw $ /f jynfya&mufawG
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cifAsm;wdk@ jyefzrf;vdkufayawmh”vd@k usaemfajymvdu k w
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wa,mufu wcgrrS vkycf zhJ ;l wmudk vkyv f u kd w f ,f? olu tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;a&;pepf
udk wu,fwrf;pwifzsuo f rd ;f +y;D 'Dru kd a&pDuswhJ awmiftmz&duEdik if t H wGuf tajccH
yEMuaf wGcsvu kd wf ,f? olu attifp/D yDatpD (tmz&duvH;k qdik &f muGe*f &uf)/ awmif
tmz&duuGejf rLepfygwD (tufpaf tpDy)D eJ@ wjcm;rw&m;oif; (31) ckukd ydwyf ifxm;
wmawG ±kyfodrf;wm/ t=urf;rzufwJhvkyf&yfawGtwGuf axmifcsxm;wJh EdkifiHa&;
tusO;f om;awGvw $ af y;wm/ ao'%fp&D ifr&_ yfqikd ;f wmeJ@ ta&;ay:tajctaet&
csrw S cf whJ hJ uef@owfcsKyfcs,rf t _ rsK;d rsK;d ±kyo f rd ;f wmawGukd xl;xl;jcm;jcm;a=unmvdu k f
w,f? olu “aphpyfaqG;aEG;zdk@tcsdef a&mufvm+yD” vd@k ajymw,f?
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awmh ol[m wcsux f eJ @J awmiftmz&duEdik if t H ajcttaeudk vufawG@tm;jzifh yHrk eS f
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f @kd ygy?J attifp[ D m ESpaf ygi;f (40) =um ESyd u
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73
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u v$wrf ,ft h a=umif; today;zd@k jzpfw,fv@kd ajymrxm;cJyh g?
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taeeJ@ jrefEdkifor#tjrefqHk; axmifuxGufcsifpdwf wtm;jzpfaew,f? 'gayrJh
tcsed w f akd v;yJ óudo&d +yD;xGuzf @kd [m roifah wmfygb;l ? usaemfu rpPwm'Duvyfukd
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usaemfrh o d m;pke@J usaemft h zG@J tpnf;u óudwifjyifqifrv _ yk Ef ikd af tmif wywfavmuf
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jzpfuek v f rd rhf ,fv@kd ajymvdu k w f ,f? usaemfu h kd tJ'aD e@uae aemufwywft=umrS
v$waf y;zd@k 'Duvyfukd yef=um;vdu k w f ,f? usaemf[m (27) ESpf apmifch +hJ yD;wJhaemuf
aemufxyf (7) &ufavmufawmh at;at;aq;aq;apmifEh ikd yf gw,f?
usaemfw h ŒHk jyefra_ =umifh 'Duvyftt hH m;oifo h mG ;w,f? olu usaemfyh ef=um;csuu f kd
jyefrajzbJ usaemfv h w $ zf @kd tpDtpOfawG qufajymjyw,f? tpd;k &[m usaemfu h kd *sK[
d ef
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w,f? olaemufxyfpum;rqufcif usaemfu tJ'DtpDtpOfudk jyif;jyif;xefxef
uef@uu G af =umif; ajymvdu k w f ,f? usaemft h aeeJ@ ApfwmAmpwmaxmifA;l 0uyJ vrf;av#muf
xGucf si+f y;D usaemft h ay: =unf±h a_ pmifah &Smufco hJ al wGukd aus;Zl;wifpum;ajymcsiw f ,f?
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'Duvyf OD;aESmufajcmufoGm;jyefw,f? odk@aomfvnf; 'Dwcgawmh usaemfh
uef@uGufr_awGa=umifh v_yfv_yf&Sm;&Sm;jzpfoGm;w,f? ol awG@qHkr_uae c%tjyif
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usaemf[m ,mawmtdraf v;udk noef;acgiw f ikd cf ge;D rS jyefa&mufc+hJy;D udyaf wmif;u
usaemfv h yk af zmfuikd zf ufawGqD usaemfaemufwae@vw G rf ,ft h a=umif; csucf si;f owif;yd@k
vduk w f ,f? usaemf[m 0ife@D qo D wif;pum;yg;Edik cf +hJ yD; *sK[ d efepPbm*fu a0gvw f mhqD
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,l't D ufzv f al wGqzD ek ;f quf+yD; usaemfv h w G af &;udpP pDpOfjyifqifz@kd e@J ajymr,frh ed @f ceG ;f
tacsmudik zf @kd twGuf usaemf, h mawmtdru f kd vma&muf&efajymvdu k w f ,f? axmif
q&m0efa&mufvm+yD; usaemfu h kd use;f rma&;ppfaq;r_ tusO;f ±H;k vkyaf y;w,f? usaemf
axmifuvGw+f y;D aemuf ñu&H rSmawGukd tcsed , f rl pOf;pm;tm;bJ rvGwcf ifvyk &f r,fu h pd P
trsK;d rsK;d udo k m pOf;pm;cJw h ,f? vl@b0rSm tifrwefjzpfavhjzpfx&Sw d t hJ wdik ;f jzpf&yfwck&ŒJ
ta&;yg}u;D us,rf [ _ m ±_y&f u
S cf wfaewJh tao;tzGaJ v;awG waxmifavmuf=um;xJ
aysmufomG ;wwfw,f?
aqG;aEG;qH;k jzwfp&mudpaP wGrsm;+yD; tcsed u f tifrwef@uekd nf;aew,f? pD&if;vf
&mrm;zd;k pm;eJ@ x&DAmrifEsL,,ftygt0if óuq d akd &;aumfrwDu &JabmfwcsKŒd [m reuf
tapm}uD;uwnf;u tdrrf mS a&mufae=uw,f? usaemf[m rdrx d ed ;f odr;f cHae&wke;f
usaemft h ay: tifrwef=uifemcJw h hJ yg;vfòrŒd av;u jynfoal wGukd t&ifq;kH rde@f ceG ;f ajymcsif
w,f? 'gayrJh óudqakd &;aumfrwDuawmh tJovdv k yk w
f m roifb h ;l vd@k tjyif;txef
uef@uu G af ew,f? usaemf&h ŒJ yxrqH;k rde@f ceG ;f udk csr;f omwJv h jl zL yg;vfòrŒd olòrŒd om;awGukd
a[m&if wrsK;d xif=uvdrrhf ,fv@kd olw@kdu,lqw,f? tJ't D pm; usaemf[m udyaf wmif;òrŒd u
r[mppfa&;jyuGi;f rSm udyaf wmif;òrdŒvlxu k kd t&ifq;kH pum;ajymzd@k pDpOfxm;w,f?
yxrqH;k &Si;f &r,fh jy\emwckuawmh usaemf&h ŒJ vGwv f yfry_ xrnudk b,frmS
ukeq f ;kH aprvJqw kd m jzpfw,f? usaemfo h abmuawmh udyaf wmif;òrŒd }u;D xJu udyzf vuf
vd@k ac:wJh pnfum;±_yaf xG;vSwhJ vlrnf;eJ@ujym;òrŒd opfawGrmS ntdyzf @kd jzpfw,f? 'Dvx l k
awGeJ@ aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_udkjyzdk@ jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh usaemfhvkyfazmfudkifzufawGeJ@
aemufyikd ;f rSm usaemfZh eD;uyg vHðk cHa&;ta=umif;awGa=umifh *d% k ;f csKyfbek ;f awmf}uD;
'ufprf eG w f ;l wl;eJ@twl bda&Sm0h if;rSm ntdyo f ifw h ,fv@kd wdu k w f eG ;f =uw,f? bda&Sm0h if;
qdw
k m vljzLqifajczH;k &yfuu G uf tqifjh rifah e&mjzpfw,f? usaemf axmifruscifwek ;f u
qd&k if tJovdak e&mrsK;d rSm usaemfaecGi&hf rSmr[kwyf g? usaemf axmifuvGww f hJ yxrqH;k
nudk txufwef;pm;vljzL&yfuGufwckrSm ukefqHk;apcJh&if raumif;wJhazmfjycsuf
jzpfomG ;vdrrhf ,fv@kd ,lqrdw,f? 'gayrJh bda&Sm0h if;[m wl;wl;&JŒ omoemydik o f ufwrf;
76
twGi;f vlrsK;d aygi;f pHak &m¹yGr;f aexdik w

f ahJ e&mjzpfvm+yD; yGivhf if;oabmxm;jynf0h wJh
vlrsK;d rcGjJ cm;a&;0g'udk oauFwðyae+yDv@kd aumfrwDu&Si;f jycJw h ,f?
axmiftyk cf sKyfa&;u usaemfyh pPn;f awGxyk yf ;kd zd@k aowWmawG/ yH;k awGaxmufyahH y;
w,f? usaemfah xmifwiG ;f umv&JŒ yxrtESpf (20) avmuftwGi;f usaemf[m ud, k yf ikd f
ypPn;f tifrwef@ukd enf;enf;av;yJ pkrcd ahJ yrJh aemufq;kH ESpt f enf;i,ftwGi;f rSmawmh
usaemf[m t&ifq,fpEk pS af wGtwGuyf g umrdavmufatmif ydik q f ikd rf a_ wG pkrad qmif;rd
jzpfomG ;cJw h ,f? t"dutm;jzifh pmtkypf mwrf;awGjzpf+yD; aowWmawG/ yH;k awG w'gZif
ausmu f kd jynfoh mG ;apcJyh gw,f?
usaemfu h kd wu,fvw $ rf ,ft h csed u f nae (3) em&Dowfrw S x f m;ayrJh *sK[ d ef

epPbm*fu pif;vH;k iSm;av,mOfe@J vmr,fh 0ife/D a0gvw f meJ@ wjcm;c&D;onfawG[m
ae@cif; (2) em&Dausmw f t hJ xd a&mufrvmao;ygb;l ? tdrrf mS awmh vlawG'gZife@J cs+D yD;
a&mufae=uyg+yD? jrifuiG ;f wckv;kH [m aysmyf &JG i$ yf t JG crf;tem;wckypkH H ayguaf eygw,f?
t&mcHAv kd pf 0gw h u f usaemfw h @kdtm;vH;k twGuf aemufq;Hk ydwt f jzpf pm;p&maomufp&mawG
jyifqifcsuðf ywfay;w,f? +yD;cJw h EhJ pS Ef pS w f mumv csuðf ywfau|;arG;cJw h mawGtwGuf
wifrubJ tazmfo[mðycGi&hf wJt h wGuyf g usaemf ol@ukd aus;Zl;wifpum;qdck w hJ ,f?
t&mcHAv kd *f srd ;f *&uf*&kd v D nf; tdrrf mS a&mufae+yD; usaemf ol@ukd v_u d v f aJS EG;axG;pGm
E_wq f ufzuf,rf;cJw h ,f? yd;k vfprd;k axmifuae ApfwmAmpwmaxmifa&mufwt hJ xd
usaemfu h kd =unf±h a_ pmifah &Smufcw hJ hJ ESpu f mvawGtwGi;f usaemfw@kd [m wcgrS Edik if aH &;
raqG;aEG;cJ=h uygb;l ? 'gayrJh usaemfw@kd EpS Of ;D =um; oHa,mZOfóu;d [m yg;pyfuxkwrf ajym
bJ &Sad ecJ+h yD; usaemf[m ol@&ŒJ tm;ay;ESpo f rd wfh q
hJ ufqrH u _ kd owdw&jzpfaecJyh gw,f?
p0ghwf/ *&uf*dk&DeJ@ t&mcHAdkvfb&if;wdk@[m vlom;qHr_tESpfom&tay: usaemfh
,H=k unfcsuu f kd xyfavmif;tm;jznfah y;cJw h ,f? 'Dvo l m;qHr[ _ m +y;D cJw h hJ (27) ESpcf v
JG ;kH vH;k
usaemfu h kd oHwikd af wGaemuf csKyfxm;cJo h al wGrmS awmif &Sad ewmjzpfw,f?
cGcJ ge;D E_wq f ufpum;awG t&Sn}f u;D ajymzd@k tcsed o f yd rf &yg? tpDtpOft& usaemfe@J
0ifeu D axmifa&SŒAl;0udk um;eJ@omG ;rSmjzpfygw,f? usaemfu h kd =unf±h c_ =hJ uwJ0h g'gawG/
tapmifah wGukd usaemfEw _ q f ufpum;ajymcsiw f ,fv@kd tm%mydik af wGuakd jymxm;w,f?
usaemfu wa,mufcsi;f aus;Zl;pum;ajymEdik af tmif 0g'gawGe@J ow l @kdrod m;pkawG usaemfu h kd
axmifA;l 0rSmvmapmif=h uzd@k yef=um;xm;w,f? oH;k em&Dx;kd +y;D rdepftenf;i,ft=umrSm
usaemfu h kd xif&mS ;wJt h ufpaf tbDpD (awmiftmz&du ±kyo f vH i$ ahf umfyakd &;&Si;f ) wifqufol
wOD;u zke;f quf+yD; usaemf axmifxu J ae vGwv f yfrq _ D vrf;av#mufxu G v f mwmudk
±kyjf rifo=H um;±du k Ef ikd af tmif Al;0ra&mufcif ay (200-300) avmufrmS um;xJuqif;
77
av#mufay;zdk@ yef=um;vmw,f? 'g[m usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfvdk@ usaemfoabmwl

vdu k w f ,f? ud, k pf w d u f ;l xm;wJt h wdik ;f t&m&m a&Sma&Sm&SL&SL jzpfcsirf jS zpfr,fqw kd m
usaemf yxqH;k t}udrt f jzpf &dypf m;rdvmw,f?
(3) em&DcrJG mS awmh usaemf[m aerxdxikd rf omjzpfvmw,f? bmvd@k vq J akd wmh
pDpOfxm;wmxuf tcsed af wGaemufusaevd@k jzpfygw,f? usaemfu óuq d akd &;aumfrwD0if
awGukd usaemfv h al wG[m usaemfu h kd (27) ESpf wdik w f ikd af pmifah r#maf ecJ+h yD; usaemft h aeeJ@
olw@kd ukd aemufxyf apmifrh aeapcsiaf wmhb;l vd@k ajymvdu k w f ,f? (4) em&D xd;k cge;D usrS
usaemfwdk@[m ,mawmtdrfuae armfawmfum;wef;av;wckeJ@ xGufvmcJhw,f?
Al;0ra&mufcif rdik w f pdwaf vmufrmS um;&yfvu kd +f yD; usaemfe@J 0ifeD um;xJuxGu/f
axmifA;l 0qD vrf;pav#muf=uw,f?
yxrawmh usaemfw@kd a&SŒrSm bmawGjzpfaew,fqw kd m usaemf oJou J uJG rJG jrifEikd f
ao;ygb;l ? 'gayrJh Al;0eJ@ ay (150) avmuftuGma&mufawmh t}uD;tus,f qln±H y_ f
axG;v_y&f mS ;aewJh vlpv k al 0;}uD;wck awG@vu kd &f w,f? &meJ@csw D hJ "mwfyo kH wif;axmuf
awG/ ±kyjf rifo=H um;uifr&mawGe@J owif;pmq&mawGa&m/ axmife@J csw D hJ aumif;usK;d
vdkvm;E_wfqufolawGyg awG@&w,f? usaemf[m tHhtm;oifhoGm;+yD; tenf;i,f
xdwv f ef@omG ;w,f? usaemf 'Dvjkd rifuiG ;f rsK;d wu,fu h kd ar#mv f ifrh xm;cJyh gb;l ? tvGeq f ;kH
tm;jzifh 0g'gawGe@J olw@kd ro d m;pkawG t"duyg0ifwhJ vl'gZiftcsK@d yJ &Sv d rd rhf ,fv@kd pdwu f ;l
xm;cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh 'gtpyJ&Sdygao;w,f? 'DvdkjzpfvmrSmawGtm;vHk;twGuf
usaemfw@kd [m aphaphpyfpyfjyifqifrxm;rdb;l qdw k m usaemfoabmayguo f mG ;cJw h ,f?
Al;0a&mufcge;D ay (20) avmufrmS awmh uifr&mawG wzsyzf sypf ±du k =f uwm[m
owˆKowW0gaumifawG tkyv f u kd }f uD;&JŒtoHvykd gy?J owif;axmufawGu ar;cGe;f awG
atmfar;=uw,f? ±kyo f ±H u kd t f zG@J awGu ðyHw;kd vmw,f? attifpaD xmufco H al wGu
atmf[pf=u/ vufcyk w f ;D tm;ay;=uw,f? enf;enf;awmh rl;aemufp&maumif;ayrJh
aysmpf &mA±kwo f u k }Q uD;yg? ±kyo f t H zG@J om;wa,mufu usaemfq h D rJr&J nS &f n S t f ar$;yGyG
ypPn;f wcke@J vSr;f xd;k vdu k w f t hJ cg usaemf aemufuekd nf;enf;wGe@f omG ;rdw,f? usaemf
axmifx&J w dS ;kH topftqef;ay:vmwJh vufeufwrsK;d rsm;vm; xifvu kd rf w d ,f? 0ifeu D
tJ'g[m rdu k u f ±dzk ;kH jzpfw,fv@kd usaemfu h akd jymjyw,f?
usaemf vltyk x f aJ &mufomG ;wJt h cg usaemfh vufsmbufvufo;D udq k yk +f y;D ajrm‡ uf
jyvdu k w f ,f? vltyk }f u;D u a0gueJqn l oH mG ;w,f? usaemf tJovdrk vkyEf ikd w f m (27) ESpf
&Scd +hJ yDjzpfw,f? tJovdk vky&f vd@k tm;tifawGw;kd yGm;vm+yD; 0rf;omaysm&f i$ rf w d ,f?
usaemfw@kd [m vltyk x f J rdepftenf;i,fyaJ e+y;D awmh um;ay: jyefwuf udyaf wmif;òrŒd qD
armif;xGucf =hJ uw,f? usaemfu h kd tJovdók uq d =kd uwm auseyfrad yrJh axmif0efxrf;awGukd
78
*s,&f rD v
dk KGd ifEiS hf vufa0S@xk;d avhusiahf epOf?
79
w&m;¶kH;tjyif
bufY ¶kozf mhpf
ESit
hf wl?
w&m;¶kH;tjyifbufY
rk;d Zufuw dk meDEiS hf twl
atmify&JG csed ?f tpk;d &u
pG J c suf ¶ k y f o d r f ; vk d u f
a=umif; ckav;wif=um;
vkduf&onf? okd@aomf
atmif y G J u c%om
cHonf? (3) vt=um
1959 ckxw J iG f usaemf
wk@d (29) a,muf aemuf
wcg w&m;¶kH;wifcH&
onf?
80
1962/ jynf y rS jyef v m+yD ;

aemuf yke;f uG,af epOf?
'kw,
d tr_jzpf+yD;aemuf usaemf ajr
atmufo#K;d cJo
h nf? “vlrnf; jrwf
av;a&$ " m;Ak d v f ” [k umvwck
emrnfausmo f mG ;cJo h nf?
1962/ attifpDtzGJ@ ydwfyifcH&+yD;aemuf 'g¶kpPvrfavqdyfY atmfvDAmwrfbkdESifh

a&mbwf&&D mS ?
81
a&mfbifu|e;f tyk@d rcH&rD y&D
wkd;&D;,m;tusOf;axmifY
t0wfcsKyfaepOf?
a&mfbifu|ef;wGif&SdpOf usaemfhtusOf;wkdufcef;xJ xdef;odrf;xm;aom

pmtkyfrsm;?
82
1966/ axmif0if;twGi;f a0gvw

f mESit
hf wl?
a&mfbifu|e;f axmif0if;?
83
1990/ azazmf0g&Dv/
vGwv
f yf+y?D
atmfvef'dk aetdrrf mS ?
84
a0gvfwmESifh usaemf a&mfbifu|ef;rSm tESpf (20) eD;yg; twltusOf;uscJhonf?

udyaf wmif;òr@ *k%
d ;f csKyfbek ;f awmf}uD;wl;wl;. bda&Sm0h if; O,smOfaetdrYf “tmz&d
um;” tav;ðyr_vyk +f yD; tjyifavmuY aemufw}udrf xyfwu dk yf 0JG ifz@dk toifjh yif
85
cJo
h nf?
e,f vfq
1990/ 'DZififrbifmrS
'Jv m m;
atmfvDAmwrfbkdonf ESpfokH;q,f=um
jynfya&mufb0rSaepOf awmiftmz&duok@d jyefvmcJo
h nf?
&Jabmfa[mif;wk@d =um; ESpu

f ,
dk =f um;aqG;aEG;r_?
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d efepPbm*fòr@rS atmfvAD m jynfawmfjyefóuqkyd ?JG
86
E_wfqufpum;ajymcGifhr&cJhwJhtwGuf awmfawmfhudk pdwfroufromjzpfrdw,f?

aemufq;Hk rSmawmh Al;0*dwaf yguuf av#mufxu G v
f m+yD; axmiftjyifu um;wpD;ay:
wufvu kd w
f thJ cg usaemf[m touf (71) ESpt
f &G,rf mS b0udt
k opfwzefjyefpae&+yv
D @kd
cHpm;vdu k &f ygw,f? usaemf&ŒJ tusO;f cHumv &ufaygi;f waomif;[m tqH;k rSmawmh
+yD;ajrmufomG ;cJyh g+yD?
udyaf wmif;òrdŒ[m axmif&ŒJ taemufawmifbuf (35) rdik t f uGmrSm &Syd gw,f?

'gayrJh òrd@awmfukd wjcm;vrf;u oGm;zd@k a&G;vdu k w f ,f? usaemfw@kd [m axmiftaemuf
bufukd ywfarmif;cJ+h yD; vrf;i,fuav;awG/ acsmifóudacsmif=um;vrf;ajr‡mifav;awG
uae òrdŒ}uD;qD ,mOfwef;eJ@omG ;cJw h ,f? usaemfw@kd [m om,mvSywJph ysp+f cH pdr;f pdr;f
pdpk akd wG/ aoaocsmcsmðyjyifpu kd yf sK;d xm;wJh jcH,mawGukd jzwfarmif;vmcJ&h mrSm usaemf
[m ab;rSmawG@&wJ±h c_ if;awGukd ESpo f uf=unfE;l rdcw hJ ,f?
aus;vufa'o[m pdr;f vef;a0qmae+yD; aumif;aumif;xGe, f ufpu kd yf sK;d xm;
w,f? 'gayrJh usaemftHhtm;oifhrdwmu usaemfwdk@ armfawmf,mOfwef;udk=unfhzdk@
vrf;ab;rSm&yfapmifah ewJh vljzLtdraf xmifpak wG rsm;jym;vSwmudjk zpfygw,f? usaemfw@kd[m
wjcm;vrf;uoGm;aew,fqw kd m olw@kd a&'D,u kd =um;cJ=h uw,f? wcsK@d wavu (vl
w'gZifavmuf &SEd ikd w f ,f) attifp&D ŒJ tiftm;jytav;ðyenf; jzpfae+yjD zpfwhJ nmbuf
vufo;D qky+f yD; ajr‡mufjywmawmif vky=f uw,f? 'g[m usaemfu h tkd =hH oapcJw h ,f?
a&S;±d;k pGJ v,f,mpdu k yf sK;d a&;a'owcku &J&ifo h w l csK@d &ŒJ aoG;pnf;nD!w G rf _ azmfjycsuf
a=umifh usaemf[m t}uD;tus,pf w d t
f m;wufºuGc&hJ w,f? wae&mrSmawmh usaemf
um;ud&k yf/ atmufqif;+yD; ckeuvdk vljzLrdom;pkwckukd E_wq f ufpum;eJ@ aus;Zl;wif
pum;ajymcJw h ,f/ olw@kd &ŒJ axmufcrH a_ =umifh usaemfb,favmuftm;wufrad =umif;
ajymjycJw h ,f? usaemf tckjyefa&mufvmaewJh awmiftmz&duEdik if [ H m t&if usaemf
xGuo f mG ;wke;f uEdik if eH @J wtm;uGmoGm;+yDv@kd usaemfxifryd gw,f?
usaemfw@kd [m òrdŒawmftem;pyfawGx0J ifvmwJt h cg vlawG[m òrdŒv,facgiu f kd
waomaomoGm;ae=uwm awG@&w,f? óuq d akd &;aumfrwDu udyaf wmif;òrŒd &JŒ r[mppf
a&;jyuGi;f }uD;rSm vlxpk nf;a0;yGw J ck pDpOfpnf;±H;k xm;w,f? r[mppfa&;jyuGi;f qdw k m
òrdŒawmfcrf;ra[mif;a&SŒu &ifjyifus,u f u
G vf yf}uD;wckjzpfw,f? usaemf[m uGi;f jyif
wckv;kH udpk ;D jrifEikd w
f hJ òrdŒawmfcrf;ra[mif; Oypmpifjrifah y:uae vltyk }f uD;udk pum;
ajym&rSm jzpfygw,f? {&mrvlyifv,f}u;D wck[m 'Dreufuwnf;u tJ'rD mS apmifah e=u
w,fv@kd owif;tpteawG=um;cJw h ,f? usaemfw@kd armfawmfum;wef;[m vltyk u f kd
a&Smif+yD; òrdŒawmfcef;raemufzufukd ywfarmif;zd@k pDpOfxm;w,f? tJ'rD mS usaemfu
87
taqmuftOD;xJukd tomav;0ifvu kd zf @kd jzpfw,f?
udyaf wmif;udk um;eJ@omG ;wm (45) rdepf=umcJ+h yD; ppfa&;jyuGi;f }uD;em;a&mufwhJ
tcg }u;D rm;rsm;jym;vSwhJ vltyk }f u;D udk awG@&w,f? um;armif;orm;u nmbufauG@+y;D
vltyk }f uD;ab;uywf&rSmjzpfayrJh bma=umifrh eS ;f rod vlyifv,f}uD;xJ wnfw h nfx h ;kd
0ifomG ;w,f? csujf cif;yJ vltyk }f u;D u a&SŒwufvm+y;D um;udrk sKv d ukd w
f ,f? usaemfw@kd [m
wrdepf/ ESprf ed pfawmh a&SŒudk enf;enf;wd;k armif;oGm;Edik af yrJh vlawGuud, k v f ;kH eJ@ zdweG ;f
xm;wmeJ@yJ &yfomG ;&w,f? vlawGu um;jywif;rSeaf wGudk acgu=f uw,f? 'Dah emuf
um;trdk;eJ@ abmeufudkacguf=uw,f? um;xJuvlawGtzdk@awmh rdk;oD;awGt}uD;
tus,u f saewJh toHvykd gy?J 'DaemufrmS awmh vlawGupdww f ufºuG+yD; um;ay:wuf
cke=f uw,f? wjcm;vlawGu um;udk 0dik ;f v_ycf g,rf;=uw,f? 'DtcgrmS awmh usaemf
pd;k &drpf ðyvmw,f? vltyk }f uD;&JŒ cspcf if=unf!pkd w d ef @J yJ usaemfw@kd ukd toufxu G o f mG ;
apEdik w f ,fv@kd awmif usaemfxifjrifrw d ,f?
um;armif;orm;[m usaemfe@J 0ifex D ufawmif ydpk ;kd &draf =umufvef@ae+y;D um;xJu
xGuzf @kd atmfaew,f? usaemfu ol@upkd w d af t;at;xm;+y;D um;xJrmS yJaezk@d ajymvdu k f
w,f? aemufum;awGuvlawG usaemfw@kd ukd vmu,fvrd rhf ,fv@kd ajymvdu k w f ,f?
tvefb;kd qufe@J wjcm;vlawGu usaemfw@kd um;oGm;zd@k vrf;&Si;f ay;+yD; um;ab;u
vlawGukd wGe;f z,fz@kd óu;d pm;w,f? 'gayrJh odyrf atmifjrifyg? usaemfw@kd [m wem&Dausmf
=umatmif um;xJrmS yJ xdik af e&w,f? um;wHcg;zGizhf @kd óud;pm;vnf; renf;raemvltyk f
}uD;u um;wHcg;udkzdxm;wma=umifh tcsnf;ESD;jzpfrSmygyJ? usaemfwdk@[m udk,fhudk
axmufcHol axmifaygif;rsm;pGm&JŒ tusOf;csr_udkcHae&w,f? rdef@cGef;pajymzdk@ pDpOf
owfrw S x f m;wJh tcsed af usmo f mG ;wm tawmf=umcJyh g+yD?
aemufq;Hk rSmawmh &Jt&m&S'd gZifawmfawmfrsm;rsm;vmu,f+y;D um;xGuzf @kd vrf;
a=umif;wck ajz;ajz;csi;f &Si;f ay;Ekid cf w hJ ,f? usaemfw@kd [m vltyk }f u;D xJu t+y;D owfvw G f
oGm;wJt h cg um;armif;orm;[m òrdŒawmfcef;reJ@qef@usib f ufqD t&Sed jf r‡i+hf yD;armif;
w,f? usaemfu “a[hvl/ 'gb,fudk armif;aewmvJ” vd@k ol@ukd pdwv f y_ &f mS ;ylyifpmG eJ@
ar;vdu k w f t hJ cg “usaemfrodb;l ” vd@k pd;k &draf omujyif;jywJt h oHe@J jyefajzw,f? “usaemf
'grsK;d wcgrrS awG@z;l bl;” vd@k oluajym+yD; OD;wnfcsurf q hJ ufarmif;aew,f?
olpw d +f ird o
f mG ;awmhrS usaemfuol@ukd usaemfrh w d af qG a&SŒae'lvmtdrk m&JŒtdru f kd
armif;zd@k vrf;!¸eaf y;vdu k w
f ,f? 'lvmtdrk m[m òrŒd awmf&ŒJ ukvm;&yfuu G rf mS aew,f?
usaemfw@kd tJ'o D mG ;+yD; c%wðzwfem;vd@k &w,fv@kd usaemfajymawmh um;armif;orm;
oabmusomG ;w,f? uHaumif;axmufrpGmyJ 'lvmeJ@ro d m;pk[m tdrrf mS &Sad e+y;D usaemf
wd@k uakd wG@&wJt h cg tH=h ovGe;f rutH=h ooGm;w,f? usaemf[m (27) ESpt f wGi;f yxrqH;k
88
t}urd f vGwv f yfvmolwa,mufjzpfaeayrJh olw@kd uusaemfu h kd óuq

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pd;k &draf =umif=h upGmeJ@ “cifAsm; ppfa&;jyuGi;f }u;D rSm &Sad e&rSmr[kwb
f ;l vm;” vd@k ar;=uw,f?
usaemfw@kd [m 'lvmhtrd rf mS tat;av;bmav;aomuf&w,f? 'gayrJh a&muf
+yD; rdepftenf;i,ftwGi;f rSmyJ *d% k ;f csKyfbek ;f awmf}uD;wl;wl;u zke;f qufvmw,f?
usaemfw@kd 'Da&mufwm olb,fvo kd od vJ rajymwwfyg? ol[m tawmfav;pdwf
npfae+yD; “e,fvfqif/ cifAsm;ppfa&;jyuGif;}uD;udk csufjcif;jyefvmrSjzpfr,f? vlawGu
v_yv
f y_ &f &G jG zpfae+yD? cifAsm; tckcsujf cif;jyefrvm&ifawmh bmawGqyl u l ek rf vJqwkd m usaemf
tmr rcHEikd b f ;l ? olyek x f ,fv@kd usaemfxifw,f?” usaemfu csujf cif;jyefvmr,fh
f r_jzpfEidk w
ta=umif; ajymvdu k wf ,f?
usaemfw@kd twGuf jy\emuawmh um;armif;orm;yJjzpfygw,f? ol[m ppfa&;
jyuGi;f }uD;udjk yefomG ;zk@d a&a&vnfvnfweG @f qw k af ew,f? 'gayrJh usaemfo@l ukd twdu k f
tcHajymqd+k y;D r=umcif usaemfw@kd [m òrŒd awmfcef;rqD jyefxu G v f mcJw h ,f? òrŒd awmfcef;r
taqmuftOD;udk av;bufav;wefu vlawG0ikd ;f xm;ayrJh aemufbufrmS awmh vl
'gavmufrxlbl;? 'ga=umifh um;armif;orm;[m taqmuftOD;&JŒ aemufbuf
0ifayguaf &mufatmif um;armif;oGm;Ekid cf w hJ ,f? t+rJyJ vljzLtr_xrf;t&mxrf;awG
oGm;vmv_y&f mS ;jynfEh u S af ewJh 'Dcrf;em;x,f0gvw S hJ taqmuftOD;}uD;&JŒ tay:qH;k
xyfukd usaemfah c:oGm;csed rf mS ae0ifqnf;qma&mufcge;D aeyg+y?D usaemf Oypmpifjrifah y:
xGuv f ukd w
f t hJ cg tqH;k tprxifwhJ vlyifv,f}uD;[m atmf[pfaºuG;a=umfae=u/
tvHawG wHceG af wG udik af qmifa0S@,rf;ae=u/ vufcyk w f ;D &,farmaysm&f i$ af e=uwm
awG@&w,f?
usaemfu vltyk }f u;D udk vufo;D qkyaf jrm‡ ufjyvdu k w f t Jh cg wcJeufatmf[pftm;
ay;oH}uD;eJ@ wH@k jyefw,f? tJ'=D obmoHawG[m usaemfu h kd wdu k yf 0JG ifpw
d "f mwftopf
wzefr;D xd;k ay;vdu k w f ,f? “tref;'vm;” vd@k usaemfu wdik v f u kd wf ,f? “igah 0ol;”
vd@k olw@kd u wH@k jyefaºuG;a=umfw,f? “tdik ;f tmz&dum;”vd@k usaemfatmfvu kd w f ,f?
·
“rm,Dbl,D”vdk@ olwdk@u ajz=uw,f? aemufqHk;rSm vltkyf}uD;+idrfpðyvmwJhtcg
usaemf[m rde@f ceG ;f pm&Gux f w
k +f yD; usaemfrh surf eS ,
f zl @kd tust ô w d u f yfxEJ ud_ vf u kd wf ,f?
txJrmS rsurf eS rf &S?d ApfwmAmpwmrSm arhusecf +hJ yDjzpfygw,f? 0ife@D rsurf eS af wG[m
usaemfe@J yg0gwrl eS ;f odwt hJ wGuf olrqDu rsurf eS cf %iSm;vdu k w f ,f?
rdwfaqGwdk@/ &Jabmfwdk@/ awmiftmz&duom;csif;wdk@? cifAsm;wdk@tm;vHk;udk +idrf;csrf;a&;/

·
H abmrsK;d jzpfygw,f? “tm%m” “igwd@k yikd &f r,f”
k ekd aD cwfwek ;f u ocifrsK;d a[h 'd@k Arm aºu;a=umfoo
Armjynf udv
“tmz&duacwf” “jyefa&muf&r,f” vd@k t"dyg` ,f&w,f?
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'Drdkua&pDa&;eJ@ vGwfvyfa&;wdk@&JŒemrawmfatmufuae usaemfE_wfcGef;qufvdkufygw,f?
usaemf 'Dae&ma&mufvmwm[m u,fwif&SifwrefawmftaeeJ@ vmwmr[kwfygbl;?
cifAsm;wdk@jynfolawG&JŒ ±dkusKd;wJhtaptyg;tjzpfvmwmjzpfw,f? cifAsm;wdk@&JŒ rav#mhwrf;
pGe@fv$wfr_awGeJ@ ol&Jaumif;yDowJhtepfemcHr_awGu usaemfhudk 'Duae@ 'Dae&mudk a&mufvm
apEdkifcJhwmjzpfw,f? 'gha=umifhrdk@ usaemfhb0woufwm&JŒ ºuGif;usefao;wJh ESpfumvawGudk
cifAsm;wdk@vufxJtyfygw,f?
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vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuv f y_ &f mS ;cJ=h uwJh wurBmvH;k ujynfoal wGukd aus;Zl;wifa=umif;
ta&;xm;ajymw,f? udyaf wmif;òrdŒujynfoal wGukd aus;Zl;wifa=umif;ajymcJw h ,f?
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atmfvAD mwrfbekd @J tmz&dutrsK;d om;uGe*f &uf/ Edik if v hH w HS w
H yfzJG@/ awmiftmz&du
uGefjrLepfygwD/ ,l'Dtufzf/ awmiftmz&duvli,fuGef*&uf/ udkqmwl/ 'Drdkua&pD
vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@/ awmiftmz&duEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*~eJ@ =umjrifhpGm
uwnf;u ,k=H unfcsu&f ŒJ toHjzpfcw hJ hJ oifwikd ;f euf (ac: ) trsK;d orD;tzG@J w@kd ukd tav;ðy
cJw
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ajymcJwh ,f? “olwdk@&JŒ a0'emeJ@'kuQ[m usaemfhxuf trsm;}uD;ydk}uD;r,fqdkwm usaemf
,H=k unfw,f” vd@k ajymvdu k w f ,f?
tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;a&;pepf[m awmiftmz&durSm tem*wfr&Sad wmhb;l qdw k hJ
ta=umif;eJ@ jynfoal wG[m vlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_t&Sed u f kd av#mch sv@kd r&a=umif; vlx}k uD;udk
usaemf &Si;f &Si;f jywfjywfajymvdu k w f ,f? “rd;k ukypf uf0ikd ;f rSm 0d;k w0g;jyLxGuaf ewJh vGwv f yfr_
jrifuGif;[m usaemfwdk@óu;yrf;csufawGudk ESpfqwdk;zdk@wGef;tm; jzpfoifhw,f?” usaemfeJ@
tpd;k & pum;ajymwmawG trsm;jynfou l &kd iS ;f jyzd@k ta&;}u;D w,fv@kd usaemf,q l rdw,f?
“'Duae@ cifAsm;wd@k ukd usaemftpD&ifccH siw f muawmh tpd;k &eJ@ usaemf pum;ajymwmawG[m
wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ Edik if aH &;tajctaeudk yHrk eS jf yefa&mufatmif &nf&,
G w
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ygyJ? usaemf[m attifpDeJ@tpdk;& awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJjzpfajrmufa&; awmif;qdw k muvGv J @kd
usaemfw@kd wikd ;f jynf&ŒJ tem*wfe@J ywfouf+y;D b,fvakd phpyfaqG;aEG;r_rS usaemft
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qdkwm txl;tav;ay;ajymcsifygw,f” vd@k ajymcJw h ,f?
aphpyfaqG;aEG;+yD; oabmwlcsucf srw S zf @kd jzpfEidk af pr,f&h moDOwkukd r=umrD&Edik f
vdrrhf ,f? vufeufuikd w f ukd yf v
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kd yfr_ tqH;k owfomG ;vdrrhf ,fv@kd usaemfar#mv f ifah =umif;
ajymvdu k wf ,f? tJovdk &moDOwkrsK;d jzpfajrmufz@kd ajcvSr;f awGukd attifp&D ŒJ 1989 ck
·· attifp&D ŒJ vufeufuikd w
f yf trfau
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[m&ma& a=unmcsurf mS wcsucf si;f azmfjyxm;w,fv@kd usaemfajymcJw h ,f? ppfreS wf hJ

aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJawGtwGuf tajctaejzpfzdk@ tpdk;&[m ta&;ay:tajctaeudk
csufcsif;tqHk;owf+yD; EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vHk; v$wfay;&r,fvdk@ usaemfajym
vduk wf ,f?
tajctaeyHrk eS jf yefjzpfatmifvyk &f mrSm 'Duvyf[m b,fwjcm;trsK;d om;ygwD
acgif;aqmifxufrqdk ydk+yD;c&D;aygufcJhw,fvdk@ usaemfu jynfolawGudkajymcJhw,f?
'Daemuf usaemfu rpPwm'Duvyfukd ‘±dk;om;ajzmifhrwfolwa,muf’ vd@k ac:a0:vdu k f
w,f? 'Dpum;vH;k awG[m aemufyikd ;f rSm usaemfu h jkd yefacsmufveS @f cahJ wmhw,f? rpPwm
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awGe@J usaemfu h kd jyefypfaygu=f uw,f?
usaemf[m OD;usKd;roGm;bl;/ acgif;!GwfroGm;bl;qdkwmeJ@ usaemfhtwGuf
wdu k yf +JG yD;qH;k oGm;wmr[kwb f J t&ife@J rwlwo hJ ¾mefe@J topfpwmjzpfw,fqw kd m
usaemfhjynfolawGeJ@ tpdk;&udkjyozdk@ usaemfhtwGufta&;}uD;w,f? usaemf[m
“tmz&dutrsKd;om;uGef*&uf&JŒ opPm&SdwJh/ pnf;urf;vdkufemwJh tzGJ@0ifwa,muf” jzpf
w,fvdk@ usaemftmrcHcJhw,f? usaemfu jynfolawGudk vrf;ydwfcHuwkwfawGxJ
jyef0if=uzdk@/ wdkufyGJudkt&Sdefjr‡ifhzdk@ v_H@aqmfvdkuf+yD; usaemfwdk@tm;vHk;vufwGJum
aemufq;kH usew f chJ &D;wmudk av#muf=ur,fv@kd ajymvdu k wf ,f?
usaemhf rde@f ceG ;f +y;D csed rf mS rd;k csKyfomG ;+yjD zpfw,f? usaemfw@kd [m bda&Sm0h if;udo k mG ;zd@k
um;awGay: cyfow k o f w k w f eG ;f yd@k c&H w,f? bda&Sm0h if;&JŒ oef@&iS ;f opfviG w f &hJ yf0ef;xJ
usaemfwdk@0ifvmwJhtcg usaemfhudk óudqdkE_wfqufzdk@apmifhae=uwJh vlrnf;&maygif;
rsm;pGm&JŒ rsuEf mS awGukd awG@&w,f? usaemfw@kd uakd wG@vu kd af wmh olw@kd [m oDcsi;f awG
atmfqdk=uw,f? usaemfu *dk%f;csKyfbkef;awmf}uD;wl;wl;udk tm;&yg;&zuf,rf;+yD;
E_wq f ufcw hJ ,f? 'Dv[ l m tarSmifwumhtarSmifru kd q f ;kH ESpu f mvawGrmS wEdik if v H ;kH udk
ol&ŒJ pum;awG/ ol&ŒJ owWad wGe@J tm;ay;cJw h ,f? jynfoal wG&ŒJ ar#mv f ifch suuf kd jyefvnf
Ed;k xapcJw h ,f? usaemfw@kd ukd tdrx f aJ c:oGm;awmh txJrmS aemufxyfro d m;pk0ifawGe@J
rdwaf qGoil ,fcsi;f awG apmifah e=uw,f? 'gayrJh usaemft h wGuf pdwt f auseyftaysmf
&$iq f ;kH tcsed uf awmh ¡qG'D ifEikd if ¢H pawmh[rk ;f òrdŒu w,fvzD ek ;f ac:w,fv@kd usaemfu h kd
vmajymwJt h cgjzpfw,f? b,fozl ek ;f qufw,fqw kd m usaemfcsucf si;f odvu kd wf ,f?
atmfvAD mwrfb&kd ŒJ toH[m wd;k n‡i;f ayrJh rSm;p&mr&Syd g? 'Davmuf ESpu f mvawG=um+y;D rS
ol@toHjyef=um;&wm usaemfu h kd tifrwefrS 0rf;omaysm&f i$ af pygw,f? atmfvAD m[m
1989 ck/ =o*kwv f wke;f ujzpfcw hJ hJ avjzwfa0'ema=umifh csed @J omG ;&muae qG'D ifEikd if rH mS
91
emvefjyefx tem;,laewmjzpfw,f? usaemfw@kd EpS af ,muf[m jrefEikd o f r#tjrefq;kH

awG@=uzd@k oabmwlvu kd w f ,f?
usaemf axmifuxGuv f mwJt h cg pdwu f ;l ,Ofxm;rdwmu x&efpau;e,fukd
at;at;aq;aq; um;armif;oGm;+yD; ud, k &hf ŒJ Zmwdcsujf r‡Kyfae&m oGm;vnfz@kd / usaemf
uav;b0u upm;cJw h ahJ wmifuek ;f awGe@J prf;acsmif;awG/ usaemf wcgrrS a&mufao;wJh
tarhocsõKif;ajrwdk@qD oGm;vnfzdk@jzpfw,f? 'gayrJh usaemfhpdwful;,Oftdyfrufudk
a&$Œqdik ;f xm;vdu
k &f w,f? ta=umif;uawmh usaemft h wGuf attifpu D tpDtpOfawG
trsm;}u;D vkyx f m;wJth a=umif; tifrwef jrefjrefqefqefe@J usaemfov d m+y;D 'DtpDtpOf
awGxrJ mS x&efpau;e,fukd pdwaf t;vufat;c&D;xGuzf @kd vk;H 0rygv@kd jzpfygw,f?
101
usaemfvw G +f yD; aemufae@ae@cif;rSm owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGv J yk zf @kd pDpOfxm;w,f?
reufyikd ;f rSm usaemfh vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufwcsK@d e@J awG@q+kH y;D tpDtpOfqaJG &;eJ@ AsL[mcsa&;awG
aqG;aEG;=uw,f? cs;D usL;*k%ðf ya=umif; a=u;eef;awGe@J o0%fvm$ awGvnf; awmifypl m
wvH;k pmavmufa&mufvm+y;D usaemf[m tJ'gawGukd wwfEikd o f r#rsm;rsm;zwf±c_ w hJ ,f?
'Do0%fvm$ awG[m wurBmvH;k uvmwmjzpf+yD; orwawG/ 0ef}uD;csKyfawGqu D jzpf
w,f? 'gayrJh usaemfph w d x
f J txl;wvnf trSwx f ifxifjzpfapcJw h hJ o0%fvm$ uawmh
udyaf wmif;òrdŒ&JŒ vljzLtdr&f iS rf wa,mufqu D jzpf+yD; usaemfu
h kd tifrwefr&S i$ jf rL;apcJh
w,f? tJ'DpmxJrSm “&SifvGwfvmwJhtwGuf/ &SifhrdwfaqGawG/ rdom;pkawGeJ@jyefqHkpnf;
&wJhtwGuf usr0rf;omygw,f? 'gayrJh rae@u &Sifhrdef@cGef;uawmh tifrwefysif;p&m
aumif;w,f” vd@k a&;xm;w,f?
usaemfaxmifruscifwek ;f u tJ'aD e@vyk w f hJ owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGrJ sK;d wcgrrS vkyzf ;l
cJyh g? t&ifumvawGwek ;f u ±kyjf rifo=H um;uifr&mawGray:ao;bJ attifpo D wif;pm
&Sif;vif;yGJtrsm;pk[m v#Kd@0SufvkyfcJh&w,f? tJ'Dae@cif;rSmawmh wdkif;jynfaygif;pHku
owif;pmq&mawG trsm;}uD;&Sad e+yD; usaemf b,fo@l upkd um;ajym&r,f rodawmhyg?
'Dvpl x k rJ mS vlrnf;owif;pmq&mawG &mckid Ef e_ ;f rsm;rsm;awG@&vd@k usaemfauseyfrw d ,f?
owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGrJ mS acgi;f pnf;wcsK@d ukd cdik rf matmifxyfajymzd@k usaemf pdwt f m;xuf
oefcjhJ yefw,f? tJ'x D rJ mS yxrwcsuu f usaemf[m attifp&D ŒJ opPm&Sw d /hJ pnf;urf;
apmifx h ed ;f wJh tzG@J 0ifwa,mufjzpfw,fqw kd mygy?J attifpv D }l uD;ydik ;f trsm;pk[m
usaemfvGwfvmwmudk jynfyuaeapmifh=unfhae=u+yD; usaemfh&JŒopPmapmifhodr_udk
ta0;uae tuJjzwfae=ur,fqw kd m usaemfoad ew,f? usaemf[m tzG@J tpnf;xJ
uae ,dik x f u
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92
usaemfow d ,f? 'gah =umifh tcGi&hf wdik ;f usaemf[m olw@kd pw d af t;atmif óu;d yrf;cJw h ,f?
usaemfu h kd tzG@J tpnf;xJ bmtcef;u¾uygrvJv@kd ar;wJt h cg usaemfu attifpD
!¸e=f um;wJh bmtcef;u¾uyJjzpfjzpf yg0ifr,fv@kd pme,fZif;awGukd tajzay;vdu k wf ,f?
usaemfu vufeufuikd w f u kd yf u JG kd qufvufaxmufct H m;ay;wmeJ@ aphpyfaqG;
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w,f? vufeufuikd w f u kd yf &JG ŒJ t&Sw d &m;eJ@+cdr;f ajcmufra_ =umifh tpd;k &[m aphpyfaqG;
aEG;a&;E_wcf rf;udk a&mufvmwmjzpfw,f? Edik if aH wmftpd;k &u attifpt D ay: t=urf;
zufr&_ yfqikd ;f wJt h cgus&if attifpu D vnf; +idr;f csr;f a&;eJ@w@kH jyefvrd rhf ,fv@kd jznfph u G f
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'%fcwfra_ wGav#mah y;zd@k rawmif;qdEk ikd af o;bl;/ bma=umifv h q J akd wmh '%fcwfta&;
,lra_ wG yxrqH;k pjzpfapcJw h /hJ vlrnf;awGtwGuf Edik if aH &;tcGit hf a&;awGuif;rJah er_[m
quf&adS evd@k jzpfw,fv@kd ajzvdu k wf ,f? usaemf axmifuxGucf +hJ yjD zpfayrJh rvGwv f yfao;
bl;vd@k usaemfajymvdu k w f ,f?
vljzLawG&ŒJ pd;k &draf =umif=h ur_awGe@J ywfouf+y;D awmhvnf; usaemfu h akd r;=uw,f?
vlawGuusaemfhudk vljzLawGtay:emusnf;a'gopdwfarG;xm;zdk@ ar#mfvifhxm;wm
usaemfow d ,f? 'gayrJh usaemfrh mS emusn;f a'gopdwrf &Syd g? axmifxaJ &mufaecsed rf mS
vljzLawGtay: emusn;f rke;f wD;pdwf avsmyh g;oGm;cJ+h yD; pepf}uD;tay:rSmawmh rke;f wD;
pdwaf wG}uD;xGm;vmcJw h ,f? usaemfw@kd ukd tcsi;f csi;f &efwu kd af y;wJph epf}uD;udk rke;f wD;
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om;csif;awGjzpfw,f? usaemfwdk@[m olwdk@udkvHkðcHpdwfcsapcsifw,f? 'Dwdkif;jynf zHG@òz;
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usaemfhtwGuf topftqef;jzpfaeygw,f? usaemfaxmifxJp0ifcsdefwkef;uqdk&if
owif;pmq&mwa,muf[m yk*Kd~ vfwOD;wa,muf&ŒJ ZeD;eJ@ro d m;pkta=umif;/ pdwf
cHpm;r_awGta=umif;/ ud, k af &;ud, k w f mtqefq;kH tcgor,awGta=umif;ar;zd@k wcgrS
pOf;pm;rdrmS r[kwyf g? pme,fZif;awGu 'Dupd aP wGpw d 0f ifpm;wmudek m;vnfay;Ekid af yrJh
b,fvykd jJ zpfjzpf olw@kd &ŒJ pl;prf;csipf w d u f kd auseyfatmifjznfq h nf;ay;zd@k usaemfrh mS
cufaew,f? usaemf[m ud, k chf pH m;r_awGukd vltrsm;a&SŒarSmuf xkwaf jymvG,o f rl [kw/f
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ayrJh &wJo h wif;t& *sK[ d efepPbmh*òf rdŒu jynfoal wG[m aerxdxikd rf omjzpfae+yD;
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wd@k [m tJ'n D aerSm *sK[ d efepPbmh*u f kd av,mOfe@J omG ;vdu k wf ,f? 'gayrJh trSwf (8115)
atmfvif;'dk taemuf&yfuu G u f topfjyefaqmufxm;wJh usaemfw@kd aetdraf [mif;
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○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
yef;wdik jf zpfygw,f? usaemft
h ouf (44) ESpt f &G,f axmifxpJ 0ifcsed rf mS wooar#mrf eS ;f
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touf (71) ESpf &Sad e+yDjzpfv@kd tcsed u
f ek rf cHEikd af wmhygb;l ?
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jyefaqmufxm;w,f? usaemft h rd uf akd wG@vu kd w f t hJ cg usaemfph w d x f rJ w S rf ad ewmxuf
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wef;vsm;avmufyJjzpfEdkifr,f? 'gayrJh vlwa,muf vGwfvGwfvyfvyfeJ@ae&wJh
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rsm;pGm/ vaygi;f rsm;pGm=umatmif usaemft h rd u f kd tm;ay;axmufco H &l maygi;f rsm;pGmu
0dik ;f tHck =hJ uw,f? jynfoal wG[m oDcsi;f awGq=kd u/ u=u/ ¡usaemfeh mrnf¢atmfac: =ueJ@
olw@kd &ŒJ aysm&f i$ rf [ _ m ul;pufv, G vf yS gw,f? 'Dval wG[m usaemfjh ynfoal wG jzpf=uw,f?
'Dawmh olw@kd ukd jiif;qefvufrcHz@kd usaemfrh mS tcGit hf a&;vnf;r&S/d qENvnf;r&Syd g?
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aetdru f akd jymif;zd@k t=uHay;=uw,f? tJ'aD e&m[m qd0k w D pkd aH wGe@J =unf&h if crf;em;
tqifjh rifw h ahJ e&m jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh tJ't D rd [
f m usaemft h wGuaf wmh bmt"dyg` ,f
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usaemf[m tJ't D }uaH y;csuu f kd jiif;vd@k &Ekid o
f r# jiif;aecJyh gw,f? usaemf[m usaemf&h ŒJ
jynfoal wG=um;rSmom aecsi±f rkH u olw@kd aeovdyk J aecsif ygw,f?
102
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ae@rSm usaemf[m EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m tvkyftr_aqmifaumfrwDtpnf;ta0;wufzdk@
vlqmumòrdŒudk av,mOfe@J omG ;cJ@w,f? usaemf q,fpEk pS af wG=umatmif rawG@c&J wJh
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a&mbwfr*l gb/D Zrfb, D mu uif;eufueG 'f g/ abmhp0gemu uGurf mpm,m/ rdZk rfbpfu
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tpdk;&eJ@usaemf pum;ajymqdkaqG;aEG;=uwJh owif;awG=um;cJh=u+yD; xdkufoifhpGmyJ
pd;k &drcf =hJ uw,f? usaemf[m vufawG@taetxm;awGe@J tqufjywfaecJ±h w kH ifru
1984 ckuwnf;u axmifxu J usaemfv h yk af zmfuikd zf ufawGe@J awmif tquftoG,f
rvkyEf ikd cf yhJ gb;l ?
usaemfu tpd;k &eJ@pum;ajymqdck rhJ a_ wG&ŒJ oabmobm0udk aoaocsmcsmwnf
97
wnf=unf=unf &Si;f vif;jycJw h ,f? usaemfawmif;qdck w hJ mawGe@J &&Sv d mwJw h ;kd wufru _ kd
azmfjycJw h ,f? usaemf bdo k meJ@'u D vyfqaD &;wJh pmc|ev f m$ awGukd olw@kd awG@c+hJ yD; tJ'D
pmwrf;awG[m attifpaD y:vpDukd udik pf x JG m;w,fqw kd m odomG ;=uw,f? odyrf =um
ao;cifEpS af wGtwGi;f axmifuvGwv f molwcsKŒd vlqmumudo k mG ;+yD; “rm'Dbm aysmh
·
oGm;+yD? tm%mydkifawG0,fwm cHvdkuf&+yD? tckqdk ol[m oH;k xnfwOJG a&my0wfpHkawG
0wf/ 0dkift&ufaomuf+yD; tpm;aumif;awGpm;aew,f” vd@k wD;wd;k ajym=uwm usaemf
odxm;w,f? 'D wD;wd;k pum;awG usaemfox d m;vd@k 'gawGujkd iif;y,fz@kd usaemf&nf
&G,cf whJ ,f? 'gawGuakd cszsuzf @kd taumif;qH;k enf;vrf;uawmh usaemfvyk cf o hJ r#tm;vH;k
eJ@ywfouf+y;D ruG,rf 0Suf yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif;ajymjyzd@k omjzpfw,fv@kd usaemfc, H x l m;w,f?
··
tJ'D tiftD;pD tpnf;ta0;rSm usaemf[m tzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ 'kOuUÏtjzpf
a&G;aumufc&H +yD; atmfvAD m emvefxumvtwGi;f tzG@J tpnf;&JŒtwGi;f a&;rª;csKyf
tJvzf &uftefZkd udk ,m,DOuUÏcef@xm;vdu k w f ,f? tpnf;ta0;+yD;vd@k owif;pm
&Si;f vif;yGvJ yk w f t hJ cg Zrfb, D mEdik if o H rwvnf;jzpf/ attifpu D kd umv&Sn=f umuwnf;
u axmufccH o hJ v l nf;jzpfwhJ a'guw f muGe'f g&ŒJ t=uHðycsuef @J ywfouf+yD; usaemfu h kd
ar;=uw,f? ol@t=uðH ycsuu f awmh tck usaemfvw G v f m+yjD zpfwt hJ wGuf attifp[ D m
awmiftmz&duEdik if w H iG ;f vufeufuikd pf pfqifa&;awG &yfqikd ;f xm;oifw h ,fqw kd myJ
jzpfygw,f? usaemfw@kd [m a'guw f muGe'f g&ŒJ ^m%ftajrmftjrife@J axmufcrH u _ kd av;pm;
wefz;kd xm;ayrJh vufeufuikd w f u
kd yf JG &yfqikd ;f xm;zd@k uawmh odyaf pmygao;w,f? bmvd@k
vJqakd wmh usaemfw@kd ukd vufeufuikd pf &JG apwJh &nfreS ;f csuu f kd r&ao;wJt h wGujf zpfw,f
vd@k usaemfjyefajzvdu k wf ,f? rpPwm'Duvyfu ol@vusmf *d% k ;f om;axmufco H al wG
auseyfEpS o f rd ahf tmifvyk &f mrSm ulnaD y;zd@k [m attifp&D ŒJ tvkyrf [kwyf gb;l vd@k usaemf
ajymvdu k w f ,f?
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H rsm;tjym;udk c&D;vSnv hf nfcw hJ ,f? usaemf
vGw+f y;D yxrajcmufvtwGi;f usaemf[m jynfwiG ;f rSmxuf jynfyrSmtcsed yf u kd ek cf w
hJ ,f?
usaemfb,fomG ;oGm; pdwt f m;xufoefaewJh vltyk }f uD;awGawG@&vd@k usaemfyifyef;
EGrf;e,fae&ifawmif jynfolvlxkawGu usaemfhudk tarmajytm;wufapcJhw,f?
¡wefZef;eD;,m;Edik if ¢H 'g&ufpv P rfòrŒd rSm usaemfu h kd cef;rSe;f ajctm;jzifh vl (5) ode;f avmuf
tiftm;&Sw d hJ vlx}k uD;u óudq=kd uw,f?
usaemfch &D;pOfawGukd tifrwefrS ESpo f ufauseyfryd gw,f? usaemfu jrifuiG ;f
topfawGa&m/ jrifuGif;ta[mif;awGyg =unfhcsifw,f? tpm;taomuftrsKd;rsKd;
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98
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wJuh rBmeJ@ t&if;tjrpfup+y;D uGjJ ym;jcm;em;wJh urBmavmuwckxJ usaemfu h , kd uf saemf
tjreftom;usatmifvkyf&w,f? c&D;oGm;vma&;/ qufoG,fa&;eJ@ trsm;qdkif&m
rD', D mydik ;f tajymif;tvJawGa=umifh urBm}u;D [m ¡v_y&f mS ;ajymif;vJra_ wG¢ t&Sed jf rifrh m;
aew,f? t&mudpaP wG[m wtm;jrefjrefqefqef jzpfysuaf ewJt h wGuf wcgwavrSm
vdu k rf zDS @kd cufcaJ ew,f? 0ifeu D usaemfu h kd ajz;ajz;oufomvdu k af pzd@k óud;pm;w,f?
'gayrJh vkypf &mawGu wtm;udrk sm;vGe;f aew,f? tzG@J tpnf;[m usaemfh vGwaf jrmufr_
a=umifah y:xGuv f mwJh aysm&f i$ w f ufºuGra_ wGukd aoaocsmcsmtcGiahf umif;,lapcsif
w,f?
udik ±f òkd rŒd rSm tD*spo f rwa[mhpef rD b l m&wfe@J oD;oef@aqG;aEG;yGv J yk +f y;D aemufwae@
a'oE &W cef;raqmifwckrmS usaemf[m tpnf;ta0;}u;D wckukd rde@f ceG ;f ajymzd@k pDpOfxm;
w,f? usaemfa&mufwt hJ cg vltyk }f uD;[m taqmuftOD;xJuae v#x H u G af eyk&H +yD;
vkðH cHa&;uvnf; tawmfu h t
kd m;enf;vSw,f? usaemfu &Jom;wa,mufukd tiftm;
jznfzh @kd vdrk ,fxifw,fv@kd ajymayrJh oluycH;k wGe@f ±ykH w J eG @f jyw,f? usaemfe@J 0ifeu D cef;r}u;D
aemufbufu tcef;wcef;rSmapmifah e+y;D owfrw S cf sed af &mufawmh &Jom;wa,mufu
cef;r}u;D xJ0ifz@kd ajc[efvuf[efe@J jyw,f? usaemftxJ0ifomG ;&if ±kw±f w k o f o J jJ zpfuek +f y;D
usaemfe@J usew f u hJ ,kd pf m;vS,t f zG@J awG vluo JG mG ;rSmpd;k vd@k &Jom;u usew f hJ usaemfu h ,kd pf m;
vS,t f zG@J ukd tapmift h a&Smufay;+yD; t&ifac:0ifomG ;zd@k usaemf &Jom;udak jymw,f?
'gayrJh &Jom;u usaemfyh J t&ifomG ;cdik ;f w,f? wu,fyJ usaemf cef;rxJa&mufomG ;wmeJ@
vltyk }f u;D u a&SŒtwif;wd;k vm+y;D &JawG ydwpf &D yfaewmudk ausmw f ufvmw,f? vltyk f
}uD;&JŒ pdwx f ufoefra_ tmufrmS usaemf[m wd;k a0S@weG ;f wdu k cf &H +yD; enf;enf;yg;yg; v_yf
,rf;cH&w,f? taxGaxG±y_ , f u S cf wfr}_ uD;xJrmS usaemf&h LS ;zdeyfwzuf u|w+f yD;aysmuf
oGm;w,f? rdepftenf;i,f=umvdk@ tajctaeawG enf;enf;at;aq;oGm;wJhtcg
usaemf&h LS ;zdeyfa&m/ usaemfZh eD;yg &SmrawG@awmhygb;l ? aemufq;kH rSmawmh em&D0ufe;D yg;
=umrS 0ife[ D m pifjrifah y:uusaemfeh m; a&mufvmcJw h ,f? olr[m vluo JG mG ;vd@k tawmf
pdww f akd ew,f? usaemf[m y&dowf}uD;udv k nf; rde@f ceG ;f rajymEdik cf yhJ gb;l ? bmvd@k vJ
qdak wmh olw@kd [m “rif'Jvm;/ rif'Jvm;” vd@k eif;uefatmfae=uwJt h wGuf 'Dqn l o H H
awGxJ usaemft h oH rwd;k Edik jf zpfcw hJ ,f? 'ge@J aemufq;kH rSm zdeyfwbufrygb/J xl;xl;
jcm;jcm;+idro f ufpyl yk af ewJh ZeD;eJ@twl jyefvmcJah wmhw,f?
udkif±dkrSm usaemfowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJvkyfwJhtcg usaemfu attifpD[m
“twdu k t f cdu k af wG&yfpaJ &; pOf;pm;zd@k toif&h adS ew,f” vd@k ajymvdu k w f ,f? 'g[m tpd;k &udk
tcsujf yvdu k w f mjzpfygw,f? attifpeD @J tpd;k & ESpzf ufpvH;k [m aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGaJ wG
99
atmifjrifEikd rf ,fh &moDOwkw&yf zefw;D azmfaqmifae=uw,f? tpd;k &[m ta&;ay:
tajctae ±kyo f rd ;f / Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;tm;vH;k v$w/f tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;a&;Oya'awG
tm;vH;k y,fzsujf cif;wd@k jzifh wdik ;f jynftajctae yHrk eS jf yefjzpfatmifvyk zf @kd attifpu D
awmif;qdak ecsed rf mS tpd;k &uvnf; attifpb D ufu vufeufuikd w f u kd yf JG &yfqikd ;f a&;udk
t&ifawmif;qdzk @kd &nf&, G x f m;w,f? usaemfw@kd [m 'Dv&kd yfqikd ;f r_rsK;d a=unmzd@k toifh
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vHak vmufwhJ tm;ay;tm;ajrm‡ ufr_ vkyaf y;csiw f ,f? usaemfw@kd [m aemufq;Hk rSmawmh
vufeufuikd w f ukd yf JG &yfqikd ;f &r,fqw kd m odxm;w,f? 'Dv&kd yfqikd ;f wm[m wpdww f ydik ;f
tm;jzifh yd+k y;D av;eufwhJ aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_awG tqifacsmapzd@k jzpfovdk wpdww f ydik ;f tm;jzifh
rpPwm'DuvyftaeeJ@ ol@&ŒJ rJqEN&iS t f 0ef;t0dik ;f jzpfwhJ awmiftmz&duvljzLrJqEN&iS f
awGqo D mG ;+yD; “uJ =unf/h a[m'DrmS usKyfay:vpD&ŒJ toD;tyGiahf wG” vd@k ajymcGio hf mapzd@k
vnf;jzpfygw,f?
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oGm;+y;D atmfvAD meJ@awG@cw hJ ,f? a&SŒaetwlwv JG yk cf bhJ ;l wJh usaemfrh w d af qGa[mif;}u;D udk
jyefawG@&wm[m usaemf tar#mv f ift
h apmifph m;cJ&h qH;k jyefvnfqpkH nf;r_ygy?J atmfvAD m[m
aeodyrf aumif;vSygb;l ? 'gayrJh usaemfw@kd jyefawG@=uwJt h cg usaemfw@kd [m tmz&du
jrufcif;jyifus,}f uD;xJu aumifav;ESpaf ,muf/ wa,muftay:wa,mufxm;wJh
oHa,mZOfuae cGet f m;jzpf=uwmeJ@ wlaecJyh gw,f? usaemfw@kd [m +yD;cJw h t hJ wdwf
umvta=umif;awG pajym=uw,f? 'gayrJh usaemfw@kd EpS af ,mufx&J w dS t hJ cgrmS awmh
olwifwyhJ xrqH;k ta=umif;t&mu tzG@J tpnf;&JŒ acgi;f aqmifru _ pd jP zpfw,f? olu
“e,fvfqif/ rif;tck attifpD OuUÏvkyfawmh? igu OuUÏ&mxl;udk rif;twGufxdef;xm;
J yk af ewm” vd@k ajymw,f? usaemf jiif;vdu
ay;±Hyk v k yf gw,f? ol jynfyuae+y;D tzG@J tpnf;udk
aumif;aumif;}u;D OD;aqmifcw
hJ m[m usaemfq&kd if tJoavmufvyk Ef ikd rf mS r[kwbf ;l vd@k
usaemfajymvdu
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f ,f? 'Dvykd pkH rH sK;d eJ@ &mxl;v$aJ jymif;ay;wm[m w&m;r#wr_vnf;r&S/d
'Drdkua&pDvnf;rusyg? usaemfu “rif;udk tzGJ@tpnf;u OuUÏtjzpf a&G;aumuf
wifajr‡mufxm;wm? 'Dawmh a&G;aumufyGJa&mufatmif apmifh=uwmaygh? tJ'Dus&if tzGJ@
tpnf;u qHk;jzwfEdkifr,f” vd@k ajymvdu
k w
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av#mrh ay;yg? oluusaemfu h kd OuUÏcef@csiw
f m[m ol@&ŒJ ESrd chf sre_ @J tepfemcHru
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vuQ%mjzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh 'g[m attifprD 0l g'awGe@J rudu k n f yD gb;l ?
1990ck {+yDvrSm usaemf[m vef'efòrdŒudk ava=umif;eJ@omG ;+yD; 0ifbvDrmS
·
usaemfuh kd *k%ðf ywJt
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100
wum*Dwynm&Siaf wGtrsm;}u;D ajzazsm=f uw,f? olw@kd xu J trsm;pkukd usaemfrodyg?
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tusO;f om;awGvw $ af y;a&; zdtm;ay;&mrSm tifrwefxad &mufcw hJ t hJ wGuv f nf;aumif;/
usaemfw h ikd ;f jynfu tzdEydS cf jH ynfoal wGtwGuf ppfreS w f ahJ xmufct H m;ay;r_e@J aoG;pnf;
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qef@usiaf &;tiftm;pkawGukd aus;Zl;wifa=umif; ajymcJw h ,f?
103
usaemfaxmifuxGufvmcsdefrSm tifumom vGwfvyfa&;ygwDacgif;aqmif
uGmZl;vl;jynfe,f0ef}uD;csKyf apmfbGm;rif*dkqlxlblo,fvZD[m awmiftmz&du
EkdifiHa&;pifjrifhay:rSm t"duZmwfaqmifwa,mufjzpfaeygw,f? 'gayrJh attifpD
t0ef;t0dik ;f xJrmS awmh ol@ukd tawmfu h v kd ól uduef nf;w,f? apmfbmG ;blo,fvZD[m
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f u kd cf w
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vSwhJ Zl;vl;bk&if apwD0g,u kd ae qif;oufvmoljzpfw,f? ol[m vli,fb0rSm
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oG,0f u kd af xmufcrH e_ @J uGmZl;vl;Zmwdjynfe,f&ŒJ 0ef}u;D csKyfjzpfvmcJw h ,f? tifumom
tzG@J ukd Zl;vl;,Ofaus;r_tzG@J tpnf;wcktjzpf xlaxmifwmudak wmif ¡attifp¢D tzG@J
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apmfbmG ;blo,fvZD[m attifpeD @J uif;uGmvmw,f? ol[m tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;a&;
pepfudk jywfjywfom;om;qef@usif+yD;/ uGmZl;vl;jynfe,fudk tpdk;&qEN&Sdovdk
‘vGwv f yfw’hJ Zmwdjynfe,f tjzpfczH @kd jiif;qefcahJ yrJh ol[m 'Dru kd a&pDvy_ &f mS ;r_bufjcrf;rSm
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tHºk uGru _ kd jypfwif±w _ cf sw,f/ Edik if w H um'%fcwfta&;,lra_ wGukd qef@usiv f y_ &f mS ;
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apmfbmG ;blo,fvZD[m usaemfv h w G af jrmufa&;udk worwfwnf;awmif;qdck +hJ y;D usaemfe@J
wjcm;Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awGrvGwrf csi;f tpd;k &eJ@awG@qaHk qG;aEG;zd@k jiif;qefcw hJ ,f?
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101
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w,f? usaemf ApfwmAmpwmrSm&Sw d ek ;f a0gvwf mudk Zl;vl;bk&if*'G 0f v D Zf , G vf pfoifeu D
uGmZl;vl;e,fòrdŒawmf ,lveG 'f rD mS vmawGz@kd zdw=f um;cH&wJt h cg tJ'gvufczH @kd usaemf
ol@uw kd ukd w
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tifrwefaumif;wJh tcGiahf umif;w&yftjzpf,q l cJw h ,f? 'Dc&D;pOfukd tift;D pDu pdwrf ygh
wyge@J twnfðycJ&h mrSm a0gvw f m[m EGe*f rkd mrSm&Sw d hJ bk&ifeef;awmfuykd o J mG ;&r,fv@kd
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trSwðf y&musr,fv@kd ,lqcJ=h uw,f?
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vmr,ft h a=umif; &Si;f jycJw h ,f? bk&ifu a0gvw f m ol@qv D mawG@wt hJ cg òrdŒawmfrmS
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usaemfrsKd;wdk@ tzGJ@0ifawGxJrSm rpPwmppfpl;vl;udk uGmZl;vl;e,f vHk;vHk;roGm;apcsif=uol
awGquD qef@usirf }_ uD;}uD;rm;rm;eJ@ &ifqikd af e&ygw,f? tck 'Dtav#mah y;aphpyfru _ satmif
usaemfw@kd renf;vkyx f m;&wmyg? rif;}u;D bufuvnf; enf;enf;av#mrh ay;Edik b f ;l vm;” vd@k
usaemfajymayrJh olu av#mrh ay;bJ a0gvw f mudak wG@z@kd jiif;qefvu kd af wmhw,f?
'gjzpf+yD;wJah emuf qufqaH &;awG ,d, k iG ;f vmcJw h ,f? arvrSm usaemft h aeeJ@
bk&if}uD;eJ@ blo,fvZDwŒkd udk oGm;awG@z@kd vakd =umif; attifpu D kd usaemfem;cscw hJ ,f?
bk&ifuvnf; vufct H wnfðycJah yrJh oGm;rawG@cif wywfavmuftvdrk mS awmh usaemf
vm&if wa,mufxv J mzd@k ol@qu D pmwapmif&cJw h ,f? tJ'g[m tqH;k pGeaf om apmfum;
r_ jzpfomG ;cJ+h yD; 'Dvakd wmif;qdrk r_ sK;d udk tift;D pDu vdu k af vsmray;Ekid af wmhyg? usaemfu
bk&if}uD;udk usaemfv h yk af zmfuikd zf ufawG twlrygbJ rvmEdik b f ;l vd@k ajymvdu k w f ,f?
bk&if}u;D u 'gukd aemufxyf ol@*% k of u
d mQ xdyg;r_tjzpf,q l +y;D vmawG@a&;udk y,fzsuf
vdu k w f ,f?
usaemf&h nf&, G cf suu f awmh bk&if}u;D eJ@ oD;jcm;vGwv f yfwq hJ ufqrH w _ &yf zefw;D xl
axmifz@kd jzpfygw,f? tJ'q D ufqrH [ _ m apmfbmG ;blo,fvZDe@J usaemfq h ufqrH u _ ae
woD;wjcm;jzpfz@kd ygy?J bk&if}uD;[m Zl;vl;vlrsK;d awG&ŒJ ppfreS w f hJ rsK;d ±d;k pOfvmacgi;f aqmif
jzpf+y;D Zl;vl;awG[m ol@uck d spcf ifav;pm;=uw,f? uGmZl;vl;e,frmS bk&ifuk d opPmapmifo h rd [ _ m
tifumomtzG@J ukd axmufct H m;ay;r_xuf trsm;}uD;yd+k yD; tus,t f jyef@&w
dS ,f?
102
avmavmq,fumvrSm aew,fvjf ynfe,f[m vlowfuiG ;f jzpfvmaew,f?
vufeufawGt}uD;tus,fudkifaqmifxm;=uwJh tifumomaxmufcHolawG[m
aew,fvjf ynfe,f ajrvwfa'oeJ@ yD,wmrm&Z…bmh*òf rdŒ0ef;usiu f attifpt D rmcH
e,fajrawGukd vufawG@tm;jzifh ppfa=unmcJw h ,f? &GmvH;k u|wf rD;±_@d c&H / vlawG 'gZife@J
cs+D y;D towfc&H / &meJ@cs+D y;D '%f&m&/ axmife@J cs+D y;D 'kuo Q nfawGjzpfuek =f uw,f? 1990 ck
rwfvwvxJrmS wif 'D tcsi;f csi;f t=urf;zufrr_ mS jynfol (230) toufq;kH cJ&h w,f?
aew,fvef ,frmS Zl;vl;uZl;vl;udk owfaew,f? bmvd@k vq J akd wmh tifumomtzG@J 0if
awGa&m/ attifpDbufom;awGyg Zl;vl;awGjzpfvdk@ygyJ? usaemf axmifuvGwfvdk@
ESpyf wft=um azazmf0g&v D xJrmS 'gbefòrdŒudo k mG ;+yD; bk&ifyh ef;jcHrmS tm;vH;k eD;yg; Zl;vl;
awGjzpfwhJ vlxw k ode;f ausmuf kd rde@f ceG ;f ajymcJw
h ,f? usaemfuolw@kd ukd vufeufawG
pGe@f vw $ =f uzd@k / wa,mufvufukd wa,muf +ird ;f csr;f pGmqkyu f ikd =f uzd@k awmif;yefcw
hJ ,f?
“cifAsm;wdk@ aoewfawG/ "m;awG/ vSHawG,l+yD; yifv,fxJypfcsvdkuf=uyg? r&%puf±HkawG
ydwfypfvdkuf=uyg? 'DppfyGJudk tck tqHk;owf=uyg” vdk@ ajymcJhw,f? 'gayrJh usaemfh
awmif;qdrk u _ kd *±krpdu
k =f uygb;l ? wdu k cf u
kd rf e_ @J aoqH;k r_awG qufjzpfaewmygy?J
usaemf[m tifrwef@upkd ;kd &dryf yl efwt hJ wGuf apmfbmG ;blo,fvZDe@J awG@qzkH @kd b,f
avmufyóJ u;d yrf;&ygap? óu;d yrf;zd@k qEN&adS ecJw h ,f? txl;wvnf wkev f y_ af jcmufjcm;p&m
aumif;wJh t=urf;zufrw _ a=umhjzpf+yD;aemuf rwfvxJrmS usaemf[m ol@ukd yD,wm
rm&Z…bmh*òf rŒd jyifu awmifay:&Gmuav;w&GmrSm oGm;awG@r,fv@kd ud, k o hf abmeJ@u, kd f
a=unmcJhw,f? yk*~dKvfa&;tqifhrSm usaemfeJ@apmfbGm;}uD;qufqHa&;[m &if;ESD;+yD;
tjyeftvSeaf v;pm;r_&w dS ,f? usaemfu tJ't D ay:rSm tjrwfxw k Ef ikd zf @kd ar#mvf ifch whJ ,f?
'gayrJh tJovdk awG@qakH qG;aEG;r_rsK;d [m aew,fvef ,fu attifpaD cgi;f aqmifawG
twGuaf wmh vH;k 0vufrcHEikd pf &mjzpfaew,fqw kd m usaemfawG@&w,f? olw@kd u tJ'gukd
tE &W m,f&w dS ,fv@kd ,q l +y;D usaemf&h ŒJ awG@qakH &;udpu P kd ADwt
kd m%meJ@y,fcsvu kd w f ,f?
usaemf[m yD,wmrm&Z…bmh*u f kd ta&mufomG ;cJw h ,f? tJ'rD mS attifpaD xmufcH
olawG&ŒJ rD;avmifxm;wJt h avmif;awG awG@c&hJ +yD; 0rf;enf;ylaqG;ae=uwJh use&f pfol
rdom;pkawGukd ESpo f rd thf m;ay;zd@k óud;pm;cJw h ,f? 'gayrJh apmfbmG ;blo,fvZDe@J awmh
rawG@cJh&yg?
104
usaemfe@J 'uD vyfw@kd rdrw
d @kd oufqikd &f mygwaD wGtoD;oD;twGi;f trsm;}u;D aqG;aEG;
ajymqdk=u+yD;wJhaemuf rwfvxJrSm usaemfwdk@[m rpPwm'DuvyfeJ@ tpdk;&wdk@udk
103
rsuEf mS csi;f qdik af wG@qakH qG;aEG;zd@k pDpOfcw hJ ,f? tJ'g[m ‘aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGvyk zf @kd aqG;aEG;wm’
(talks about talks) jzpfvrd rhf ,f? {+yv D apmapmydik ;f rSm pzd@k jzpfayrJh rwfv (26) &ufu
*sK[ d efepPbmh*òf rdŒ awmifbufrikd f (30) avmuftuGm&Sw d hJ qDbu kd ed ;f òrŒd opfrmS ykvyd u f
attifpq D ENjyorm; vlpv k al 0;wckukd óudwifowday;r_r&Sb d J aoewfe@J ypfwm (12)
a,mufao+y;D &meJ@csD '%f&m&cJw h ,f? trsm;pk[m xGuaf jy;aewke;f aemufausmuae
ypfc&H wmjzpfw,f? ykvyd af wG[m qENjyorm;awGukd qufqu H ikd wf , G &f mrSm usnq f H
tppfo;kH cJw h m[m onf;rcHEikd pf &mjzpfygw,f? ykvyd af wGu olw@kd touftE &W m,f
+cdrf;ajcmufcH&vdk@ ypf&wmqdkayrJh aemufausmuaetypfcH&wJh qENjyorm;trsm;
tjym;[m bmvufeufrS udik rf xm;=uygb;l ? ud, k ef @J a0;&mudk xGuaf jy;aewJh vufeufrhJ
vlwa,mufu ud, k u hf kd tE &W m,frðyEkid yf gb;l ? usaemfw@kd &ŒJ w&m;wJah wmif;qdck suf
awGudkaxmufcHwJh pka0;qENjycGiq hf wkd m tpd;k &u pdwx f ifovdck iG ðhf yrS&r,fh tcGix hf ;l
r[kwyf gb;l ? 'Dvyk &f yfrsK;d [m usaemfu h kd wtm;a'goxGuaf pcJ+h y;D usaemfu awmiftmz&d
uvljzLykvyd w f ikd ;f [m vlrnf;wdik ;f udk ppfa&;ypfrw S t f jzpf oabmxm;w,fv@kd pme,f
Zif;awGukd ajymvdu k w f ,f? tift;D pDe@J wikd yf ifnEd‡ id_ ;f +yD;aemuf usaemfu aqG;aEG;yGaJ wG
a&$Œqdik ;f vdu k w f ,fv@kd a=unm+yD; rpPwm'Duvyfukd “wzufu usaemfw@kd jynfoal wGukd
owfae+yD; wzufu aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;ta=umif;ajym” vd@k r&Ekid b f ;l qdw k t hJ a=umif; owd
ay;vdu k w
f ,f?
usaemfw@kd &ŒJ w&m;0ifaqG;aEG;yGaJ wG a&$Œqdik ;f vdu k af yrJv h nf; acgi;f aqmifyikd ;f &JŒ
oabmwlnrD e_ @J usaemf[m rpPwm'Duvyfe@J udyaf wmif;òrŒd rSm oD;oef@awG@q+kH y;D aphpyf
aqG;aEG;yGaJ wG&ŒJ t&Sed t f [keu f kd qufxed ;f xm;zd@k vyk cf w hJ ,f? usaemfw@kd aqG;aEG;r_awG[m
t"dutm;jzifh ¡awG@qakH qG;aEG;zd@k ¢ &ufcsed ;f opfcsed ;f a&;udk A[dðk ycJ+h y;D arvapmapmydik ;f rSm
vkyzf @kd oabmwlcw hJ ,f? usaemfu qDbu kd ed ;f u wkev f y_ &f rHG ek ;f p&mtðytrle@J / vlrnf;
awGe@J vljzLawGtay: ykvyd &f ŒJ rnDrr#qufqrH u _ pd aP wG wifcw hJ ,f? ykvyd af wGu vlrnf;
qENjyorm;awGtay: wu,fu h snq f t H ppfawGo;kH +yD; vljzLvufsm*d% k ;f qENjyyGt
J ay:
rSmawmh wcgraS oewfroH;k cJw h hJ qufqrH u _ pd jP zpfygw,f?
tpd;k &[m aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGaJ wGpzd@k bmrSjrefjrefou G o f u G f vkyaf qmifwmr&Syd g
bl;? olw@kd [m usaemfvw G v f mwmudk óuq d =kd uwJh 0rf;omwufºupG w d af wG t&Sed af ooGm;
zd@k ukd ar#mvf ifw h u G q f aew,f? olw@kd [m usaemf*|r;f xd;k arSmufcjkH zpfz@kd e@J tJ't D cgusrS
u,fwif&iS t f jzpf cs;D ajrm‡ ufc&H wJah xmifxu G [f m rsuaf rSmuftajctaeeJ@ tqufjywf
oGm;wJ/h tifrwef@ut kd rSm;awGvyk w f wfojl zpfa=umif; oufaojyzd@k tcsed af y;xm;csiw f ,f?
rpPwm'DuvyfrmS wd;k wufy&kH wJv h yk &f yfawG&adS yrJv h nf; vGwaf jrmufa&;azmf
aqmifo}l uD;awmh b,fvrkd rS [kwyf g? ol[m ajz;ajz;oufomorm;/ csichf sed rf &_ w dS hJ
104
vufawG@y"me0g'Dwa,mufjzpfw,f? olu ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;awGvkyf&mrSm ol
tm%mvufvw $ &f r,f&h nf&,G cf suef @J wcgrrS vkycf yhJ g? olðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyw f m[m
tJ'g&ŒJ qef@usib f ufta=umif;&if; oufoufa=umifo h m vkyw f mjzpfw,f? pepfopf
w&yfrmS tmz&duef;em;vlrsK;d awGtwGuf tm%mtmrcHcsu&f adS pzd@k vkyw f mjzpfw,f?
ol[m vljzLtkypf ;kd r_ tqH;k owfa&;twGuf aphpyfaqG;aEG;zd@k toifrh &Syd gb;l ?
ol@&nfreS ;f csuu f awmh tkypf t k cGit hf a&;awGtay:tajccHwhJ tm%mcGaJ 0a&;
pepfwck xlaxmifz@kd jzpfw,f? tJ'g[m awmiftmz&duEdik if rH mS vlenf;pktm%mudk
toGiaf jymif;+yD; xde;f odr;f oGm;rSmjzpfw,f? ol[m vlrsm;pktyk cf sKyfa&; 'grrS [kwf ol
wcgwavac:wJh ‘±d;k ±d;k pif;pif; vlrsm;pk0g'’ udk cdik cf ikd rf mrmqef@usiw f ,f? ta=umif;uawmh
tJ'g[m vljzL}uD;pdk;r_udk wcsufxJeJ@tqHk;owfypfrSmjzpfvdk@ygyJ? tpdk;&[m Edkifol
·
tuke, f q l w kd hJ 0ufprf ifpwm ygvrD efpepf udk tausmuftuefqef@usi+f yD; tJ't D pm;
vljzLvlenf;pktwGuf tcdik t f rmtaqmufttHyk ikd ;f t& tmrcHcsuaf wG&w dS hJ tcsK;d us
ud, k pf m;ðypepfukd &yfcw H ,fqw kd m usaemfw@kd apmapmuwnf;uodcw hJ ,f? ol[m
vlrnf;vlrsm;pkurkd aJ y;cGiehf @J Oya'ðycGiahf wGay;zd@k toif&h adS yrJh vlenf;pkAw D t kd m%m
udik x
f m;csiw f ,f? usaemf[m tpuwnf;u 'DtpDtpOfukd jiif;y,fcw hJ ,f? usaemfu
rpPwm'Duvyfukd 'g[m tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;a&;pepfukd ±kyzf suzf ;kH uG,x f m;wmjzpf
w,f? ‘±_H;ol tukef,l’ pepfjzpfw,fv@kd o±kyaf zmfjycJw h ,f?
trsK;d om;ygwo D rm;awG&ŒJ a&&Snrf [mAsL[muawmh tifumomvGwv f yfa&;yg
wDe@J ow l @kd attifpq D ef@usiaf &;r[mrdwzf @JG +yD; usaemfw@kd tiftm;udk ausmv f m$ ;Edik zf @kd e@J
udyjf ynfe,fxu J tmz&duef;pum;ajymujym;rJqEN&iS af wGukd trsK;d om;ygwo D pfwckxJ
qGaJ qmiford ;f oGi;f zd@k jzpfw,f? usaemf axmifuvGww f t hJ csed u
f p+y;D olw@kd [m blo,f
vZDuakd &m/ udyjf ynfe,fu ujym;rJqEN&iS af wGuakd &m pwifpnf;±H;k cJw h ,f? attifp[ D m
ujym;qef@usifa&;jzpfw,fvdk@ ujym;jynfolawGxifatmifajcmufvSef@zdk@ tpdk;&u
óud;yrf;cJw h ,f? olw@kd [m apmfbmG ;blo,fvZDukd tkypf t k cGit hf a&;eJ@zuf'&,fpepf
w&m;awGa[m+yD; awmiftmz&duEdik if o H pfrmS Zl;vl;tm%meJ@ trSwv f uQ%mxde;f
xm;zd@k apmfbmG ;}uD;qENukd axmufct H m;ay;cJw h ,f?
tpd;k &eJ@aqG;aEG;yGJ yxrta=umhukd arvapmapmydik ;f rSm (3) &ufusi;f ycJw h ,f?

usaemfw@kd ud,
k pf m;vS,t f zG@J rmS a0gvw
f mppfp;l vl;/ *sK;d pvdAk /kd tJvzf &uftefZ/kd ombdk
trfbuD /D tmrufuufo&m;'g;/ *sK;d rd'k pfp/D ±korf rG yf ufw/D tmcs*D rl 'D /D bke;f awmf}uD;
ab;,m;pfaemf'/D &S&if;vfu,f±;kd vyfpef @J usaemfyg0ifw,f? ae&muawmh *±k±LS ;vd@k ac:wJh
· +Adwdo#ygvDrefpepf
105
udyef ,f'wfcsyf pkH H wdu k t f rd }f uD;jzpfw,f? 'Dtrd }f uD;[m pDpifv±f @kd 'pf t f ygt0if awmif
tmz&du&JŒ yxrqH;k udv k ekd b D &k ifcaH wG aexdik o f mG ;cJ&h m wdu k t f rd }f u;D jzpfygw,f? usaemf
wd@k [m &efo@l e,fajrxJ ðcHct kd wdu k cf &H zd@k r#m;ac:usKH ;oGi;f cHae&+yDv@kd usaemfw@kd u, kd pf m;
vS,w f csK@d u aemufajymifajym=uw,f?
'gayrJh ar#mv f ifxh m;wmeJ@qef@usipf mG yJ aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGukd av;av;eufeufe@J
&$i&f i$ v f ef;vef;aqmif&u G cf =hJ uw,f? &mpkEpS Ef pS cf ak vmuf wzufe@J wzufwu kd cf u kd =f ucJw h hJ
ordik ;f 0if&efoal wG[m awG@q+kH yD; vufqEJG w _ q f uf=uw,f? awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u 'Dvkd
aqG;aEG;r_rsK;d awG [d;k uwnf;u bma=umifrh sm; rjzpfcw hJ mvJv@kd awmif xkwaf jymcJ=h u
w,f? tpd;k &u uGejf rLepfygwD taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª;*sK;d pvdAk ekd @J trfauppfO;D pD;wyfr;ª
*sK;d rd'k pfpw D @kd ukd ,m,Djypf'%fuif;vGwcf iG ahf y;xm;cJv h @kd olw@kd ukd o&JobufawGtjzpf
q,fpEk pS rf sm;pGmoabmxm;cJw h hJ trsK;d om;ygwaD cgi;f aqmifawGe@J olw@kd EpS af ,muf
vufqEJG w _ q f ufaewm awG@jrif&awmh tifrwef@ukd xl;jcm;vSygw,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm
ombdt k rfbu D D owif;axmufawGukd ajymcJo h vdk wzufval wGrmS *sKrd ygb;l qdw k m
ESpzf ufv;kH uawG@&cdS =hJ uw,f?
aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGvyk w f mud, k Yf u usaemfw@kd wikd ;f jynfordik ;f rSm xl;jcm;vSwhJ rSww f ikd f
wckjzpfygw,f? usaemfaxmufjycJw h muawmh 'DaqG;aEG;yG[ J m attifpu D ESpaf ygi;f
rsm;pGm awmif;qdck w hJ mudk jyqd±k w kH ifruyJ awmiftmz&duEdik if u H vljzLvlrnf;qufqH
a&;taetxm;udak zmfaqmifwhJ ocife@J u|eq f ufqaH &; tqk;H owfru _ v kd nf; ud, k pf m;
ðyaew,f? usaemfw@kd [m c,0yfwmG ;awmif;cHoal wG (od@k r[kw)f toem;cHoal wGtjzpf
tpnf;ta0; vmwufwmr[kwb f J pm;yG0J ikd ;f rSm wef;wl&nfwal e&meJ@xu kd w f efwhJ
awmiftmz&duom;csi;f awGtjzpf vmwufwmjzpfw,f?
aqG;aEG;yGyJ xrae@uawmh ordik ;f oifcef;pmoifwef;eJ@ tenf;eJ@trsm;wlaeyg
w,f? attifpD[m 1912 ckrSm pay:aygufuwnf;u tm%m&tpdk;&eJ@ aphpyf
aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGvyk zf @kd t+rt J m;xkwcf w hJ ,fv@kd usaemfu aqG;aEG;zufawGukd &Si;f jycJw h ,f?
wzufrmS awmh/ rpPwm'Duvyfu oD;jcm;pDz@HG òz;a&;pepf·azmfxw k cf w hJ m[m pdw&f if;
apwemeJ@ ,Ofaus;odraf rG@wt hJ ,ltqwcktjzpf azmfxw k cf whJ mjzpfayrJh vufawG@rmS
tvkyrf jzpfcb hJ ;l vd@k xifjrifa=umif; wifjyvmw,f? tJ't D wGuf ol@taeeJ@ 0rf;enf;
a=umif;eJ@ aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGaJ wGu trSm;awGujkd yifvrd rhf ,fv@kd ar#mv f ifah =umif;ajymw,f?
'g[m tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;a&;pepftwGuf awmif;yefwmr[kwaf yrJh wjcm; b,f
trsK;d om;ygwaD cgi;f aqmifxufrqdk a&SŒok@d w;kd wufcw hJ mjzpfygw,f?
t"duaqG;aEG;wJu h pd u P awmh Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;eJ@ Edik if aH &;ta0;a&mufawGukd
· tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;a&;pepf&ŒJ w&m;0ifemrnf
106
t"dyg̀,o f wfrw S af &;jzpfygw,f? tpd;k &u t"dyg̀,o f wfrw S cf suf cyfusO;f usO;f xm;zd@k bufu
ajymw,f? jypf'%fuif;vGwcf iG hf (Indemnity) twGut f usK;H 0ifr,fh usaemfw@kd vt l a&
twGuu f kd uef@owfcsiaf ew,f? usaemfw@kd uawmh jzpfEikd o f r# tus,jf yef@q;kH t"dyg` ,f
owfrSwfa&;udk &yfcHajymqdk+yD; EkdifiHa&;ta=umif;cHa=umifh usL;vGefwJhtr_twGuf
jypf'%fcsrw S cf &H olwikd ;f jypf'%fuif;vGwcf iG t hf wGuf tusK;H 0ifoifw h ,fv@kd jiif;cHck w hJ ,f?
usaemfw@kd wawG[m ‘EdkifiHa&;ta=umif;cHwJh’ jypfrr_ sm; qdw k mudk ESpOf ;D ESpzf uf auseyf
avmufwhJ t"dyg` ,o f wfrw S cf su&f zd@k oabmwlnrD r_ &Edik cf b hJ J tJ'g[m aemifvmr,fh
umvtwef=umtxd usaemfw@kd ukd jy\emawGymG ;aeapcJw h hJ udp&P yfwckjzpfomG ;w,f?
oH;k &uf=umaqG;aEG;yGt J +yD;rSm usaemfw@kd [m ‘*±k&SL;tpnf;ta0;rSwfwrf;’ vd@k
od=uwJph mwrf;tay: oabmwlnrD &_ cJw h ,f? tJ'x D rJ mS ESpzf ufv;kH u +ird ;f csr;f wJh aphpyf
aqG;aEG;yGjJ zpfpOfukd tmrcHz@kd e@J tpd;k &u ta&;ay:tajctae±kyo f rd ;f a&; wm0ef,zl @kd yg
w,f? odyrf =umcifrmS yJ t=urf;zufra_ wG 'if;=urf;jzpfaewJh aew,fvjf ynfe,fuvG&J if
wEdik if v
H ;kH rSm ta&;ay:tajctae±kyo f rd ;f vduk wf ,f? usaemfw@kd [m a&SŒvrf;c&D;rSm
qufvufwnf&adS eqJtaESmift h ,Suf t[ef@twm;awGuakd jz&Si;f r,fh yl;wGt J vkyt f zG@J
wck xlaxmifz@kd vnf; oabmwlc=hJ uw,f?
tajccHOya'qdik &f mudpaP wGukd a&mufvmwJt h cg zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'
opfwcka&;qGzJ @kd wdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$waf wmfw&yfa&G;aumufa&;udk usaemfw@kd awmif;qdk
w,fv@kd tpd;k &udak jymvdu k wf ,f? tajccHOya' azmfxw k zf efw;D r,fh trsK;d om;/ trsK;d
orD;awGudk jynfolawGudk,fwdkifa&G;cs,f&r,fvdk@ usaemfwdk@,lqw,f? 'gayrJh
v$wfawmfra&G;aumufcif =um;jzwftpdk;&w&yf &Sdzdk@vdkw,f? 'D=um;jzwftpdk;&u
tpd;k &opfa&G;aumuf+y;D wJt h xd toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;udk }u;D =uyfrmS jzpfw,f? tpd;k &[m
vuf&SdtcsdefrSmvdk 'dkifvl}uD;vnf;ol/ upm;orm;vnf;ol vkyfvdk@rjzpfEkdifygbl;?
usaemfw@kd u =um;jzwftpd;k &xlaxmifz@kd e@J wdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$waf wmf vnfywfa&;twGuf
vrf;!¸erf al wGcsrw S rf ,fh ygwaD ygi;f pHn
k v D mcHwck xlaxmifac:,lz@kd tqdðk y&yfccH w hJ ,f?
105
usaemf axmifuvGwv f w G cf si;f ulE;l udk oGm;csicf ahJ yrJh {+yDva&mufryS J usaemf
c&D;xGuEf ikd cf w
hJ ,f? usaemf[m ud, k x f oGm;csiw f t
hJ csed f xroGm;Edik yf gb;l ? vHðk cHa&;
pDpOf&w,f? a'ocHtzG@J tpnf;awGrmS ajymzd@k rde@f ceG ;f awGvnf; jyifqif&w,f? {+yDvrSm
awmh attifpeD @J / x&efpau;jynfe,f ppfacgi;f aqmifvnf;jzpf/ attifpb D ufom;
vnf;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;befwl;[dkvdkrDpmwdk@u c&D;pOfwckpDpOfay;cJhw,f? 'gayrJh
usaemfOh ;D aESmufxrJ mS a&m/ ESv;kH om;xJrmS a&m t"dupd;k rd;k aewmuawmh usaemft h ar
107
ocsKõ if; oGm;uefawmhz@kd jzpfygw,f?
usaemf[m yxrqH;k ulE;l udo k mG ;+y;D tarjrK‡ yw f ahJ e&mudk oGm;cJw h ,f? olrocsKõ i;f [m
±d;k ±d;k av;yJjzpf+y;D tqift,iftrGr;f trHawGr&Syd gb;l ? ausmufceJ nf;enf;yg;yg;eJ@ tkwcf J
vGww f csK@d zH;k xm;w,f? ulE;l u wjcm;ocsKõ if;awGe@J rjcm;em;ygb;l ? usaemf[m ud, k chf H
pm;r_awG azmfjyzd@k ukd rpGr;f Edik w f mawG@&w,f? tarqH;k csed rf mS usaemfutareJ@ twlwl
&Srd aeEdik cf w hJ m 0rf;enf;rdw,f? tartouf&iS af epOfwav#mufv;kH tarhukd xdu k o f ifph mG
r=unh±f E_ ikd cf w hJ m aemifw&rdw,f? tu,fIom usaemf ud, k b hf 0vrf;udk wrsK;d wzHk
a&G;cs,cf &hJ if jzpfvmEdik rf ,f[ h mudk wrf;war#mrf eS ;f rdw,f?
ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm=um+yD;rS usaemf&h mG udk jyefawG@wt hJ cg usaemf[m ajymif;vJomG ;
wmawGe@J rajymif;vJomG ;wmawGa=umifh usaemft h ay: }uD;}uD;rm;rm;*,uf±u kd cf wf
cJw h ,f? usaemfi,fi,fwek ;f uqd&k if ulE;l ujynfoal wG[m Edik if aH &;udk vH;k vH;k pdwrf 0if
pm;ygb;l ? olw@kd[m tmz&duwdu k o f m;wd@k &ŒJ tcGit hf a&;wdu k yf u
JG rkd od=uygb;l ? vlawG[m
&Sad ewJb h 0udk &Sad ewJt h wdik ;f vufcx H m;=u+y;D tJ'guakd jymif;vJypfz@kd pdwrf ul;cJ=h uygb;l ?
'gayrJh tck usaemfjyefa&mufvmwJt h cgrmS awmh ulE;l u ausmif;om;uav;awG[m
atmfvAD mwrfbt kd a=umif;/ Edik if v hH w HS w H yfz@JG ta=umif; oDcsi;f awGqakd ewm=um;&w,f?
wdu k yf t JG a=umif; todw&m;awG[m ,cktcg tmz&duvl@tzG@J tpnf;&JŒ a'giw hf ikd ;f ae&m
wdik ;f a&mufatmif b,fvpkd rd 0hf ifomG ;cJyh u Hk kd tH=h otxif}uD;cJrh w d ,f?
rajymif;vJbJ e*dt k wdik ;f &Swd muawmh &yf&mG todik ;f t0dik ;f &JŒ aEG;axG;r_e@J ±d;k om;r_
yJjzpf+yD; usaemfih ,fpOfuav;b0udk jyefajymif;owd&apcJyh gw,f? 'gayrJh usaemf pdwf
raumif;jzpfwmuawmh &Gmom;awG[m [dw k ek ;f uxuf ydq k if;&JroGm;awmifrS qif;&J+rJ
qif;&JaeqJ jzpfy&kH wmygy?J trsm;pk[m ajrom;=urf;cif;eJ@ ±d;k ±d;k omrefwu J w k af wGrmS
ae&qJjzpfw,f? v#ypf pfr;D r&S/d ydu k o f , G af &r&Syd g? usaemf i,fi,fwek ;f uqd&k if &Gm[m
oyfoyf&yf&yf&+dS y;D a&uoef@w,f? jrufcif;jyif[m rsupf w d qH;k pdr;f pdvk ef;qef;+y;D npfErG ;f r_
r&Scd yhJ gb;l ? jc0H ikd ;f awGukd vSuJ si;f oef@&iS ;f xm;+y;D ajrqDvm$ udk xde;f odr;f =uw,f? v,f,m
jcHajrawGukd aoaooyfoyf pdwyf ikd ;f cGaJ 0xm;w,f? 'gayrJh tckawmh &Gmudk vSu J si;f
oef@&iS ;f wmr&Sad wmhbJ a&uvJnpfnrf;aeyg+yD? ajrjyifwcGirf mS u|wu f |wt f w d af wGe@J
yvyfpwpfpawG jyef@usaJ ew,f? usaemf uav;wke;f u yvyfpwpfukd rodcyhJ gb;l ? yvyf
pwpf[m aexdik rf b _ 0udk wcsK@d ae&mawGrmS wu,fyJ tqifajyaumif;rGeaf pcJah yrJh
ul E l ; rS m yvyf p wpf & S d a ewmuawmh usaemf h t wG u f a&m*gqd k ; wrsKd ; vd k y gyJ ?
aus;&Gmtodik ;f t0dik ;f &JŒ*k%jf 'yf uG,af ysmufomG ;cJyh &kH w,f?
tJ'v
D xJrmS yJ usaemf[m aemufxyf tdrt
f vnfjyefwmwck vkycf ahJ o;w,f?
108
tJ'guawmh usaemf a&mfbifu|e;f jyefomG ;+y;D trfauEdik if aH &;tusO;f om; (25) a,mufukd
tpd;k &&JŒ vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGihf (Amnesty) urf;vSr;f r_vufc+H y;D u|e;f uae xGucf mG atmif
em;csz@kd jzpfygw,f? usaemf u|e;f uxGucf w hJ m &SpEf pS &f cdS +hJ yjD zpfayrJh rae@wae@uvdk rSwrf d
aeqJjzpf+y;D vGr;f qGww f opdwaf wmh enf;enf;rSr&Syd gb;l ? ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm wjcm;olawGu
udk,fhudk axmif0ifpmvmawG@wm cHcJh&+yD;aemuf udk,fuwvSnfh a&mfbifu|ef;rSm
axmif0ifpmoGm;awG@&wm[m xl;jcm;wJch pH m;r_ jzpfapygw,f?
'gayrJh tJ'aD e@u usaemfrh mS [d[ k 'kd 'D aD v#muf=unfzh @kd tcGit hf vrf;odyrf &cJyh gb;l ?
ta=umif;uawmh tpd;k &&JŒvGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGiu hf rf;vSr;f csuu f kd qef@usiu f ef@uu G af ewJh
vlawGe@J usaemf csujf cif;yJ awG@qckH &hJ vd@k jzpfygw,f? olw@kd u aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;pm;yG0J ikd ;f rSm
r[kwb f J ppfajrjyifrmS atmify&JG +yD;rS wu|e;f axmifuxGurf ,fv@kd &yfcaH e=uw,f?
txl;ojzifh olw@kd [m vGw+f idr;f cGirhf &rD rdrw d @kd jypfra_ wGukd wckcsi;f pm&if;vkyaf y;&wJh
'Durf;vSr;f csuu f kd jyif;jyif;xefxef qef@usiaf e=uw,f? olw@kd u attifp[ D m [m&ma&
a=unmcsurf mS ygwhJ Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awGe@J jynfya&mufawG tukev f ;kH tusK;H 0ifwhJ
¹ciG ;f csurf &Sd vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGiahf wmif;qdck suu f ae aemufjyefqw k w f ,fv@kd pGypf =JG uw,f?
wa,mufu “rm'Dbm/ usaemf[m tpd;k &udk woufv;kH wdu k v f mcJw h ,f/ tckawmh olw@kd
qDu vGwf+idrf;cGifhay;zdk@ toem;cH&awmhr,f” vd@k ajymw,f?
usaemf[m olw@kd jiif;qdck suaf wGukd ud, k cf si;f pmrdw,f? 'gayrJh olw@kd [m yuwd
vufawG@e@J uif;vGwaf ew,f? ppfom;wdik ;f [m ud, k &hf efou l kd ppfajrjyifrmS tEdik w f u kd cf sif
=uwmcsn;f ygy?J 'gayrJh tckupd rP mS awmh tJovdak tmifyrJG sK;d &zd@k vufvrS ;f rrSyD gb;l ?
wdu k yf [JG m tckq&kd if aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;pm;yG0J ikd ;f rSm a&mufaeyg+yD? olw@kd axmifxJ
qufaejcif;tm;jzifh ta&;awmfyt kH wGuf tusK;d r&Sb d ;l vd@k usaemf acsyajymqdck w hJ ,f?
olw@kd [m txJrmS xuf tjyifrmS yd+k y;D }u;D }u;D rm;rm; tusK;d ðyEdik rf mS jzpfw,f? aemufq;kH
rSmawmh olw@kd u tpd;k &urf;vSr;f csuu f kd vufczH @kd oabmwlcw hJ ,f?
ZGevf apmapmydik ;f rSm usaemf[m Oa&myeJ@ajrmuftar&duudk ajcmufywf=um

c&D;xGuzf @kd pDpOfxm;w,f? c&D;rxGucf ifrmS usaemf rpPwm'Duvyfe@J oD;oef@awG@qkH
cJw
h ,f? olu ta&;,l'%fcwfra_ wGupd P aqG;aEG;csiw f ,f? awmiftmz&durSm olvyk cf hJ
wJh ajymif;vJra_ wGtajccH+y;D oluusaemfu h kd Edik if w
H um'%fcwfta&;,lra_ wG qufvyk f
a&; awmif;qdck sujf yifay;zd@k yef=um;cJw
h ,f? rpPwm'Duvyf&ŒJ vkyaf qmifcsufawGukd
usaemfw@kd todtrSwðf yxm;ayrJh usaemfw@kd tjrifrmS ta&;,l'%fcwfra_ wG[m ol@ukd
aemufxyf ¡tajymif;tvJawG¢ xyfvyk af pzd@k taumif;qH;k armif;wH jzpfaeqJygy?J
Oa&myor*~e@J tar&duefw@kd [m rpPwm'Duvyf&ŒJ ðyjyifajymif;vJcsuaf wGay:tajccH+y;D
109
ta&;,l'%fcwfra_ wG av#mah y;csiaf e=uwm usaemfow d ,f? usaemfu rpPwm'Du
vyfukd tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;a&;pepf vH;k 0zsuo f rd ;f +yD; =um;jzwftpd;k &w&yf jzpfrvm
rcsi;f usaemfw@kd axmufco H al wGukd '%fcwfra_ wGav#mah y;=uzd@k rajymay;Edik b f ;l vd@k &Si;f jy
vduk wf ,f? 'Duvyf[m usaemfw h @kH jyefcsuaf =umifh pdwyf suo f mG ;ayrJh tH=h ojcif;awmhr&Syd g?
c&D;pOf&ŒJ yxrwaxmufrmS usaemfe@J 0ife[ D m yJ&pfòrŒd udak &mufomG ;w,f? tJ'rD mS
usaemfw@kd ukd ¡orw¢ z&Geq f mG rDxa&mif;eJ@ ESpv f zkd , G af umif;wJo h @l ZeD; ',fe, D ,fw@kd u
tifrwef@ukd wcrf;wem;qufq=H uw,f? ',fe, D ,f[m umv&Sn=f um attifpu D kd
axmufccH o hJ wl OD;vnf;jzpfw,f? 'g[m Oa&mywdu k rf }uD;udk usaemf&ŒJ yxrqH;k c&D;
·
r[kwaf omfvnf; usaemf[m urBma[mif; tvStyawG&ŒJ zrf;pm;r_ukd cHae&qJygy?J
··
usaemft h aeeJ@ vif;vufòrŒawmf &JŒtvSukd ao;odraf tmifrvkyv f akd yrJh usaemf jyifopf
jynfrmS &Sad ewke;f ta&;ygq;kH jzpf&yfuawmh ¡awmiftmz&du¢ tpd;k &u ta&;ay:tajc
tae±kyo f rd ;f a=umif; a=unmvdu k w f myJjzpfygw,f? usaemf[m auseyf0rf;omrdw,f?
'gayrJh usaemf Oa&mya&mufaewke;f olw@kd 'v D v kd yk jf cif;[m ta&;,l'%fcwfra_ wG
qufvkyfzdk@ usaemfhawmif;qdkcsufudk tajc,dkifatmifvkyfwmjzpfa=umif; usaemf
aumif;aumif;odw,f?
usaemf[m qGpZf mvef/ tDwvDe@J e,fomvefw@kd u0kd if+y;D aemuf t*FvefEikd if u H kd
oGm;cJwh ,f? tJ'rD mS usaemf[m atmfvAD meJ@ t',favh'w f @kd vifr,m;qD ESp&f uf=um
oGm;vnfcJhw,f? aemuf0if&r,fhae&mu tar&duefjynfaxmifpkjzpfayrJh awmif
tmz&durS tjyefvrf;rSm t*FvefEikd if u H kd jyefvm&OD;rSmjzpf+yD; tJ'u D srS ¡0ef}uD;csKyf¢
rpPpof ufcsmeJ@awG@z@kd pDpOfxm;w,f? 'gayrJv h nf; ,Ofaus;r_t& usaemf tar&duef
roGm;cif olrqD zke;f eJ@ E_wq f ufpum;ajymwJt h cg olruusaemfu h kd cyfrmrmeJ@ qH;k r
pum;ajymygawmhw,f? olr[m usaemfch &D;pOfawGukd awmufav#mufavhvmapmifh
=unfah e+y;D usaemf w&ufukd tcrf;tem; b,fEpS cf w k ufovJqw kd m rSwo f m;aew,fw?hJ
olru “rpPwmrif'v J m;/ usrwd@k bmudpu P rkd rS aqG;aEG;cif &Siu hf u kd srtaeeJ@ owday;&rSm
uawmh &Sit hf pDtpOfu wtm;rsm;vGe;f / =uyfveG ;f aew,f? tJ'gukd xuf0ufavmuf av#mh
csypf&r,f? &Sifhxuf toufw0ufavmufi,fwJhvlqdk&ifawmifrS &Sifhudk,f&Sifvkyfxm;wJh
awmif;qdrk a_ wG jynfrh aDS tmifvyk Ef ikd zf @kd cufvrd rhf ,f? &Sif 'Dvykd q
J ufvyk af e&ifawmh tar&duef
jynfuae touf&Sif&uf jyefxGufvmEdkifrSmr[kwfbl;? 'g usr &Sifhudkt}uHay;wmyg”
vd@k ajymw,f?
·····
· Oa&mywduk f
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110
usaemf vli,fb0uwnf;u e,l;a,mufòrdŒawmfta=umif; zwfczhJ ;l w,f?

tckawmh òrŒd awmf}u;D &JŒ rSeef @J ueG u f &pfv#Kd ajrmif}u;D awG&ŒJ tajcuae òrŒd ud=k unfah e&if;
oef;eJ@csw D hJ puULpawG}uJcsv@kd 0JusvmwmawG@&awmh touf±LS zd@k awmifarhomG ;apwJh
tawG@tñuHwckygy?J usaemfw@kd òrdŒawmf}uD;xJvn S v hf nfwmudk vlwoef;avmufu
=unfch w hJ ,fv@kd owif;&+yD; tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;a&;pepfqef@usiaf &;udk olw@kd tm;ay;
axmufcw H m/ pdwt f m;xufoef=uwmjrif&awmh ud, k [ hf mud, k t f m;r& wu,fyjJ zpfrd
ygw,f? e,l;a,mufòrdŒ[m ESv;kH om;rma=umwJah e&mvd@k pmtkyaf wGxJ usaemft+rJ
zwfc&hJ ayrJh òrŒd awmf}u;D u usaemf&h ŒJ yxrqH;k wae@wmrSmawmh tJ'ge@J vH;k 0qef@usib f uf
udk usaemfcpH m;&ygw,f?
·
aemufwae@rmS awmh usaemf[m [mvif&yfuu G f udk oGm;cJwh ,f? 'Dae&m[m
1950 ckEpS rf sm;uwnf;u usaemfph w d u f kd '¾m&Dqefqef twdik ;f twmawGe@J v$r;f rd;k
xm;cJw h mjzpfw,f? tJ'w D ek ;f u qd0k w D v kd il ,fawG[m [mvifarmf',fawG&ŒJ xif&mS ;
pl;&SwzhJ uf&iS af wGukd twkc;kd cJ=h uw,f? usaemf[m ,efu;D tm;upm;uGi;f xJu }u;D rm;vSwhJ
vltyk }f uD;udk rde@f ceG ;f ajymcJ&h mrSm awmiftmz&duvlrnf;awGe@J tar&duefvrl nf;awG
[m tmz&duwdu k &f ŒJ om;orD;awG twlwjl zpfcv hJ @kd 'DEpS cf =k um;rSm rjywfawmufEikd w f hJ
csuóf u;d eJ@ qufo, G af ew,fv@kd ajymcJw h ,f? 'DEpS cf =k um;rSm 'AvsLtD;bD'b l mG ;/ rm;uyfpf
*gaAeJ@ rmwifvo l muif;wd@k vkd }u;D jrwfwt hJ ar&duefawGu tm;ay;v_@H aqmfcw hJ hJ aqGrsK;d
om;csi;f awmfpyfr&_ adS ew,fv@kd usaemfajymcJw h ,f? usaemf[m vli,fb0rSm t!dak &mif
··
AH;k }uJav,mOf vd@k emrnf}uD;cJw h hJ *sK;d vl0D udk ud;k uG,cf b hJ ;l w,f? ol[m óud;0dik ;f xJrmS
òydizf ufawGukd xd;k owf±w kH ifrubJ óud;0dik ;f tjyifu vlrsK;d cGjJ cm;a&;orm;awGuv kd nf;
xd;k owfcw hJ ,f? usaemf axmifxrJ mS wke;f u vlrsK;d cGjJ cm;a&;0g'/ tqift h wef;cGjJ cm;r_e@J
pD;yGm;a&;wef;wlnrD #r&Srd a_ wGukd qef@usiw f hJ tar&duefvrl nf;awG&ŒJ wdu k yf u JG kd awmuf
av#mufavhvmapmifh=unfhcJhw,f? usaemfwdk@twGuf [mvif[m ckcHwGef;vSHr_&JŒ
pGr;f yum;eJ@ vlrnf;*k%rf me&JŒtvSw&m;udk txdr;f trSwðf yaew,f? tJ't D csuu f kd
rae@u usaemfawG@cw hJ hJ vli,fwa,muf0wfxm;wJh wD&yS af y:rSm ‘obm0t& tom;
rnf;w,f? pdwóf uufa&G;cs,rf t _ & *k%, f wl ,f’ qdw k phJ mwrf;u usaemfu h ! kd e¸ jf yaew,f?
usaemfw@kd [m obm0t&qufpyfae=uayrJh pdwóf uu d af &G;cs,rf t _ & wa,muftwGuf
wa,muf *k%, f =l uw,fv@kd usaemfajymcJw h ,f?
usaemf[m rif;rfzpPe@J abmfpwGeu f kd c&D;xGucf +hJ yD;aemuf 0g&iS w f efòrdŒudo k mG ;+yD;
uGe*f &ufvw $ af wmfEpS &f yf yl;wJt G pnf;ta0;udk rde@f ceG ;f ajymcJw h ,f? orwbGw&f efS @J
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111
oD;oef@ awG@qakH qG;aEG;cJw h ,f? usaemfu tar&duefueG *f &ufvw $ af wmfukd tom;

ta&mifcjJG cm;r_pepf qef@usiaf &;Oya' xkwjf yefay;wJt h wGuf aus;Zl;wifa=umif;ajym+y;D
awmiftmz&duEdik if o H pf[m tckusaemfpum;ajymaewJh v$waf wmfEpS &f yfukd zefw;D jzpf
ay:apcJw h hJ wefz;kd pHawGe@J udu k n f aD tmifaezd@k ar#mrf eS ;f xm;a=umif; ajymcJw h ,f? usaemf
wd@k [m vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf 0JG ifoal wGyyD D a*sm0h g&iS w f ef/ atb&[rfvifueG ;f eJ@ aomrwf
*sufzmqifwdk@vdk vlpm;awGudk rodbJraecJhbl;? “olwdk@v_yf&Sm;cJh&ovdk rvGJraoG
rv_yf&Sm;bJ aevdk@r&Edkifbl;” vd@k usaemfajymcJw h ,f? 'gt h jyif ta&;,l'%fcwfa&;eJ@
ywfoufv@kd jyif;xefwo hJ abmxm;udv k nf; ajymcJw h ,f?f ta=umif;uawmh bGw&f fS
tpd;k &[m '%fcwfra_ wGav#mah y;zd@k tcsed af &muf+yDv@kd ,lqaewm usaemfox d m;wJh
twGuaf =umifjh zpfw,f? usaemfu uGe*f &ufvw $ af wmfukd tJovdrk av#mah y;zd@k wdu k wf eG ;f
cJw
h ,f?
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oabmxm;tjrif jzpfaecJw h ,f? bmvd@k vq J akd wmh ol[m usaemfaxmifuvGww f hJ
tcg 0rf;om*k%ðf ya=umif; w,fvzD ek ;f qufajymwJh yxrqH;k urBmah cgi;f aqmifwa,muf
jzpfv@kd ygy?J tJ'u D p+y;D orwbGw&f [ fS m ta&;}u;D udp&P yfawGe@J ywfouf+y;D olrw d q f uf
&Si;f vif;jywJh urBmah cgi;f aqmiftenf;pkpm&if;xJ usaemfu h xkd nfx h m;cJw h ,f? yk*Kd~ vfa&;
tm;jzifh ol[m aEG;axG;azmfa&G+y;D csichf sichf sed cf sed &f w dS ,f? 'gayrJh ole@J usaemf[m vufeuf
udik wf ukd yf u JG pd eP @J jypf'%fcwfta&;,la&;udpaP wGrmS odoo d mom}uD; uGv J =JG uw,f?
'Dv[ l m ud, k ehf @J oabmuGv J aJG yrJh vufqEJG w _ q f ufv@kd &Edik w f v hJ l jzpfw,f?
tar&duefEikd if u H ae usaemf uae'guq kd ufomG ;cJw h ,f? tJ'rD mS 0ef}uD;csKyf
rlv&f eG ef eD @J awG@qakH qG;aEG;cJ&h +y;D ygvrD efuv kd nf; rde@f ceG ;f ajymcJw h ,f? usaemfw@kd &ŒJ aemuf
c&D;waxmufu tdik , f mvefuo kd mG ;zd@k jzpf+y;D usaemfw@kd p;D wJh *suaf v,mOfi,fav;[m
twWvE w dW o f rk'&N mudrk jzwfcif tmwdwpf uf0ikd ;f ajrmufbufu tvSr;f a0;wJah e&m
wckjzpfwhJ *l@paf b;rSm qDxyfjznfzh @kd&yfem;cJw h ,f? tJ'rD mS usaemf[m at;pufvwfqwfwhJ
av&SL&if; vrf;av#mufxu G cf siv f @kd av,mOfuiG ;f xJav#mufaewJt h cg av,mOfuiG ;f jcH
pnf;±d;k ab;rSm &yfaewJv h w l csKŒd udk owdxm;rdw,f? tJ'v D al wGu b,foal wGvv J @kd
uae'gtpd;k &t&m&Sw d a,mufukd usaemfar;=unfw h t hJ cg “tufpu f ;D rd;k awG” vd@k olu
ajzw,f?
usaemf vl@jynfrmS aeaewJh oufwrf; (72) ESpt f wGi;f wcgrS tif;El;0pfvrl sK;d w
a,mufurkd awG@z;l yg? awG@vrd rhf ,fv@kd vnf; wcgrrS xifrcd yhJ g? usaemf jcpH nf;±d;k qDav#muf
oGm;awmh touf (20) rjynfah vmufao;wJh vli,fw'gZifcef@awG@&w,f? olw@kd [m
usaemfw@kd av,mOf tJ'rD mS qif;r,f=um;vd@k av,mOfuiG ;f udk xGuv f m=uwmjzpfw,f?
112
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e,fcs@J orm;awG ay;oGm;wmjzpfw,f) awGta=umif; pmtkyx f zJ wfcb hJ ;l w,f? vlrsK;d cGjJ cm;
a&;orm; udkvdkeD0g'orm;awG&JŒpmtkyfawG zwfvdk@&wJhtjrifuawmh 'DvlawG[m
tifrwef acwfaemufusoal wGv@kd odc&hJ w,f?
'gayrJh 'Dxufjrufwv hJ il ,fawGe@J pum;ajym=unfw h t hJ cgusawmh olw@kd [m
usaemf axmifuvGwv f mwmudk ±kyjf rifo=H um;rSm=unfch &hJ +y;D awmiftmz&duu tjzpf
tysufawGeJ@ tu|rf;w0ifjzpfaewm usaemfod&w,f? olwdk@xJuwa,mufu
“attifpD t"Ge@f &Snyf gap” vd@k aºuG;a=umfvu kd wf ,f? tif;El;0pfawG[m Xmaewdik ;f &if;
om;awGjzpf+yD; vljzLtajccsaexdik o f al wGu ordik ;f wav#muf rw&m;zdEydS q f ufqw H m
cHc&hJ w,f? awmiftmz&duvlrnf;awGe@J tif;El;0pfvrl sK;d awG&ŒJ 0rf;enf;zG,&f m qif;&J
'kuaQ wG=um;rSm wlnrD a_ wG&adS ew,f? usaemfu h kd t&Sed t
f [kejf yif;jyif;eJ@ ±du k cf wfomG ;wJh
tcsuu f awmh usaemfaxmifxJ q,fpEk pS af wGcs+D yD; aeae&wJu h mvtwGi;f urBmò*dvf
}uD;[m tifrwefao;usKH@oGm;cJhw,fqdkwJh tcsufygyJ? urBmhacgifrdk;rSmaewJh
q,fausmo f uf tif;El;0pfvrl sK;d wa,muf[m tmz&duwdu k &f ŒJ awmifzufpeG ;f u Edik if H
a&;tusO;f om;wa,muf vGww f mvmwmudk =unfEh ikd w f ,fqw kd t hJ csu[ f m usaemfh
twGuf r,HEk ikd pf &mjzpfaew,f? ±kyjf rifo=H um;[m urBm}u;D ud±k ŒH_ oGm;apcJ+h y;D 'Dvekd @J rod
em;rvnfry_ aysmufapzd@k e@J 'Dru
kd a&pDtm;ay;tm;ajrm‡ ufðyzd@k tm;aumif;wJh vufeufwck
jzpfvmcJw h ,f?
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f ufcsmeJ@ oH;k em&D=um
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tat;rdomG ;w,f? rpPpo f ufcsmeJ@awG@&r,f&h ufrmS &moDOwkat;+yD; rd;k &Gmaew,f?
usaemfw@kd wnf;cd&k muxGuw f thJ cg 0ifeu D usaemfu h kd rd;k umtus, ô zl @kd ajymw,f? tJ'D
tcsed rf mS usaemfw@kd [m a[mfw,f&ŒJ {nfóh udcef;raqmifxJ a&mufae+yDjzpf+yD; rd;k um
tusô jyefwuf,&l if tcsed af emufusvrd rhf ,f? usaemf[m tcsed w f ud sru _ kd txl;tav;
xm;oljzpfygw,f? 'g[m ud, k f awG@&r,fv h u
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ysuef @J taemufwikd ;f u yHak o=unfjh rifxm;r_ukd wdu k zf suzf @kd vnf;jzpfygw,f? usaemfu
0ife@D ukd tcsed rf &Sb
d ;l vd@k ajymvdu k +f y;D / 'gwifruao;bJ rd;k &GmxJ&yf+y;D uav;wcsKŒd twGuf
atmfwdkpmtkyfawG vufrSwfxdk;ay;cJhw,f? rpPpfoufcsmqD usaemfa&mufoGm;wJh
tcsed rf mS awmh usaemf[m aevd@k xikd v f @kd tawmfu h rkd aumif;awmhygb;l ? 'gukd aemufyikd ;f
rSmawmh tqkwt f at;rda&m*gtaysmph m;tjzpf ¡q&m0efawGu¢ a&m*gppfcsuf azmf
113
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od@k aomfvnf; olruawmh ausmif;q&mrtdw k a,mufvkd olrt}uaH y;wm rvdu k ef mbJ
tpDtpOfawG av#mrh ypf&aumif;vm;vd@k tjypfqckd w hJ ,f? jypf'%fcwfta&;,la&;
udpv P kd udp&P yftawmfrsm;rsm;rSm rpPpo f ufcsm[m attifp&D ŒJ qef@usibf ufu&yfayrJh
olr[m t+rJwrf; yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif;rauG@r0du
k af jymwwf+yD; wzufom;udk tifrwef
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usaemf[m jypf'%fcwfta&;,la&;jy\emeJ@ ywfouf+y;D olreJ@enf;enf;av;awmifrS
wd;k wufrr_ &Edik cf yhJ gb;l ?
106
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aqG;aEG;&zd@k yef=um;cJw h ,f? wdik ;f jynfxrJ mS t=urf;zufra_ wG ykq d ;kd 0g;vmaew,f? 1990 ckEpS f
twGi;f towfc&H olta&twGuf (1˜500) ausmaf e+yDjzpf+yD; 'g[m +yD;cJw h w hJ ESpv f ;kH
Edik if aH &;t& towfc&H oltm;vH;k xuf ydrk sm;w,f? usaemf[m vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufawGe@J
wdik yf if+yD;aemuf yHrk eS t f ajctaejyefa&mufa&;jzpfpOfukd t&Sed jf r‡izhf @kd vw kd ,fv@kd ,lqrd
w,f? usaemfw@kd wikd ;f jynf[m aoG;xGuv f eG +f y;D toufq;kH awmhrmS jzpfv@kd usaemfw@kd [m
yd+k yD;jrefjrefxufxuf a&SŒudk a&GŒ&Sm;&vdrrhf ,f?
rpPwm'Duvyfu ZGev f xJrmS ta&;ay:tajctae ±kyo f rd ;f vdu
k wf m[m aqG;aEG;
yGaJ wGjyefpzd@k tcif;tusi;f jyifvu kd yf &kH ayrJh Zlvikd v f xJrmS awmh tpd;k &&JŒvHðk cHa&;wyfz@JG
awGu attifpt D zG@J 0if (40) avmufukd zrf;cJw h ,f? tJ'x D rJ mS rufr[m&mZ/ y&mAif
a*:'ef/ qDzaD 0^g%'f g;eJ@ bDveD , J m;wd@k yg0if+y;D olw@kd[m tpd;k &udðk zwfcsz@kd Al;vm; ppfqifa&;
vd@k ac:wJh uGejf rLepfygwD t=uHtpnfwckrmS ywfoufaew,fv@kd qdw k ,f? 'Duvyfu
usaemfe@J ta&;w}uD;awG@qakH qG;aEG;zd@k ac:+yD; vlzrf;yGrJ mS odr;f &cJw h ,fv@kd olajymwJh
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wkev f y_ o
f mG ;cJwh ,f?
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ar;=unfw h ,f? *sK;d &Si;f jywmu rpPwm'DuvyfzwfjywJph myd'k af wG[m vd&k mqGx J w k xf m;
wmjzpf+y;D Al;vm;qdw k m vH;k 0ed*;kH csKy+f y;D qH;k oGm;+y;D jzpfwhJ ppfqifa&;jzpfw,fv@kd ajymw,f?
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*sK;d qvdAk u kd kd aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGu J z,fxw k zf @kdóu;d pm;csiaf ew,f? usaemfu rpPwm'DuvyfqD
114
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usaemf&h ŒJ yxrqH;k wk@H jyefru _ awmh jiif;y,fvu kd w f myJ jzpfygw,f? tajctae&ifrh n S +hf yD
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tuket f pif awmfveS af jymif;vJa&;orm;wa,muftjzpf b,forl rS jiif;Edik w f hJ *k%yf 'k f
awG&w dS *hJ sK;d [m 'Dtqdðk ycsuw f ifz@kd wu,fu h kd toifah wmfq;kH yk*Kd~ vjf zpfw,f qdw k mvnf;
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tqdðk ycsuu f kd umuG,cf w hJ ,f? vufeufuikd w f u kd yf &JG ŒJ &nf&, G cf suu f tpd;k &udk aphpyf
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115
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qef@usizf ufjzpfvmcJw h ,f? ykvyd ef @J vHðk cHa&;wyfz@G aJ wG[m ta&;,lr_ tifrwef@ukd
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yHyh ;kd aew,fv@kd òrŒd opfjynfoal wGu pGypf =JG uw,f? vHðk caH &;wyfz@JG awG[m }u&H mygjzpfw,f
qdw k m usaemft h wGuf ydv k @kd yv
kd @kd &Si;f vif;vmw,f? ykvyd af wG[m t=urf;zufru _ kd
[ef@wm;&r,ft h pm; v_@H aqmfx;kd qGaew,fqw kd m jzpf&yftrsm;tjym;u !¸ejf yaew,f?
aemufvtenf;i,ftwGif;rSm usaemf[m *sKd[efepPbm*fòrdŒawmifbufu
t=urf;zufr'_ %f jyif;jyif;xefxefcaH e&wJh Ag;vf}wd*aH 'owv$m; òrdŒopfawGukd oGm;
a&mufcJh+yD; '%f&m&olawGeJ@ ylaqG;aewJhrdom;pkawGudk ESpfodrfhtm;ay;cJhw,f?
b,frSmyJjzpfjzpf 'DZmwfvrf;wyk'fxJyJ xyfcgxyfcg =um;ae&w,f? tJ'guawmh
ykvyd af wGe@J umuG,af &;wyfz@JG awG[m e,fajrudrk wnfr+idrjf zpfatmif vkyaf ew,f
qdw k mygy?J &JawG[m ae&mwae&mu vufeufawGukd 'Duae@ord ;f ,l+y;D &if aemufwae@rmS
tifumomtiftm;pkawGu usaemfw@kd val wGukd 'Dc;kd xm;wJv h ufeufawGe@J wdu k cf ukd =f u
w,fv@kd usaemfu h kd ajymjyw,f? tifumomtzG@J 0ifawG tpnf;ta0;oGm;wJt h cge@J
wdkufcdkufzdk@oGm;wJhtcg ykvdyfawGu tifumomtzGJ@0ifawGudk vHkðcHa&;vdkufay;wJh
Zmwfvrf;awG usaemfw@kd =um;&w,f?
116
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xJrmS rde@f ceG ;f ajymcJw h ,f? aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGaJ wG ysupf ;D atmifóud;yrf;aewJh opPmazmuf
vHðk cHa&;wyfz@JG 0ifawGyg0ifw/hJ v#K@d 0u f ef;=u,fwhJ ‘wwd,tiftm;pk’ &Sad eEdik w
S q f ,fv@kd
usaemfwifjycJw h ,f? wwd,tiftm;pktzG@J 0ifawG b,fob l ,f0gqw kd mawmh usaemf
rajymEkid yf g? bmvd@k vq J akd wmh usaemfu, kd w f ikd rf odv@kd jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh aocsmwm
uawmh olw@kd [m wu,f&adS e+yD; attifpeD @J vw G af jrmufa&;wdu k yf u JG kd xdxad &muf
a&muf t"duOD;wnfowfjzwfaew,f?
usaemf[m txl;oD;oef@jzpf&yfEpS cf rk mS ud, k w f ikd u
f ,kd uf s yg0ifywfoufc+hJ y;D aemuf
'Daumufcsuq f cJG whJ m jzpfygw,f? 1990 ck/ Zlvikd v f xJrmS tifumomvGwv f yfa&;
ygwD0if abmf'gaqmifaeolawG[m Ag;vf}wd*Ha'oxJu qDbdkudef;òrdŒopfrSm&SdwJh
attifpt D zG@J 0ifawGukd Zlvikd f (22) &ufae@rmS t}u;D tus,w f u kd cf ukd zf @kd pDpOfaea=umif;
attifpu D owif;&cJw h ,f? usaemfw@kd &ŒJ a&SŒaeawGuwqifh w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;eJ@
+ird 0f yfyjd ym;a&;0ef}u;D / &Jrif;}u;D eJ@ a'oqdik &f m&Jr;ª }u;D wd@k ukd ta=umif;=um;+y;D wdu k cf u
kd rf _
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vnf; wdkufwGef;cJhw,f? vufeufudkiftifumomtzGJ@0ifawG òrdŒopfxJ0ifvm+yD;
tifumomvlxpk nf;a0;yGw J ufrmS udk wm;jrpfay;zd@k usaemfw@kd u ykvyd af wGukd yef=um;
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ta&Smufvu kd yf g+y;D qDbu kd ed ;f òrŒd opfxJ ae@cif;a=umifawmif}u;D 0ifcsvmw,f? vlxpk nf;
a0;yGw J ckvyk +f yD;aemuf vufeufuikd af wG[m av#muf&rf;=u&mrSm cef@reS ;f ajc vl (30)
avmufudk qdk;qdk;0g;0g; &uf&ufpufpufowfjzwfwdkufcdkufcJhw,f? usaemf aemuf
wae@rmS tcif;jzpfwahJ e&m oGm;=unfch w hJ t hJ cg usaemft&ifu wcgrrS awG@czhJ ;l wJ/h aemif
rSmb,fawmhrS rawG@csiw f jhJ rifuiG ;f awG awG@c&hJ w,f? &ifc±JG rkH mS aowJx h d ckwyf ikd ;f cH xm;&
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vlowform;awG[m b,foal wGreS ;f rodayrJh wu,fu h kd wd&pd m> efawGtwdik ;f ygy?J
usaemfu aemufwae@rmS rpPwm'Duvyfe@J awG@qakH qG;aEG;&zd@k arwWm&yfccH hJ
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wdk@udk óuwifowday;cJhom;yJ? 'gayrJhbmrSrvkyf=ubl;? bmjzpfwmvJ? bmjzpfvdk@ zrf;wm
qD;wmawG rvkyfovJ? bmjzpfvdk@ ykvdyfawGu xdkif=unfhaewmvJ” vd@k usaemfar;vdu k f
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125
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'Dhaemuf tifumomtzGJ@0ifawG[m vlawGpGef@cGmoGm;wJh wJtdrfawGudkodrf;,l+yD;
ypPn;f awGtm;vH;k ,l=uw,f? tifumomtzG@J 0ifawGe@J twl &JawGvu kd yf gvmw,fv@kd
a'ocHawGu ajymw,f? tckwcgvnf; 'D0rf;enf;zG,t f jzpfq;kd }u;D jzpf+y;D aemuf ykvyd ef @J
tpd;k &u bmta&;,laqmif&u G rf r_ S rvkycf yhJ gb;l ? awmiftmz&duEdik if rH mS vlrnf;
touf[m wcgrS ckavmufaps;raygcyhJ gb;l ?
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at'&D,ef;Aavmufw@kd ukd xyfraH wG@qckH jhJ yefw,f? 'D&mZ0wfr}_ uD;awGjzpf+yD;aemuf
bma=umifh ykvyd u f ta&;,luikd w f , G w f m rvkyo f vJv@kd usaemf rpPwm'Duvyfukd
xyfraH r;jref;cJjh yefw,f? wdu k cf u kd of al wG[m olw@kd owfypfco hJ al wG&ŒJ wJtrd af wGxJ
tck0ifa&mufaexdik af e=uwJt h wGuf tvG,w f ul&mS awG@Eikd w f ,fv@kd usaemfajymcJh
w,f? rpPwm'Duvyfu rpPwmAavmufukd &Si;f vif;csuaf wmif;wJt h cg Aavmufu
usaemfu h kd cyf±ikd ;f ±dik ;f avayguef @J 'Dwt J rd af wG[m b,fo@l ajray:rSm&Sw d mvJv@kd ar;w,f?
olqv kd w kd mu 'Dval wG ¡towfc&H olawG¢ [m usL;ausmaf wGjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh bm
tcGit hf a&;rSr&Sb d ;l vd@k oG,0f u kd &f nf!e¸ ;f wmjzpfw,f? usaemfu ol@ukd tJ'aD jr[m
vufawG@tm;jzifh a'oE &W tm%mydik af wGu 'Dval wGukd csay;xm;wmjzpfw,fv@kd
ajymvdu k w f ,f? Aavmuf&ŒJ oabmxm;uawmh tmz&duef;em;vlrsK;d tawmfrsm;rsm;
vdyk J uy`vv D rl nf;rsK;d awG[m urBmOD;uwnf;u wrsK;d EG,ef @J wrsK;d EG,o f wfae=uwm
vd@k om ,H=k unf,q l wJh oabmxm;jzpfygw,f? rpPwm 'Duvyfu usaemfu h kd ol pHpk rf;
ppfaq;+yD; wke@f jyefygrh ,fv@kd xyfajymjyefw,f? 'gayrJh bmwke@f jyefrr_ S rvmyg?
'DumvrSmyJ tpd;k &u rD;avmif&mavyifv h yk &f yf aemufwckvyk v f u

kd w f ,f? olw@kdu
aew,fvjf ynfe,fe@J wjcm;b,fae&mrSmrqdk Zl;vl;vlrsK;d awG Edik if aH &;vlxpk nf;a0;yGJ
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126
owf&mrSmoH;k wJh wu,fv h ufeuftppfawGjzpfw,f? 'g[m usaemfu h kd rpPwm'Duvyf&ŒJ

+idr;f csr;f a&;&nf&, G cf suaf wGtay: oHo,tav;teufymG ;apcJw h ,f?
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t+rJyJ xxvmyH&k w,f? 'Dtiftm;pkawG[m attifpeD @J tifumom=um; ppfyjJG zpf
atmif twd@k taxmifvyk af ew,f? tifumomtzG@J 0if tawmfrsm;rsm;uvnf; }u&H myg
0ifvyk af e=uw,fv@kd usaemf,q l w,f? rpPwm'Duvyftygt0if tpd;k &xJu tawmf
rsm;rsm;u olw@kd a&SŒwnfw h nfrh mS jzpfaewmawGukd od&ufe@J rsuEf mS v$aJ e (od@k r[kw)f
vspfvsL±_aew,f? ykvdyftzGJ@eJ@ vHkðcHa&;wyfzGJ@awG&JŒ tjrifhqHk;tqifhuvlawG[m
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v#K@d 0u S &f yH akH iGay;wJo h wif;awG zGichf svu kd wf mu 'Dr,Ho k uFmr_awGukd twnfðyay;
vdu k w f ,f?
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wdu k yf &JG yfem;wmeJ@ ywfouf+y;D jyefvnfo;kH oyfra_ wG pvkyrf v d mw,f? attifpu D vl
trsm;tjym; v_yv f y_ &f &G jG zpfae=u+y;D pufwifbmvtwGi;f owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGw J ckrmS
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vdt k yfwm jzpfvmEdik w f ,fv@kd ajymcJw h ,f? tajctaeuawmh tifrwefpw d yf supf &m
jrifae&+yD; tpd;k &eJ@&&Sx d m;wJeh m;vnfrt _ m;vH;k a&pkeaf rsmoGm;yH&k w,f?
107
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uae q,fpEk pS o f ;kH ckavmuf ta0;a&mufae&mu jyefvmwmjzpfw,f? ole@J eD;eD;em;em;
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uGezf &ifw h ckwufz@kd jyefvmwmjzpf+yD; 'Dtpnf;ta0;udk jynfwiG ;f jynfye,fajra'o
(45) cku ud, k pf m;vS,f (1˜500) ausmf wufa&mufcw hJ ,f?
tpnf;ta0;rSm usaemfu atmfvAD m[m attifpu D kd tarSmifru kd q
f ;kH umv
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k yf rJG ;D awmuf+idr;f roGm;atmif vkycf o hJ t
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twGi;f atmfvAD muyJ attifpu D kd xde;f odr;f u,fwifc+hJ yD;aemuf =oZmtm%m&Sw d hJ
Edik if w
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127
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oHwrmefvnf;jzpf/ Edik if ahH cgi;f aqmifvnf; jzpfygw,f?
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Edik if wH ckxzJ @JG pnf;zd@k oabmwlcw hJ n hJ v D mcHaemufyikd ;f ta&;}u;D qH;k tajccHOya'qdik &f m
nDvmcHjzpfwm taotcsmygy?J tJ'D (1909) nDvmcHuawmh 'Dru kd a&pD&ŒJ =oZm*,uf
r&Scd yhJ J 'Dru
kd a&pDukd opPmazmufwmomjzpfcw hJ ,f? bmvd@k vq J akd wmh tJ'w D ek ;f u ud, k f
pm;vS,af wGxJ vlrnf;wa,mufrS rygv@kd jzpfygw,f? 1991 ckrmS awmh ud, k pf m;vS,f
trsm;pku vlrnf;awGjzpfaeyg+yD?
usaemfw@kd bufu ¡nDvmcH¢tpDtpOfa&;qGaJ &;ud, k pf m;vS,t f zG@J rmS pD&if;vf
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133
&mrm;zd;k pm;acgi;f aqmif+y;D *sK;d pvdAk ekd @J AmvDrq l mwd@k yg0ifw,f? olw@kd [m a&G;aumufyJG
udp/P tajccHOya'udp/P wdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$waf wmfe@J =um;jzwftpd;k &udpaP wGukd tpd;k &eJ@
tywfpOf aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGvyk af ecJw h ,f? Zmwdjynfe,ftpd;k &awGtygt0if trsK;d rsK;d aom
ygwaD ygi;f (20) avmufu ud, k pf m;vS,af wG[m nDvmcH&ŒJ tajccHral wGtay: oabm
wlncD su&f +y;D jzpfw,f?
zsuv f zkd suq f ;D vkyo f w l csK@d uawmif aqG;aEG;yGt J zGirhf mS &Sad e=uwJh taumif;jrif
pdw"f mwfukd xdcu kd af vsmyh g;atmif rvkyEf ikd cf yhJ gb;l ? yDatpDu attifpeD @J trsK;d om;
ygww D @kd [m vlrsK;d aygi;f pHyk gwhJ ¡vljzLygw¢hJ tpd;k &wckxal xmifz@kd v#K@d 0u S yf ;l aygi;f =uHpnf
aew,fv@kd pyG pf +JG yD; aqG;aEG;yGu J kd oydwaf rSmufz@kd qH;k jzwfcw hJ ,f? 'g[m vGecf w hJ hJ wv
avmufu attifpD/ yDatpDeJ@ tZef;eD;,m;jynfol@tzGJ@wdk@u bHk&nfrSef;csufawG
xkwjf yefa=unm+yD; jynfcspw f yfaygi;f pkqw kd hJ r[mrdwt f zJ@G wckz@JG pnf;cJw h =hJ um;xJu
jzpfcw hJ m jzpfw,f? yDatpD[m 'Dru kd a&pDuswhJ a&G;aumufyaJG wGuakd =umufvef@aew,f?
ta=umif;uawmh tJovdrk aJ &G;vdu k &f if olw@kd rmS vlxak xmufcrH e_ nf;enf;av;yJ&w dS m
ay:oGm;rSmpd;k vd@k jzpfw,f? apmfbmG ;blo,fvZDuvnf; tifumomtwGu&f ,f/ uGmZl;
vl;tpd;k &twGu&f ,f/ bk&ifZ, G v f pfoifet D wGu&f ,fq+kd y;D ud, k pf m;vS,o f ;kH zG@J wufciG rhf &
vd@k qw kd t hJ a=umif;jycsuef @J oydwaf rSmufcw hJ ,f? usaemfw@kd u bk&ifqw kd m Edik if aH &;&JŒ
txufrmS uif;uif;&Si;f &Si;f yJaeoifw h ,f? wu,fv@kd ol@ukd nDvmcHrmS xnfo h iG ;f r,f
qd&k if awmiftmz&durSm&Sw d hJ vlrsK;d pkwikd ;f &JŒ &mxl;t}u;D qH;k apmfbmG ;awG/ apmfuaJ wGukd
nDvmcHwufciG ahf y;&vdrrhf ,fv@kd wH@k jyefacsycJ&h w,f?
'Dwek ;f u urBmu h ek o f , G af &;A[dXk merSm ordik ;f udk zefw;D aewJch pH m;csujf zpfay:±Hk
wifruyJ ud, k thf m;ud, k uf ;kd wJh cHpm;csuu f v kd nf; jzpfay:apcJw h ,f? ZifbmabGe@J tif*kd
vmwd@k vkd tmz&duEdik if aH wG[m pepfopfawGrcsrw S cf if aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGaJ wGvyk &f mrSm
jynfyu =um;0ifaphpyfay;olawG vdt k yfcw hJ ,f? olw@kd e@J rwlbJ usaemfw@kd awmiftmz
&durSmawmh usaemfw@kd tcsi;f csi;f uGv J rJG a_ wGukd ud, k zhf momud, k f ajz&Si;f ae=uw,f?
rpPwm'Duvyfu 'Dru kd a&pDtajccHay:uae ‘tm%mcGJa0’ wJh =um;jzwftpd;k &wck
vdt
k yfrt _ a=umif; ajymoGm;w,f? trsK;d om;ygw&D ŒJ nDvmcHu, kd pf m;vS,t f zG@J acgi;f aqmif
'g0'D AD ;D vD;,m;u tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;a&;pepf usio hf ;kH cJrh t _ wGuf awmif;yefpum;
awmifajymcJw h ,f?
usaemf&ŒJ tzGirhf mS pum;rSmawmh ud'k q D may:xGe;f r_e@J twl awmiftmz&duEdik if &H ŒJ
wdk;wufr_[m aemufqHk;rSmawmh aemufa=umif;jyefvSnfhr&awmhwJh tajca&muf
vm+yDv@kd ajymcJw h ,f? tpd;k &awG[m olw@kd &ŒJ tcGit hf m%meJ@w&m;0ifru _ kd tkycf sKyfcH
awG&ŒJ oabmwlncD suu f ae &,lwmjzpf+yD; usaemfw@kd [m tJovdrk sK;d w&m;0ifwhJ
134
tm%mydik rf u _ zkd efw;D zd@k pka0;cJ=h u+yDv@kd ajymvdu k w f ,f? ud'k q D m[m zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH
tajccHOya'opfwcka&;qGJzdk@ a&G;aumufcHwdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmf jzpfay:apr,fh
vrf;a=umif;&JŒ tpjzpfw,fv@kd usaemfajymcJw h ,f? 1992 ckrmS wdik ;f ðyjynfðyv$waf wmf
twGuf a&G;aumufyrJG jzpfp&mta=umif; rjrifb;l vd@k ajymvdu k w f ,f? usaemfu 'Dvkd
a&G;aumufyaJG wGu kd }uD;=uyfz@kd / Edik if aH wmf&ŒJ owif;rD', D mawGe@J ppfwyfukd csKyfuikd zf @kd e@J
vlrsK;d rcGjJ cm;wJh 'Dru kd a&pDawmiftmz&du Edik if o H pfqD ul;ajymif;r_ukd a,bk,stm;jzifh
uGyu f =J unf±h z_ @kd trsK;d om;nD!w G af &;=um;jzwftpd;k &wzG@J azmfxw k zf @JG pnf;&ef tpd;k &udk
awmif;qdck w hJ ,f?
nDvmcHyxrae@rmS trsK;d om;ygweD @J attifpt D ygt0if t"duyg0ifwufa&muf
aewJh ygwaD wGu =uH&, G jf cif;qdik &f ma=unmcsuw f ck twnfðycsrw S cf w hJ ,f? tJ'xD rJ mS
vGwv f yfww hJ &m;pD&ifa&;pepfu tmrcHxm;wJ/h tajccHOya'u tcsKyftjcm w&m;
Oya'jzpfr,f/h cGjJ cm;r_r&Sw d hJ awmiftmz&duEdik if u H kd ygwt D m;vH;k axmufct H m;ay;zd@k
wm0ef,al pcJw h ,f? wkid ;f jynf&ŒJ w&m;a&;pepfu Oya'a&SŒarSmufrmS tm;vH;k wef;wl
nDr#a&;udk tmrcHrmS jzpf+yD; jynfo@l vw G vf yfciG ahf wG umuG,zf @kd vl@tcGit hf a&; Oya'
=urf;wck a&;qG&J rSmjzpfw,f? wdw k akd jym&&if rJpm&if;wckxaJ y:rSm t&G,af &mufow l ikd ;f
rJay;cGiu hf t kd ajccHwhJ ygwpD 'kH rD u kd a&pDjzpfr,f? usaemfw@kd taeeJ@uawmh 'g[m awmif
tmz&duEdik if o H pftwGuf tedrq hf ;kH vufcEH ikd pf &m tajccHOya'=urf;cif; jzpfygw,f?
tifumomuawmh ‘cGjJ cm;r_r&Sw d ’hJ awmiftmz&du qdw k hJ pum;[m zuf'&,fpepfukd
jiif;y,fxm;wJh t"dyg` ,af &mufv@kd q+kd yD; vufrw S x f ;kd zd@k jiif;qefcw hJ ,f?
nDvmcHu vkyif ef;tzG@J (5) zG@J ukd zG@J pnf;cJw h ,f? 'DtzG@J awG[m 1992 ck tapmydik ;f rSm
pnf;a0;=u+yD; 1992 ck arvrSmusi;f yzd@k ppD Ofxm;wJh ud'k q D m 'kw, d ta=umhtwGuf
óuwd ifjyifqif=urSmjzpfw,f? 'DtzG@J awG[m vGwv f yfwhJ Edik if aH &;&moDOwk xlaxmifa&;
jy\em/ Zmwdjynfe,fawG&ŒJ tem*wf/ awmiftmz&dutoHvi$ Xhf me jyefvnfz@JG pnf;
a&;/ zuf'&,fpepfuo hJ @dk tajccHOya' rl0g'rsK;d pkH avhvmqef;ppfa&;eJ@/ =um;jzwftpd;k &zG@J
pnf;a&;eJ@ touf0ifa&;wd@k ukd avhvmtajz&Sm=urSmjzpfw,f? qH;k jzwfcsuaf wGukd
‘vHkavmufwJh trsm;qENoabmxm;’ eJ@ csrw S rf ,fv@kd ygwaD wGuoabmwl=uw,f?
‘vHak vmufwt hJ rsm;’ qdw k mudk wcgrt S "dyg` ,f rowfrw S cf yhJ J vufawG@tm;jzifh tpd;k &/
attifpeD @J wjcm;ygwaD wG&ŒJ trsm;pk=um; oabmwlncD suu f kd qdv k w kd mjzpfcwhJ ,f?
ud'k q D m (1) &JŒ yxrae@[m +y;D cge;D txd xl;xl;jcm;jcm;r&Scd yhJ gb;l ? nDvmcHrpcif
nu usaemf[m rpPwm'Duvyfe@J n (*) em&Dausmw f t hJ xd zke;f xJuae aqG;aEG;aecJh
w,f? rpPwm'Duvyfu aemufw&ufrSm ol@udk tydwfpum;ajymoltjzpfcGifhðyzdk@
usaemfoabmwlrwl ar;w,f? usaemfu h kd ed*;kH csKypf um;ajymzd@k vsmxm;ayrJh usaemfu
135
tckupd u P kd trsK;d om;tvkyt f r_aqmife@J wdik yf if=unfrh ,fv@kd ajymvdu k w f ,f? usaemf
tJ'n D rSmyJ wdik yf if=unfch &hJ m olw@kd rmS oHo,pdwaf wG&adS ewJ=h um;xJu rpPwm'Duvyfukd
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t"duusw,fv@kd rjrifbJ rpPwm'Duvyfukd ulnw D t hJ aeeJ@ vdu k af vsmay;zd@k toif&h dS
aecJw h ,f?
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olu vuf&t dS csed tf cg&ŒJ ordik ;f 0ifx;l jcm;r_ukd tav;ay;ajym+yD; tjyeftvSef r,Hk
=unfr_awGudk ausmfv$m;zdk@vdka=umif; aqG;aEG;w,f? 'gayrJh tJ'DhaemufrSmawmh
xl;xl;qef;qef; azmufvmw,f? olu attifp[ D m tpd;k &eJ@&xm;wJh oabmwlncD suf
awGtwdik ;f rvdu k ef mbl;qd+k y;D wdu k cf ukd rf p_ vkyv f mw,f? ol[m ausmif;q&mwa,mufu
uav;qdk;wa,mufudk qlylrmefrJwJhyHkpHtwdkif; usaemfwdk@udkqdkvmw,f? olu
attifpu D kd vufeufc, J rf;od0k u S x f m;wJah e&mawG azmfxw k rf ay;wJt h wGuf qJqkd
}udr;f armif;+yD; 1991 ck/ pufwifbmv trsK;d om;+idr;f csr;f a&;pmcsKyfukd azmufzsu+f yD;
‘udk,fydkifwyf’ tjzpf Edik if v hH w HS wH yfz@JG qufvufxm;&Sw d thJ wGuf jypfwif±w _ cf sw,f?
attifp[ D m ud, k v f ufrw S x f ;kd xm;wJh oabmwlncD sut f m;vH;k udk vkud ef mEdik af vmuf
atmif pdw"f mwfa&csed &f &dS ŒJ vm;vd@k rdu k rf u kd ±f ikd ;f ±dik ;f pum;toH;k tE_e;f awGe@J ar;vdu k f
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oGm;wmeJ@yJ tcktpnf;ta0;ydwcf iG ahf y;vdu k zf @kd usaemfvufrcHEikd af wmhb;l ? ol pum;
ajym+yD;wJt h cg tpnf;ta0;±kyo f rd ;f zd@k jzpfayrJh wcef;vH;k [m vH;k vH;k }uD;wdwq f w d o
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vduk w f ,f? ol@pum;awGukd jyefracsybJ v$wrf xm;Edik yf gb;l ? usaemfpum;ajymwJt h cg
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136
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141
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wnf;vnf;taetxm;uae xGuaf ygu&f mS r&cJah yrJh aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGaJ wG ysuo f mG ;vd@k
142
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u usaemfeJ@cifAsm;wdk@udk =unfhae=uw,f” vd@k usaemf rpPwm'Duvyfukd ajymcJw h ,f?
“+idrf;csrf;a&;jzpfpOfudk usaemfwdk@ u,fwif=u&atmif? oabmwlnDr_wrsKd;rsKd;&zdk@ vkyf=u
&atmif? tedrq S &f atmif” vd@k
hf ;kH tm;jzifh aqG;aEG;yGaJ emufwa=umhtwGuf &ufcsed ;f owfrw
usaemfajymcJw h ,f? aemufwae@us&if usaemfw@kd EpS af ,mufv;kH tðyoabm tay;
t,lvyk af &;pdw"f mwfe@J pum;ajym=uzd@k qH;k jzwfcw hJ ,f?
aemuf&ufae@cif;rSm usaemfw@kd [m ud'k q D m (1) wke;f u oabmwlcw hJ hJ tpD
tpOf&JŒ ajymif;jyefyHkpHtwdkif; pum;ajym=uw,f? rpPwm'Duvyfu t&ifajym+yD;
usaemfuaemufq;kH ajymzd@k jzpfw,f? rpPwm'Duvyf&ŒJ trSmpum;rSm trsK;d om;ygwD
[m ‘vlenf;pk ADwt kd m%m’ udk rar#mrf eS ;f a=umif;/ 'gayrJh vlrsm;pku ‘tm%mtvGo J ;kH
pm;’ rvkyEf ikd af tmif ‘txde;f tcsKyfawG’ &Sw d phJ epfuo kd m vdv k m;a=umif; ajymoGm;w,f?
tJ'g[m vlrsm;pktyk cf sKyaf &;t,ltqudk twdtvif;qef@usiw f m jzpfw,fv@kd usaemf
aumif;aumif;oabmayguv f u kd af yrJh rpPwm'Duvyfajym+yD;vd@k usaemfajymtvSnhf
rSm usaemfw@kd [m tðyoabmyHpk eH @J tvkyv f yk =f uzd@k vakd =umif;eJ@ aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGrJ mS
ay:aewJw h if;rmr_awG yaysmufatmifvyk zf @kd vakd =umif;udo k m usaemfajymcJw h ,f?
usaemfw@kd u tðyoabmrsuEf mS jyzd@k óu;d pm;cJah yrJh nDvmcH'w k ,d ae@[m aomif
rwifa&rustajctaeeJ@ ukeq f ;kH cJwh ,f? usaemft h jrifrmS 'DtusO;f tusy[ f m trsK;d
om;ygwu D olw@kd u=H urRmudk vlrsm;pkqENoabmxm;tay: yHt k yfz@kd qufvuf+yD;
wGe@f qw k af ewma=umifh ay:aygu&f wmjzpfw,f? olw@kd[m tJ't D [ef@twm;udk b,fvrkd S
rausmEf ikd f jzpfaew,f?
aemufq;kH rSmawmh ud'k q D m (2) [m tajccHuswu hJ pd &P yfav;cktay:rSm oabm
wlnrD r_ &Edik b f J aqG;aEG;yGyJ suo f mG ;cJw h ,f? 'Dav;csuu f awmh tajccHOya'twnfðyzd@k
v$waf wmfxrJ mS rJta&twGuf vufrcHEidk af vmufatmiftrsm;}uD;&Szd @kd tpd;k &u ZGwf
awmif;qdak ewJu h pd P (tESpof m&tm;jzifh ADwt kd m%mudk aemufaz;ayguu f vSno hf iG ;f wm)/
tjrpfw, G x f m;wJh a'oE &W tm%mawGukd tem*wftajccHOya'u w&m;0iftod
trSwðf ya&;udp/P yifrv$waf wmf&ŒJ Oya'ðyr_tay:ADwt dk m%m&Sw d /hJ 'Dru kd a&pDrusw/hJ
a&G;aumufcHr[kwfwJh qD;edwftxufv$wfawmfudpPeJ@ nDvmcHrSmaqG;aEG;csrSwfwJh
=um;jzwftajccHOya'udk t+rw J rf;tajccHOya'jzpfatmif &nf&, G w f uhJ pd wP @kd jzpfw,f?
'gawGtm;vH;k [m cufcw J u hJ pd &P yfawGjzpfayrJh ajz&Si;f r&Edik w f mawG r[kwyf gb;l ?
usaemf[m ud'k q D m (2) &JŒ n‡rd &wJt h usO;f tusyaf =umifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;jzpfpOfwckv;kH
ysupf ;D roGm;apzd@k oH"Ïd mefcsxm;w,f? tpd;k &eJ@attifp[ D m jy\emtajz&Sma&;
twGuf ESpyf iG q hf ikd af qG;aEG;r_awGqufvyk zf @kd oabmwlc=hJ uw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dtcsed rf mS yJ
143
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hf ikd t
f ajz&Sma&;rjzpfEidk af wmhatmif wjcm;jy\emawG 0ifa&mufvmygw,f?
aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGaJ wGwef@omG ;wJt h cg attifpeD @J r[mrdwaf wGu ‘vlxw k u

kd yf v
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vH;k ’ ay:vpDcsz@kd oabmwlc=hJ uw,f? 'Dvy_ &f mS ;r_[m wdik ;f jynfw0Sr;f rSm usaemfw@kd tay:
axmufcrH t _ wdik ;f twmudk tpd;k &odatmifjy+y;D awmiftmz&dujynfoal wG[m olw@kd &ŒJ
vGwv f yfrt _ wGuf urBmqH;k wkid af tmifapmifzh @kd oabmxm;r&db S ;l qdw k mjyzd@k jzpfw,f?
vlxw k u kd yf rJG mS oydwaf wGe@J qENjyyGaJ wGyg0ifrmS jzpf+yD; pr,f&h ufowfrw S x f m;wmu
1992 ck/ ZGev f (16) &ufae@ jzpfw,f? tJ'aD e@[m 1976 ck/ qd0k w D t kd ºkH urG E_ pS yf wfvnfae@
jzpfygw,f? v_y&f mS ;r_[m =o*kwv f (3) &ufae@e@J (4) &ufae@rmS ESp&f uf=um jynfv;kH u|wf
oydwaf rSmuf+yD; txGwt f xdyaf &mufz@kd &nfreS ;f xm;w,f?
'gayrJh tJ'grjzpfcifay:vmwJh aemufjzpf&yfwcka=umifh attifpeD @J tpd;k &[m
yd+k yD;uif;uGmpdr;f um;oGm;cJw h ,f? 1992/ ZGev f (17) &ufae@nrSm vufeufawG t}uD;
tus,u f ikd af qmifxm;wJh tifumomtzG@J 0ifawG[m Ag;vfa'ou bGKd iyf gwek ;f òrŒd opfukd
wdww f qdw0f ifa&mufp;D eif;+y;D vl (46) a,mufukd owfypfcw hJ ,f? towfc&H ol trsm;pk
[m rdef;reJ@uav;awGjzpfw,f? 'g[m tJ'D&ufowWywfxJ attifpDvlawGudk
av;}urd af jrmuf tkypf v k ukd of wfjzwfwmjzpfw,f? wjynfv;kH u jynfoal wG[m t=urf;
zufru _ kd wkev f y_ ef m=unf;=u+y;D tpd;k &udk =u&H mygtjzpf pGcJ suw f if=uw,f? ykvyd af wG[m
&mZ0wfaumifawGukd [ef@wm;zd@k bmrSrvkycf =hJ ubl;/ usL;vGeo f al wGu&kd mS azGz@kd vnf;
bmrSrvky=f ubl;? b,fo@l urkd S rzrf;? bmpHpk rf;ppfaq;r_rS rvky=f ubl;? rpPwm'Duvyf
uvnf; a&iHEk w _ yf wd af ew,f? 'gukd tqH;k pGeaf pmfum;r_tjzpf usaemfjrif+yD; onf;cH
Edik pf rG ;f ukeq f ;kH oGm;cJw h ,f? tpd;k &[m aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGu J kd t[ef@twm;vkyaf e+yD; wcsed f
wnf;rSm usaemfw@kd val wGtay: wdww f w d yf ek ;f ppfyJG qifEaJ$ ew,f? 'gq&kd if bma=umifh
usaemfw@kd u olw@kd e@J pum;qufajymaeOD;rSmvJ?
owfjzwfra_ wGjzpft+y;D av;&uft=umrSm usaemf[m a'goxGuaf ewJh attifpD
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usaemfu trsK;d om;ygw&D ŒJ tðytrlawGukd *smr%Djynfu emZDawGe@J Ei_d ;f vdu k +f y;D tu,fI
'Duvyf[m qENjyyGaJ wG 'grrS [kwf vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfciG u hf kd uef@owfcsKyfcs,w f hJ
ajcvSr;f opfawGcs rSwzf @kd óud;yrf;vm&if attifp[ D m jynfv;kH u|wf tm%mzDqefa&;
144
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awG@cw hJ ,f? 'Dvckd pH m;csuaf wGukd usaemfem;vnfpmemrdw,f? jynfov l x l [
k m }uw d cf J
r& jzpfaew,f? olw@kd [m aphpyfaq;GaEG;yJaG wGuae bmwd;k wufw&hJ v'frS rawG@&bl;?
tom;ta&mifcjJG cm;a&;pepfz,f&mS ;ypfz@kd wckwnf;aomvrf;uawmh aoewfajymif;u
wqifhomjzpfw,fvdk@ pOf;pm;awG;xifpðyae+yD? bGdKifygwkef;ta&;tcif;+yD;awmh
tift;D pDxu J wcsK@d u “usKyfwdk@bma=umifh vufeufudkifwdkufyGJudk pGef@ypfcJh&wmvJ? tJ'D
tpm; aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJudkyJ pGef@ypfoifhw,f? 'DaumifawGu usKyfwdk@&nfrSef;csufqD b,f
awmhrS ay;oGm;rSmr[kwfbl;” vd@k ajym=uwmawG&w dS ,f? usaemf[m tpydik ;f rSmawmh
'Doabmxm;wif;rmwJt h yk pf u k kd pmemaxmufccH ahJ yrJh ¡aqG;aEG;yG¢J jzpfpOfwckv;kH twGuf
tpm;xd;k a&G;cs,pf &m wjcm;vrf;r&Sb d ;l qdw k m wajz;ajz;oabmayguo f jd rifvmw,f?
usaemf ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm wdu k w f eG ;f cJwh mjzpfwhJ aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGaJ wGukd usaemf ausmcdik ;f
pGe@f cmG oGm;rSm r[kwyf gb;l ? 'gayrJh tcktcsed [ f m tajctaeawG +idraf t;oGm;atmif
vky&f r,ft h csed jf zpfw,f? 'Dae&mrSm vlxw k u kd yf [JG m vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;eJ@ aphpyfaqG;
aEG;a&;=um;u tv,fvrf;jzpfw,f? jynfolawG[m olwdk@&JŒa'goawG / }uw d f
rEdkifcJr&jzpfwmawGudk xGufaygufay;rSjzpfr,f? 'DcHpm;csufawGudk vrf;zGifhay;zdk@
taumif;qH;k enf;vrf;uawmh vlxw k u kd yf v JG y_ &f mS ;r_yjJ zpfw,f?
usaemfw@kd [m aqG;aEG;yGaJ wG&yfqikd ;f vdu k af =umif; tpd;k &udk ta=umif;=um;wJh
tcgrmS usaemfw@kd Ew _ x f uG &f wJt h a=umif;&if;awGukd wcsucf si;f azmfjyxm;wJh pmc|ev f m$
wapmif rpPwm'DuvyfqyD @kd cw hJ ,f? ud'k q D m (2) &JŒ tajccHOya'qdik &f m tusO;f t=uyfukd
ajz&Si;f a&;wifru t=urf;zufrt _ wGuf wm0ef&o dS al wGukd &SmazGazmfxw
k +f y;D w&m;Oya'
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f ,f? tJovdk awG@qkH
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usaemf,q l rdw,f? tJ't D csed w f ek ;f u usaemfw@kd rmS ajymp&mwckrrS &Syd g?
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145
attifpD&JŒ aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJawmif;qdkcsufawGudkaxmufcH+yD; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u
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'g[m awmiftmz&duordkif;rSm t}uD;rm;qHk;EdkifiHa&;oydwfjzpf+yD; tvkyform;
av;oef;ausm[ f m tvkyrf qif;bJ tdrrf mS aecJ=h uw,f? oydw}f uD;&JŒ ta&;tygq;kH
jzpf&yfuawmh y&Dwdk;&D;,m;òrdŒawmfu jynfaxmifpktaqmuftOD;qD vlwodef;
csDwufyGJjzpfw,f? 'DtaqmuftOD;[m awmiftmz&dutpdk;&±kH;pdkuf&m crf;em;
x,f0gwahJ e&mjzpf+y;D taqmuftOD;awGa&SŒu jrufcif;jyif}u;D rSm usaemfw@kd u }u;D us,f
vSwhJ av[mjyifvx l pk nf;a0;yG}J u;D usi;f ycJw h ,f? usaemfw@kd [m wae@us&if awmiftm
z&duEdkifiH&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDenf;t& yxrqHk; a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcH&wJhtpdk;&tjzpf
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pOf;pm;&Edik wf ,fv@kd ajymw,f? usaemfu rpPwm'Duvyfukd b,f'rD u kd a&pDqef@usiaf &;
vkyaf qmifcsuyf jJ zpfjzpf qd;k 0g;wJh wH@k jyef±u kd cf wfcsuaf wG&v dS rd rhf ,fv@kd owday;cJw h ,f?
'Dvtkd E &W m,f+crd ;f ajcmufra_ wGa=umifh =um;jzwftpd;k &xlaxmifa&;[m vH;k 0t"duus
aewmjzpfw,fv@kd usaemfajymvdu k w f ,f?
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udyjf ynfe,fta&SŒydik ;f u ppPau;Zmwdjynfe,fòrŒd awmf bD±;d_ udck sw D ufyv JG yk zf @kd qH;k jzwfchJ
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=uw,f? ppPau;Zmwdjynfe,f[m Adv k rf ;ª csKyftyl g*su
D Zkd kd acgi;f aqmifwhJ befw;l pwef
wckjzpf+yD; attifpu D Ekd ydS u
f yG cf w
hJ hJ ordik ;f a=umif;&Sw d ,f? 1991 ckrmS Adv k rf ;ª csKyf*su D Zkd u
kd
attifpD ausmaxmufaemufcv H yk wf hJ t=urf;zuf0g' wdu k zf su[ f ef@wm;zd@k q+kd y;D Zmwd
jynfe,frmS ta&;ay:tajctae a=unmcJw h ,f? 1992 ck/ pufwifbm (7) &ufae@ reufrmS
qENjyorm;ckepfaomif;[m bD±;d_ òrdŒ&JŒ yifrtm;upm;uGi;f qD csw D ufypJG vky=f uw,f?
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tm;xkw=f uwJt h cg avhusirhf n _ zhH si;f vSwhJ Zmwdjynfe,fppfwyfawGu csw D ufqENjy
orm;awGukd ypfcwf=uvd@k vl (29) a,mufao+yD; (200) ausm'f %f&m&cJw h ,f? tck
tcgrmS awmh &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfr&_ ŒJ jy,k*t f jzpf bD±;d_ [m bGKd ifygwek ;f eJ@ wGrJ o d mG ;yg+yD?
tarSmifq;kH tcsed [ f m t±k%rf wufciftcsed jf zpfw,fqw kd hJ a&S;pum;yHw

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146
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twGuf apwemrSeef @J óud;pm;ae=u+yD; pufwifbm (26) &ufae@rmS usaemfe@J 'Duvyf
[m w&m;0if xdyo f ;D tpnf;ta0;vkycf w hJ ,f?
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=um;jzwfOya'ðytzG@J tjzpfvnf; xrf;aqmifrmS jzpfw,f? aemufxyf aphpyfaqG;aEG;p&m
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[m 1960 ckrmS Edb k ,fvq f ck s;D jri‡ chf &H w,f? 'kw, d ajrmuf&olu *d% k ;f csKyfbek ;f awmf}u;D
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+yD; usaemfu “vl}uD;rif;cifAsm;? vl}uD;rif;[m usaemf,=Hk unftm;ud;k wJx h u J wa,muf
jzpfygw,f? usaemfwkd@wawG[m 'Dwdkif;jynf&JŒjy\emudk twlwuG&ifqdkifajz&Sif;=urSm
jzpfygw,f” vd@k ajymvdu k wf ,f? tJovdak jymt+y;D ol@bufuv kd rS ;f vufqEJG w _ qf ufz@kd vuf
urf;vdu k wf ,f? “usaemfw@kd a&S@qufomG ;zd@k twGuf cifAsm;vufukd wGu J ikd &f wm usaemf *k%, f l
ygw,f” vd@k usaemfajymvdu k w
f ,f? rpPwm'Duvyf[m tht H m;oifo h mG ;yk&H ayrJh auseyf
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114
usaemf[m av;&uf=uma&G;aumufyJG 'kw, d ae@jzpfwhJ {+yD (27) &ufrmS rJay;cJw h ,f?
(ouf}u;D &G,t f akd wG/ roefrpGr;f olawGe@J Edik if jH cm;a&mufawmiftmz&duEdik if o H m;awGvkd
wcsK@d twef;tpm;awG[m {+yD (26) &ufae@rmS rJay;cGi&hf w,f?) usaemf[m pdw0f rf;uGaJ e
wJah ew,fvjf ynfe,fu jynfov l x l ak wGukd rJ±o Hk mG ;vd@k bmtE &W m,frrS &Sb
d ;l qdw
k m jywJh
taeeJ@ aew,fvef ,frmS rJay;zd@k qk;H jzwfcw hJ ,f? usaemf[m 'gbefòrŒd ajrmufbufem;u
tifeENm qdwk /hJ pdr;f pd+k y;D awmifuek ;f av;awGxw l hJ òrŒd opfu tdv k ef;*st
D xufwef;ausmif;rSm
161
rJay;cJw h ,f? 'DtifeENmòrdŒopf[m attifp&D ŒJ yxrqk;H OuUÏ *|e'f @l bu f kd ðr‡yEf oHS ò*õv&f m
ae&mjzpfw,f? tJ't D mz&duwdu k o f m;rsK;d cspyf *k Kd~ v[ f m 1912 ckrmS tzG@J tpnf;udk pwif
xlaxmifco hJ w l OD;jzpfygw,f? ol@ocsKõ if;*lem;rSm usaemfrx J nfw h m[m ordik ;f bD; wywf
tjynfv h nfomG ;apwm jzpfygw,f? ta=umif;uawmh vGecf w hJ hJ (82) ESpu f olpwifchJ
wJw h m0ef}uD; xajrmufatmifjrifawmhrmS jzpfv@kd ygy?J
usaemf[m ausmif;uav;&JŒtxufbuf urlav;ay:rSm&Sw d hJ ol@ocsKiõ ;f *lab;
&yfae&if; rsuaf rSmufumvudrk awG;bJ twdwo f rdik ;f udk awG;aerdcw hJ ,f? usaemf rJ±q Hk D
av#mufomG ;wJt h cgrmS usaemft h awG;awGu 'Dae@'aD e&mudk usaemfa&mufEikd zf @kd twGuf
toufpeG @f cw hJ hJ ol&aJ umif;awGta=umif;/ tckaemufq;Hk tcsed rf mS atmifjrifrv _ rf;ay:
a&mufaewJ/h ta&;awmfyt Hk wGuf tqk;H pGeaf ompGe@f vw $ rf ð_ ycJw h hJ trsK;d om;/ trsK;d orD;
awGta=umif;yJ awG;aerdw,f? usaemf[m atmfvAD mwrfb/kd c&pP[meD/ apmfbmG ;
vlov l eD @J b&rfzpf&mS ;wd@k ta=umif; pOf;pm;rdw,f? a[m'Dae@ a[m'D&ufrmS oef;aygi;f
rsm;pGmaom awmiftmz&dujynfoal wG rJay;Edik af tmif }u;D rm;wJph eG @f vw $ f paw;r_awG
ðyvkycf w hJ /hJ usaemfw@kd &ŒJ }uD;jrwfwhJ tmz&duol&aJ umif;awGta=umif; pOf;pm;rdw,f?
*sK&d mS *lruf'/D *st D rfemtpfum/ a'guw f mtANLvmtANL&mref/ vDuseif , kd /D [,fvif
*sK;d Zuf/ ,lqw G zf 'f g';l / arma&Suw kd meDw@kd ta=umif; pOf;pm;rdw,f? usaemf[m {+yD (27)
&ufae@rmS rJ±x Hk J wud, k w
f nf;0ifomG ;wmr[kwb f J olw@kd tm;vk;H eJ@twl usaemfraJ y;
aewm jzpfygw,f?
usaemfr±J x Hk rJ 0ifrD owif;axmufawGxu J cyfaemufaemuf vlwa,mufu
usaemfh vSr;f ac:w,f? “rpPwmrif'Jvm;/ cifAsm;b,fol@udk rJay;rSmvJ” wJ?h usaemfu
&,f+yD; “at;Asm/ 'DwreufvkH; tJ'gudkpOf;pm;&wmeJ@yJ 'kuQa&mufaew,f” vd@k ajymvdu k f
w,f? usaemfu attifpD vd@k a&;xm;wJph mvk;H ab;u uGuv f yfxJ =uufajccwfvu kd f
+yD;awmh usaemfhrJpm&Gufacgufuav;udk ±dk;±dk;opfom;ykH;wykH;xJ xnfhvdkufygw,f?
usaemfb h 0rSm yxrqk;H t}udrt f jzpf rJay;vdu k yf g+yD?
tJ'aD e@u awmiftmz&dujynfoal wG rJomG ;xnf=h uwJyh &Hk yd af wG[m usaemfrh w S f

^m%frmS pGx J ifaecJyh gw,f? òrŒd awG/ &GmawGe@J òrŒd awmf}u;D awG&ŒJ ajrom;vrf;awG/ ausmuf
cif;vrf;awGwav#muf pdw&f n S &f n
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h ikd ;f ae=uwJh vlwef;}u;D awG/ yxrqk;H t}urd f
rJay;&zd@k &mpkEpS w
f 0ufavmufapmifch &hJ wJh tzGm;tdak wGu olw@kd b0rSm yxrqk;H t}urd f
tjzpf vlvo kd vl ckd pH m;&w,fv@kd ajymwmawG/ tqk;H wae@rmS vGwv f yfwwhJ ikd ;f jynfjzpf
vmvd@k aexdik &f wm *k%, f al =umif;ajymaewJh vljzLtrsK;d om;/ trsK;d orD;awG pwJyh &Hk yd f
awG jzpfygw,f? rJxnfw h &hJ ufawGtwGi;f Edik if &H ŒJ cHpm;csut f m±k[H m aysm&f i$ jf rL;ºuGae
162
w,f? t=urf;zufr_awGeJ@ AkH;cGJr_awG &yfoGm;w,f? usaemfwdk@[m EdkifiHwckjyefvnf
arG;zGm;vmovdkygyJ? rJay;r_eJ@ywfouf+yD; vufawG@vkyfief;qdkif&mtcuftcJawG/
rJxnfrh mS ;wmawG/ w&m;r0ifr±J aHk wGe@J wcsKŒd ae&mawGrmS rJc;kd w,fqw kd hJ aumv[mv
awGuawmif 'Dru kd a&pDe@J w&m;r#wr_&ŒJ {&mratmify}JG uD;udk arS;rSed af tmifrvkyEf ikd cf hJ
ygb;l ?
rJa&wGurf &_ v'fawGxu G zf @kd &ufwcsK@d =umygw,f? usaemfw@kd [m wjynfv;Hk rJ&ŒJ
(62²6) &mckid Ef e_ ;f &cJw h ,f? wjcm;ygwaD wG&ŒJ taxmuftulrygbJ t+yD;owfz@JG pnf;ykH
tajccHOya' cscsi&f ifcsz@kd vdt k yfwo hJ ;Hk ykEH pS yf t
Hk iftm;xuf enf;enf;av;yJavsmw h ,f?
tck&wJ&h mcdik Ef e_ ;f t& usaemfw@kd [m trsK;d om;v$waf wmfrmS trwfae&m (400) teuf
(252) ae&m&rSm jzpfw,f? attifp[ D m x&efpAm;vfjynfe,fajrmufyikd ;f eJ@ ta&SŒydik ;f /
taemufajrmufa'o/ udyjf ynfe,fta&SŒydik ;f eJ@ z&D;pwdwjf ynfe,fw@kd rmS vk;H vk;H vsm;
vsm; v$r;f rd;k oGm;cJw h ,f? trsK;d om;ygwt D Edik &f wJh udyjf ynfe,ftaemufyikd ;f rSmawmh
usaemfw@kd u rJ (33) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f yJ&w,f? trsK;d om;ygw[ D m ujym;rJqEN&iS af wG&ŒJ axmuf
cHru _ kd aumif;aumif;}uD;&cJw h ,f? tifumomtzG@J tEdik &f wJh uGmZl;vl;§aew,fvf
jynfe,frmS usaemfw@kd u rJ (32) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f &cJw h ,f? aew,fvef ,frmS t=urf;zufru _ kd
pd;k &draf =umuf&ŒHG =uwmeJ@ +cdr;f ajcmufrw _ @kd a=umifh usaemfw@kd ukd rJay;r,fo h l tawmfrsm;
rsm; rJomG ;ray;cJ=h ubl;? rJc;kd w,f/ rJvrd w f ,fqw kd hJ pGypf cJG suaf wGvnf; &Sw d ,f? 'gayrJh
aemufq;Hk rSmawmh tJ'guta&;rygygb;l ? usaemfw@kd [m uGmZl;vl;e,frmS tifumom&JŒ
tiftm;udak v#mw h u G cf rhJ +d y;D olw@kdu a&G;aumufyaJG e@rmS tiftm;jyoGm;cJw h mjzpfygw,f?
attifpx D u J wcsK@d u usaemfw@kd taeeJ@ ok;H ykEH pS yf pHk nf;a=umif;udk rausmv f @kd pdwf
ysu=f uayrJh usaemfawmhpw d yf suw f x hJ J rygcyhJ g? pdwrf ysuw f thJ jyif wu,fwrf;tm;
jzifh usaemf[m pdwo f ufom&mawmif&oGm;w,f? wu,fv@kd om usaemfw@kd u rJo;Hk ykH
ESpyf EHk ikd +f yD; wjcm;olawGyg0ifrt _ m;jzifu h ef@owfaESmifz@JG rcH&bJ tajccHOya'wcka&;qGJ
EdkifcJh&if vlawGu usaemfwdk@[m awmiftmz&dutajccHOya'zefwD;wmr[kwfbJ
attifpt D ajccHOya'zefw;D wmyJjzpfw,fv@kd tremyajym=uvdrrhf ,f? usaemft h aeeJ@
wu,fppfreS w f hJ trsK;d om;nD!w G af &;tpd;k &wckuykd J vdck siyf gw,f?
arv2&ufae@ naeydkif;rSm rpPwm'Duvyfu ±_H;edrfha=umif;0efcHwJhrdef@cGef;udk

,Of,Ofaus;aus; at;at;aq;aq;ajymoGm;w,f? &mpkEpS f ok;H ckausmf pd;k rd;k tkycf sKycf +hJ y;D
aemuf vljzLvlenf;pk[m t±_;H ud0k efc+H yD; vlrnf;vlrsm;pkxH tm%mv$aJ jymif;aeyg+yD?
tJ'n
D aerSm attifpu D *sK[d efepPbm*fòrŒd v,faps;ydik ;f u umvfwef[w
kd ,f uyGcJ rf;rrSm
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H crf;tem;vkyzf @kd pDpOfaew,f? usaemf[m wkyaf uG;zsm; tawmfu h jkd zpfae
163
+yD; usaemfhq&m0efawGu tdrfrSmyJaecdkif;xm;ygw,f? 'gayrJh tJ'DygwDyGJwuf&zdk@
usaemfu h kd b,ft&murS rwm;qD;Edik yf g? usaemf[m n (9) em&DrmS pwdwpf ifay:wuf+y;D
ðyH;aysm&f i$ jf rL;aewJvh tl yk }f uD;udk qHak wG@cyhJ gw,f?
usaemfuvlx}k u;D udk tat;rdaevd@k toH0ifaea=umif;eJ@ usaemfo h rm;awmfu
yGrJ oGm;zd@k t=uaH y;xm;a=umif;ajymjycJw h ,f? “ol@!e¸ =f um;csuaf wG usaemf csK;d azmufwm
udk cifAsm;wd@k ol@jyefajymrjyzd@k usaemfar#mv f ifyh gw,f” vk@d ajymcJwh ,f? usaemfu rpPwm
'Duvyfudk oabmxm;azmfjycsuf tm;aumif;vdk@ csD;usL;*k%fðya=umif;ajymw,f/
tcsdefawG tvGefw&m=umanmif;pGm tvkyfawGtifrwefóud;pm;cJhwJh attifpDeJ@
'Dru kd a&pDvy_ &f mS ;r_xuJ yk*Kd~ vaf wGtm;vk;H udk aus;Zl;wifa=umif;ajymw,f? tJ'n D wke;f u
}uD;us,x f if&mS ;vSwhJ vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf 0JG iform; rmwifvo l muif;*sLeD,m&JŒZeD;
rpPpaf umf&ufwmpaumhuif;[m pifjrifah y:rSm&Sad e+yD; usaemfu olrcifyeG ;f &JŒ xm0&
wnfaer,fph um;awGukd &nf!e¸ ;f ajym&if; olrqDvrS ;f =unfch w hJ ,f?
tckcsdef[m usaemfwdk@wdkif;jynfb0c&D;rSm ta&;tygqkH;tcsdeftcgwckjzpfyg

w,f? usaemf[m euf±_dif;}uD;rm;vSwJh*k%f,lr_eJ@ 0rf;omaysmf&$ifr_wdk@jynfhv#rf;+yD;
cifAsm;wdk@a&S@arSmufrSm &yfaeygw,f? *k%f,lw,fqdkwmuawmh 'Dwdkif;jynf&JŒ omref
±dk;±dk;ukwfukwf jynfolawGtwGuf *k%f,lwmjzpfygw,f? cifAsm;wdk@[m 'Dwdkif;jynfudk
udk,fhwdkif;jynftjzpf jyefydkifqdkif&zdk@ tifrwefrSwnfwnf+idrf+idrf pdwf&Snfvuf&SnfeJ@
oH"Ïd mefcsyikd ;f jzwfcsuu
f kd jycJw
h ,f? tckawmh usaemfw@kd [m tdraf cgirf ;kd awGay:wuf+yD;
‘aemufqkH;rawmh vGwfvyf+yDa[h/ vGwfvyf+yD’ vdk@ tus,f}uD; 0rf;omaysmf&$ifpGm
[pfaºuG;Edkifyg+yD? cifAsm;wdk@&JŒ ol&owWdudk av;pm;txif}uD;pGmeJ@ cifAsm;wdk@a&SŒrSm
usaemf&yfaewmjzpfygw,f? cifAsm;wdk@tm;vkH;udk cspfcifr_tjynfht0&SdwJh ESvkH;om;
eJ@ usaemf &yfaewmjzpfygw,f? usaemfwdk@ordkif;&JŒ 'Dtcsdeftcgor,rSm attifpDudk
OD;aqmif&wm[m tjrifhrm;qkH;*k%f,lp&mtjzpf usaemfrSwf,lygw,f? usaemf[m
cifAsm;wdk@&JŒtaptyg; jzpfygw,f? æ vlyk*~dKvfwOD;csif;[m ta&;rygygbl;? vlyk*~dKvf
awG&JŒtpktaygif;uom ta&;ygwmjzpfw,f? æ tcktcsdef[m tema[mif;awG
usufatmifvkyf+yD; awmiftmz&duEdkifiHopfwnfzdk@tcsdef jzpfygw,f?
rJ&v'fawG0ifvmawmh attifpDutpdk;&zGJ@&zdk@ xif&Sm;odomvmcsdefup+yD;

usaemf[m jyefvnf&if=um;apha&;a[majymem;csz@kd / wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ '%f&m'%fcsuaf wG
ukpm;zd@k / ,kH =unfrj_ zpfay:vm=uapzd@k awGukd usaemfw h m0ef}uD;tjzpf awG@jrifcyhJ gw,f?
vltrsm;tjym;/ txl;ojzifh vlenf;pkawGjzpfwv hJ jl zLawG/ ujym;awGe@J ukvm;awG[m
tem*wfuakd wG; pd;k &draf e=uwm usaemfoad e+yD; olw@kd ukd pdwaf t;oGm;apcsiw f ,f?
164
vGwaf jrmufa&;wdu k yf [
JG m vlwpk (od@k r[kw)f tom;ta&mifwckukd qef@usiw f phJ pfyJG
r[kwb f J zdEydS cf sKycf s,wf phJ epfukd qef@usiw
f u kd cf u
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kd m usaemfu jynfol
awGukd xyfcgxyfcg owday;cJw h ,f? tcktcg awmiftmz&dujynfot l m;vk;H pnf;vk;H
nD!w G vf ufwyJG ;l aygi;f =u+y;D igw@kd [m wdik ;f jynfwckx/J trsK;d om;w&yfx/J jynfow l &yfxJ
jzpfw,fv@kd ajym&if; tem*wfukd twlcsw D uf=u&r,fv@kd tcGi&hf wdik ;f usaemfajymcJh
w,f?
115
arv (10) &ufae@[m =unfvifom,mpGmeJ@ t±k%w f ufvmcJw h ,f? &mxl;
vufcyH rJG a&mufcif &uftenf;i,ftwGi;f *g&0ðyzd@k / cs;D usL;*k%ðf yzd@k a&mufvmwJh tpd;k &
xdyw f ef;t&m&S}d u;D awGe@J urBmah cgi;f aqmifawGu usaemfu h kd aysmpf &maumif;wJh 0dik ;f 0ef;
ydwq f @kd rv_ yk w f mcH&w,f? &mxl;vufcyH [ JG m awmiftmz&duajray:rSm Edik if w H um
acgi;f aqmifawG t}uD;rm;qk;H pka0;r_ jzpfvrd rhf ,f?
tcrf;tem;udk y&Dw;kd &D;,m;òrŒd awmfu jynfaxmifpt k aqmuftOD;awGe@J ykaH zmf
xm;wJ/h vSywJah v[mjyif oJausmufZmwf±}Hk uD;rSm vkycf w hJ ,f? 'Dae&m[m q,fpEk pS f
aygi;f rsm;pGm vljzL}u;D pd;k r_&ŒJ Xmaejzpfcw hJ ,f? tckawmh awmiftmz&du&JŒyxrqk;H aom
vlrsK;d rcGjJ cm;wJh 'Dru kd a&pDtpd;k & tm%mp,lz@kd / taoG;ta&mifppHk v Hk ifvife@J Edik if aH ygi;f pku H
oufwef@a&mifpv Hk kd pka0;=uwJah e&mjzpfae+yD?
tJ'o D m,mvSywJh aqmif;OD;&ufrmS usaemfu h kd orD;ZifemeDu tazmfðyay;cJh
w,f? pifjrifah y:rSm rpPwm'Duvyfu 'kw, d vufaxmuforwtjzpf t&ifq;Hk usr;f
opPmused q f w kd ,f? 'Dah emuf ombdt k rfbu D uD yxrvufaxmuforwtjzpf usr;f
opPmused q f w kd ,f? usaemft h vSnahf &mufawmh usaemfu tajccHOya'udk vdu k ef mudik pf JG
r,fth a=umif;eJ@ orwEdik if aH wmfe@J jynfoal wG&ŒJ aumif;usK;d twGuf rdru d ,
kd u f jkd rK‡ yEf rHS ,fh
ta=umif; uwdopPmðycJw h ,f? pka0;a&muf&adS ewJh {nfo h nfawmfawGe@J apmif=h unfh
aer,fh urBm}uD;ukd usaemfu æ
'Duae@ usaemfwdk@tm;vkH; 'DrSma&muf&Sdae jcif;tm;jzifh æ arG;zGm;jzpfxGef;p vGwfvyf

a&;ukd *k%fusufoa&eJŒ ar#mfvihfcsufawGay;tyfvdkufw,f? tvGeftusL;=umanmif;cJhwJh/
xl;uJvSwJh vlom;ab;'kuQ}uD;wcktawG@tóuHuae vlom;rsKd;EG,fw&yfvkH; *k%f,l&r,fh
vl@abmifwck arG;udkarG;zGm;vm&rSmjzpfygw,f? æ
ody+f yD;r=umao;cifwek ;f u 0&rf;ajy;awGjzpfcw hJ hJ usaemfw@kd [m 'Dae@rmS awmh urBmEh ikd if H
awGudk usaemfwdk@ajray:rSmyJ {nfhcHEdkifwJh &Sm;yg;tcGifhxl;&cJhw,f? w&m;r#wa&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@
vl@*k%foduQmawGtwGuf/ wu,fwrf;tm;jzifh tm;vkH;eJ@qdkifwJhatmifyGJwckudk usaemfwdk@
165
wdkif;jynf&JŒ jynfolawGeJ@twl vma&mufatmifyGJcHwJh/ av;pm;tyfwJh EdkifiHwumrS {nfhonf
awmftm;vkH;udk aus;Zl;wifygw,f?
usaemfw@kd [m aemufq;Hk rSmawmh ud, k &hf ŒJ Edik if aH &;t& vGwaf jrmufru _ &kd &Scd yhJ g+yD? usaemf
wd@k [m ud,k jhf ynfot l m;vk;H udk qif;&JraJG wr_/ tcGit hf a&;rJrh /_ vdit
f &cGjJ cm;qufqrH e_ @J wjcm;
cGJjcm;qufqHr_pwJh aESmifóud;qufvuftwJcHae&wmuae vGwfajrmufatmifvkyfzdk@
udk,fh[mudk,fuwdopPmðyygw,f?
'Dom,mvSywJhwdkif;jynf[m wa,muftay:wa,mufzdESdyfr_udk b,fawmhrS/
b,fawmhrS/ b,ftcgrSmrS xyf+yD;róuHap&? æ tifrwef*k%fusufoa&&SdwJh vlom;wdk@&JŒ
pGrf;aqmifatmifjrifr_ay:rSm b,fawmhrS aer0ifap&?
vGwv f yfr_ pd;k rd;k ygapom;? tmz&duudk bk&m;ocif aumif;cs;D ay;awmfryl gapom; æ?
c%=umwJt h cg awmiftmz&du*suaf v,mOfawG/ &[wf,mOfawGe@J ppfom;wif

av,mOfawG[m jynfaxmifpktaqmuftOD;awGay:rSm vSyaooyfpGmtkyfzGJ@+yD;
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ရန္သူႏွင့္စကားေျပာျခင္း (ဘာသာျပန္ ဂါမဏိ)

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ရန္သူႏွင့္စကားေျပာျခင္း (ဘာသာျပန္ ဂါမဏိ)

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&efolESifh pum;ajymjcif;

Long Walk to Freedom

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