MOÂN HOÏC: VI BA SOÁ Lôùp Kyõ Thuaät Vieãn Thoâng

MOÂN HOÏC: VI BA SOÁ
Lôùp Kyõ thuaät vieãn thoâng
Chöông 2:
XÖÛ LYÙ TÍN HIEÄU BAÊNG GOÁC
DH GTVT – BM KTVT 1 21年 11月 2

NOÄI DUNG CHÖÔNG 2
 Ñieàu cheá soá laø gì?

 Caùc loaïi ñieàu cheá soá:
 ASK
 FSK
 PSK
 QAM
 Chuyeån ñoåi maõ
 Ngaãu nhieân hoaù
 Maõ hoaù vi sai
 Taïo khung voâ tuyeán
ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 2 21年 11月 2

Ñieàu cheá soá
 Ñeå coù theå truyeàn daãn caùc thoâng tin soá baèng soùng
ñieän töø, caàn phaûi tieán haønh ñieàu cheá soá.
 Ñieàu cheá soá laø kyõ thuaät gaén thoâng tin soá vaøo dao
ñoäng hình sine (soùng mang), laøm cho soùng mang coù
theå mang thoâng tin caàn truyeàn ñi.
 Ta cuõng coù theå hieåu: ñieàu cheá soá laø söû duïng thoâng
tin soá taùc ñoäng leâ caùc thoâng soá cuûa soùng mang,
laøm cho caùc thoâng soá cuûa soùng mang bieán thieân theo
quy luaät cuûa thoâng tin.

Ñieàu cheá soá

Ñieàu cheá soá
 Soùng mang hình sine coù daïng:

x(t) = A cos(2πfct + þ)
 Coù ba thoâng soá cuûa soùng mang coù theå mang tin:laø
bieân ñoä (A), taàn soá (fc) vaø goùc pha (þ).
 Do ñoù, ta coù theå taùc ñoäng leân moät trong 3 thoâng soá
cuûa soùng mang ñeå coù caùc phöông phaùp ñieàu cheá
töông öùng.
 Ngoaøi ra, ta cuõng coù theå taùc ñoäng leân moät luùc 2
thoâng soá cuûa soùng mang ñeå coù phöông phaùp ñieàu
cheá keát hôïp.

Caùc phöông phaùp ñieàu cheá soá
Coù caùc phöông phaùp ñieàu cheá sau:

 Amplitude-shift keying (ASK): ñieàu cheá khoaù – dòch bieân ñoä.
 Frequency-shift keying (FSK) : ñieàu cheá khoaù – dòch taàn soá.
 Phase-shift keying (PSK) : ñieàu cheá khoaù – dòch pha.
 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM): Ñieàu cheá bieân ñoä
caàu phöông. Ñaây laø phöông phaùp keát hôïp giöõa ASK vaø PSK.

Caùc phöông phaùp ñieàu cheá soá

Note:
Bit rate is the number of bits per

second. Baud rate is the number of
signal units per second. Baud rate is
less than or equal to the bit rate.

Example 1
An analog signal carries 4 bits in each signal unit. If 1000

signal units are sent per second, find the baud rate and the
bit rate

Example 1
An analog signal carries 4 bits in each signal unit. If 1000

signal units are sent per second, find the baud rate and the
bit rate
Solution
Baud rate = 1000 bauds per second (baud/s)
Bit rate = 1000 x 4 = 4000 bps

Example 2
The bit rate of a signal is 3000. If each signal unit carries

6 bits, what is the baud rate?

Example 2
The bit rate of a signal is 3000. If each signal unit carries

6 bits, what is the baud rate?
Solution
Baud rate = 3000 / 6 = 500 baud/s

Ñieàu cheá ASK (2 ASK)
 Möùc thaáp nhaát laø ASK hai möùc (2 ASK)

 Bit 1 nhò phaân ñöôïc bieåu dieãn baèng moät soùng mang
coù bieân ñoä laø haèng soá.
 Bit 0 nhò phaân: khoâng xuaát hieän soùng mang.

 A cos 2f c t  bit 1
s t   

 0 bit 0
 Vôùi tín hieäu soùng mang laø Acos(2πfct)

Daïng tín hieäu 2-ASK
Tín hieäu ASK hai möùc
Ta coù theå taïo ra ñöôïc 4ASK, 16 ASK… Tuy nhieân caùc

loaïi ñieàu cheá naøy coù khaù naêng choáng nhieãu keùm.
Figure 5.3 ASK

Figure 5.4 Relationship between baud rate and bandwidth in ASK

Example 3
Find the minimum bandwidth for an ASK signal

transmitting at 2000 bps. The transmission mode is half-
duplex.

Example 3
Find the minimum bandwidth for an ASK signal

transmitting at 2000 bps. The transmission mode is half-
duplex.
Solution
In ASK the baud rate and bit rate are the same. The baud
rate is therefore 2000. An ASK signal requires a
minimum bandwidth equal to its baud rate. Therefore,
the minimum bandwidth is 2000 Hz.

Example 4
Given a bandwidth of 5000 Hz for an ASK signal, what

are the baud rate and bit rate?

Example 4
Given a bandwidth of 5000 Hz for an ASK signal, what

Solution
In ASK the baud rate is the same as the bandwidth,
which means the baud rate is 5000. But because the baud
rate and the bit rate are also the same for ASK, the bit
rate is 5000 bps.

Example 5
Given a bandwidth of 10,000 Hz (1000 to 11,000 Hz),

draw the full-duplex ASK diagram of the system. Find
the carriers and the bandwidths in each direction. Assume
there is no gap between the bands in the two directions.

Example 5
Given a bandwidth of 10,000 Hz (1000 to 11,000 Hz),

draw the full-duplex ASK diagram of the system. Find
the carriers and the bandwidths in each direction. Assume
there is no gap between the bands in the two directions.
Solution
For full-duplex ASK, the bandwidth for each direction is
BW = 10000 / 2 = 5000 Hz
The carrier frequencies can be chosen at the middle of
each band (see Fig. 5.5).
fc (forward) = 1000 + 5000/2 = 3500 Hz
fc (backward) = 11000 – 5000/2 = 8500 Hz
Figure 5.5 Solution to Example 5

Ñieàu cheá FSK (FSK hai möùc)
 Möùc thaáp nhaát laø FSK hai möùc (2 FSK, BFSK)

 Caû hai bit nhò phaân 0 vaø 1 ñöôïc bieåu dieãn ôû hai taàn
soá soùng mang khaùc nhau:

 A cos 2f1t  bit 1
s t   

 A cos 2f 2t  bit 0

Daïng tín hieäu 2-FSK
Tín hieäu FSK hai möùc

Figure 5.6 FSK

Figure 5.7 Relationship between baud rate and bandwidth in FSK

Example 6
Find the minimum bandwidth for an FSK signal
transmitting at 2000 bps. Transmission is in half-duplex
mode, and the carriers are separated by 3000 Hz.
Solution
For FSK
BW = baud rate + fc1  fc0
BW = bit rate + fc1  fc0 = 2000 + 3000 = 5000 Hz

Example 7
Find the maximum bit rates for an FSK signal if the
bandwidth of the medium is 12,000 Hz and the difference
between the two carriers is 2000 Hz. Transmission is in
full-duplex mode.
Solution
Because the transmission is full duplex, only 6000 Hz is
allocated for each direction.
BW = baud rate + fc1  fc0
Baud rate = BW  (fc1  fc0 ) = 6000  2000 = 4000
But because the baud rate is the same as the bit rate, the
bit rate is 4000 bps.
MFSK – FSK M möùc
 Söû duïng M taàn soá soùng mang

 Hieäu quaû hôn veà söû duïng baêng thoâng nhöng loãi
nhieàu hôn.
si  t   A cos 2f i t 1 i  M
 f i = f c + (2i – 1 – M)f d
 f c = Taàn soá soùng mang
 f d = ñoä dôøi taàn soá
 M = Soá traïng thaùi ñieàu cheá = 2 L
 L = Soá bít trong moãi traïng thaùi ñieàu cheá

Multiple Frequency-Shift Keying (MFSK)
 Ñeå töông thích vôùi toác ñoä döõ lieäu cuûa luoàng bit
vaøo, moãi moät phaàn töû tín hieäu ñaàu ra coù khoaûng
thôøi gian laø:
Ts=LT seconds
 Trong ñoù T chu kyø bit (toác ñoä döõ lieäu = 1/T)
 Vì vaäy, moãi phaàn töû tín hieäu ñieàu cheá mang löôïng
tin laø L bits

Multiple Frequency-Shift Keying (MFSK)

PSK
 PSK hai möùc (BPSK)

 Söû duïng hai goùc pha bieåu dieãn cho 2 bit nhò phaân
 A cos 2f c t 
 bit 1
s t   
 A cos 2f c t   
 bit 0
 A cos 2f c t 
 bit 1

 A cos 2f c t 
 bit 0

Tín hieäu PSK 2 möùc
Tín hieäu PSK hai möùc

2PSK
NRZ vaøo 2PSK ra

2PSK
b(t) y(t) 0 1
Soùng mang
c(t)
Sô ñoà nguyeân lyù Caùc vò trí pha

Figure 5.8 PSK

Figure 5.9 PSK constellation

Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)
 PSK vi sai (DPSK)

 Söï dòch phase cuûa traïng thaùi hieän taïi giöïa treân söï
tham khaûo pha cuûa traïng thaùi tröôùc ñoù.
 Bit 0 – cuïm tín hieäu hieän taïi ñoàng phase vôùi cuïm
tín hieäu tröôùc ñoù.
 Bit 1 – cuïm tín hieäu hieän taïi ngöôïc pha vôùi cuïm
tín hieäu tröôùc ñoù.

 PSK 4 möùc (QPSK)

 Moãi traïng thaùi soùng mang mang thoâng tin 2 bit
 
A cos 2f c t  
  4
11
 
A cos 2f c t 
3 
 01
s t    

4 
3 
A cos 2f c t   00
  4 
 
A cos 2f c t  
 10
 4
4PSK – Sô ñoà nguyeân lyù ñieàu cheá
b1(t) I
2PSK
NRZ vaøo S c(t)

4PSK ra

b(t)
P 90o y(t)
2PSK
b2(t) Q

4PSK - Caùc traïng thaùi phase
Q
01 1 11
0 1 I
00 0 10

4PSK – Sô ñoà nguyeân lyù giaûi ñieàu cheá
I LPF
c(t)
4 PSK vaøo So pha  Luoàng bit ra
900 b(t)
LPF
Boä chia Q
coâng suaát

Figure 5.10 The 4-PSK method

Figure 5.11 The 4-PSK characteristics

Figure 5.12 The 8-PSK characteristics

Figure 5.13 Relationship between baud rate and bandwidth in PSK

Example 8
Find the bandwidth for a 2-PSK signal transmitting at

2000 bps. Transmission is in half-duplex mode.

Example 8
Find the bandwidth for a 2-PSK signal transmitting at

2000 bps. Transmission is in half-duplex mode.
Solution
For 2-PSK the baud rate is the same as the bandwidth,
which means the baud rate is 2000.

Example 9
Given a bandwidth of 5000 Hz for an 8-PSK signal, what


Example 9
Given a bandwidth of 5000 Hz for an 8-PSK signal, what

Solution
For 2PSK the baud rate is the same as the bandwidth,
which means the baud rate is 5000. But in 8-PSK the bit
rate is 3 times the baud rate, so the bit rate is 15,000 bps.

 Multilevel PSK
 Using multiple phase angles with each angle having more than one
amplitude, multiple signals elements can be achieved
R R
D 
L log 2 M
 D = modulation rate, baud
 R = data rate, bps
 M = number of different signal elements = 2 L
 L = number of bits per signal element

Performance
 Bandwidth of modulated signal (BT)

 ASK, PSK BT=(1+r)R
 FSK BT=2DF+(1+r)R
 R = bit rate
 0 < r < 1; related to how signal is filtered
 DF = f2-fc=fc-f1

Performance
 Bandwidth of modulated signal (BT)

1 r   1 r 
 MPSK BT    R    R
 L   log 2 M 
 1  r  M 
 MFSK BT    R
 log 2 M 
 L = number of bits encoded per signal element
 M = number of different signal elements

Baêng thoâng cuûa tín hieäu ñieàu cheá
 Ví duï: Tìm baêng thoâng cuûa tín hieäu ñieàu cheá PSK 2
möùc, 4 möùc, 8 möùc, 16 möùc cho 1 luoàng E1, E3, E4.

So saùnh ba loaïi ñieàu cheá

QAM
 QAM laø söï keát hôïp cuûa ASK vaø PSK

 Veà baûn chaát ñaây laø 2 tín hieäu ñöôïc phaùt ñi treân cuøng moät
taàn soá soùng mang.
s  t   d1  t  cos 2f c t  d 2  t  sin 2f c t

Note:
Quadrature amplitude modulation is a

combination of ASK and PSK so that a
maximum contrast between each
signal unit (bit, dibit, tribit, and so on)
is achieved.

Caùc traïng thaùi cuûa 4-QAM & 8 QAM

Daïng tín hieäu 8-QAM

16-QAM
SÖÛ DUÏNG
PHOÅ BIEÁN
NHAÁT

16QAM – Sô ñoà nguyeân lyù ñieàu cheá
b1(t) I
4PAM
b2(t)
NRZ vaøo S c(t)

16QAM ra

b(t)
P 90o y(t)
b3(t)
4PAM
b4(t) Q

16QAM - Caùc traïng thaùi phase
Q
10 1010
11 1011
I
00 01 11 10
01 1001
00 1000

Figure 5.17 Bit and baud

Table 5.1 Bit and baud rate comparison
Modulation Units Bits/Baud Baud rate Bit Rate
ASK, FSK, 2-PSK Bit 1 N N
4-PSK, 4-QAM Dibit 2 N 2N
8-PSK, 8-QAM Tribit 3 N 3N
16-QAM Quadbit 4 N 4N
32-QAM Pentabit 5 N 5N
64-QAM Hexabit 6 N 6N
128-QAM Septabit 7 N 7N
256-QAM Octabit 8 N 8N

Example 10
A constellation diagram consists of eight equally spaced

points on a circle. If the bit rate is 4800 bps, what is the
baud rate?

Example 10
A constellation diagram consists of eight equally spaced

points on a circle. If the bit rate is 4800 bps, what is the
baud rate?
Solution
The constellation indicates 8-PSK with the points 45
degrees apart. Since 23 = 8, 3 bits are transmitted with
each signal unit. Therefore, the baud rate is
4800 / 3 = 1600 baud

Example 11
Compute the bit rate for a 1000-baud 16-QAM signal.

Example 11
Compute the bit rate for a 1000-baud 16-QAM signal.
Solution
A 16-QAM signal has 4 bits per signal unit since
log216 = 4.
Thus,
(1000)(4) = 4000 bps

Example 12
Compute the baud rate for a 72,000-bps 64-QAM signal.

Example 12
Compute the baud rate for a 72,000-bps 64-QAM signal.
Solution
A 64-QAM signal has 6 bits per signal unit since
log2 64 = 6.
Thus,
72000 / 6 = 12,000 baud

Chuyeån ñoåi maõ
HDB3/ NRZ
CMI
M M
M M Tx O U
U O Tx D X
X D
D D
D D E E
E E Rx M M
M M Rx O U
U O D X
X D

HDB3 to NRZ
+V
R1
OP-Amp 1
X1 Y1
+
L1 a d
HDB-3 c f
RZ NRZ
e
- L2 b OR1 OR2
Treã ½ T
X2 Y2
R2 OP-Amp 2

CMI to NRZ
CMI EX-OR
a
D D Q RNZ
Treã ½ bit b C Q
CLK

Ngaãu nhieân hoùa (Scrambler)
 Trong truyeàn daãn vi ba soá, khoái giaûi ñieàu cheá coù

ñöôïc söï ñoàng boä ñoàng hoà vôùi khoái ñieàu cheá nhôø
vaøo vieäc khoâi phuï ñoàng hoà töø tín hieäu thu ñöôïc.
 Neáu tín hieäu truyeàn daãn coù tính ngaãu nhieân thì phoå
naêng löôïng cuûa tín hieäu taäp trung taïi taàn soá baèng toác
ñoä bit (Rb) do ñoù ñoàng hoà khoâi phuïc ñöôïc laø Rb.

Ngaãu nhieân hoùa (Scrambler)
 Neáu tín hieäu truyeàn daãn khoâng coù tính ngaãu nhieân, ví
duï tín hieäu:
 1010101010101010101010101010
 110110110110110110110110110110
 11001100110011001100110011001100
thì phoå naêng löôïng cuûa tín hieäu taäp trung taïi taàn soá
laëp laïi cuûa töøng nhoùm bit (Rb/2, Rb/3, Rb/4) do ñoù
ñoàng hoà khoâi phuïc ñöôïc laø Rb/2, Rb/3, Rb/4.
 Vì vaäy ñaàu thu khoâng coù ñöôïc ñoàng boä vôùi ñaàu
phaùt.
 Ngaãu nhieân hoaù nhaèm muïc ñích bieán ñoài luoàng tín
hieäu tröôùc khi phaùt ñi mang tính ngaãu nhieân.
Nguyeân lyù ngaãu nhieân hoùa
EX-OR EX-OR
Döõ lieäu vaøo a b y
b Moâi tröôøng
c c Döõ lieäu ra
Döõ lieäu nhò phaân 2 truyeàn daãn
Maïch maõ hoaù Maïch giaûi maõ

hoaù
a c b c y
0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1

Taïo tín hieäu ngaãu nhieân
 Caùc boä taïo tín hieäu ngaãu nhieân (xem taïi lieäu, trang
228,229, 230)

Maõ hoaù vi sai
 Ñöôïc söû duïng ñeå phuïc vuï cho ñieàu cheá vi sai.
 Xem taøi lieäu, trang 231, 232, 233, 234, 235.

Taïo khung voâ tuyeán
 Heä thoáng truyeàn daãn voâ tuyeán caàn coù theâm caùc
loaïi thoâng tin khaùc nhau ñeå phuïc vuï cho giaùm saùt,
quaûn lyù vaø baûo döôõng heä thoáng (goïi laø caùc bit
nghieäp vuï).
 Caùc thoâng tin naøy ñöôïc gheùp vaøo luoàng soá tröôùc
ñieàu cheá vaø laáy ra sau khi giaûi ñieàu cheá.
 Ñeå coù theå gheùp vaø taùch caùc bít nghieäp vuï chính xaùc
caàn phaûi taïo moät caáu truùc khung môùi, ñöôïc goïi laø
khung voâ tuyeán.

Caáu truùc khung voâ tuyeán
 Moät khung voâ tuyeán goàm coù caùc thaønh phaàn sau:
 Caùc bit döõ lieäu cuûa luoàng soá caàn truyeàn
 Caùc bit nghieäp vuï
 Caùc bit kieåm tra loãi
 Caùc bit ñoàng boä khung.
 Moãi heä thoáng truyeàn daãn khaùc nhau ñònh nghóa caáu
truùc khung voâ tuyeán khaùc nhau.

Keát thuùc chöông 2

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MOÂN HOÏC: VI BA SOÁ

Lôùp Kyõ thuaät vieãn thoâng

DH GTVT – BM KTVT 1 21年 11月 2

 Ñieàu cheá soá laø gì?

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 2 21年 11月 2

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 3 21年 11月 2

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 4 21年 11月 2

 Soùng mang hình sine coù daïng:

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 5 21年 11月 2

Coù caùc phöông phaùp ñieàu cheá sau:

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 6 21年 11月 2

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 7 21年 11月 2

Bit rate is the number of bits per

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 8 21年 11月 2

An analog signal carries 4 bits in each signal unit. If 1000

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 9 21年 11月 2

An analog signal carries 4 bits in each signal unit. If 1000

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 10 21年 11月 2

The bit rate of a signal is 3000. If each signal unit carries

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 11 21年 11月 2

The bit rate of a signal is 3000. If each signal unit carries

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 12 21年 11月 2

 Möùc thaáp nhaát laø ASK hai möùc (2 ASK)

 Vôùi tín hieäu soùng mang laø Acos(2πfct)

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 13 21年 11月 2

Tín hieäu ASK hai möùc

Ta coù theå taïo ra ñöôïc 4ASK, 16 ASK… Tuy nhieân caùc

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 15 21年 11月 2

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 16 21年 11月 2

Find the minimum bandwidth for an ASK signal

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 17 21年 11月 2

Find the minimum bandwidth for an ASK signal

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 18 21年 11月 2

Given a bandwidth of 5000 Hz for an ASK signal, what

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 19 21年 11月 2

Given a bandwidth of 5000 Hz for an ASK signal, what

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 20 21年 11月 2

Given a bandwidth of 10,000 Hz (1000 to 11,000 Hz),

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 21 21年 11月 2

Given a bandwidth of 10,000 Hz (1000 to 11,000 Hz),

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 23 21年 11月 2

 Möùc thaáp nhaát laø FSK hai möùc (2 FSK, BFSK)

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 24 21年 11月 2

Tín hieäu FSK hai möùc

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 25 21年 11月 2

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 26 21年 11月 2

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 27 21年 11月 2

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 28 21年 11月 2

 Söû duïng M taàn soá soùng mang

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 30 21年 11月 2

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 31 21年 11月 2

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 32 21年 11月 2

 PSK hai möùc (BPSK)

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 33 21年 11月 2

Tín hieäu PSK hai möùc

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 34 21年 11月 2

NRZ vaøo 2PSK ra

Sô ñoà nguyeân lyù Caùc vò trí pha

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 35 21年 11月 2

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 36 21年 11月 2

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 37 21年 11月 2

 PSK vi sai (DPSK)

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 38 21年 11月 2

 PSK 4 möùc (QPSK)