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Bracket Investigations (1)
 
Power 2:
( )
222222
2,2,2.
ab ab
a b a ab ba b aba a
+ = + += + +≡ +
∑ ∑
b
 
( )
22222
2222.
abc abc
a b c a b c ab bc caa ab
+ + = + + + + +≡ +
∑ ∑
 
( )
222222
2222222.
abcd abcd 
a b c d a b c d ab ac ad bc bd ca ab
+ + + = + + + + + + + + +≡ +
∑ ∑
d 
 The pattern seems to be:
( )
22
2
abcd abcd 
a b c d a ab
+ + + + = +
∑ ∑
… …
 
Power 3:
( )
332233232
33333.
ab ab
a b a a b ab ba b a b aba a b
+ = + + += + + +≡ +
∑ ∑
32
,,
 
( )
33332222232
333333636.
abc abc
a b c a b ca b a c b a b c c a c babca a b abc
+ + = + ++ + + + + ++≡ + +
∑ ∑
2
 
( )
3333322222222222232
333333333333666636.
abcd abcd abcd 
a b c d a b c d a b a c a d b a b c b d c a c b c d d a d b d cabc abd bcd acd a a b abc
+ + + = + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + +≡ + +
∑ ∑ ∑
 The pattern seems to be:
( )
332
36
abcd abcd abcd 
a b c d a a b abc
+ + + + = + +
∑ ∑ ∑
… … …
 
 
Power 4:
( )
443223443324322
46444646.
ab ab
a b a a b a b ab ba b a b ab a ba a b a b
+ = + + + += + + + +≡ + +
∑ ∑
42
,,
3
.
c
 
( )
44443333322222222243222
444444666121212,4612
abc abc abc abc
a b c a b ca b a c b a b c c a c ba b a c b ca bc b ac c aba a b a b a b
+ + = + ++ + + + + ++ + ++ + +≡ + + +
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
 
( )
44444333333333332222222222222222222222222
44444444444466666661212121212121212121212
a b c d a b c d a b a c a d b a b c b d c a c bc d d a d b d ca b a c a d b c b d c d c d a bc a bd a cd b ac b ad b cd c ab c ad c bd d ab d ac
+ + + = + + ++ + + + + + + ++ + + ++ + + + + + ++ + + + + ++ + + + + +
243222
1224,461224.
abcd abcd abcd abcd 
d bcabcd a a b a b a bc abcd 
+≡ + + + +
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
3
 The pattern seems to be:
( )
443222
461224
abcd abcd abcd abcd abcd 
a b c d a a b a b a bc abcd 
+ + + + = + + + +
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
… … … … …
. 
Higher Powers:
In a similar manner we can find the pattern for the 5
th
power:
( )
554323222
510203060120
abcde abcde abcde abcde abcde abcde abcde
a b c d ea a b a b a bc a b c a bcd abcde
+ + + + + =+ + + + + +
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
… … … … … … …
.
 
Questions:
 
1. How do we work out the letters that multiply one another in respective terms?2. How do we work out the number of different type of terms in the expressions?3. How do we work out the coefficients (numbers) in front of each term?
 
 
Answers and observations:
 
1. The letters that multiply one another each have powers, in particular notice that
1
a a
=
and. Noting this we observe that every single term in the expansion
can 
have every letter;
a,b, c, d, e,…
in it. For example in the expansion of 
( )
, namely:
 
0
1
a
=
4
a b c d 
+ + +
( )
444443333333333332222222222222222222222222
44444444444466666661212121212121212121212
a b c d a b c d a b a c a d b a b c b d c a c bc d d a d b d ca b a c a d b c b d c d c d a bc a bd a cd b ac b ad b cd c ab c ad c bd d ab d ac
+ + + = + + ++ + + + + + + ++ + + ++ + + + + + ++ + + + + ++ + + + + +
2
1224,
d bcabcd 
+
(
 which
could 
be rewritten as:
)
4400004000040000431003010300113000310300130003110030122002020200202
4444444444446666
a b c d a b c d a b c d a b c d a b c d a b c d a b c d a b c d a b c d a ba b c d a b c d a b c d a b c d a b ca b c d a b c d a b c d a b
+ + + = + + ++ + + + + ++ + + + + ++ + + +
20020022211021012011021111201021012101121111
6121212112121212121224.
c d a ba b c d a b c d a b c d a b c d a b c d a b c d a b c d a b c d a b c d a b c d 
+ + + + + ++ + + + + ++ +
44322
4612
abcd abcd abcd abcd 
a b c d a a b a b a bc
+ + + + = + + +
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
… … … …
2
abcd 
a bc
∑
2222222222222222222222222222222
.
abcde
a bc a bc a bd a be a cd a ce a deb ac b ad b ae b cd b ce b dec ab c ad c ae c bd c be c ded ab d ac d ae d bc d be d cee ab e ac e ad e bc e bd e cd 
= + + + + ++ + + + + ++ + + + + ++ + + + + ++ + + + + +
∑
100301030013
c d a b c d d a b c d 
0200221210120111021012
6621212
c d a b c d a b c d a b c d a b c d a b c d 
+ +
2
24.
abcd 
abcd 
+
∑
…
 Therefore, it is clear that within each term the powers must add up to the power on the originalbracket
before 
its expansion. The problem now becomes one of making sure that all of the possiblepermutations are accounted for within a particular type of term. Notice that the above expansioncan be written in “Summation” form:
 
( )
 
and for terms of the type we must make sure that all terms of this type are accounted for by noting the valid values at the bottom of the summation sign. For example:where all permutations for the letters
a, b, c, d 
and
e 
for this particular form have been found.
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