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[Microbiology] [20] [Host-Parasite Relationships II] by [professor]

[Slide number] [Key Point]
[speaker] Key questions. Is caries like these other infectious diseases? I just told
you. Is there any animal that has caries? Your dog, hamsters, mice, rats, camels,
bats? No. Its specific to humans. Remember what I told you about co-evolution.
Caries are site/ human specific. It tells you a well-involved infectious disease. I will
tell you its caused by the indigenous biota of the human body. Its not species
jumping. There are infectious diseases that you can get from your dog or cat.
[Slide number] [SARS]
[speaker] Btw, if you lived through the so-called SARS hysteria they thought it was
these cute little animals called polecats. Arent they cute? I didnt even know what
they were. Cute. So they said, SARS came from that. They went on to kill every
polecat in Asia. It was a massive slaughter. It was intense. People in Asia were saying
What are you doing? They overreacted. The end up killing all of these poor
animals. It turned out it wasnt the polecats at all. You know why? None of this
people went to this lecture. If they went to this lecture, they would have seen that
the polecats were dying from SARS. So they couldnt be the source. People thought
they were the source. They were dying b/c someone else was the carrier and the
disease jumped to them.
[Slide number] [Bats]
[speaker] Turns out it was bats. They were the natural killers. Co-evolution. Bats
had SARS. They bit the polecats werent happy, and they infected humans. Thats a
funky looking dude there for being such a bad guy.
[Slide number] [Toxoplasmosis]
[speaker] Just to be contempory, this is a 2-hour lecture. Are you getting antsy? I
get finish the first 2/3
rd
s in a second. This was in timeout magazine. Front page.
Toxoplasmosis and it has to do w/ a parasite that is a protozoa. This protozoa is
found in cats.
[Slide number] [Toxoplasmosis- Cat and Mouse]
[speaker] The way it works is that cats infect humans. If you were a pregnant
human and had cats you have to be careful of toxoplasmosis since it can be harmful
to the fetus. This became a great concern in NYC. Heres what happens. It turns out
cats as you know eat mice. Not many cats will go after rats in NY. They will go after
mice. Toxoplasmosis is co-evolved w/ a specific species of mouse. The mouse w/ the
toxoplasmosis if eaten by the cat, the cat then develops toxoplasmosis. Those two
havent co-evolved but the cat can tolerate it, but when it goes to the bathroom, the
feces had toxoplasmosis and infects the human. Where this host parasite species
works out for the cat and the mouse is that if the mouse is infected w/
toxoplasmosis it loses its fear of the cat. Toxoplasmosis is smart. It says how can I
perpetuate my species into the next set of generation. The best way to do it is to
effect my carrier (the mouse), make it stupid. Look at this mouse. They actually
found out the gene that is turned off in the mouse brain cells that make it lose fear.
The mouse has no fear of cats. The cat eats the mouse. The cat then does its poop in
the kitty box and then toxoplasmosis is then eaten by the mice so the mice nibble at
the feces and so it perpetuates. Who is driving this? The smart guy driving this
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interaction? The cat, the mouse, or the toxoplasmosis. The toxoplasmosis is driving
this whole ecosystem to its benefit. He/she is thinking perpetuate and the cat
always get the mouse.
[Slide number] [Jonathan Swift]
[speaker] Stupid stupid I know. Im going to take it out next year. Give me a couple
minutes and then well do part 2 after we take a short break. Jonathan Swift from
Dublin community college and wrote this piece back in 1800s where they didnt
have a lot of complicated microscope. So, naturalists observe the fleas so that the
fleas have fleas. This precedes ad infinitum So when you see a host parasite
relationship, theres more layers to it. Sometimes we just look at the civits (I cant
understand what he is saying here) and thats just one part of it and we wipe them
out and we miss the other part of it. So host parasite relationship.
[Slide number] [Oriental Rat Flea]
[speaker] Heres my favorite example. Heres the oriental rat flea. Its a carrier of
Black Plague. One of the most feared and deadly fleas ever. It lives on the rats. They
are pretty happy together. If the flea is infected and if it bites the human, you get the
Black Plague. Theres the flea, theres the carrier. Hes not really the true carrier. Its
the bacteria that lives in the flea. Heres another picture now of what theyve stained
for the bacteria in the gut of the flea. The dark area is biofilm forming so when it
bites the human, then it passes the bacteria onto the human and the human gets the
Black Plague. Not pretty.
[Slide number] [Key Point]
[speaker] This I thought was the most amazing SEM Ive ever found. This is the
same flea. Do you remember what the flea looked like? If you had scales, the flea had
fleas. Swift was right. Look at those. See those? You have those too. I dont but you
do. He doesnt either since we shaved our head. Its all from hair. The guy w/ the
heavy hair is a goner. Theres arachnids is there.
[Slide number] [Host- Wolbachia Interactions]
[speaker] This bacteria that lives in the parasitic wasps selects the sex of the
wasps offspring. The bacteria that parasitizes this wasp actually determines if its
going to be female or male. Wow. Who is in the drivers seat in that family?
[Slide number] [Quiz]
[speaker] Ok this is what you are all waiting for. You came for, your ready. Waking
up if you were sleeping in here. This is what youre ready to do right? You have the
scantron. Answer 1 is T/F Answer 2 is T/F. You will get A+. There is no wrong
answer. If you get that, cosmetology is a good career. Theres other things you can
do. Ok. Question #1, the most prestigious journal in science is science. If you get
published in science you can quit your job at NYU and go somewhere else. We all
want to get published in science. Science report interspecies cooperation. They
show this picture. Is this T/F host- parasite relationship. An Asian toad helping a
mouse avoid monsoon water. How is this going to work out in the host-parasite
relationship. Do we need a couple years of co-evolution. Does this happen all the
time? Host parasite. Who is the host who is the parasite? Mammals are higher
evolved right? No. Everything is equally evolved. Mammals higher in the order than
a frog. Who is the host who is the parasite? T/F. too bad there is no room for your
own comments. Host parasite relationships, look at this. Complicated but not
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complicated. Who are the players? Is this is a host parasite relationship? Ill tell you
theres 3 layers that we can see. Thats microscopic. Well talk about this after the
break. But hang on. Question #2. Host-parasite relationship, does it meet those
rules? Yes or no? Ill just point to the 3 areas. The big thing is an insect. The little
thing is an arachnid. The little things are the back Ill tell you later. Theyre a form of
egg. Ok so if you have that, now Im going to show you one on the slide. This is
optional if you really want to get a brain inspiration here, host parasite. This is a big
protozoa eukaryote. It has the mitochondria. This the bonus extra. This is host
parasite relationship b/w whats called the mitochondria. Ill tell you more about
this in the second half. Answer 3 T/F host parasite relationship. Can we take a 6-
minute break and Im sorry but Ill finish early. B/c if you disappear and stuff. Dont
all disappear.
[Slide number] [Key Point]
[speaker] Obviously if you dont turn in your thing and if you dont do it, your
classmates will be mad at you and you dont want to change your answer b/c its not
worth it. So lets go to #1. Cute right? Im sorry right. Thats called a distractor. We
use that on test questions too. You have to look at the data, and thats the data is
right there. So science reported this but they never said that its a host parasite
relationship. Some photographer just took a cute picture when they saw this. Im a
patient person. I can wait 100,000 years and maybe I will find an amphibian mouse
team. Theres some problem w/ this co-evolution. If the host is the frog, the mouse
doesnt know how to swim under water that well. I dont think I can sustain this
relationship. It works now but I dont think I can sustain it. This is not a host
parasite relationship. Anybody disappointed and want to argue? Theres a great
future for this, a million years from now when you see amphibians develop longs.
Oh it happened in evolution but not in this case. Its cute. You will not be flawed if
you didnt get it right. Remember were talking about eons of co-evolution. Host
parasite relationship. This could be the very beginning of a long friendship but I
doubt it. Its not impossible. If you answered this as yes, but its very first, very
beginning would you make that argument? Thats true. One of the rules is true.
Future benefit in this particular case. But its not sustained. Theres other rules. Co-
evolution, Darwin selection, hows something is going to combine both of them.
Thats not good to be swimming around w/ big fish. Theres no wrong answer. Your
thought process is working. Someone else said that as well. Thats fine. Youre doing
fine. I wouldnt call it but it has potential. I will say that. Ok, now this is a
quintessential host parasite in the making. Its probably pretty well evolved but its
no fully evolved. Whats on the back of that beetle are eggs from a parasitic wasp. So
parasitic wasp lays its eggs on beetles. When the eggs develop and mature and
become larvae they eat the beetle. This is not a nice relationship. But not all the
time. Sometimes only a few of them and they dont come to term. The wasp gets a
benefit b/c hes got his babies being carried around the beetle. The beetle is not that
happy but hes getting older. The beetles got another problem or asset. Is it a
problem or asset? This is called an arachnid. Theres a really well host parasite
relationship. Im not that well termed to know these are always found together.
What would the arachnid do if it was part of the host parasite relationship? What
would the guy do for the beetle? Eat the eggs. His job is to clean those eggs off.
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Right? Tasty right? Tasty like quail eggs. His job, but hes slacking. So hes gotten
behind in his job. The eggs are really numerous. They should have been picked off
by the afternoon and have a beer by 5. Im making this up. This is my free-based
imagination b/c everything I said is my own to entertain you mostly. The arachnid
doesnt want to hang around w/ the host very long. The arachnid has to make a
quick judgment. Do I stay w/ the host since its going down and lose my free ride? Or
do I stay and feast on this tremendous meal? If a young attractive beetle comes by,
fresh w/ no eggs on it this arachnid will leave you like this. So hes looking for
someone to come by and so anyway, host parasite. This could be a good host
parasite. The ultimate example. I would say this is true. Similar w/ the beetle and
the was eggs. But we should talk about how far evolved this is. This is the best
example probably. Its the mitochondria. We all have it. The only reason Im talking
to you is b/c your Krebss cycle can make 34 ATPs. Its b/c of our mitochondria.
Mitochondria are bacteria. Theres an early time where the first eukaryotic cell
became parasitized by a bacterium that was protogenic form of mitochondria.
Mitochondria actually has closed circular bacterial DNA. Used to be a bacteria. Cant
live w/o it. Its the ultimate form of endosymbiosis where both work together. Now
the mitochondria has lost most of its DNA coating b/c the host does it. Its a
beautiful relationship. Its what makes us walk, talk. If we didnt have those ATPs,
youd be really hurting.
[Slide number] [Part II]
[speaker] Ok. Lets swing to indigenous flora again I will finish early. I promise.
[Slide number] [Indigenous biota]
[speaker] Indigenous use to be called indigenous flora. Theres books written by
Theodore Rosebury. He was a mentor of my mentor. Theres old history w/ the idea
of indigenous. If you picked up a medical textbook by Davis on Medical
microbiology. Theres only that much of this big huge book talking bout the
indigenous biota. B/c who cares? When you do a throat culture and see S.
Pyogenous you called it non-specific flora. Its not important medically. The
ingenious biota except for a people like Rosebury, and most the people in dental
research were the first to really understand the role of indigenous biota. Now the
rest of the world is caught up in the metagenome. Half of the articles in science
dealing w/ microbiomes deals with microbes has to do w/ the indigenous microbes.
The other genome. This is probably one of the biggest topics. It began in dentistry
b/c the mouth is a great laboratory. The whole concept of biofilms, ingenious biota,
cultivation, all developed by dental researchers since the mouth was easily
accessible. Its a lot harder to get helical back to plylorie w/ a biopsy when you have
to put a scope down there and take a snip. The indigenous biota by its very nature
since its found in humans it tells you longer-term co-evolution. When I tell you the
bacteria has co-evolved w/ us, it should tell you a lot about its natural history.
[Slide number] [Indigenous biota]
[speaker] Mostly beneficial but indigenous biota can cause you harm if its in the
wrong component for example. If you get a wound to the abdomen and the normal
bacteria in the gut leak into the peritoneum, before antibiotics would have been
almost fatal. Any wound that you get in the peritoneum unless you drink a lot of
beer and you develop a beer belly thing as protection, the knife has to be long to get
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through that. If you dont have that, you puncture the small intestine and large
intestine, you will die. You will die. IF you go to the ER and they dont jump on it, it
will be difficult to manage. Indigenous biota from the GI tract in the wrong
component will kill you. Its beneficial but not in the wrong place. Before antibiotics
in the 1930s, if a person was bitten by another person, the human mouth has
hundreds of microorganisms, 50% were fatal if you bit another person. If you bit
someone on the nose, the ear, or anywhere in this area, and you bit them, you had a
50-50 chance of living before antibiotics. Thats why biting is not permissible in this
culture. Unless youre in a heavy weight boxing fight and you bite an ear off. Its a
taboo since it was fatal in 1940. Thats your own flora. These nice guys in the wrong
component. If a dog bites you, heres some advice. You know what you should do?
Bite him back. Youll live, hell die. Do you have that vision? Can you see that? Ok.
First line of defense when a baby is form. A baby comes through the canal coated w/
its mothers bacterium. The coating from the canal protects the baby from infectious
disease. Its not immunoglobulins and breast milk, placenta. Those are there but
those are only in the blood stream. The first line of protection is the mothers
bacterium. You have to be coated w/ them. Thats why you have to go through the
birth canal. Can C-section kids be different? Thats a different lecture. First line of
defense is your indigenous bacteria. Your skin, mouth, GI tract, any susceptible area
is already colonized by your indigenous bacteria and for a pathogen to get
established it has to compete against self, self which is your other co-evolved
bacterial flora. When I say bacterium, I say Im a bacteriologist which includes
protozoa. Ill show you those. Indigenous biota doesnt kill the host but I have to
carry these bacteria around. This morning you got up and carrying this 10% body
weight. If you want to lose 10lbs? Take anti-biotic and kill all your bacteria. Probably
from the diarrhea. Were going to change the way in antibiotics folks. When you
have cellulitis and you tell them to take it for 20 days youre killing off the good
guys. We will change the way we do antibiotics. So indigenous bacteria are species
specific. They have a specific niche and tissue they live in. Think about it and youre
indigenous and you want to be sure to get into that baby next generation,
remember co-evolution, Im an indigenous bacteria of a mother and I need to go into
the offspring right? Well, thats the best for me as a bacterial indigenous biota. How
do I do that? I go vertically. I go mother child. Thats another lecture in caries. Well
talk about that. You go vertical not horizontal. I have a slide on it.
[Slide number] [Q?]
[speaker]- So cariogenic bacteria why are they good? Well-evolved parasites.

[Slide number] [Indigenous biota of Humans]
[speaker]- Well they are among a group of parasites that have co-evolved w/ us. Ill
show you one. They include the bacteria, they are all cavity GI tract. They make
vitamin K and other things. Protozoa. I dont know all the protozoa that you have or
I have. Fungi. We have some fungus. I dont. Theres other things that you have but I
dont.
[Slide number] [Demodex follicularis]
[speaker]- Everyone in your class has this. If youre not alarmed its ok, why should
you be? Its Demodex follicularis. It lives on your head. Only your head. What part of
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your head? The eyebrows. Ladies, I know none of you shave. These little hairs here,
just the right size. They can hold on and what they do every day and get up in the
morning before you do and they clean all these oily place where bacterium and
other things accumulate. You dont have pimples for the most part right? I use to but
thats adolescence. They get up and clean your skin everyday. Your eyebrows. They
overpopulate in your hair. Not mine b/c I brush them out every morning. Do you
know how you use your toothbrush to clean your teeth? I use it to do this? Not
really. Thats part of your indigenous biota, it tells you an important part. It was
discovered a while back, but its working in your eyebrows. Everyone has it. How is
it transmitted? We dont know. It has to be vertical. Im not sure everyone has it, b/c
I havent studied this. There are very few papers on this. Its probably indigenous.
[Slide number] [Picture]
[speaker]- Theres only a certain size here that these guys can associate w/. If you
have short arms you have to go w/ skinny hair. He can only do hair size that fits
certain size criteria. Thats why hair has to be a certain criteria. Its the same for
head/body/ pubic lice. Different sized hair, different ecosystem, different co-
evolution. Theres 3 of them. 3 of them all buried up at the bar and its your hair
follicle cleaning it out. 1,2,3. Those are those tails. There he is. Theres 3 of them that
work. Thats indigenous biota.
[Slide number] [No title]
[speaker]- Maybe youll like this. If you look at the human body its 10
15
cells. It was
done by Dwight Savage at Tennessee. He was the first to make this discovery. No
one read it and no one understood it. 10
15
cells. The human body. Your body, my
body. Only 10% of the human body are human cells. 10%. 90% so when you got up
this morning, you wash, you feed, you carry these things around. They protect you.
Your body is 90% bacterial cells w/ some protozoa and some other things. How is
that possible. Look how big I am. Ok. But you know why right? This is why.
[Slide number] [Human cells have greater volume than bacterial cells]
[speaker]-The human cell is that big. Bacterial cells are 10x more of these. But the
human cells are much bigger. Thats why we consider ourselves human. If you count
the mitochondria as indigenous were almost all bacterial. If you count the
mitochondria. No one is really excited about this. Dont use those antibacterial
soaps. Dont buy that. Working on patients is a different story. If Im bathed w/
antibacterial soaps, dont do it. Youre hurting your indigenous biota. Bathe please I
beg you, brush your teeth, but please dont come to class like that. Dont use anti-
bacterial soap. If you have it at home, throw it away.
[Slide number] [Mitochondria]
[speaker]- Lets move on. Theres Mr. mitochondria. Thats the ultimate
endosymbiote, but viruses and transposons are even more ultimate.
[Slide number] [Indigenous biota]
[speaker]- 10% of our body weight. If you want to lose 10lbs get rid of the biota.
Good luck w/ that. Youll probably die. Most live in the large intestine. Interestingly
most of our immunity comes from the large intestine. What are they doing? What
are those bacteria doing w/ our immune cells? Our Islands of Langerhans? All of that
huge lymphoid tissue. Tonsils on down. Ingenious bacteria and immune system are
working together. Its a beautiful pair. The immune system is not there to destroy
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them. The immune system says hey, lets co-exists. You dont get too much and I
wont make immunoglobulins against you as long as you stay out of the perineum. If
you go into the perineum I will come for you and destroy you since you will
probably die.
[Slide number] [No title]
[speaker]- Ok this is Von Hagan w/ the dissections that you saw in anatomy. This is
part of his display. We unloaded the bodies back at NYU. We were the first school
and probably the world other than the German schools to have the dissected bodies
from him. The union of shippers in NYC, the guys who were unpackers would not
unpack the truck since the license prohibited them from touching human remains. It
was myself, Josh, and a few other people had to unload the truck. This is probably
the most beautiful piece of work. What hes holding up is the skin. Hes holding up
10% of the weight which is the skin. Thats the bacteria. Your indigenous bacteria is
about 10%. So 10% of your dry weight, most of it is in the large intestine. You know
your anatomy. Thats where they live.
[Slide number] [Mucosal surfaces of the human body]
[speaker]- Most of the mucosal surfaces are in the gut. All of these striations, all of
these terms, they are there for a purpose. Lots of surface area ok.
[Slide number] [Q:]
[speaker]- Peptic ulcer, dental caries. Lots in common. Not today. B/c I promised you
I would be done.
[Slide number] [Beneficial role]
[speaker]- This is in your handout. If I ask you the beneficial effects. The first line of
defense. They stimulate the immune system. We said that. Bacteria in the gut make
vitamin K, B12. They influence organs.
[Slide number] [S. mutans]
[speaker]- This is our friend S. mutans and he makes antibiotics b/c its tooth decay.
Before he was doing tooth decay he did something else. He protected the mouth
from S. pyogenes. He still does.
[Slide number] [Harmful effects]
[speaker]- Theres some downsides of biota. You have to carry them around and it
slows are growth. I would have been 66 if I didnt have to carry these bacteria
around. But hey, its a price Im willing to pay.
[Slide number] [Vertical transmission]
[speaker]- If youre indigenous:
[Slide number] [Key point]
[speaker]- Heres the most probably crucial key point. If youre all those other
infectious diseases, they are transmitted horizontally. You sneeze, you transfer them
from one human to another. All transmitted horizontally. You go across a
population. If there are 200 people here and 5 are immune then 95% are wiped out.
Its horizontally transferred. All the infectious diseases have to deal w/ that.
Bacteria that are responsible for caries, a biofilm forms in the mouth vertically.
Mother child. If youre bacteria and you need to get into a new host. Why take
chances w/ a sneeze. Why not do it natures way and have the mother do the work
for you. Until recently there was no such thing as C-section. Youd have vaginal
delivery or youd die or the baby would die.
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[Slide number] [Vertical transmission]
[speaker]- Thats how you transfer vertically. Thats how its developed. Mothers
your job.
[Slide number] [Beneficial role]
[speaker]- Ok Ill give you this some other time. This last slide. Heres your last slide.
If co-evolution has occurred bacteria cause tooth decay. Periodontitis is co-evolved
and are friendly helpers, pass vertically from mother to child. Whats wrong w/ this
picture? Why do we have dental caries if they are co-evolved indigenous bacteria.
What happened is that, do you remember the three triangles. Something that
happened in the human experience that is unprecedented and thats called
agriculture. It started in the middle east. Where people were able to grow food.
Carbohydrates b/c of dental caries has changed everything. Specifically sucrose. We
will give an entire lecture for sucrose. Thank you for enduring this. All of you got A+.