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C o n te n ts
a n d
S u b je c t
In d e x
V O L U M E
I
1 .
E X E C U T IV E
S U M M A R Y.
................................
.4
R e fe re n c e s.
......................................
.8
2 .
A S S E S S M E N T
M E T H O D O L O G Y
...........................
.9
2 .1
A u th o rs.
........................................
.9
2 .2
O u tlin e
a n d
M odel
C h a p te r.
..........................
.I2
2 .3
F irs t
G ro u p
M e e tin g.
...............................
.I2
2 .4
E x p e rt
W o rk s h o p s.
................................
.I2
2 .5
S e c o n d
G ro u p
M e e tin g.
.............................
.1 7
2 .6
J a p a n /R e s t
o f
th e
W o rld
S u rv e y.
........................
1 7
2 .7
P rio ritiz a tio n
o f
R e s e a rc h
N e e d s.
........................
1 7
2 .8
P e e r
R e v ie w.
....................................
.I7
R e fe re n c e s.
.....................................
.I8
3 .
IN T R O D U C T IO N.
....................................
.1 9
3 .1
M e m b ra n e
P ro c e s s e s.
...............................
.I9
3 .2
H is to ric a l
D e v e lo p m e n t
.............................
.2 7
3 .3
T h e
F u tu re.
.....................................
.2 9
3 .3 .1
S e le c tiv ity
................................
.2 9
3 .3 .2
P ro d u c tiv ity.
..............................
.3 0
3 .3 .3
O p e ra tio n a l
R e lia b ility.
.......................
.3 1
R e fe re n c e s.
.....................................
.3 3
4 .
G O V E R N M E N T
S U P P O R T
O F
M E M B R A N E
R E S E A R C H
..........
.3 4
4 .1
O v e rv ie w
.......................................
.3 4
4 .2
U .S .
G o v e rn m e n t
S u p p o rte d
M e m b ra n e
R e s e a rc h
............
.3 7
4 .2 .1
D e p a rtm e n t
o f
E n e rg y
........................
.3 7
v ii
v iii
C o n te n ts
a n d
S u b je c t
In d e x
4 .2 .1 .1
O ffic e
o f
In d u s tria l
P ro g ra m s /In d u s tria l
E n e rg y
C o n s e rv a tio n
P ro g ra m
.............
4 .2 .1 .2
O ffic e
o f
E n e rg y
R e s e a r c h /D iv is io n
o f
C h e m ic a l
S c ie n c e s.
....................
4 .2 .1 .3
O ffic e
o f
E n e rg y
R e s e a r c h /D iv is io n
o f
A d v a n c e d
E n e rg y
P ro je c ts.
...............
4 .2 .1 .4
O ffic e
o f
F o s s il
E n e rg y.
.................
4 .2 .1 .5
S m a ll
B u s in e s s
In n o v a tiv e
R e s e a rc h
P ro g ra m.
...
4 .2 .2
N a tio n a l
S c ie n c e
F o u n d a tio n.
...................
4 .2 .3
E n v iro n m e n ta l
P ro te c tio n
A g e n c y
................
4 .2 .4
D e p a rtm e n t
o f
D e fe n s e.
.......................
4 .2 .5
N a tio n a l
A e ro n a u tic s
a n d
S p a c e
A d m in is tra tio n
.......
4 .3
J a p a n e s e
G o v e rn m e n t
S u p p o rte d
M e m b ra n e
R e s e a rc h
.........
4 .3 .1
M in is try
o f
E d u c a tio n
........................
4 .3 .2
M in is try
o f
In te rn a tio n a l
T ra d e
a n d
In d u s try
(M IT I)
....
4 .3 .2 .1
B a s ic
In d u s trie s
B u re a u.
.................
4 .3 .2 .2
A g e n c y
o f
In d u s tria l
S c ie n c e
a n d
T e c h n o lo g y
(A IS T )
............................
4 .3 .2 .3
W a te r
R e -U s e
P ro m o tio n
C e n te r
(W R P C ). . . . . .
4 .3 .2 .4
N ew
E n e rg y
D e v e lo p m e n t
O rg a n iz a tio n
(N E D O ).
...........................
4 .3 .3
M in is try
o f
A g ric u ltu re ,
F o re s try
a n d
F is h e r ie s
........
4 .4
E u ro p e a n
G o v e rn m e n t
S u p p o rte d
M e m b ra n e
R e s e a rc h.
........
4 .4 .1
E u ro p e a n
N a tio n a l
P ro g ra m s.
...................
4 .4 .2
E E C -F u n d e d
M e m b ra n e
R e s e a rc h.
................
4 .5
T h e
R est
o f
th e
W o rld
..............................
.3 7
.3 9
.4 0
.4 1

.4 2 .4 5 .4 6

.4 7

.4 8
.4 8
.4 9
.4 9

.4 9
.5 0
.5 1
.5 2
.5 2
.5 2
.5 3
.5 4
.5 5
5 .
A N A L Y S IS
O F
R E S E A R C H
N E E D S
........................
.5 6
5 .1
P rio rity
R e s e a rc h
T o p ic s.
............................
.5 6
5 .2
R e s e a rc h
T o p ic s
b y
T e c h n o lo g y
A re a
....................
.6 5
5 .2 .1
P e rv a p o ra tio n
..............................
.6 6
5 .2 .2
G as
S e p a ra tio n
.............................
.6 8
5 .2 .3
F a c ilita te d
T ra n s p o rt.
........................
.7 0
5 .2 .4
R e v e rs e
O s m o s is
............................
.7 2
5 .2 .5
M ic ro filtra tio n
.............................
.7 4
5 .2 .6
U ltra filtra tio n.
.............................
.7 6
5 .2 .7
E le c tr o d ia ly s is
.............................
.7 8
5 .3
C o m p a ris o n
o f
D iffe re n t
T e c h n o lo g y
A re a s
................
.7 9
5 .4
G e n e ra l
C o n c lu s io n s.
...............................
.8 1
R e fe re n c e s.
.....................................
.8 4
A P P E N D IX
A .
P E E R
R E V IE W E R S \u2019
C O M M E N T S
.................
.8 6
A .1
G e n e ra l
C o m m e n ts
................................
.8 6
A .l.l
T h e
R e p o rt
Is B ia s e d
T o w a rd
E n g in e e r in g ,
o r
T o w a rd
B a s ic
S c ie n c e
..............................
.8 6
A .1 .2
T h e
Im p o rta n c e
o f
In te g ra tin g
M e m b ra n e
T e c h n o lo g y
In to
T o ta l
T re a tm e n t
S y s te m s.
..................
.8 7
A .1 .3
T h e
R a n k in g
Schem e
.........................
.8 8
C o n te n ts
a n d
S u b je c t
In d e x
ix
A .1 .4
C o m p a ris o n
w ith
J a p a n
.......................
.8 9
A .2
S p e c ific
C o m m e n ts
o n
A p p lic a tio n s
.....................
.9 0
A .2 .1
P e rv a p o ra tio n
..............................
.9 0
A .2 .2
G as
S e p a ra tio n
.............................
.9 1
A .2 .3
F a c ilita te d
T ra n s p o rt.
........................
.9 1
A .2 .4
R e v e rs e
O s m o s is
............................
.9 2
A .2 .5
U ltra filtra tio n.
.............................
.9 2
A .2 .6
M ic ro filtra tio n
.............................
.9 3
A .2 .7
E le c tr o d ia ly s is
.............................
.9 3
A .2 .8
M is c e lla n e o u s
C o m m e n ts
......................
.9 3
V O L U M E
II
IN T R O D U C T IO N
T O
V O L U M E
II.
...........................
.9 6
R e fe re n c e s.
.....................................
.9 9
1 .
M E M B R A N E
A N D
M O D U L E
P R E P A R A T IO N.
.................
1 0 0
R .W .
B aker
1 .I
S y m m e tric a l
M e m b ra n e s.
............................
1 0 2
1 .1 .1
D e n s e
S y m m e tric a l
M e m b ra n e s
..................
1 0 2
1 .1 .1 .1
S o lu tio n
C a s tin g.
.....................
1 0 2
1 .1 .1 .2
M e lt
P re s s in g
........................
1 0 2
1 .1 .2
M ic ro p o ro u s
S y m m e tric a l
M e m b ra n e s.
.............
1 0 5
1 .1 .2 .1
Irra d ia tio n
..........................
1 0 5
1 .1 .2 .2
S tre tc h in g
..........................
1 0 5
1 .1 .2 .3
T e m p la te
L e a c h in g
....................
1 0 9
1 .2
A s y m m e tric
M e m b ra n e s
.............................
1 0 9
1 .2 .1
P h a s e
In v e r s io n
(S o lu tio n -P re c ip ita tio n )
M e m b ra n e s.
....
1 0 9
1 .2 .1
.I
P o ly m e r
P re c ip ita tio n
b y
T h e rm a l
G e la tio n
....
1 1 0
1 .2 .1 .2
P o ly m e r
P re c ip ita tio n
b y
S o lv e n t
E v a p o ra tio n
. 114
1 .2 .1 .3
P o ly m e r
P re c ip ita tio n
b y
lm b ib itio n
o f
W a te r
V a p o r
............................
.I1 4
1 .2 .1 .4
P o ly m e r
P re c ip ita tio n
b y
Im m ersion
i n
a
N o n s o lv e n t
B a th
(L o e b -S o u rira ja n
P ro c e s s )
....
1 1 6
1 .2 .2
In te rfa c ia l
C o m p o s ite
M e m b ra n e s.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1 1 8
1 .2 .3
S o lu tio n
C ast
C o m p o s ite
M e m b ra n e s.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1 2 1
1 .2 .4
P la s m a
P o ly m e r iz a tio n
M e m b ra n e s
................
1 2 3
1 .2 .5
D y n a m ic a lly
F o rm e d
M e m b ra n e s
.................
1 2 5
1 .2 .6
R e a c tiv e
S u rfa c e
T re a tm e n t.
....................
1 2 5
1 .3
C e ra m ic
a n d
M e ta l
M e m b ra n e s.
........................
1 2 6
1 .3 .1
D e n s e
M e ta l
M e m b ra n e s
.......................
1 2 6
1 .3 .2
M ic ro p o ro u s
M e ta l
M e m b ra n e s.
..................
1 2 6
1 .3 .3
C e ra m ic
M e m b ra n e s.
.........................
1 2 6
1 .3 .4
M o le c u la r
S ie v e
M e m b ra n e s.
....................
1 2 7
1 .4
L iq u id
M e m b ra n e s.
................................
1 3 1
1 .5
H o llo w -F ib e r
M e m b ra n e s
............................
1 3 2
1 .5 .1
S o lu tio n
(W e t)
S p in n in g.
......................
1 3 4
1 .5 .2
M e lt
S p in n in g
..............................
1 3 4
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