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1946First use of the term bit for binary digit, the basic unitof data for computers. A bit (short for binary digit) isthe smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has asingle binary value, either 0 or 1. Although computersusually provide instructions that can test andmanipulate bits, they generally are designed to storedata and execute instructions in bit multiples calledbytes. In most computer systems, there are eight bitsin a byte. The value of a bit is usually stored as eitherabove or below a designated level of electrical chargein a single capacitor within a memory device.John Tukey1946The First High-Speed, General-Purpose Computer , theElectronic Numerical Integrator and Computer(ENIAC) is developedEckert and Mauchly1946The Williams-Kilburn Tube (or Williams Tube), a typeof altered cathode-ray tube is invented.Scientistsconducted research on cathode-ray tubes serving ascomputer data storage.Sir Frederick Williams andTom Kilburn1947The first RAM (Random Access memory) is invented.Fred Williams1948On 21 June, MARK-1, the first programmablecomputer at Manchester University, runs its firstprogram. In computing, a program is a specific set of ordered operations for a computer to perform.Prof. Tom Kilburn wrote theprogram1948The point-contact transistors replace the bulky andfragile vacuum tube. The transistor is an electronicsignal regulator. A transistor regulates current orvoltage flow and acts as a switch or gate for electronicsignals.Developed by JohnBardeen, William Shockleyand Walter Britain1948EDSAC became the first stored-program computer ingeneral use.Maurice Wilkes1948The computer memory core. Memory is the electronicholding place for instructions and data in yourcomputer that the microprocessor can reach quickly.Wang1949Short Code developed for the UNIVAC 1. This is boththe first interpreted language and the first assemblylanguage.NA1949The first chess playing machine is invented.Claude Shannon of MIT
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1951UNIVAC, (UNIVersal Automatic Computer) is aprogrammable computer considered to be the firstcommercially marketed computer sold for over 1million dollars.Developed by PresperEckert and John Mauchlyunder the Ramington-RandCo.,1951The compiler , a program that scans a programmer'sinstructions, produces an organized program andcarries it out. It will be used first time in 1954 withUNIVAC I. It remained in service for 12 years.Grace Hooper1951The first machine designed specifically for commercialpurposes was LEO (Lyons Electric Office) in Britain.NA1951The junction transistors are invented. Technical featsthat previously required relatively large, mechanicallyfragile, power-hungry vacuum tubes were suddenlyDr. W. B. Shockley, R.L.Wallace and MorganSparks
 
achievable with tiny, mechanically rugged, power-thrifty specks of crystalline silicon. This revolutionmade possible the design and manufacture of lightweight, inexpensive electronic devices that wenow take for granted.1951WHIRLWIND the first real-time computer iscompleted.Jay Forrester and KenOlsen1952IBM (Industrial Business Machines) made the decisionto add computers to their line of business equipmentproducts. This led IBM to become a dominant force inthis field.NA1952AUTOCODE, a rudimentary compiler is developedAlick E. Glennie1952The first production-line electronic digital computerfrom IBM, Model 701, marketed for scientific use. Itincludes 1 Kb RAM, a Tape Drive that used magnetizedplastic tape and a punched-card reader.Designed by NathanielRochester1952First computer manual is made. Fred Gruenberger1953Transistors are first used in a computer.NA
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1953Magnetic-core memory replaces electrostatic tubes onWHIRLWIND, doubling the speed, quadrupling theinput data rate and reducing memory bankmaintenance time from 4 hours per day to 2 hours perdayNA1953ILLIAC - the world most powerful computer University of Illinois.1953IBM 650 - a smaller version of 701- was a big successselling over 1800 units. Like 701, the 650 could readfrom and write to both magnetic tape and punchedcards. It is considered to be the first mass-producedcomputer.NA1953SNARC, the first neural network simulator is invented.Marvin Minsky1955A Semiconductor Laboratory is the first companyestablished in Silicon Valley, San Francisco BayWilliam Shockley
 
1955The term "artificial intelligence" is coined.John McCarthy1955TRIDAC is the first computer to use transistors.Computers based on transistors marked the beginningof the 2-nd Generation of ComputersNA1955IPL-II, the first artificial intelligence language. Artificialintelligence is the simulation of human intelligenceprocesses by machines, especially computer systems.These processes include learning (the acquisition of information and rules for using the information),reasoning (using the rules to reach approximate ordefinite conclusions), and self-correction.Allen Newell, J.C. Shawand Herbert Simon
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1956IBM shipped 55% of all the data processingequipment.NA1956The first Operating System is designed. The systemgets the cryptic name of: GM/NAA-I/O and is installedon the IBM 704.Bob Patrick en Owen Mock1956The first hard drive is invented. It contains fifty 24inch disks, has a capacity of 5 MB and costs overUS$1,000,000IBM1957FORTRAN, the first high-level computer language usedfor mathematical, scientific and engineering purposesInvented by John Backusand his team at IBM.1957The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) wascreated within the Department of Defense (DoD) totry to establish a U.S. lead in science and technologywhich was made applicable to the military.United States1957Control Data Corporation builds supercomputers forscientific calculations. A supercomputer is a computerthat performs at or near the currently highestoperational rate for computers. A supercomputer istypically used for scientific and engineeringapplications that must handle very large databases ordo a great amount of computation (or both).Established by SeymourCray and William Norris1958FORTRAN II is able to handle subroutines and links toassembly languages.NA1958ALGOL (Algorithmic Oriented Language), the firsthigh-level language to break away from usingmathematical formula processing and aimed more atgeneral problem solving.NA1958The first integrated circuits. An integrated circuit (IC),sometimes called a chip or microchip, is asemiconductor wafer on which thousands or millionsof tiny resistors, capacitor, and transistor arefabricatedCreated by Jack Kilby fromTexas Institute1958The first modulator-demodulator device, known asmodem, at a speed of 300 baud. A modem modulatesoutgoing digital signals from a computer to analogsignals for a telephone line and demodulates theincoming analog signal and converts it to a digitalsignal for the computer.Developed at Bell Labs
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