S E C T I O N 11.

1 Parametric Equations 629

3. What is the maximum height of a particle whose path has para-
metric equations x = t
9
, y = 4 t
2
?
4. Can the parametric curve (t, sin t ) be represented as a graph y =
f (x)? What about (sin t, t )?
5. Match the derivatives with a verbal description:
(a)
dx
dt
(b)
dy
dt
(c)
dy
dx
(i) Slope of the tangent line to the curve
(ii) Vertical rate of change with respect to time
(iii) Horizontal rate of change with respect to time
Exercises
1. Find the coordinates at times t = 0, 2, 4 of a particle following
the path x = 1 +t
3
, y = 9 3t
2
.
2. Find the coordinates at t = 0,

4
, of a particle moving along the
path c(t ) = (cos 2t, sin
2
t ).
3. Show that the path traced by the bullet in Example 2 is a parabola
by eliminating the parameter.
4. Use the table of values to sketch the parametric curve (x(t ), y(t )),
indicating the direction of motion.
t 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
x 15 0 3 0 3 0 15
y 5 0 3 4 3 0 5
5. Graph the parametric curves. Include arrows indicating the direc-
tion of motion.
(a) (t, t ), < t < (b) (sin t, sin t ), 0 t 2
(c) (e
t
, e
t
), < t < (d) (t
3
, t
3
), 1 t 1
6. Give two different parametrizations of the line through (4, 1) with
slope 2.
In Exercises 714, express in the form y = f (x) by eliminating the
parameter.
7. x = t +3, y = 4t 8. x = t
1
, y = t
2
9. x = t , y = tan
1
(t
3
+e
t
) 10. x = t
2
, y = t
3
+1
11. x = e
2t
, y = 6e
4t
12. x = 1 +t
1
, y = t
2
13. x = ln t , y = 2 t 14. x = cos t , y = tan t
In Exercises 1518, graph the curve and draw an arrow specifying the
direction corresponding to motion.
15. x =
1
2
t , y = 2t
2
16. x = 2 +4t , y = 3 +2t
17. x = t , y = sin t 18. x = t
2
, y = t
3
19. Match the parametrizations (a)(d) below with their plots in Fig-
ure 14 and draw an arrow indicating the direction of motion.
2
x x
y y
1 5 5 5
(II) (III) (I)
x x
10
20
5
y y
(IV)
FIGURE 14
(a) c(t ) = (sin t, t ) (b) c(t ) = (t
2
9, t
3
8)
(c) c(t ) = (1 t, t
2
9) (d) c(t ) = (4t +2, 5 3t )
20. The graphs of x(t ) and y(t ) as functions of t are shown in Figure
15(A). Which of (I)(III) is the plot of c(t ) = (x(t ), y(t ))? Explain.
y y y y
x(t)
y(t)
x x x t
(A) (III) (II) (I)
FIGURE 15
21. Find an interval of t -values such that c(t ) = (cos t, sin t ) traces
the lower half of the unit circle.
22. Find an interval of t -values such that c(t ) = (2t + 1, 4t 5)
parametrizes the segment from (0, 7) to (7, 7).
In Exercises 2334, nd parametric equations for the given curve.
23. y = 9 4x 24. y = 8x
2
3x
25. 4x y
2
= 5 26. x
2
+ y
2
= 49
27. (x +9)
2
+(y 4)
2
= 49
28. Line of slope 8 through (4, 9)
29. Line through (2, 5) perpendicular to y = 3x
30. Circle of radius 4 with center (3, 9)
31.

x
4

2
+

y
9

2
= 1
32. Ellipse of Exercise 31, with its center translated to (2, 11)
33. The parabola y = x
2
translated so that its minimum occurs at
(2, 3)
34. The curve y = cos x translated so that a maximum occurs at
(3, 5)
35. Describe the parametrized curve c(t ) = (sin
2
t, cos
2
t ) for 0
t .
36. Find the graph y = f (x) traced by the path x = sec t , y = tan t .
Which intervals of t -values trace the graph exactly once?
958 C HA P T E R 16 LI NE AND SURFACE I NTEGRALS

C
f (x, y, z) ds =

b
a
f (c(t )) c

(t ) dt
where c(t ) is a parametrization of C for a t b. We have the symbolic equality
ds = c

(t ) dt .

An oriented curve C is a curve in which one of the two possible directions along C
(called the forward direction) is chosen.

The line integral of a vector eld F along an oriented curve C is dened as the integral
of the tangential component F T, where T is the unit tangent vector pointing in the
forward direction of C:

C
F ds =

C
(F T) ds =

b
a
F(c(t )) c

(t ) dt
Here c(t ) is a regular parametrization (c

(t ) = 0) that traces the oriented curve C in the

forward direction. We have the symbolic equality of vector differentials, ds = c

(t ) dt .

Let C be the curve C with the opposite orientation. Then

C
F ds =

C
F ds

When a variable force F is exerted on an object to move it along a curve C, the work
performed by F is equal to

C
F ds.
16.2 EXERCISES
Preliminary Questions
1. What is the line integral of the constant function f (x, y, z) = 10
over a curve C of length 5?
2. Which of the following have a zero line integral over the vertical
segment from (0, 0) to (0, 1)?
(a) f (x, y) = x (b) f (x, y) = y
(c) F = x, 0 (d) F = y, 0
(e) F = 0, x (f) F = 0, y
3. State whether true or false. If false, give the correct statement.
(a) The scalar line integral does not depend on how you parametrize
the curve.
(b) If you reverse the orientation of the curve, neither the vector nor
the scalar line integral changes sign.
4. Let C be a curve of length 5. What is the value of

C
F ds if
(a) F(P) is normal to C at all points P on C?
(b) F(P) = T(P) at all points P on C, where T(P) is the unit tangent
vector pointing in the forward direction along the curve?
Exercises
1. Let f (x, y, z) = x + yz and let C be the line segment from
P = (0, 0, 0) to (6, 2, 2).
(a) Calculate f (c(t )) and ds = c

(t ) dt for the parametrization

c(t ) = (6t, 2t, 2t ) for 0 t 1.
(b) Evaluate

C
f (x, y, z) ds.
2. Repeat Exercise 1 with the parametrization c(t ) = (3t, t, t ) for
0 t 2.
3. Let F =

y
2
, x
2

and let C be the y = x

1
for 1 x 2, oriented
from left to right.
(a) Calculate F(c(t )) and ds = c

(t ) dt for the parametrization c(t ) =

(t, t
1
).
(b) Calculate the dot product F(c(t )) c

(t ) dt and evaluate

C
F ds.
4. Let F =

z
2
, x, y

and let C be the path c(t ) =

3 + 5t
2
, 3 t
2
, t

for 0 t 2.
(a) Calculate F(c(t )) and ds = c

(t ) dt .
(b) Calculate the dot product F(c(t )) c

(t ) dt and evaluate

C
F ds.
In Exercises 58, calculate the integral of the given scalar function or
vector eld over the curve c(t ) = (cos t, sin t, t ) for 0 t .
5. f (x, y, z) = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
6. f (x, y, z) = xy + z
7. F = x, y, z 8. F =

xy, 2, z
3

S E C T I O N 16.2 Line Integrals 959

9. Calculate the total mass of a circular piece of wire of radius 4 cm
centered at the origin whose mass density is (x, y) = x
2
g/cm.
10. Calculate the total mass of a metal tube in the helical shape
c(t ) = (cos t, sin t, t
2
) (distance in centimeters) for 0 t 2 if
the mass density is (x, y, z) =

z g/cm.
11. The values of a function f (x, y, z) and vector eld F(x, y, z) are
given at six sample points along the path ABC in Figure 11. Estimate
the line integrals of f and F along ABC.
Point f (x, y, z) F(x, y, z)
(1,
1
6
, 0) 3 1, 0, 2
(1,
1
2
, 0) 3.3 1, 1, 3
(1,
5
6
, 0) 3.6 2, 1, 5
(1, 1,
1
6
) 4.2 3, 2, 4
(1, 1,
1
2
) 4.5 3, 3, 3
(1, 1,
5
6
) 4.2 5, 3, 3
A = (1, 0, 0)
B = (1, 1, 0)
C = (1, 1, 1)
z
y
x
FIGURE 11
12. Estimate the line integrals of f (x, y) and F(x, y) along the quar-
ter circle (oriented counterclockwise) in Figure 12 using the values at
the three sample points along each path.
Point f (x, y) F(x, y)
A 1 1, 2
B 2 1, 3
C 4 2, 4
x
y
C
B
A
1
2
FIGURE 12
13. Figure 13 shows three vector elds. In each case, determine
whether the line integral around the circle (oriented counterclockwise)
is positive, negative, or zero.
(A) (B)
(C)
FIGURE 13
14. Determine whether the line integrals around the curves (oriented
counterclockwise) in Figures 14(A) and (B) are positive or negative.
What is the value of the line integral in Figure 14(C)? Explain.
(C)
x
y
Symmetry
x
x
y
y
(A)
(B)
FIGURE 14
960 C HA P T E R 16 LI NE AND SURFACE I NTEGRALS
In Exercises 1522, compute the line integral of the scalar function
over the curve.
15. f (x, y, z) = z
2
, c(t ) = (2t, 3t, 4t ) for 0 t 2
16. f (x, y, z) = 3x 2y + z, c(t ) = (2 + t, 2 t, 2t ) for
2 t 1
17. f (x, y) =

1 +9xy, y = x
3
for 0 x 1
18. f (x, y) =
y
3
x
7
, y =
1
4
x
4
for 1 x 2
19. f (x, y, z) = xe
z
2
, piecewise linear path from (0, 0, 1) to
(0, 2, 0) to (1, 1, 1).
20. f (x, y, z) = x
2
z, c(t ) = (e
t
,

2t, e
t
) for 0 t 1
21. f (x, y, z) = 2x
2
+8z, c(t ) = (e
t
, t
2
, t ), 0 t 1
22. f (x, y, z) = 3zy1 +12xz, c(t ) = (t,
t
2

2
,
t
3
3
), 0 t 2
In Exercises 2335, compute the line integral of the vector eld over
the oriented curve.
23. F =

x
2
, xy

, line segment from (0, 0) to (2, 2)

24. F = 4, y, quarter circle x
2
+ y
2
= 1 with x, y 0 oriented
counterclockwise
25. F =

x
2
, xy

, circle x
2
+ y
2
= 9 oriented clockwise
26. F =

e
yx
, e
2x

, piecewise linear path from (1, 1) to (2, 2) to

(0, 2)
27. F = xy, x + y, c(t ) = (1 +t
1
, t
2
) for 1 t 2
28. F = y + z, x, y, c(t ) = (t +t
2
,
1
3
t
3
, 2 +t ) for 0 t 2
29. F =

3zy
1
, 4x, y

, c(t ) = (e
t
, e
t
, t ) for 1 t 1
30. F = x y, y z, z, line segment from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 4, 4)
31. F =

y
x
2
+ y
2
,
x
x
2
+ y
2

, circle of radius R with center at the

origin oriented counterclockwise
32. F =

y
x
2
+ y
2
,
x
x
2
+ y
2

, the square with vertices (1, 1),

(1, 1), (1, 1), and (1, 1) in the counterclockwise direction
33. F =

z
2
, x, y

, c(t ) = (cos t, tan t, t ) for 0 t

4
34. F =

1
y
3
+1
,
1
z +1
, 1

, c(t ) = (t
3
, 2t, t
2
) for 0 t 1
35. F =

z
3
, yz, x

, circle of radius 2 in the yz-plane with center at

the origin oriented clockwise when viewed from the positive x-axis
36. Let f (x, y, z) = x
1
yz and let C be the curve
parametrized by c(t ) = (ln t, t, t
2
) for 2 t 4. Use a computer
algebra system to calculate

C
f (x, y, z) ds to four decimal places.
37. Use a CAS to calculate

e
xy
, e
x+y

ds to four dec-
imal places, where C is the curve y = sin x for 0 x , oriented
from left to right.
In Exercises 3839, calculate the line integral of F =

e
z
, e
xy
, e
y

over the given path.

38. The path from P to Q in Figure 15
P = (0, 0, 0)
(0, 0, 1)
(0, 1, 1)
Q = (1, 1, 1)
FIGURE 15
39. The path ABC in Figure 16
z
y
x
C = (0, 0, 6)
B = (0, 4, 0) A = (2, 0, 0)
FIGURE 16
40. Let C be the path from P to Q in Figure 17 that traces C
1
, C
2
, and
C
3
in the orientation indicated. Suppose that

C
F ds = 5,

C
1
F ds = 8,

C
3
F ds = 8
Determine:
(a)

C
3
F ds (b)

C
2
F ds (c)

C
1
C
3
F ds
x
y
P
Q
C
1
C
3
C
2
FIGURE 17
S E C T I O N 16.2 Line Integrals 961
(d) What is the value of the line integral of F over the path that tra-
verses the loop C
2
four times in the clockwise direction?
In Exercises 4144, let F be the vortex vector eld (so-called because
it swirls around the origin as shown in Figure 18)
F =

y
x
2
+ y
2
,
x
x
2
+ y
2

FIGURE 18 Vector eld F =

y
x
2
+ y
2
,
x
x
2
+ y
2

.
41. Let I =

C
F ds, where C is the circle of radius 2 centered at the
origin oriented counterclockwise (Figure 18).
(a) Do you expect I to be positive, negative, or zero?
(b) Evaluate I .
(c) Verify that I changes sign when C is oriented in the clockwise
direction.
42. Compute

C
R
F ds, where C
R
is the circle of radius R centered
at the origin oriented counterclockwise. Show that the result is inde-
pendent of R.
43. Calculate

A
F ds, where A is the arc of angle
0
on the circle
of radius R centered at the origin oriented counterclockwise. Note: A
begins at (R, 0) and ends at (R cos
0
, R sin
0
).
44. Let a > 0, b < c. Show that the integral of F along the segment
from P = (a, b) to Q = (a, c) is equal to the angle

POQ (O is the
origin).
45. Calculate the line integral of the constant vector eld F =
2, 1, 4 along the segment PQ, where:
(a) P = (0, 0, 0), Q = (1, 0, 0)
(b) P = (0, 0, 0), Q = (4, 3, 5)
(c) P = (3, 2, 3), Q = (4, 8, 12)
46. Show that if F is a constant vector eld and C is any oriented path
from P to Q, then

C
F ds = F

PQ
47. Figure 19 shows the vector eld F(x, y) = x, x.
(a) Are

AB
F ds and

DC
F ds equal? If not, which is larger?
(b) Which is smaller: the line integral of F over the path ADC or ABC?
x
y
A
B
D
C
FIGURE 19
48. Calculate the work done by a eld F = x + y, x y when an
object moves from (0, 0) to (1, 1) along each of the paths y = x
2
and
x = y
2
.
49. Calculate the work done by the force eld F = x, y, z along the
path (cos t, sin t, t ) for 0 t 3.
50. Let I =

C
f (x, y, z) ds. Assume that f (x, y, z) m
for some number m and all points (x, y, z) on C. Which of the follow-
ing conclusions is correct? Explain.
(a) I m
(b) I mL, where L is the length of C
Further Insights and Challenges
51. As observed in the text, the value of a scalar line integral does not
depend on the choice of parametrization. Prove this directly. Namely,
suppose that c
1
(t ) and c(t ) are two parametrizations of C and that
c
1
(t ) = c((t )), where (t ) is an increasing function. Use the Change
of Variables Formula to verify that

d
c
f (c
1
(t ))c

1
(t ) dt =

b
a
f (c(t ))c

(t ) dt
where a = (c) and b = (d).
52. Suppose we wish to compute the average value of a continuous
function f (x, y, z) along a curve C of length L. Given a large number
N, divide C into N consecutive arcs C
1
, . . . , C
N
, each of length L/N,
and let P
i
be a sample point in C
i
(Figure 20). Then the points P
i
are
somewhat evenly spaced along the curve and the sum
1
N

i =1
f (P
i
)
may be considered an approximation to the average value of f along
C. We dene the average to be the limit (if it exists) as N :
Av( f ) = lim
N
1
N

i =1
f (P
i
)