cen98128_App-A_p865-892.

qxd

1/8/10

3:29 PM

Page 865

APPENDIX

P R O P E R T Y TA B L E S A N D
CHARTS (SI UNITS)

TABLE A1

Molar mass, gas constant, and ideal-gas specific heats of

some substances 866
TABLE A2
Boiling and freezing point properties 867
TABLE A3
Properties of solid metals 868870
TABLE A4
Properties of solid nonmetals 871
TABLE A5
Properties of building materials 872873
TABLE A6
Properties of insulating materials 874
TABLE A7
Properties of common foods 875876
TABLE A8
Properties of miscellaneous materials 877
TABLE A9
Properties of saturated water 878
TABLE A10 Properties of saturated refrigerant134a 879
TABLE A11 Properties of saturated ammonia 880
TABLE A12 Properties of saturated propane 881
TABLE A13 Properties of liquids 882
TABLE A14 Properties of liquid metals 883
TABLE A15 Properties of air at 1 atm pressure 884
TABLE A16 Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure 885886
TABLE A17 Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude 887
TABLE A18 Emissivities of surfaces 888889
TABLE A19 Solar radiative properties of materials 890
FIGURE A20 The Moody chart for friction factor for fully developed
flow in circular pipes 891

865

cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd

1/8/10

3:29 PM

Page 866

866
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A1
Molar mass, gas constant, and ideal-gas specific heats of some substances
Specific Heat Data at 25C
Substance
Air
Ammonia, NH3
Argon, Ar
Bromine, Br2
Isobutane, C4H10
n-Butane, C4H10
Carbon dioxide, CO2
Carbon monoxide, CO
Chlorine, Cl2
Chlorodifluoromethane (R-22), CHCIF2
Ethane, C2H6
Ethylene, C2H4
Fluorine, F2
Helium, He
n-Heptane, C7H16
n-Hexane, C6H14
Hydrogen, H2
Krypton, Kr
Methane, CH4
Neon, Ne
Nitrogen, N2
Nitric oxide, NO
Nitrogen dioxide, NO2
Oxygen, O2
n-Pentane, C5H12
Propane, C3H8
Propylene, C3H6
Steam, H2O
Sulfur dioxide, SO2
Tetrachloromethane, CCI4
Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), C2H2F4
Trifluoroethane (R-143a), C2H3F3
Xenon, Xe

Molar Mass
M, kg/kmol
28.97
17.03
39.95
159.81
58.12
58.12
44.01
28.01
70.905
86.47
30.070
28.054
38.00
4.003
100.20
86.18
2.016
83.80
16.04
20.183
28.01
30.006
46.006
32.00
72.15
44.097
42.08
18.015
64.06
153.82
102.03
84.04
131.30

Gas Constant
R, kJ/kgK*
0.2870
0.4882
0.2081
0.05202
0.1430
0.1430
0.1889
0.2968
0.1173
0.09615
0.2765
0.2964
0.2187
2.077
0.08297
0.09647
4.124
0.09921
0.5182
0.4119
0.2968
0.2771
0.1889
0.2598
0.1152
0.1885
0.1976
0.4615
0.1298
0.05405
0.08149
0.09893
0.06332

cp, kJ/kgK

cv, kJ/kgK

k cp /cv

1.005
2.093
0.5203
0.2253
1.663
1.694
0.8439
1.039
0.4781
0.6496
1.744
1.527
0.8237
5.193
1.649
1.654
14.30
0.2480
2.226
1.030
1.040
0.9992
0.8060
0.9180
1.664
1.669
1.531
1.865
0.6228
0.5415
0.8334
0.9291
0.1583

0.7180
1.605
0.3122
0.1732
1.520
1.551
0.6550
0.7417
0.3608
0.5535
1.468
1.231
0.6050
3.116
1.566
1.558
10.18
0.1488
1.708
0.6180
0.7429
0.7221
0.6171
0.6582
1.549
1.480
1.333
1.403
0.4930
0.4875
0.7519
0.8302
0.09499

1.400
1.304
1.667
1.300
1.094
1.092
1.288
1.400
1.325
1.174
1.188
1.241
1.362
1.667
1.053
1.062
1.405
1.667
1.303
1.667
1.400
1.384
1.306
1.395
1.074
1.127
1.148
1.329
1.263
1.111
1.108
1.119
1.667

*The unit kJ/kgK is equivalent to kPam3/kgK. The gas constant is calculated from R RU /M, where RU 8.31447 kJ/kmolK is the universal gas
constant and M is the molar mass.

Source: Specific heat values are obtained primarily from the property routines prepared by The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
Gaithersburg, MD.

cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd

1/8/10

3:29 PM

Page 867

867
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A2
Boiling and freezing point properties
Boiling Data at l atm

Freezing Data

Substance

Normal Latent Heat of

Boiling
Vaporization
Point, C
hfg, kJ/kg

Freezing
Point, C

Ammonia

33.3

77.7

1357

Latent Heat
of Fusion Temperature, Density
hif, kJ/kg
C
r, kg/m3
322.4

Argon
Benzene
Brine (20% sodium
chloride by mass)
n-Butane
Carbon dioxide
Ethanol
Ethyl alcohol
Ethylene glycol
Glycerine
Helium
Hydrogen
Isobutane
Kerosene
Mercury
Methane

185.9
80.2

161.6
394

189.3
5.5

103.9
0.5
78.4*
78.2
78.6
198.1
179.9
268.9
252.8
11.7
204293
356.7
161.5

385.2
230.5 (at 0C)
838.3
855
800.1
974
22.8
445.7
367.1
251
294.7
510.4

17.4
138.5
56.6
114.2
156
10.8
18.9

259.2
160
24.9
38.9
182.2

109
108
181.1
200.6

59.5
105.7

11.4
58.4

Methanol
Nitrogen

64.5
195.8

1100
198.6

97.7
210

99.2
25.3

124.8

306.3

57.5

180.7

218.8

13.7

187.7

80.0

Octane
Oil (light)
Oxygen
Petroleum
Propane

183

42.1

Refrigerant-134a

26.1

Water

100

212.7
230384
427.8

216.8

2257

96.6

0.0

Liquid Properties

28
126

80.3

333.7

Specific
Heat
cp, kJ/kgK

33.3
20
0
25
185.6
20

682
665
639
602
1394
879

4.43
4.52
4.60
4.80
1.14
1.72

20
0.5
0
25
20
20
20
268.9
252.8
11.7
20
25
161.5
100
25
195.8
160
20
25
183
20
42.1
0
50
50
26.1
0
25
0
25
50
75
100

1150
601
298
783
789
1109
1261
146.2
70.7
593.8
820
13,560
423
301
787
809
596
703
910
1141
640
581
529
449
1443
1374
1295
1207
1000
997
988
975
958

3.11
2.31
0.59
2.46
2.84
2.84
2.32
22.8
10.0
2.28
2.00
0.139
3.49
5.79
2.55
2.06
2.97
2.10
1.80
1.71
2.0
2.25
2.53
3.13
1.23
1.27
1.34
1.43
4.22
4.18
4.18
4.19
4.22

* Sublimation temperature. (At pressures below the triple-point pressure of 518 kPa, carbon dioxide exists as a solid or gas. Also, the freezing-point
temperature of carbon dioxide is the triple-point temperature of 56.5C.)

cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd

1/8/10

3:29 PM

Page 868

868
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A3
Properties of solid metals

Properties at Various Temperatures (K),

k(W/mK)/cp (J/kgK)

Properties at 300 K

Melting
Point,
K

r
kg/m3

cp
J/kgK

k
W/mK

933

2702

903

237

97.1

Alloy 2024-T6
775
(4.5% Cu, 1.5% Mg,
0.6% Mn)
Alloy 195, Cast
(4.5% Cu)
Beryllium
1550

2770

875

177

73.0

2790
1850

883
1825

Bismuth

545

9780

122

2573

2500

1107

27.0

594

8650

231

96.8

48.4

Chromium

2118

7160

449

93.7

29.1

Cobalt

1769

8862

421

99.2

26.6

Copper:
Pure

1358

8933

385

401

117

1293

8800

420

52

14

1104

8780

355

54

17

1188

8530

380

110

1493

8920

384

23

1211

5360

322

59.9

Gold

1336

19,300

129

317

Iridium

2720

22,500

130

147

Iron:
Pure

1810

7870

447

80.2

7870

447

7854

Composition
Aluminum:
Pure

Boron
Cadmium

Commercial bronze
(90% Cu, 10% Al)
Phosphor gear bronze
(89% Cu, 11% Sn)
Cartridge brass
(70% Cu, 30% Zn)
Constantan
(55% Cu, 45% Ni)
Germanium

Armco
(99.75% pure)
Carbon steels:
Plain carbon (Mn 1%
Si 0.1%)
AISI 1010

168
200
7.86

a 106
m2/s
100

68.2
59.2
6.59
9.76

200

400

600

800

302
482
65

237
798
163

240
949
186

231
1033
186

218
1146

473

787

925

1042

174
185
990
301
161
126
106
90.8
203
1114
2191
2604
2823 3018
16.5
9.69
7.04
112
120
127
190
55.5
16.8
10.6
9.60 9.85
128
600
1463
1892
2160 2338
203
99.3
94.7
198
222
242
159
111
90.9
80.7
71.3 65.4
192
384
484
542
581
616
167
122
85.4
67.4
58.2 52.1
236
379
450
503
550
628
393
397
52
160
65

137
395

379
417
59
545
74

149
425

366
433

352
451

17
237
232
190
327
109
172
90

413
356
42
785
41

95
360
19
362
96.8
290
323
124
153
122

43.2
337
311
131
144
133

27.3
348
298
135
138
138

19.8
357
284
140
132
144

17.4
375
270
145
126
153

23.1

134
216

94.0
384

69.5
490

54.7
574

43.3 32.8
680
975

72.7

20.7

95.6
215

80.6
384

65.7
490

53.1
574

42.2 32.3
680
975

434

60.5

17.7

7832

434

63.9

18.8

7817

446

51.9

14.9

56.7
487
58.7
559
49.8
501

48.0
39.2 30.0
559
685 1169
48.8
39.2 31.3
685
1168
44.0
37.4 29.3
582
699
971

33.9
6.71
34.7
127
50.3

482
252

75

487
Carbonsilicon (Mn 1%
0.1% Si 0.6%)

1000

cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd

1/8/10

3:29 PM

Page 869

869
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A3
Properties of solid metals (Continued)

Composition

Melting
Point,
K

Carbonmanganesesilicon
(1% Mn 1.65%
0.1% Si 0.6%)
Chromium (low) steels:
1
Cr 41 MoSi (0.18% C,
2
0.65% Cr, 0.23% Mo,
0.6% Si)
1 Cr 12 Mo
(0.16% C, 1% Cr,
0.54% Mo,
0.39% Si)
1 CrV
(0.2% C, 1.02% Cr,
0.15% V)
Stainless steels:
AISI 302

Properties at Various Temperatures (K),

k(W/mK)/cp(J/kgK)

Properties at 300 K
r
kg/m3

cp
J/kgK

k
W/mK

8131

434

41.0

7822

444

7858

7836

a 106
m2/s
100

400

600

800

11.6

42.2
487

39.7
559

35.0 27.6
685 1090

37.7

10.9

38.2

36.7

442

42.3

12.2

492
42.0

575
39.1

688
969
34.5 27.4

443

48.9

14.1

492
46.8

575
42.1

688
969
36.3 28.2

492

575

688

8055

480

15.1

3.91

7900

477

14.9

3.95

AISI 316

8238

468

13.4

3.48

AISI 347

7978

480

14.2

3.71

35.3

AISI 304

1670

Lead

601

11,340

129

Magnesium

923

1740

1024

156

87.6

Molybdenum

2894

10,240

251

138

53.7

Nickel:
Pure

1728

8900

444

90.7

1672

8400

420

12

1665

8510

439

11.7

3.1

2741

8570

265

53.7

23.6

Palladium

1827

12,020

244

71.8

24.5

Platinum:
Pure

2045

21,450

133

71.6

25.1

Alloy 60Pt40Rh
(60% Pt, 40% Rh)
Rhenium

1800

16,630

162

47

17.4

3453

21,100

136

47.9

16.7

Rhodium

2236

12,450

243

Nichrome
(80% Ni, 20% Cr)
Inconel X-750
(73% Ni, 15% Cr,
6.7% Fe)
Niobium

150

24.1

23.0
232
3.4

49.6

200

9.2
272

12.6
402

39.7
118
169
649
179
141

36.7
125
159
934
143
224

164
383

107
485

17.3
512
16.6
515
15.2
504
15.8
513
34.0
132
153
1074
134
261

33.3

20.0
22.8
559
585
19.8
22.6
557
582
18.3
21.3
550
576
18.9
21.9
559
585
31.4
142
149
146
1170
1267
126
118
275
285
65.6
530
16
525
17.0

67.6
562
21
545
20.5

1000

26.9

969
25.4
606
25.4
611
24.2
602
24.7
606

112
295

8.7

10.3

80.2
592
14
480
13.5

71.8

55.2
188
76.5
168

372
52.6
249
71.6
227

473
55.2
274
73.6
251

510
58.2
283
79.7
261

546
626
61.3 64.4
292
301
86.9 94.2
271
281

77.5
100

72.6
125

58.9
97
186
147

51.0
127
154
220

71.8
136
52

46.1
139
146
253

73.2
141
59

44.2
145
136
274

75.6
146
65

44.1
151
127
293

24.0

78.7
152
69

44.6
156
121
311

cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd

1/8/10

3:29 PM

Page 870

870
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A3
Properties of solid metals (Concluded)

Properties at Various Temperatures (K),

k(W/mK)/cp (J/kgK)

Properties at 300 K

Melting
Point,
K

r
kg/m3

cp
J/kgK

k
W/mK

Silicon

1685

2330

712

148

Silver

1235

10,500

235

429

Tantalum

3269

16,600

140

57.5

24.7

Thorium

2023

11,700

118

54.0

39.1

505

7310

227

66.6

40.1

Titanium

1953

4500

522

21.9

Tungsten

3660

19,300

132

Uranium

1406

19,070

116

27.6

12.5

Vanadium

2192

6100

489

30.7

10.3

693

7140

389

2125

6570

278

Composition

Tin

Zinc
Zirconium

174

116
22.7

a 106
m2/s
100
89.2
174

9.32
68.3

41.8
12.4

884
259
444
187
59.2
110
59.8
99
85.2
188
30.5
300
208
87
21.7
94
35.8
258
117
297
33.2
205

200

400

600

800

1000

264
556
430
225
57.5
133
54.6
112
73.3
215
24.5
465
186
122
25.1
108
31.3
430
118
367
25.2
264

98.9
790
425
239
57.8
144
54.5
124
62.2
243
20.4
551
159
137
29.6
125
31.3
515
111
402
21.6
300

61.9
867
412
250
58.6
146
55.8
134

42.4
913
396
262
59.4
149
56.9
145

31.2
946
379
277
60.2
152
56.9
156

19.4
591
137
142
34.0
146
33.3
540
103
436
20.7
332

19.7
633
125
146
38.8
176
35.7
563

20.7
675
118
148
43.9
180
38.2
597

21.6 23.7
342
362

From Frank P. Incropera and David P. DeWitt, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 3rd ed., 1990. This material is used by permission of John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.

cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd

1/8/10

3:29 PM

Page 871

871
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A4
Properties of solid nonmetals

Composition
Aluminum oxide,
sapphire
Aluminum oxide,
polycrystalline
Beryllium oxide
Boron

Melting
Point,
K

r
cp
k
a 106
kg/m3 J/kgK W/mK
m2/s

2323

3970

765

46

15.1

2323

3970

765

36.0

11.9

2725

3000

1030

2573

2500

1105

Boron fiber epoxy

590
(30% vol.) composite
k, || to fibers
k, to fibers
cp
Carbon
Amorphous
1500

2080

Diamond,
type lla

insulator
Graphite, pyrolytic
2273
k, || to layers
k, to layers
cp
Graphite fiber
450
epoxy (25% vol.)
composite
k, heat flow || to fibers
k, heat flow to fibers
cp
Pyroceram,
1623
Corning 9606
Silicon carbide
3100
Silicon dioxide,
1883
crystalline (quartz)
k, || to c-axis
k, to c-axis
cp
Silicon dioxide,
1883
polycrystalline
(fused silica)
Silicon nitride
2173

272
27.6

9.99

1122
1950

3500

1.60

100

200

400

600

450

133

82

55

190

52.5

32.4
940
26.4
940
196
1350
18.7
1490

18.9
1110
15.8
1110
111
1690
11.3
1880

88.0

2.29
0.59

509 2300

2.10
0.37
364

2.23
0.49
757

2.28
0.60
1431

0.67

1.18

1.89

10,000
21

4000
194

1540
853

3230
9.23
411

1390
4.09
992

21.9

800

1000

13.0
1180
10.4
1180
70
1865
8.1
2135

10.5
1225
7.85
1225
47
1975
6.3
2350

2.37

2.53

2210
1950
5.70

4970
16.8
136

709

892
2.68
1406

667
534
2.01
1.60
1650
1793

1216
3.64
908

880

3.28
1038

1050

3.08
2.96
1122
1197

87
1135
1195

7.6
4.70
885
1.51

5.0
3.4
1075
1.75

4.2
3.1
1250
2.17

905
13.9
778

1040
11.3
937

1105
1155
9.88
8.76
1063
1155

1400

2600

11.1
0.87
935
808
3.98

3160

675

490

0.46
1.89

5.7
0.68
337
5.25

8.7
1.1
642
4.78

39
20.8

0.69

16.4
9.5

1.14

230

13.0

2650
10.4
6.21
2220

745
745

2400

691

392

2070

708

Thorium dioxide

3573

9110

235

Titanium dioxide,
polycrystalline

2133

4157

710

Sulfur

Properties at Various Temperatures (K),

k (W/mK)/cp (J/kgK)

Properties at 300 K

1.38

0.834

578
0.206 0.141
0.165
0.185
403
606
13
6.1
16.0

8.4

9.65

2.8

10.2
255
7.01
805

6.6
274
5.02
880

4.7
285
8.94
910

2.87

3.68
295
3.46
930

cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd

1/8/10

3:29 PM

Page 872

872
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A5
Properties of building materials (at a mean temperature of 24C)

Material
Building Boards
Asbestoscement board
Gypsum of plaster board
Plywood (Douglas fir)

Insulated board and sheating

(regular density)
Hardboard (high density, standard
tempered)
Particle board:
Medium density
Underlayment
Wood subfloor

Specific
Heat, cp
kJ/kgK

R-value
(for listed
thickness, L/k),
Km2/W

Thickness,
L mm

Density, r
kg/m3

Thermal
Conductivity, k
W/mK

6 mm
10 mm
13 mm

6 mm
10 mm
13 mm
20 mm
13 mm
20 mm

1922
800
800
545
545
545
545
545
288
288

0.12

1.00
1.09

1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.30
1.30

0.011
0.057
0.078

0.055
0.083
0.110
0.165
0.232
0.359

1010

0.14

1.34

16 mm
20 mm

800
640

0.14

1.30
1.21
1.38

0.144
0.166

Building Membrane
Vapor-permeable felt
Vapor-seal (2 layers of mopped
0.73 kg/m2 felt)

0.011

0.021

Flooring Materials
Carpet and fibrous pad
Carpet and rubber pad
Tile (asphalt, linoleum, vinyl)

1.42
1.38
1.26

0.367
0.217
0.009

100 mm
200 mm
300 mm

1922
2082
2400
1920
1120

0.72
1.30
1.34
0.90
0.41
0.77
1.0
1.30

0.79

0.13
0.20
0.23

1920
1600
1280
960
0.18
1920
1280
1857

1.1
0.79
0.54
0.33

1.40
0.65
0.72

0.84
0.84

Masonry Materials
Masonry units:
Brick, common
Brick, face
Brick, fire clay

Concrete blocks (3 oval cores,

sand and gravel aggregate)

Concretes:
Lightweight aggregates, (including
expanded shale, clay, or slate;
expanded slags; cinders;
pumice; and scoria)
940
Cement/lime, mortar, and stucco
Stucco

cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd

1/8/10

3:29 PM

Page 873

873
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A5
Properties of building materials (Concluded)
(at a mean temperature of 24C)
Specific
Heat, cp
kJ/kgK

R-value
(for listed
thickness, L/k),
Km2/W

Thickness,
L mm

Density, r
kg/m3

Thermal
Conductivity, k
W/mK

10 mm
13 mm

1900
1100
1100
1100

1.00
1.51
1.26
1.46
1.26

0.037
0.026
0.077
0.058
0.009

1.30

0.166

19 mm

1860

0.72

0.84

0.026

13 mm
13 mm

720
1680
720

0.81
0.22

0.84
1.34

0.055
0.016

11 mm
25 mm
10 mm

1900

1.17
1.30
1.21

0.037
0.12
0.139
0.111

10 mm
10 mm

2530

1.0

1.22
1.34
0.84

0.11
0.32
0.018

Woods
Hardwoods (maple, oak, etc.)
Softwoods (fir, pine, etc.)

721
513

0.159
0.115

1.26
1.38

Metals
Aluminum (1100)
Steel, mild
Steel, Stainless

2739
7833
7913

222
45.3
15.6

0.896
0.502
0.456

Material
Roofing
Asbestos-cement shingles
Asphalt roll roofing
Asphalt shingles
Built-in roofing
Slate
Wood shingles (plain and
plastic/film faced)
Plastering Materials
Cement plaster, sand aggregate
Gypsum plaster:
Lightweight aggregate
Sand aggregate
Perlite aggregate
Siding Material (on flat surfaces)
Asbestos-cement shingles
Hardboard siding
Wood (drop) siding
Wood (plywood) siding lapped
Aluminum or steel siding (over
sheeting):
Hollow backed
Insulating-board backed
Architectural glass

Source: Table A5 and A6 are adapted from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and AirConditioning Engineers, 1993), Chap. 22, Table 4. Used with permission.

cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd

1/8/10

3:29 PM

Page 874

874
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A6
Properties of insulating materials
(at a mean temperature of 24C)

Material
Blanket and Batt
Mineral fiber (fibrous form
processed from rock, slag,
or glass)

Density, r
kg/m3

50 to 70 mm
75 to 90 mm
135 to 165 mm

4.832
4.832
4.832

0.710.96
0.710.96
0.710.96

1.23
1.94
3.32

136
64144
16
24
16
72
240
120

0.055
0.036
0.040
0.023
0.052
0.032
0.042
0.039

1.0
0.96
1.2
1.6
1.26
1.68
0.71
1.80

2440
5672
70

0.0230.026
0.0380.039
0.026

1.045

190

0.046

9.632
9.632

122
122
3266
128240
3751

0.025
0.068
0.0390.045
0.065
0.0390.046

0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71

1.09
1.38

1.94
3.35
3.87
5.28

144

0.058

1.0
1.0
2.1
3.9

0.24
0.49
0.93

160

0.0017

40

0.00016

120

0.000017

Sprayed or Formed in Place

Polyurethane foam
Glass fiber
Urethane, two-part mixture (rigid foam)
Mineral wool granules with asbestos/
inorganic binders (sprayed)
~75 to 125 mm
~165 to 222 mm
~191 to 254 mm
~185 mm

Silica aerogel
Vermiculite (expanded)
Perlite, expanded
Sawdust or shavings
Cellulosic insulation (milled paper or wood pulp)
Roof Insulation
Cellular glass
Preformed, for use above deck

R-value
(for listed
thickness, L/k),
Km2/W

Thickness,
L mm

Board and Slab

Cellular glass
Glass fiber (organic bonded)
Expanded polystyrene (molded beads)
Expanded polyurethane (R-11 expanded)
Expanded perlite (organic bonded)
Expanded rubber (rigid)
Mineral fiber with resin binder
Cork

Loose Fill
Mineral fiber (rock, slag, or glass)

Specific
Heat, cp
kJ/kgK

Thermal
Conductivity, k
W/mK

13 mm
25 mm
50 mm

Reflective Insulation
Silica powder (evacuated)
Aluminum foil separating fluffy glass mats; 1012 layers
(evacuated); for cryogenic applications (150 K)
Aluminum foil and glass paper laminate; 75150
layers (evacuated); for cryogenic applications (150 K)

84
85
65
75
82
92
84
80
23
78
89
82
89
75
87

Fruits
Apples
Apricots
Avocados
Bananas
Blueberries
Cantaloupes
Cherries, sour
Cherries, sweet
Figs, dried
Figs, fresh
Grapefruit
Grapes
Lemons
Olives
Oranges
3.65
3.69
3.02
3.35
3.59
3.92
3.65
3.52

3.45
3.82
3.59
3.82
3.35
3.75

3.65
3.96
3.82
3.86
3.92
3.79
3.92
3.99
3.32
4.06
3.96
3.35
3.69
4.02
3.89
3.86
3.82
3.79
3.69
3.32
3.92
3.45
3.89
3.96
3.99
3.92

Above
Freezing

1.90
1.91
1.66
1.78
1.87
2.00
1.90
1.85
1.13
1.82
1.96
1.87
1.96
1.78
1.94

1.90
2.01
1.96
1.97
2.00
1.95
2.00
2.02
1.77
2.05
2.01
1.78
1.91
2.04
1.99
1.97
1.96
1.95
1.91
1.77
2.00
1.82
1.99
2.01
2.02
2.00

Below
Freezing

281
284
217
251
274
307
281
267
77
261
297
274
297
251
291

281
311
297
301
307
294
307
314
247
321
311
251
284
317
304
301
297
294
284
247
307
261
304
311
314
307
49
70
67
56
74
65
37
56
38
64

Meats
Beef carcass
Liver
Round, beef
Sirloin, beef
Chicken
Lamb leg
Port carcass
Ham
Pork sausage
Turkey

5
16
37
39
1
74
17
63
88
6
2
3
4

78
75
79
57
64
83

Fish/Seafood
Cod, whole
Halibut, whole
Lobster
Mackerel
Salmon, whole
Shrimp

Other
Almonds
Butter
Cheese, Cheddar
Cheese, Swiss
Chocolate milk
Eggs, whole
Honey
Ice cream
Milk, whole
Peanuts
Peanuts, roasted
Pecans
Walnuts

89
83
85
86
85
18
90
87
93

Peaches
Pears
Pineapples
Plums
Quinces
Raisins
Strawberries
Tangerines
Watermelon

Water
content,a
%(mass)

12.9
10.0

0.6

5.6
0.6

1.7
1.7

2.8

1.7

2.08
2.15

3.32

2.95
3.79

2.48
3.18
3.08
2.72
3.32
3.02
2.08
2.72
2.11
2.98

3.45
3.35
3.49
2.75
2.98
3.62

3.82
3.62
3.69
3.72
3.69

3.86
3.75
3.96

0.9
1.6
1.0
0.8
2.0

0.8
1.1
0.4
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2

Above
Freezing

Freezing
Pointa
C

0.89
1.04
1.31
1.33
0.85
1.77
1.05
1.63
1.95
0.92
0.87
0.87
0.88

1.46
1.72
1.68
1.55
1.77
1.66
1.31
1.55
1.32
1.65

1.82
1.78
1.84
1.56
1.65
1.89

1.96
1.89
1.91
1.92
1.91
1.07
1.97
1.94
2.01

Below
Freezing

Specific heat,b
kJ/kgK

17
53
124
130
3
247
57
210
294
20
7
10
13

164
234
224
187
247
217
124
187
127
214

261
251
264
190
214
277

297
277
284
287
284
60
301
291
311

Latent
Heat of
Fusion,c
kJ/kg

Specific heat data are based on the specific heat values of a water and ice at 0C and are determined from Siebels formulas: cp, fresh 3.35 (Water content) 0.84, above freezing, and
cp, frozen 1.26 (Water content) 0.84, below freezing.

The latent heat of fusion is determined by multiplying the heat of fusion of water (334 kJ/kg) by the water content of the food.

3:29 PM

1.1
1.1
0.3
0.8
1.6
1.2
1.7
1.8

2.4
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.4
0.8

1.2
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.9
1.4
0.8
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.8
1.8
0.7
0.2
0.9
1.8
0.9
0.8
1.1
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.3
0.5
1.1

Freezing
Pointa
C

Latent
Heat of
Fusion,c
kJ/kg Food

1/8/10

Sources: aWater content and freezing-point data are from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals, Sl version (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AirConditioning Engineers,
Inc., 1993), Chap. 30. Table 1. Used with permission. Freezing point is the temperature at which freezing starts for fruits and vegetables, and the average freezing temperature for other foods.

84
93
89
90
92
88
92
94
74
96
93
75
85
95
91
90
89
88
85
74
92
78
91
93
94
92

Vegetables
Artichokes
Asparagus
Beans, snap
Broccoli
Cabbage
Carrots
Cauliflower
Celery
Corn, sweet
Cucumbers
Eggplant
Horseradish
Leeks
Lettuce
Mushrooms
Okra
Onions, green
Onions, dry
Parsley
Peas, green
Peppers, sweet
Potatoes
Pumpkins
Spinach
Tomatos, rlpe
Turnips

Food

Water
content,a
%(mass)

Specific heat,b
kJ/kgK

Properties of common foods

(a) Specific heats and freezing-point properties

TABLE A7

cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd
Page 875

875
APPENDIX 1

cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd

1/8/10

3:29 PM

Page 876

876
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A7
Properties of common foods (Concluded)
(b) Other properties
Water
Content,
% (mass)

Temperature, T
C

Density, r
kg/m3

Thermal
Conductivity, k
W/mK

Thermal
Diffusivity, a
m2/s

Specific
Heat, cp
kJ/kgK

Fruits/Vegetables
Apple juice
Apples
Apples, dried
Apricots, dried
Bananas, fresh
Broccoli
Cherries, fresh
Figs
Grape juice
Peaches
Plums
Potatoes
Raisins

87
85
41.6
43.6
76

92
40.4
89
89

78
32

20
8
23
23
27
6
030
23
20
232
16
070
23

1000
840
856
1320
980
560
1050
1241
1000
960
610
1055
1380

0.559
0.418
0.219
0.375
0.481
0.385
0.545
0.310
0.567
0.526
0.247
0.498
0.376

0.14 106
0.13 106
0.096 106
0.11 106
0.14 106

0.13 106
0.096 106
0.14 106
0.14 106

0.13 106
0.11 106

3.86
3.81
2.72
2.77
3.59

3.99
2.69
3.91
3.91

3.64
2.48

Meats
Beef, ground
Beef, lean
Beef fat
Beef liver
Cat food
Chicken breast
Dog food
Fish, cod
Fish, salmon
Ham
Lamb
Pork, lean
Turkey breast
Veal

67
74
0
72
39.7
75
30.6
81
67
71.8
72
72
74
75

6
3
35
35
23
0
23
3
3
20
20
4
3
20

950
1090
810

1140
1050
1240
1180

1030
1030
1030
1050
1060

0.406
0.471
0.190
0.448
0.326
0.476
0.319
0.534
0.531
0.480
0.456
0.456
0.496
0.470

0.13
0.13

0.11
0.13
0.11
0.12

0.14
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13

16
31.9
16
91
88
0
0
100
100
32.3

4
23
5
20
28
32
4
0
30
23

340
1000

910
920
1000
995
450

0.197
0.106
0.233
0.566
0.580
0.168
0.168
0.569
0.618
0.082

0.12
0.11

0.14
0.15
0.10

Food

Other
Butter
Chocolate cake
Margarine
Milk, skimmed
Milk, whole
Olive oil
Peanut oil
Water
White cake

106
106

106
106
106
106

106
106
106
106
106

106
106

106
106
106

3.36
3.54

3.49
2.68
3.56
2.45
3.71
3.36
3.48
3.49
3.49
3.54
3.56
2.08
2.48
2.08
3.96
3.89

4.217
4.178
2.49

Source: Data obtained primarily from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals, SI version (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AirConditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), Chap. 30, Tables 7 and 9. Used with permission.
Most specific heats are calculated from cp 1.68 2.51 (Water content), which is a good approximation in the temperature range of 3 to 32C. Most
thermal diffusivities are calculated from a k/rcp. Property values given here are valid for the specific water content.

cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd

1/8/10

3:29 PM

Page 877

877
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A8
Properties of miscellaneous materials
(Values are at 300 K unless indicated otherwise)

Material
Asphalt
Bakelite
Brick, refractory
Chrome brick
473 K
823 K
1173 K
Fire clay, burnt
1600 K
773 K
1073 K
1373 K
Fire clay, burnt
1725 K
773 K
1073 K
1373 K
Fire clay brick
478 K
922 K
1478 K
Magnesite
478 K
922 K
1478 K
Chicken meat,
white (74.4%
water content)
198 K
233 K
253 K
273 K
293 K
Clay, dry
Clay, wet
Coal, anthracite
Concrete (stone
mix)
Cork
Cotton
Fat
Glass
Window
Pyrex
Crown
Lead

Thermal
Density, r Conductivity, k
kg/m3
W/mK
2115
1300

0.062
1.4

3010

2.3
2.5
2.0

2050

1.0
1.1
1.1

Specific
Heat, cp
J/kgK
920
1465

835

960

2325

1.3
1.4
1.4

960

2645

1.0
1.5
1.8

960

3.8
2.8
1.9

1130

1550
1495
1350

1.60
1.49
1.35
0.48
0.49
0.930
1.675
0.26

1260

2300
86
80

1.4
0.048
0.06
0.17

880
2030
1300

2800
2225
2500
3400

0.7
11.4
1.05
0.85

750
835

Source: Compiled from various sources.

Material
Ice
273 K
253 K
173 K
Leather, sole
Linoleum
Mica
Paper
Plastics
Plexiglass
Teflon
300 K
400 K
Lexan
Nylon
Polypropylene
Polyester
PVC, vinyl
Porcelain
Rubber, natural
Rubber, vulcanized
Soft
Hard
Sand
Snow, fresh
Snow, 273 K
Soil, dry
Soil, wet
Sugar
Tissue, human
Skin
Fat layer
Muscle
Vaseline
Wood, cross-grain
Balsa
Fir
Oak
White pine
Yellow pine
Wood, radial
Oak
Fir
Wool, ship

Thermal
Density, r Conductivity, k
kg/m3
W/mK

Specific
Heat, cp
J/kgK

920
922
928
998
535
1180
2900
930

1.88
2.03
3.49
0.159
0.081
0.186
0.523
0.180

2040
1945
1460

1340

1190

0.19

1465

2200

1200
1145
910
1395
1470
2300
1150

0.35
0.45
0.19
0.29
0.12
0.15
0.1
1.5
0.28

1050

1260

1925
1170
840

1100
1190
1515
100
500
1500
1900
1600

0.13
0.16
0.21.0
0.60
2.2
1.0
2.0
0.58

2010

800

1900
2200

0.37
0.2
0.41
0.17

140
415
545
435
640

0.055
0.11
0.17
0.11
0.15

2720
2385

2805

545
420
145

0.19
0.14
0.05

2385
2720

cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd

1/8/10

3:29 PM

Page 878

878
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A9
Properties of saturated water

Temp.
T, C
0.01
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
374.14

Saturation
Pressure

Psat, kPa
0.6113
0.8721
1.2276
1.7051
2.339
3.169
4.246
5.628
7.384
9.593
12.35
15.76
19.94
25.03
31.19
38.58
47.39
57.83
70.14
84.55
101.33
143.27
198.53
270.1
361.3
475.8
617.8
791.7
1,002.1
1,254.4
1,553.8
2,318
3,344
4,688
6,412
8,581
11,274
14,586
18,651
22,090

Density
r, kg/m3
Liquid

Vapor

999.8
0.0048
999.9
0.0068
999.7
0.0094
999.1
0.0128
998.0
0.0173
997.0
0.0231
996.0
0.0304
994.0
0.0397
992.1
0.0512
990.1
0.0655
988.1
0.0831
985.2
0.1045
983.3
0.1304
980.4
0.1614
977.5
0.1983
974.7
0.2421
971.8
0.2935
968.1
0.3536
965.3
0.4235
961.5
0.5045
957.9
0.5978
950.6
0.8263
943.4
1.121
934.6
1.496
921.7
1.965
916.6
2.546
907.4
3.256
897.7
4.119
887.3
5.153
876.4
6.388
864.3
7.852
840.3 11.60
813.7 16.73
783.7 23.69
750.8 33.15
713.8 46.15
667.1 64.57
610.5 92.62
528.3 144.0
317.0 317.0

Enthalpy
of
Vaporization

Specific
Heat
cp, J/kgK

hfg, kJ/kg

Liquid

Vapor

2501
2490
2478
2466
2454
2442
2431
2419
2407
2395
2383
2371
2359
2346
2334
2321
2309
2296
2283
2270
2257
2230
2203
2174
2145
2114
2083
2050
2015
1979
1941
1859
1767
1663
1544
1405
1239
1028
720
0

4217
4205
4194
4185
4182
4180
4178
4178
4179
4180
4181
4183
4185
4187
4190
4193
4197
4201
4206
4212
4217
4229
4244
4263
4286
4311
4340
4370
4410
4460
4500
4610
4760
4970
5280
5750
6540
8240
14,690

1854
1857
1862
1863
1867
1870
1875
1880
1885
1892
1900
1908
1916
1926
1936
1948
1962
1977
1993
2010
2029
2071
2120
2177
2244
2314
2420
2490
2590
2710
2840
3110
3520
4070
4835
5980
7900
11,870
25,800

Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/mK
Liquid

Vapor

0.561 0.0171
0.571 0.0173
0.580 0.0176
0.589 0.0179
0.598 0.0182
0.607 0.0186
0.615 0.0189
0.623 0.0192
0.631 0.0196
0.637 0.0200
0.644 0.0204
0.649 0.0208
0.654 0.0212
0.659 0.0216
0.663 0.0221
0.667 0.0225
0.670 0.0230
0.673 0.0235
0.675 0.0240
0.677 0.0246
0.679 0.0251
0.682 0.0262
0.683 0.0275
0.684 0.0288
0.683 0.0301
0.682 0.0316
0.680 0.0331
0.677 0.0347
0.673 0.0364
0.669 0.0382
0.663 0.0401
0.650 0.0442
0.632 0.0487
0.609 0.0540
0.581 0.0605
0.548 0.0695
0.509 0.0836
0.469 0.110
0.427 0.178

Prandtl
Number
Pr

Dynamic Viscosity
m, kg/ms
Liquid
1.792
1.519
1.307
1.138
1.002
0.891
0.798
0.720
0.653
0.596
0.547
0.504
0.467
0.433
0.404
0.378
0.355
0.333
0.315
0.297
0.282
0.255
0.232
0.213
0.197
0.183
0.170
0.160
0.150
0.142
0.134
0.122
0.111
0.102
0.094
0.086
0.078
0.070
0.060
0.043

103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103

Volume
Expansion
Coefficient
b, 1/K

Vapor

Liquid

Vapor

13.5
11.2
9.45
8.09
7.01
6.14
5.42
4.83
4.32
3.91
3.55
3.25
2.99
2.75
2.55
2.38
2.22
2.08
1.96
1.85
1.75
1.58
1.44
1.33
1.24
1.16
1.09
1.03
0.983
0.947
0.910
0.865
0.836
0.832
0.854
0.902
1.00
1.23
2.06

1.00 0.068 103

1.00 0.015 103
1.00 0.733 103
1.00 0.138 103
1.00 0.195 103
1.00 0.247 103
1.00 0.294 103
1.00 0.337 103
1.00 0.377 103
1.00 0.415 103
1.00 0.451 103
1.00 0.484 103
1.00 0.517 103
1.00 0.548 103
1.00 0.578 103
1.00 0.607 103
1.00 0.653 103
1.00 0.670 103
1.00 0.702 103
1.00 0.716 103
1.00 0.750 103
1.00 0.798 103
1.00 0.858 103
1.01 0.913 103
1.02 0.970 103
1.02 1.025 103
1.05 1.145 103
1.05 1.178 103
1.07 1.210 103
1.09 1.280 103
1.11 1.350 103
1.15 1.520 103
1.24 1.720 103
1.35 2.000 103
1.49 2.380 103
1.69 2.950 103
1.97
2.43
3.73

0.922
0.934
0.946
0.959
0.973
0.987
1.001
1.016
1.031
1.046
1.062
1.077
1.093
1.110
1.126
1.142
1.159
1.176
1.193
1.210
1.227
1.261
1.296
1.330
1.365
1.399
1.434
1.468
1.502
1.537
1.571
1.641
1.712
1.788
1.870
1.965
2.084
2.255
2.571
4.313

105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105

Liquid

Note 1: Kinematic viscosity n and thermal diffusivity a can be calculated from their definitions, n m/r and a k/rcp n/Pr. The temperatures 0.01C, 100C,
and 374.14C are the triple-, boiling-, and critical-point temperatures of water, respectively. The properties listed above (except the vapor density) can be used at
any pressure with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical-point value.
Note 2: The unit kJ/kgC for specific heat is equivalent to kJ/kgK, and the unit W/mC for thermal conductivity is equivalent to W/mK.
Source: Viscosity and thermal conductivity data are from J. V. Sengers and J. T. R. Watson, Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 15 (1986),
pp. 12911322. Other data are obtained from various sources or calculated.

cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd

1/8/10

3:29 PM

Page 879

879
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A10
Properties of saturated refrigerant134a
Specific
Enthalpy
Density
Heat
of
Saturation
r, kg/m3
Vaporization cp, J/kgK
Temp. Pressure
T, C
P, kPa Liquid
Vapor hfg, kJ/kg Liquid Vapor
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100

51.2
66.2
84.4
106.5
132.8
164.0
200.7
243.5
293.0
349.9
414.9
488.7
572.1
665.8
770.6
887.5
1017.1
1160.5
1318.6
1492.3
1682.8
1891.0
2118.2
2365.8
2635.2
2928.2
3246.9
3594.1
3975.1

1418
1403
1389
1374
1359
1343
1327
1311
1295
1278
1261
1244
1226
1207
1188
1168
1147
1125
1102
1078
1053
1026
996.2
964
928.2
887.1
837.7
772.5
651.7

2.773
3.524
4.429
5.509
6.787
8.288
10.04
12.07
14.42
17.12
20.22
23.75
27.77
32.34
37.53
43.41
50.08
57.66
66.27
76.11
87.38
100.4
115.6
133.6
155.3
182.3
217.8
269.3
376.3

225.9
222.7
219.5
216.3
213.0
209.5
206.0
202.4
198.7
194.8
190.8
186.6
182.3
177.8
173.1
168.2
163.0
157.6
151.8
145.7
139.1
132.1
124.4
115.9
106.4
95.4
82.2
64.9
33.9

1254
1264
1273
1283
1294
1306
1318
1330
1344
1358
1374
1390
1408
1427
1448
1471
1498
1529
1566
1608
1659
1722
1801
1907
2056
2287
2701
3675
7959

748.6
764.1
780.2
797.2
814.9
833.5
853.1
873.8
895.6
918.7
943.2
969.4
997.6
1028
1061
1098
1138
1184
1237
1298
1372
1462
1577
1731
1948
2281
2865
4144
8785

Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/mK
Liquid
0.1101
0.1084
0.1066
0.1047
0.1028
0.1009
0.0989
0.0968
0.0947
0.0925
0.0903
0.0880
0.0856
0.0833
0.0808
0.0783
0.0757
0.0731
0.0704
0.0676
0.0647
0.0618
0.0587
0.0555
0.0521
0.0484
0.0444
0.0396
0.0322

Vapor
0.00811
0.00862
0.00913
0.00963
0.01013
0.01063
0.01112
0.01161
0.01210
0.01259
0.01308
0.01357
0.01406
0.01456
0.01507
0.01558
0.01610
0.01664
0.01720
0.01777
0.01838
0.01902
0.01972
0.02048
0.02133
0.02233
0.02357
0.02544
0.02989

Liquid

Vapor

Volume
Expansion
Coefficient Surface
Tension,
b, l/K
Liquid
N/m

10
5.558
106 5.257
106 4.992
106 4.757
106 4.548
106 4.363
106 4.198
106 4.051
106 3.919
106 3.802
106 3.697
106 3.604
105 3.521
105 3.448
105 3.383
105 3.328
105 3.285
105 3.253
105 3.231
105 3.223
105 3.229
105 3.255
105 3.307
105 3.400
105 3.558
105 3.837
105 4.385
105 5.746
105 11.77

0.235
0.266
0.299
0.335
0.374
0.415
0.459
0.505
0.553
0.603
0.655
0.708
0.763
0.819
0.877
0.935
0.995
1.058
1.123
1.193
1.272
1.362
1.471
1.612
1.810
2.116
2.658
3.862
8.326

0.00205
0.00209
0.00215
0.00220
0.00227
0.00233
0.00241
0.00249
0.00258
0.00269
0.00280
0.00293
0.00307
0.00324
0.00342
0.00364
0.00390
0.00420
0.00455
0.00500
0.00554
0.00624
0.00716
0.00843
0.01031
0.01336
0.01911
0.03343
0.10047

Prandtl
Number
Pr

Dynamic Viscosity
m, kg/ms
Liquid
4.878
4.509
4.178
3.882
3.614
3.371
3.150
2.947
2.761
2.589
2.430
2.281
2.142
2.012
1.888
1.772
1.660
1.554
1.453
1.355
1.260
1.167
1.077
9.891
9.011
8.124
7.203
6.190
4.765

Vapor
4

10
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
105
105
105
105
105
105

2.550
3.003
3.504
4.054
4.651
5.295
5.982
6.709
7.471
8.264
9.081
9.915
1.075
1.160
1.244
1.327
1.408
1.486
1.562
1.634
1.704
1.771
1.839
1.908
1.982
2.071
2.187
2.370
2.833

0.01760
0.01682
0.01604
0.01527
0.01451
0.01376
0.01302
0.01229
0.01156
0.01084
0.01014
0.00944
0.00876
0.00808
0.00742
0.00677
0.00613
0.00550
0.00489
0.00429
0.00372
0.00315
0.00261
0.00209
0.00160
0.00114
0.00071
0.00033
0.00004

Note 1: Kinematic viscosity n and thermal diffusivity a can be calculated from their definitions, n m/r and a k/rcp n/Pr. The properties listed here (except
the vapor density) can be used at any pressures with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical-point value.
Note 2: The unit kJ/kgC for specific heat is equivalent to kJ/kgK, and the unit W/mC for thermal conductivity is equivalent to W/mK.
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: R. Tillner-Roth and H. D. Baehr, An International
Standard Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) for Temperatures from 170 K to 455 K and Pressures up to
70 MPa, J. Phys. Chem, Ref. Data, Vol. 23, No. 5, 1994; M.J. Assael, N. K. Dalaouti, A. A. Griva, and J. H. Dymond, Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of
Halogenated Methane and Ethane Refrigerants, IJR, Vol. 22, pp. 525535, 1999; NIST REFPROP 6 program (M. O. McLinden, S. A. Klein, E. W. Lemmon,
and A. P. Peskin, Physical and Chemical Properties Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80303, 1995).

cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd

1/8/10

3:29 PM

Page 880

880
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A11
Properties of saturated ammonia
Specific
Thermal
Enthalpy
Density
Heat
Conductivity
of
Saturation
k, W/mK
r, kg/m3
Vaporization cp, J/kgK
Temp. Pressure
T, C
P, kPa Liquid
Vapor hfg, kJ/kg Liquid Vapor Liquid
Vapor
40
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100

71.66
119.4
151.5
190.1
236.2
290.8
354.9
429.6
516
615.3
728.8
857.8
1003
1167
1351
1555
1782
2033
2310
2614
2948
3312
3709
4141
4609
5116
5665
6257

690.2
677.8
671.5
665.1
658.6
652.1
645.4
638.6
631.7
624.6
617.5
610.2
602.8
595.2
587.4
579.4
571.3
562.9
554.2
545.2
536.0
526.3
516.2
505.7
494.5
482.8
470.2
456.6

0.6435
1.037
1.296
1.603
1.966
2.391
2.886
3.458
4.116
4.870
5.729
6.705
7.809
9.055
10.46
12.03
13.8
15.78
18.00
20.48
23.26
26.39
29.90
33.87
38.36
43.48
49.35
56.15

1389
1360
1345
1329
1313
1297
1280
1262
1244
1226
1206
1186
1166
1144
1122
1099
1075
1051
1025
997.4
968.9
939.0
907.5
874.1
838.6
800.6
759.8
715.5

4414
4465
4489
4514
4538
4564
4589
4617
4645
4676
4709
4745
4784
4828
4877
4932
4993
5063
5143
5234
5340
5463
5608
5780
5988
6242
6561
6972

2242
2322
2369
2420
2476
2536
2601
2672
2749
2831
2920
3016
3120
3232
3354
3486
3631
3790
3967
4163
4384
4634
4923
5260
5659
6142
6740
7503

0.5968
0.5853
0.5737
0.5621
0.5505
0.5390
0.5274
0.5158
0.5042
0.4927
0.4811
0.4695
0.4579
0.4464
0.4348
0.4232
0.4116
0.4001
0.3885
0.3769
0.3653
0.3538
0.3422
0.3306
0.3190
0.3075

0.01792
0.01898
0.01957
0.02015
0.02075
0.02138
0.02203
0.02270
0.02341
0.02415
0.02492
0.02573
0.02658
0.02748
0.02843
0.02943
0.03049
0.03162
0.03283
0.03412
0.03550
0.03700
0.03862
0.04038
0.04232
0.04447
0.04687
0.04958

Dynamic Viscosity
m, kg/ms
Liquid
2.926
2.630
2.492
2.361
2.236
2.117
2.003
1.896
1.794
1.697
1.606
1.519
1.438
1.361
1.288
1.219
1.155
1.094
1.037
9.846
9.347
8.879
8.440
8.030
7.646
7.284
6.946
6.628

Vapor
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105

7.957
8.311
8.490
8.669
8.851
9.034
9.218
9.405
9.593
9.784
9.978
1.017
1.037
1.057
1.078
1.099
1.121
1.143
1.166
1.189
1.213
1.238
1.264
1.292
1.322
1.354
1.389
1.429

Liquid

Vapor

Volume
Expansion
Coefficient
b, l/K
Liquid

1.875
1.821
1.769
1.718
1.670
1.624
1.580
1.539
1.500
1.463
1.430
1.399
1.372
1.347
1.327
1.310
1.297
1.288
1.285
1.287
1.296
1.312
1.338
1.375
1.429
1.503

0.9955
1.017
1.028
1.041
1.056
1.072
1.089
1.107
1.126
1.147
1.169
1.193
1.218
1.244
1.272
1.303
1.335
1.371
1.409
1.452
1.499
1.551
1.612
1.683
1.768
1.871
1.999
2.163

0.00176
0.00185
0.00190
0.00194
0.00199
0.00205
0.00210
0.00216
0.00223
0.00230
0.00237
0.00245
0.00254
0.00264
0.00275
0.00287
0.00301
0.00316
0.00334
0.00354
0.00377
0.00404
0.00436
0.00474
0.00521
0.00579
0.00652
0.00749

Prandtl
Number
Pr

106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105

Surface
Tension,
N/m
0.03565
0.03341
0.03229
0.03118
0.03007
0.02896
0.02786
0.02676
0.02566
0.02457
0.02348
0.02240
0.02132
0.02024
0.01917
0.01810
0.01704
0.01598
0.01493
0.01389
0.01285
0.01181
0.01079
0.00977
0.00876
0.00776
0.00677
0.00579

Note 1: Kinematic viscosity n and thermal diffusivity a can be calculated from their definitions, n m/r and a k/rcp n/Pr. The properties listed here
(except the vapor density) can be used at any pressures with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical-point value.
Note 2: The unit kJ/kgC for specific heat is equivalent to kJ/kgK, and the unit W/mC for thermal conductivity is equivalent to W/mK.
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: Tillner-Roth, Harms-Watzenberg, and Baehr,
Eine neue Fundamentalgleichung fur Ammoniak, DKV-Tagungsbericht 20:167181, 1993; Liley and Desai, Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants,
ASHRAE, 1993, ISBN 1-1883413-10-9.

cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd

1/8/10

3:29 PM

Page 881

881
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A12
Properties of saturated propane

Density
Saturation
r, kg/m3
Temp. Pressure
T, C
P, kPa
Liquid Vapor
120
0.4053
110
1.157
100
2.881
90
6.406
80
12.97
70
24.26
60
42.46
50
70.24
40 110.7
30 167.3
20 243.8
10 344.4
0 473.3
5 549.8
10
635.1
15
729.8
20
834.4
25
949.7
30 1076
35 1215
40 1366
45 1530
50 1708
60 2110
70 2580
80 3127
90 3769

664.7
0.01408
654.5
0.03776
644.2
0.08872
633.8
0.1870
623.2
0.3602
612.5
0.6439
601.5
1.081
590.3
1.724
578.8
2.629
567.0
3.864
554.7
5.503
542.0
7.635
528.7 10.36
521.8 11.99
514.7 13.81
507.5 15.85
500.0 18.13
492.2 20.68
484.2 23.53
475.8 26.72
467.1 30.29
458.0 34.29
448.5 38.79
427.5 49.66
403.2 64.02
373.0 84.28
329.1 118.6

Specific
Enthalpy
Heat
of
Vaporization cp, J/kgK
hfg, kJ/kg Liquid Vapor
498.3
489.3
480.4
471.5
462.4
453.1
443.5
433.6
423.1
412.1
400.3
387.8
374.2
367.0
359.5
351.7
343.4
334.8
325.8
316.2
306.1
295.3
283.9
258.4
228.0
189.7
133.2

2003
2021
2044
2070
2100
2134
2173
2217
2258
2310
2368
2433
2507
2547
2590
2637
2688
2742
2802
2869
2943
3026
3122
3283
3595
4501
6977

1115
1148
1183
1221
1263
1308
1358
1412
1471
1535
1605
1682
1768
1814
1864
1917
1974
2036
2104
2179
2264
2361
2473
2769
3241
4173
7239

Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/mK
Liquid
0.1802
0.1738
0.1672
0.1606
0.1539
0.1472
0.1407
0.1343
0.1281
0.1221
0.1163
0.1107
0.1054
0.1028
0.1002
0.0977
0.0952
0.0928
0.0904
0.0881
0.0857
0.0834
0.0811
0.0765
0.0717
0.0663
0.0595

Vapor
0.00589
0.00645
0.00705
0.00769
0.00836
0.00908
0.00985
0.01067
0.01155
0.01250
0.01351
0.01459
0.01576
0.01637
0.01701
0.01767
0.01836
0.01908
0.01982
0.02061
0.02142
0.02228
0.02319
0.02517
0.02746
0.03029
0.03441

Dynamic Viscosity
m, kg/ms
Liquid
6.136
5.054
4.252
3.635
3.149
2.755
2.430
2.158
1.926
1.726
1.551
1.397
1.259
1.195
1.135
1.077
1.022
9.702
9.197
8.710
8.240
7.785
7.343
6.487
5.649
4.790
3.807

104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105

Vapor

Liquid

6.820
5.878
5.195
4.686
4.297
3.994
3.755
3.563
3.395
3.266
3.158
3.069
2.996
2.964
2.935
2.909
2.886
2.866
2.850
2.837
2.828
2.824
2.826
2.784
2.834
3.251
4.465

4.372
4.625
4.881
5.143
5.409
5.680
5.956
6.239
6.529
6.827
7.136
7.457
7.794
7.970
8.151
8.339
8.534
8.738
8.952
9.178
9.417
9.674
9.950
1.058
1.138
1.249
1.448

Volume
Expansion
Coefficient Surface
Tension,
b, l/K
Vapor
Liquid
N/m

Prandtl
Number
Pr

106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
105
105
105
105
105

0.827
0.822
0.819
0.817
0.817
0.818
0.821
0.825
0.831
0.839
0.848
0.860
0.875
0.883
0.893
0.905
0.918
0.933
0.950
0.971
0.995
1.025
1.061
1.164
1.343
1.722
3.047

0.00153
0.00157
0.00161
0.00166
0.00171
0.00177
0.00184
0.00192
0.00201
0.00213
0.00226
0.00242
0.00262
0.00273
0.00286
0.00301
0.00318
0.00337
0.00358
0.00384
0.00413
0.00448
0.00491
0.00609
0.00811
0.01248
0.02847

0.02630
0.02486
0.02344
0.02202
0.02062
0.01923
0.01785
0.01649
0.01515
0.01382
0.01251
0.01122
0.00996
0.00934
0.00872
0.00811
0.00751
0.00691
0.00633
0.00575
0.00518
0.00463
0.00408
0.00303
0.00204
0.00114
0.00037

Note 1: Kinematic viscosity n and thermal diffusivity a can be calculated from their definitions, n m/r and a k/mcp n/Pr. The properties listed here (except
the vapor density) can be used at any pressures with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical-point value.
Note 2: The unit kJ/kgC for specific heat is equivalent to kJ/kgK, and the unit W/mC for thermal conductivity is equivalent to W/mK.
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: Reiner Tillner-Roth, Fundamental Equations of
State, Shaker, Verlag, Aachan, 1998; B. A. Younglove and J. F. Ely, Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. II Methane, Ethane, Propane, Isobutane, and Normal
Butane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 16, No. 4, 1987; G.R. Somayajulu, A Generalized Equation for Surface Tension from the Triple-Point to the CriticalPoint, International Journal of Thermophysics, Vol. 9, No. 4, 1988.

cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd

1/8/10

3:29 PM

Page 882

882
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A13
Properties of liquids

Temp.
T, C

Density
r, kg/m3

Specific
Heat
cp, J/kgK

Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/mK

Thermal
Diffusivity
a, m2/s

Dynamic
Viscosity
m, kg/ms

Kinematic
Viscosity
n, m2/s

Prandtl
Number
Pr

Volume
Expansion
Coeff.
b, 1/K

Methane [CH4]
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90

420.2
405.0
388.8
371.1
351.4
328.8
301.0
261.7

3492
3580
3700
3875
4146
4611
5578
8902

0.1863
0.1703
0.1550
0.1402
0.1258
0.1115
0.0967
0.0797

1.270
1.174
1.077
9.749
8.634
7.356
5.761
3.423

107
107
107
108
108
108
108
108

1.133
9.169
7.551
6.288
5.257
4.377
3.577
2.761

104
105
105
105
105
105
105
105

2.699
2.264
1.942
1.694
1.496
1.331
1.188
1.055

107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107

2.126
1.927
1.803
1.738
1.732
1.810
2.063
3.082

0.00352
0.00391
0.00444
0.00520
0.00637
0.00841
0.01282
0.02922

104
104
104
104
104
104

7.429
6.531
5.795
5.185
4.677
4.250

107
107
107
107
107
107

7.414
6.622
5.980
5.453
5.018
4.655

0.00118
0.00120
0.00123
0.00127
0.00132
0.00137

104
104
104
104
104
104
104
105
105

1.360
8.531
5.942
4.420
3.432
2.743
2.233
1.836
1.509

106
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107

12.65
8.167
6.079
4.963
4.304
3.880
3.582
3.363
3.256

0.00142
0.00150
0.00161
0.00177
0.00199
0.00232
0.00286
0.00385
0.00628

8.219
5.287
3.339
1.970
1.201
7.878
5.232
3.464
2.455

103
103
103
103
103
104
104
104
104

84,101
54,327
34,561
20,570
12,671
8,392
5,631
3,767
2,697

4.242
9.429
2.485
8.565
3.794
2.046
1.241
8.029
6.595

103
104
104
105
105
105
105
106
106

46,636
10,863
2,962
1,080
499.3
279.1
176.3
118.1
98.31

Methanol [CH3(OH)]
20
30
40
50
60
70

788.4
779.1
769.6
760.1
750.4
740.4

2515
2577
2644
2718
2798
2885

0.1987
0.1980
0.1972
0.1965
0.1957
0.1950

1.002
9.862
9.690
9.509
9.320
9.128

100
75
50
25
0
25
50
75
100

683.8
659.3
634.3
608.2
580.6
550.7
517.3
478.5
429.6

1881
1970
2069
2180
2306
2455
2640
2896
3361

0.1383
0.1357
0.1283
0.1181
0.1068
0.0956
0.0851
0.0757
0.0669

1.075
1.044
9.773
8.906
7.974
7.069
6.233
5.460
4.634

107
107
108
108
108
108
108
108
108

107
108
108
108
108
108

5.857
5.088
4.460
3.942
3.510
3.146

Isobutane (R600a)
9.305
5.624
3.769
2.688
1.993
1.510
1.155
8.785
6.483

Glycerin
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40

1276
1273
1270
1267
1264
1261
1258
1255
1252

2262
2288
2320
2354
2386
2416
2447
2478
2513

0.2820
0.2835
0.2846
0.2856
0.2860
0.2860
0.2860
0.2860
0.2863

9.773
9.732
9.662
9.576
9.484
9.388
9.291
9.195
9.101

1797
1881
1964
2048
2132
2220
2308
2395
2441

0.1469
0.1450
0.1444
0.1404
0.1380
0.1367
0.1347
0.1330
0.1327

9.097
8.680
8.391
7.934
7.599
7.330
7.042
6.798
6.708

10
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108

10.49
6.730
4.241
2.496
1.519
0.9934
0.6582
0.4347
0.3073

Engine Oil (unused)

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
150

899.0
888.1
876.0
863.9
852.0
840.0
828.9
816.8
810.3

108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108

3.814
0.8374
0.2177
0.07399
0.03232
0.01718
0.01029
0.006558
0.005344

Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Originally based on various sources.

0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070

cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd

1/8/10

3:29 PM

Page 883

883
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A14
Properties of liquid metals

Temp.
T, C

Density
r, kg/m3

Specific
Heat
cp, J/kgK

Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/mK

Thermal
Diffusivity
a, m2/s

Dynamic
Viscosity
m, kg/ms

Kinematic
Viscosity
n, m2/s

Volume
Expansion
Coeff.
b, 1/K

Prandtl
Number
Pr

Mercury (Hg) Melting Point: 39 C

0
25
50
75
100
150
200
250
300

13595
13534
13473
13412
13351
13231
13112
12993
12873

140.4
139.4
138.6
137.8
137.1
136.1
135.5
135.3
135.3

8.18200
8.51533
8.83632
9.15632
9.46706
10.07780
10.65465
11.18150
11.68150

4.287
4.514
4.734
4.956
5.170
5.595
5.996
6.363
6.705

106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106

1.687
1.534
1.423
1.316
1.245
1.126
1.043
9.820
9.336

1.241
1.133
1.056
9.819
9.326
8.514
7.959
7.558
7.252

107
107
107
108
108
108
108
108
108

0.0289
0.0251
0.0223
0.0198
0.0180
0.0152
0.0133
0.0119
0.0108

103
103
103
103
104

1.545
1.436
1.215
1.048
9.157

107
107
107
107
108

0.01381
0.01310
0.01154
0.01022
0.00906

103
103
103
103
103
103
103

2.167
1.976
1.814
1.702
1.589
1.475
1.360

107
107
107
107
107
107
107

0.02252
0.02048
0.01879
0.01771
0.01661
0.01549
0.01434

7.432
5.967
4.418
3.188
2.909
2.614

107
107
107
107
107
107

0.01106
0.008987
0.006751
0.004953
0.004593
0.004202

4.213
3.456
2.652
2.304
2.126

107
107
107
107
107

0.006023
0.004906
0.00374
0.003309
0.003143

107
107
107
107
107
107

0.02102
0.01611
0.01161
0.00753
0.00665
0.00579

103
103
103
103
103
103
103
104
104

1.810
1.810
1.810
1.810
1.810
1.810
1.815
1.829
1.854

Bismuth (Bi) Melting Point: 271C

350
400
500
600
700

9969
9908
9785
9663
9540

400
450
500
550
600
650
700

10506
10449
10390
10329
10267
10206
10145

146.0
148.2
152.8
157.3
161.8

16.28
16.10
15.74
15.60
15.60

158
156
155
155
155
155
155

15.97
15.74
15.54
15.39
15.23
15.07
14.91

1.118
1.096
1.052
1.026
1.010

105
105
105
105
105

1.540
1.422
1.188
1.013
8.736

Lead (Pb) Melting Point: 327C

9.623
9.649
9.651
9.610
9.568
9.526
9.483

106
106
106
106
106
106
106

2.277
2.065
1.884
1.758
1.632
1.505
1.379

Sodium (Na) Melting Point: 98C

100
200
300
400
500
600

927.3
902.5
877.8
853.0
828.5
804.0

1378
1349
1320
1296
1284
1272

85.84
80.84
75.84
71.20
67.41
63.63

6.718
6.639
6.544
6.437
6.335
6.220

105
105
105
105
105
105

6.892
5.385
3.878
2.720
2.411
2.101

104
104
104
104
104
104

Potassium (K) Melting Point: 64C

200
300
400
500
600

795.2
771.6
748.0
723.9
699.6

790.8
772.8
754.8
750.0
750.0

43.99
42.01
40.03
37.81
35.50

6.995
7.045
7.090
6.964
6.765

105
105
105
105
105

3.350
2.667
1.984
1.668
1.487

104
104
104
104
104

Sodium-Potassium (%22Na-%78K) Melting Point: 11C

100
200
300
400
500
600

847.3
823.2
799.1
775.0
751.5
728.0

944.4
922.5
900.6
879.0
880.1
881.2

25.64
26.27
26.89
27.50
27.89
28.28

3.205
3.459
3.736
4.037
4.217
4.408

105
105
105
105
105
105

5.707
4.587
3.467
2.357
2.108
1.859

104
104
104
104
104
104

6.736
5.572
4.339
3.041
2.805
2.553

Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Originally based on various sources.

104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104

cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd

1/8/10

3:29 PM

Page 884

884
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A15
Properties of air at 1 atm pressure
Temp.
T, C

Density
r, kg/m3

Specific
Heat
cp, J/kgK

Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/mK

150
100
50
40
30
20
10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1500
2000

2.866
2.038
1.582
1.514
1.451
1.394
1.341
1.292
1.269
1.246
1.225
1.204
1.184
1.164
1.145
1.127
1.109
1.092
1.059
1.028
0.9994
0.9718
0.9458
0.8977
0.8542
0.8148
0.7788
0.7459
0.6746
0.6158
0.5664
0.5243
0.4880
0.4565
0.4042
0.3627
0.3289
0.3008
0.2772
0.1990
0.1553

983
966
999
1002
1004
1005
1006
1006
1006
1006
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1008
1008
1009
1011
1013
1016
1019
1023
1033
1044
1056
1069
1081
1093
1115
1135
1153
1169
1184
1234
1264

0.01171
0.01582
0.01979
0.02057
0.02134
0.02211
0.02288
0.02364
0.02401
0.02439
0.02476
0.02514
0.02551
0.02588
0.02625
0.02662
0.02699
0.02735
0.02808
0.02881
0.02953
0.03024
0.03095
0.03235
0.03374
0.03511
0.03646
0.03779
0.04104
0.04418
0.04721
0.05015
0.05298
0.05572
0.06093
0.06581
0.07037
0.07465
0.07868
0.09599
0.11113

Thermal
Diffusivity
a, m2/s
4.158
8.036
1.252
1.356
1.465
1.578
1.696
1.818
1.880
1.944
2.009
2.074
2.141
2.208
2.277
2.346
2.416
2.487
2.632
2.780
2.931
3.086
3.243
3.565
3.898
4.241
4.593
4.954
5.890
6.871
7.892
8.951
1.004
1.117
1.352
1.598
1.855
2.122
2.398
3.908
5.664

106
106
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104

Dynamic
Viscosity
m, kg/ms
8.636
1.189
1.474
1.527
1.579
1.630
1.680
1.729
1.754
1.778
1.802
1.825
1.849
1.872
1.895
1.918
1.941
1.963
2.008
2.052
2.096
2.139
2.181
2.264
2.345
2.420
2.504
2.577
2.760
2.934
3.101
3.261
3.415
3.563
3.846
4.111
4.362
4.600
4.826
5.817
6.630

106
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105

Kinematic
Viscosity
n, m2/s
3.013
5.837
9.319
1.008
1.087
1.169
1.252
1.338
1.382
1.426
1.470
1.516
1.562
1.608
1.655
1.702
1.750
1.798
1.896
1.995
2.097
2.201
2.306
2.522
2.745
2.975
3.212
3.455
4.091
4.765
5.475
6.219
6.997
7.806
9.515
1.133
1.326
1.529
1.741
2.922
4.270

106
106
106
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
104
104
104
104
104
104

Prandtl
Number
Pr
0.7246
0.7263
0.7440
0.7436
0.7425
0.7408
0.7387
0.7362
0.7350
0.7336
0.7323
0.7309
0.7296
0.7282
0.7268
0.7255
0.7241
0.7228
0.7202
0.7177
0.7154
0.7132
0.7111
0.7073
0.7041
0.7014
0.6992
0.6974
0.6946
0.6935
0.6937
0.6948
0.6965
0.6986
0.7037
0.7092
0.7149
0.7206
0.7260
0.7478
0.7539

Note: For ideal gases, the properties cp, k, m, and Pr are independent of pressure. The properties r, n, and a at a pressure P (in atm) other than 1 atm are
determined by multiplying the values of r at the given temperature by P and by dividing n and a by P.
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: Keenan, Chao, Keyes, Gas Tables, Wiley, 1984;
and Thermophysical Properties of Matter. Vol. 3: Thermal Conductivity, Y. S. Touloukian, P. E. Liley, S. C. Saxena, Vol. 11: Viscosity, Y. S. Touloukian, S. C.
Saxena, and P. Hestermans, IFI/Plenun, NY, 1970, ISBN 0-306067020-8.

cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd

1/8/10

3:29 PM

Page 885

885
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A16
Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure
Temp.
T, C

Density
r, kg/m3

Specific
Heat
cp, J/kgK

Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/mK

Thermal
Diffusivity
a, m2/s

Dynamic
Viscosity
m, kg/ms

Kinematic
Viscosity
n, m2/s

Prandtl
Number
Pr

Carbon Dioxide, CO2

50
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000

2.4035
1.9635
1.6597
1.4373
1.2675
1.1336
0.9358
0.7968
0.6937
0.4213
0.3025
0.2359

746
811
866.6
914.8
957.4
995.2
1060
1112
1156
1292
1356
1387

0.01051
0.01456
0.01858
0.02257
0.02652
0.03044
0.03814
0.04565
0.05293
0.08491
0.10688
0.11522

5.860
9.141
1.291
1.716
2.186
2.698
3.847
5.151
6.600
1.560
2.606
3.521

1.129
1.375
1.612
1.841
2.063
2.276
2.682
3.061
3.416
4.898
6.106
7.322

105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105

4.699
7.003
9.714
1.281
1.627
2.008
2.866
3.842
4.924
1.162
2.019
3.103

106
106
106
105
105
105
105
105
105
104
104
104

0.8019
0.7661
0.7520
0.7464
0.7445
0.7442
0.7450
0.7458
0.7460
0.7455
0.7745
0.8815

105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
104
104
104
104

1.378
1.629
1.863
2.080
2.283
2.472
2.812
3.111
3.379
4.557
6.321
9.826

105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105

9.012
1.303
1.764
2.274
2.830
3.426
4.722
6.136
7.653
1.700
3.284
6.543

106
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
104
104
104

0.7840
0.7499
0.7328
0.7239
0.7191
0.7164
0.7134
0.7111
0.7087
0.7080
0.7733
0.9302

105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
104
104
104
104

8.564
1.028
1.191
1.345
1.491
1.630
1.886
2.119
2.334
3.281
4.434
6.360

106
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105

9.774
1.436
1.969
2.567
3.227
3.944
5.529
7.297
9.228
2.136
4.022
7.395

106
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
104
104
104

0.8116
0.7494
0.7282
0.7247
0.7284
0.7344
0.7450
0.7501
0.7502
0.7331
0.7936
1.0386

104
104
104
104
104
104

7.293
8.391
9.427
1.041
1.136
1.228

106
106
106
105
105
105

6.624
9.329
1.240
1.582
1.957
2.365

105
105
104
104
104
104

0.6562
0.7071
0.7191
0.7196
0.7174
0.7155

106
106
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
104
104
104

Carbon Monoxide, CO
50
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000

1.5297
1.2497
1.0563
0.9148
0.8067
0.7214
0.5956
0.5071
0.4415
0.2681
0.1925
0.1502

1081
1048
1039
1041
1049
1060
1085
1111
1135
1226
1279
1309

0.01901
0.02278
0.02641
0.02992
0.03330
0.03656
0.04277
0.04860
0.05412
0.07894
0.10458
0.13833

1.149
1.739
2.407
3.142
3.936
4.782
6.619
8.628
1.079
2.401
4.246
7.034

Methane, CH4
50
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000

0.8761
0.7158
0.6050
0.5240
0.4620
0.4132
0.3411
0.2904
0.2529
0.1536
0.1103
0.0860

2243
2217
2302
2443
2611
2791
3158
3510
3836
5042
5701
6001

0.02367
0.03042
0.03766
0.04534
0.05344
0.06194
0.07996
0.09918
0.11933
0.22562
0.31857
0.36750

1.204
1.917
2.704
3.543
4.431
5.370
7.422
9.727
1.230
2.914
5.068
7.120

Hydrogen, H2
50
0
50
100
150
200

0.11010
0.08995
0.07603
0.06584
0.05806
0.05193

12635
13920
14349
14473
14492
14482

0.1404
0.1652
0.1881
0.2095
0.2296
0.2486

1.009
1.319
1.724
2.199
2.729
3.306

cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd

1/8/10

3:29 PM

Page 886

886
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A16
Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure (Concluded)
Temp.
T, C

Density
r, kg/m3

300
400
500
1000
1500
2000

0.04287
0.03650
0.03178
0.01930
0.01386
0.01081

Specific
Heat
cp, J/kgK
14481
14540
14653
15577
16553
17400

Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/mK
0.2843
0.3180
0.3509
0.5206
0.6581
0.5480

Thermal
Diffusivity
a, m2/s
4.580
5.992
7.535
1.732
2.869
2.914

Dynamic
Viscosity
m, kg/ms

Kinematic
Viscosity
n, m2/s

Prandtl
Number
Pr

104
104
104
103
103
103

1.403
1.570
1.730
2.455
3.099
3.690

105
105
105
105
105
105

3.274
4.302
5.443
1.272
2.237
3.414

104
104
104
103
103
103

0.7149
0.7179
0.7224
0.7345
0.7795
1.1717

105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
104
104
104
104

1.390
1.640
1.874
2.094
2.300
2.494
2.849
3.166
3.451
4.594
5.562
6.426

105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105

9.091
1.312
1.774
2.289
2.851
3.457
4.783
6.242
7.816
1.713
2.889
4.278

106
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
104
104
104

0.6655
0.7121
0.7114
0.7056
0.7025
0.7025
0.7078
0.7153
0.7215
0.7022
0.5969
0.4483

105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
104
104
104
104

1.616
1.916
2.194
2.451
2.694
2.923
3.350
3.744
4.114
5.732
7.133
8.417

105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105

9.246
1.342
1.818
2.346
2.923
3.546
4.923
6.463
8.156
1.871
3.243
4.907

106
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
104
104
104

0.7694
0.7198
0.7053
0.7019
0.7019
0.7025
0.7030
0.7023
0.7010
0.6986
0.6985
0.6873

7.187
8.956
1.078
1.265
1.456
1.650
2.045
2.446
2.847
4.762
6.411
7.808

106
106
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105

7.305
1.114
1.587
2.150
2.806
3.556
5.340
7.498
1.002
2.761
5.177
8.084

106
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
104
104
104
104

1.0047
1.0033
0.9944
0.9830
0.9712
0.9599
0.9401
0.9240
0.9108
0.8639
0.8233
0.7833

Nitrogen, N2
50
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000

1.5299
1.2498
1.0564
0.9149
0.8068
0.7215
0.5956
0.5072
0.4416
0.2681
0.1925
0.1502

957.3
1035
1042
1041
1043
1050
1070
1095
1120
1213
1266
1297

0.02001
0.02384
0.02746
0.03090
0.03416
0.03727
0.04309
0.04848
0.05358
0.07938
0.11793
0.18590

1.366
1.843
2.494
3.244
4.058
4.921
6.758
8.727
1.083
2.440
4.839
9.543

Oxygen, O2
50
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000

1.7475
1.4277
1.2068
1.0451
0.9216
0.8242
0.6804
0.5793
0.5044
0.3063
0.2199
0.1716

984.4
928.7
921.7
931.8
947.6
964.7
997.1
1025
1048
1121
1165
1201

0.02067
0.02472
0.02867
0.03254
0.03637
0.04014
0.04751
0.05463
0.06148
0.09198
0.11901
0.14705

1.201
1.865
2.577
3.342
4.164
5.048
7.003
9.204
1.163
2.678
4.643
7.139

Water Vapor, H2O

50
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000

0.9839
0.8038
0.6794
0.5884
0.5189
0.4640
0.3831
0.3262
0.2840
0.1725
0.1238
0.0966

1892
1874
1874
1887
1908
1935
1997
2066
2137
2471
2736
2928

0.01353
0.01673
0.02032
0.02429
0.02861
0.03326
0.04345
0.05467
0.06677
0.13623
0.21301
0.29183

7.271
1.110
1.596
2.187
2.890
3.705
5.680
8.114
1.100
3.196
6.288
1.032

106
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
104
104
104
103

Note: For ideal gases, the properties cp, k, m, and Pr are independent of pressure. The properties r, n, and a at a pressure P (in atm) other than 1 atm are
determined by multiplying the values of p at the given temperature by r and by dividing n and a by P.
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Originally based on various sources.

cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd

1/8/10

3:29 PM

Page 887

887
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A17
Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude
Altitude,
z, m

Temperature,
T , C

Pressure,
P, kPa

Gravity
g, m/s2

Speed of
Sound,
c, m/s

Density,
r, kg/m3

0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
3600
3800
4000
4200
4400
4600
4800
5000
5200
5400
5600
5800
6000
6200
6400
6600
6800
7000
8000
9000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000

15.00
13.70
12.40
11.10
9.80
8.50
7.20
5.90
4.60
3.30
2.00
0.70
0.59
1.89
3.19
4.49
5.79
7.09
8.39
9.69
10.98
12.3
13.6
14.9
16.2
17.5
18.8
20.1
21.4
22.7
24.0
25.3
26.6
27.9
29.2
30.5
36.9
43.4
49.9
56.5
56.5
56.5
56.5

101.33
98.95
96.61
94.32
92.08
89.88
87.72
85.60
83.53
81.49
79.50
77.55
75.63
73.76
71.92
70.12
68.36
66.63
64.94
63.28
61.66
60.07
58.52
57.00
55.51
54.05
52.62
51.23
49.86
48.52
47.22
45.94
44.69
43.47
42.27
41.11
35.65
30.80
26.50
19.40
14.17
10.53
7.57

9.807
9.806
9.805
9.805
9.804
9.804
9.803
9.802
9.802
9.801
9.800
9.800
9.799
9.799
9.798
9.797
9.797
9.796
9.796
9.795
9.794
9.794
9.793
9.793
9.792
9.791
9.791
9.790
9.789
9.785
9.788
9.788
9.787
9.786
9.785
9.785
9.782
9.779
9.776
9.770
9.764
9.758
9.751

340.3
339.5
338.8
338.0
337.2
336.4
335.7
334.9
334.1
333.3
332.5
331.7
331.0
330.2
329.4
328.6
327.8
327.0
326.2
325.4
324.6
323.8
323.0
322.2
321.4
320.5
319.7
318.9
318.1
317.3
316.5
315.6
314.8
314.0
313.1
312.3
308.1
303.8
299.5
295.1
295.1
295.1
295.1

1.225
1.202
1.179
1.156
1.134
1.112
1.090
1.069
1.048
1.027
1.007
0.987
0.967
0.947
0.928
0.909
0.891
0.872
0.854
0.837
0.819
0.802
0.785
0.769
0.752
0.736
0.721
0.705
0.690
0.675
0.660
0.646
0.631
0.617
0.604
0.590
0.526
0.467
0.414
0.312
0.228
0.166
0.122

Viscosity
m, kg/ms

Thermal
Conductivity,
k, W/mK

0.0253
0.0252
0.0252
0.0251
0.0250
0.0249
0.0248
0.0247
0.0245
0.0244
0.0243
0.0242
0.0241
0.0240
0.0239
0.0238
0.0237
0.0236
0.0235
0.0234
0.0233
0.0232
0.0231
0.0230
0.0229
0.0228
0.0227
0.0226
0.0224
0.0223
0.0222
0.0221
0.0220
0.0219
0.0218
0.0217
0.0212
0.0206
0.0201
0.0195
0.0195
0.0195
0.0195

1.789
1.783
1.777
1.771
1.764
1.758
1.752
1.745
1.739
1.732
1.726
1.720
1.713
1.707
1.700
1.694
1.687
1.681
1.674
1.668
1.661
1.655
1.648
1.642
1.635
1.628
1.622
1.615
1.608
1.602
1.595
1.588
1.582
1.575
1.568
1.561
1.527
1.493
1.458
1.422
1.422
1.422
1.422

105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105

Source: U.S. Standard Atmosphere Supplements, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. Based on year-round mean conditions at 45 latitude and varies
with the time of the year and the weather patterns. The conditions at sea level (z 0) are taken to be P 101.325 kPa, T 15C, r 1.2250 kg/m3,
g 9.80665 m2/s.

cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd

1/8/10

3:29 PM

Page 888

888
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A18
Emissivities of surfaces
(a) Metals
Material
Aluminum
Polished
Commercial sheet
Heavily oxidized
Anodized
Bismuth, bright
Brass
Highly polished
Polished
Dull plate
Oxidized
Chromium, polished
Copper
Highly polished
Polished
Commercial sheet
Oxidized
Black oxidized
Gold
Highly polished
Bright foil
Iron
Highly polished
Case iron
Wrought iron
Rusted
Oxidized
Lead
Polished
Unoxidized, rough
Oxidized

Temperature,
K

Emissivity,
e

300900
400
400800
300
350

0.040.06
0.09
0.200.33
0.8
0.34

500650
350
300600
450800
3001400

0.030.04
0.09
0.22
0.6
0.080.40

300
300500
300
6001000
300

0.02
0.040.05
0.15
0.50.8
0.78

3001000
300

0.030.06
0.07

300500
300
300500
300
500900

0.050.07
0.44
0.28
0.61
0.640.78

300500
300
300

0.060.08
0.43
0.63

Material
Magnesium, polished
Mercury
Molybdenum
Polished
Oxidized
Nickel
Polished
Oxidized
Platinum, polished
Silver, polished
Stainless steel
Polished
Lightly oxidized
Highly oxidized
Steel
Polished sheet
Commercial sheet
Heavily oxidized
Tin, polished
Tungsten
Polished
Filament
Zinc
Polished
Oxidized

Temperature,
K

Emissivity,
e

300500
300400

0.070.13
0.090.12

3002000
600800

0.050.21
0.800.82

5001200
4501000
5001500
3001000

0.070.17
0.370.57
0.060.18
0.020.07

3001000
6001000
6001000

0.170.30
0.300.40
0.700.80

300500
5001200
300
300

0.080.14
0.200.32
0.81
0.05

3002500
3500

0.030.29
0.39

300800
300

0.020.05
0.25

cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd

1/8/10

3:29 PM

Page 889

889
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A18
Emissivities of surfaces (Concluded)
(b) Nonmetals
Material
Alumina
Aluminum oxide
Asbestos
Asphalt pavement
Brick
Common
Fireclay
Carbon filament
Cloth
Concrete
Glass
Window
Pyrex
Pyroceram
Ice
Magnesium oxide
Masonry
Paints
Aluminum
Black, lacquer, shiny
Oils, all colors
Red primer
White acrylic
White enamel

Temperature,
K

Emissivity,
e

8001400
6001500
300
300

0.650.45
0.690.41
0.96
0.850.93

300
1200
2000
300
300

0.930.96
0.75
0.53
0.750.90
0.880.94

300
3001200
3001500
273
400800
300

0.900.95
0.820.62
0.850.57
0.950.99
0.690.55
0.80

300
300
300
300
300
300

0.400.50
0.88
0.920.96
0.93
0.90
0.90

Material
Paper, white
Plaster, white
Porcelain, glazed
Quartz, rough, fused
Rubber
Hard
Soft
Sand
Silicon carbide
Skin, human
Snow
Soil, earth
Soot
Teflon
Water, deep
Wood
Beech
Oak

Temperature,
K

Emissivity,
e

300
300
300
300

0.90
0.93
0.92
0.93

300
300
300
6001500
300
273
300
300500
300500
273373

0.93
0.86
0.90
0.870.85
0.95
0.800.90
0.930.96
0.95
0.850.92
0.950.96

300
300

0.94
0.90

cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd

1/8/10

3:29 PM

Page 890

890
APPENDIX 1

TABLE A19
Solar radiative properties of materials
Description/composition
Aluminum
Polished
Anodized
Quartz-overcoated
Foil
Brick, red (Purdue)
Concrete
Galvanized sheet metal
Clean, new
Oxidized, weathered
Glass, 3.2-mm thickness
Float or tempered
Low iron oxide type
Marble, slightly off-white (nonreflective)
Metal, plated
Black sulfide
Black cobalt oxide
Black nickel oxide
Black chrome
Mylar, 0.13-mm thickness
Paints
Black (Parsons)
White, acrylic
White, zinc oxide
Paper, white
Plexiglas, 3.2-mm thickness
Porcelain tiles, white (reflective glazed surface)
Roofing tiles, bright red
Dry surface
Wet surface
Sand, dry
Off-white
Dull red
Snow
Fine particles, fresh
Ice granules
Steel
Mirror-finish
Heavily rusted
Stone (light pink)
Tedlar, 0.10-mm thickness
Teflon, 0.13-mm thickness
Wood

Solar
Absorptivity, as

Emissivity, e,
at 300 K

Ratio,
as /e

0.09
0.14
0.11
0.15
0.63
0.60

0.03
0.84
0.37
0.05
0.93
0.88

3.0
0.17
0.30
3.0
0.68
0.68

0.65
0.80

0.13
0.28

5.0
2.9

Solar
Transmissivity, ts

0.79
0.88
0.40

0.88

0.92
0.93
0.92
0.87

0.10
0.30
0.08
0.09

0.45
9.2
3.1
11
9.7
0.87

0.98
0.26
0.16
0.27

0.98
0.90
0.93
0.83

1.0
0.29
0.17
0.32

0.26

0.85

0.30

0.65
0.88

0.85
0.91

0.76
0.96

0.52
0.73

0.82
0.86

0.63
0.82

0.13
0.33

0.82
0.89

0.16
0.37

0.41
0.89
0.65

0.05
0.92
0.87

8.2
0.96
0.74

0.90

0.92
0.92
0.59

0.90

0.66

Source: V. C. Sharma and A. Sharma, Solar Properties of Some Building Elements, Energy 14 (1989), pp. 805810, and other sources.

0.1

4 5 6

8 104

2(104) 3 4 5 6

0
0.99
0.5
0.01
0.0015
0.26
0.15
0.046
0.002
0.045

mm

Roughness, e

2(105) 3 4 5 6
Reynolds number, Re

8 105

Smooth pipes
e/D = 0

2(106) 3 4 5 6

e/D = 0.000001
8 106

Fully rough turbulent flow (f levels off)

flow are evaluated from the Colebrook equation

/D
2.51
1
2log10

.
3.7
Re f
f

2(107) 3 4 5 6

0.00001
8 108

0.00005

0.0001

0.0002

0.0004

0.001
0.0008
0.0006

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.01
0.008

0.015

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

Relative roughness, e/D

2
L rV
. Friction factors in the turbulent
D 2

8 107

e/D = 0.000005

The Moody chart for the friction factor for fully developed flow in circular pipes for use in the head loss relation PL f

2(103) 3

0
0.0030.03
0.0016
0.000033
0.000005
0.00085
0.0005
0.00015
0.000007
0.00015

Glass, plastic
Concrete
Wood stave
Rubber, smoothed
Copper or brass tubing
Cast iron
Galvanized iron
Wrought iron
Stainless steel
Commercial steel

103

ft

FIGURE A20

0.008

0.009

i
Material

0.01

64/R

0.015

,f=

low
nar f

0.02

Transitional Turbulent
flow
flow

3:29 PM

0.025

0.03

Laminar
flow

Lam

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

1/8/10

Darcy friction factor, f

cen98128_App-A_p865-892.qxd
Page 891

891
APPENDIX 1