S5 lnverness Drive EaSt. ,Englewood, CO 80112·.,198
PART A-CALCULATOR SIDE
CR-2 and CR-3
o Unit Index
o Cursor Hairline
o Recovery Coefficient 1.0
o Nautical-Statute Conversion Arrows
o Calibrated Air Speed Window
o Time Index
o True Air Speed Windows
o Base Disc
ii
CR-5
a Top Disc
41 Temperature Conversion Scale G) Indicated Temperature Window 4D Mach Number Window
• Temperature Rise Scale
«D True Altitude Window
o Latitude for Pressure Pattern Scale
1
Example
Given: Ground speed 200 l\'IPH
Distance 300 Stat. Mi.
Find:
Time enroute
Fig. 1
Time
-
Speed - Distance
Given: n istance _. •.... 21 0 Mi.
Ti me.. _.50 M i 11.
Find: Ground speed
'Time, speed and distance problems are solved with the CR Computer in the conventional manner ... using the outside scales on the calculator side. For the benefit at those 'knot so inclined,' the CR is 'knot knecessarily knau tical' and you can get perfectly good answers in MPH and statute. Let's run through some quickies so's you won't figure 'Ole Sharp' is spoofing you.
"First a word about reading [he scales on the CR. Each figure on the outer scales of the computer can stand for any number can. raining the given digits. The point marked '40' can stand for .4, 4, 40, <100, etc. You must determine, from the given problem, which value is correct."
Fig. 2
To find distance ir you are given ground peed and time, pl~ce time index A_ opposite ground speed and read di tance on outside scale opposite Lime on inside scale.
3
2
Problems 1
(See page 5 i for answers]
Titllt' (;nJlIllc/ SJ)(~I'd Distance
I. :32 ·180 kts
2. : 13 ~~ st.u, mi.
3. . llO k ts. 51!! lWlIL. rui .
4. 1:'10 Hi!:! 1\ II)H
5. :311 r fiO naut, III i.
fi. 177 MPH (ili() Sla l. III i,
FUEL CONSUMPTION Problems ill volvi 1114 Iucl rnnsu m ptiou are worked ill the sallie manner as ume-speed-d istancc problems. Si III pi Y pl;lcc )!;a llons instead of miles on the outside scale and time Oil the inside scale. Gallons per hOllr instead of miles pCI' hour wi l] he read opposite the time index ~ .
H U. S. gallons (gasoline) are heillg used, poull!I,~ per hour may be read 011 the outside scale opposite the "SEC" .urow at ilh on the inside scale,
Example
An aircr .. fL has rousumed 105 lI. S. gallollS oj' g;lsolillC in I hr. 30 111 in.
Find:
Ga lions per hour a Ild poullds per hOlil'.
CONVERSIONS
"Things aren't alway' what you want them to i>eBUL the CR will help YOll chang'c them.
For in tance, if YOll want to change:
Nautical miles LO statute miles or kilometers 1I. S. gallons to imperial galluns or liters
F' L to meters
Pounds to kilograms
Or vice vcrsa->
Here's how:
Note the Iollowing label ·d arrow" on inside and outside scales of the calcu la LOr side at the computer:
NAUTICAL miles near r,li on both scales
STATUTE miles _ ncar 71i on both 'Cales
KM. (kilometer') nca r 12011 bntl: 'Cales
J?lIP. G;\L. .mear II Oil hOlh scales
11. S. C.\L.._ near 13 on both scales
Ll T.E I~.s. 11 ea r ·18 on both 5CI j es
FT _ near 1·1 or1 outside scale
:\1 C1TRS nearJ-l (Ill inside sralc
LB Ileal' 3{i Oil outside S 'i1 lc
KG. (kiln~ral11s) near I;') on inside scale
5
To convert between two different units of measure, simply find the arrow for (he first unit of measure on one s ale of th computer and place it opposite the arrow for the second unit of measure on the other scale. Read corresponding values opposite each other on the two scales.
Example
Convert 40 nautical miles to statute miles.
2 .. Opposite 40 on outside scalc read 4& on inside scal ...
Example
Convert 40 naurica l miles to stature miles.
This method may be used for converting among nautical miles, statute miles, and kilometers; and among imperialgailons, U.S. gallons, and liters. It may not. be used to convert between feet and meters or pound and kilograms because all arrows for the latter conversions are on opposite scales.
Fig. if
Celsius - Fahrenheit
A temperature conversion scale is located on the calculator side of the eR. Read temperature conversions directly from this scale.
This method is especially good il you have a series of quantities to convert. Only aile .,cuing is necessary lor it series because every quanriry 011 the outside scale reprcxerus nauri ',,1 miles (or kIlOl~) and the orresponding value in tau 11,; miles (or ,\IPH) <Ire foulld OPPOSil' on the imide T.de. () nautical miles = 92 statute miles, 38 SLaLUte miles = 33 n;(lItiral miles, CtC It would also have been possible LO match the STAT TE arrow 011 the outsiclc scale wit h the AUTICAL arrow on the inside ~{';lic. reading suruue miles on the outside scale and na ut ira l III i Ies 011 the i nside scale,
se the same method lor all other quaruitv conversions. Silllply match the ar rows i"ur the desired (i 1I;1 n ti lies.
When converting only one quaruit.y instead of <I series of (IU;III' rities, the rollowing method Illay be preferred:
Fig.6
6
7
Problems 2
L 100 nautical miles statute miles
2. 196 statute miles nautical miles
3. 90 statute miles Kilometers
4. 250 kilometers nautical miles
5. 53 U.S. gallons imperial gallons
6. 80 imperial gallons U.S. gallons
7. 198 imperial gallons liters
8. 140 liters U.S. gallons
9. 117 pounds kilograms
10. 90 kilograms pounds
11. -20°C OF
12. 50°F °c Example
Change 2,500 meters to feet.
Fig_ 7
To check the "reasonableness" of your answer, remember that 1 meter equals approximately 3.3 feet.
To help in checking "reasonableness" of your answer, NOTE:
approx .. 5 naut, mi. approx. 1 U.S. gal. approx, 21bs. approx, 1. 2 U.S. gal.
Meters to Feet
WEIGHT OF FUEL AND OIL
Are you perplexed because the constant pressure charts issued by the National Weather Service express altitudes in meters instead of feet? That is no trou ble at all. The CR makes the conversion by lining up the meters arrow near 44 on the inner scale and the feet arrow near 14 on the outer scale. This sets up the correct proportion of feet and meters. Then, all values on tbe inner scale represent meters and those on the outer scale represent corresponding values in feet.
8
Want to know how much your fuel and oil weigh? Use the foUowing labeled arrows:
FUEL LBS near 77 on outside scale
OIL LBS at 96 on outside scale
9
Example
Find weight or 18 U. S. gal. of gasoline.
To find the weight of imperial gallons, match [he FUEL LBS. arrow with the I;\IP. GAL. <lHOI,· On the inside scale and proceed as above.
To find the weight of oil, use the OIL LBS. arrow at 96 on the outside scale .. mel match with the proper GAL. arrow on the inside scale, using· the same method a in finding fuel weight.
ALTITUDE
Problems 4
Altitude comes in assorted varieties. Ever wonder how high is "up?" No need for confusion if you remember the following points:
Find lh e weiglll of:
I. 35·. S. gal. ga oline 2. 500 imp. gal. gasoline
3. 50 imp. ga I. oil ~. 18 U. S. gal oil
lndicated Altitude is the altitude reading on the altimeter, assuming it is correctly set. It show he approximate height of the aircraft above mean sea level (M L).
Minutes to Seconds
At 3fi on the inside scale is an arrow marked SEC. To convert minu res to seconds, place the lime index A opposite [he number of minutes and read reconds opposite SEC arrow.
'alibrat ed Altitude is the indicated altitude corrected for instrument, po ition, and installation enol's.
True Alritud e is computed by correcting calibrated altitude for nonstandard atmospberi e conditions. It is th actual height of the aircraft above sea level.
Example
Find number of seconds in 13Y2 minutes. Place time index A opposite J3V2. Opposite SEC arrow (ne.u· 3G on inside scale) read 81.
Pressure Attitude is the reading on he altimeter when it. is et to 29.92. PI" ssure altitude is an important factor for determining aircraft performance.
Answer; 13V2 minutes
810 seconds,
Density Altitude is pressure altitude corrected for nnnstandard temperature. Aircraft performance is affected by density altitude.
]0
11
DENSITY ALTITUDE
Near the center of the computer at the bottom left is the density altitude window.
Exa.mple
Given: Pressu re al u rude.. 1 O,O()()'
Calibrated altitude g,oon'
True air temperature -20"C
Ground station altitude 5,000'
True a ILi tude
Find:
Example
Given: Pressure altitude .. 3000'
True air temperature ... 25"C
Find: Density altitude
3. Oppos:he cnl. alL cbcve fJtound. (4000') on Inslde .stale 'fcad true aU. above qrau,nd t37Stn on outside
ICCIle.
Fig.9
Problems 5
Find density altitude for the following conditions.
Pressure Altitude 1500'
1. 2. 3.
0'
True Air Temperature 35"C
400e
.io-c
fig. 10
Problems 6
Find true altitude:
Pressure True Air Calibrated Station
Altitude Temp. AI ti tude j\ luurde
1. I o.ono: 25°C 11,400' 4.200'
2. 5,000' o-c (j,OOO' Sea Level
3. 7,000' io-c 7,400' 1900'
4. 20,000' -15DC 21,000' Unknown
13 8000'
TRUE ALTITUDE
To find the approximate true altitude, use calibrated altitude (or indicated if calibrated is not available) and true air temperature. Greater accuracy can be obtained if you also know the altitude of the ground station giving your altimeter setting.
12
While either knots or MPH can be used with the CR Modern True Air Speed Solution, more accurate true air speed answers will result from using knots when dealing with speeds over 200. The following quantities are necessary for true air speed determination: calibrated air speed (indicated air speed corrected for in stru men t and position errors), pressure altitude (altitude read from altimeter when instrument is set at 29.92), and indicated outside air temperature in degrees Celsius. If calibrated air speed and pressure altitude are not available in a problem, indicated air speed and altitude may be used instead. Remem ber, however, the CR contains no crystal ball and gives answers only as accurate as the data fed into it.
TRUE AIR SPEED
In the old days pilots listened to the wind in the wires and were happy to be flying at G.ny speed. Today we have accurate air speed indicators. It's a mighty fine gadget, but its reading is affected by various items such as temperature, pressure, compressibility, and accidental misreading by the pilot who may be thinking of something else. The CR computer is effective iucorrscting fOI· all errors except the last.
A fast-flying aircraft pushes through the atmosphere so rapidly that the air can't get out of the way fast enough. Hence the air is compressed in front of the aircraft and is heated by compression. As a result, an outside air temperature bulb 'feels' a higher air temperature than really exists in the surrounding non-compressed air. Also, the rush of air over the outside air temperature bulb creates friction, causing further heating and a still higher (false) reading. The amount of this higher reading of the thermometer is called 'temperature rise' and must be considered when computing accurate true air speed.
An automatic compensation for compre.ssibility, temperature rise and air friction is built into the CR Computer so that no reference to graphs and tables and no separate figuring is necessary for correct true air speed solutions. * For this reason the CR is especially adapted to the problems of modern aircraft.
THE CR CURSOR
True air speed calculations are affected by a temperature recovery coefficient, CT, which varies with installation and design of the temperature probe on the individual airplane. Recovery coefficients vary fl"om.6 to 1.0. Once a recovery coefficient is determined for a particular airplane, the coefficient will not vary greatly with speed or altitude.
The cursor on the CR is marked with a straight hairline and a curved line to the right of it (see Fig .. 11), with recovery coefficients plotted for CT values of .8 and l.0.
The recovery coefficient of CT = .8 is the straight line .. On the CR-2 and CR-3 there are two lines plotted for the CT value of 1.0. The solid line is for the standard stratosphere temperature of -55DC (35,000'), and a dashed line is for the standard sea level ternperatu re 0(" + 15° C. Wh en flyi ng between sea level and 35,000 feet, it is necessary to interpolate between the two lines. For instance, at an altitude of 1'7,500 feet with a CT of 1.0, note that 17,500 feet is one-half the way between sea level and 35,000 feet. Hence, one-half of the space between the sea level curve and stratosphere curve of CT == 1.0 must be used for the correct CT curve.
'Sume aircraft manufacturers provide air speed conversion tables that already inrlurie corrccrions for the temperature rise effect or cOilIpl"cssibility in audition It) correcrlou flO r posi t ion and i,.,<1 '·1' men! error. The use of such tu 1.>1<;, or O[ her air speed da ra "I read y corrected for [(,111 pera III rc rise IV i 1'1 resuh ina double correct JOIl wil hC1TOIlCOIiS results from the CR (om PUI er .
14
15
In all problems in this book, it is assumed that the recouery coefficient is the more common 1.0, unless otherwise stated.
MACH NUMBER
Example
Given: Calibrated air speed cIOO kts,
Pressure altitude 15,()()()'
Indicated air temperature .. 300C
In figure J2, read Ma h Number, .78, at the pointer on the scale directly beneath the True Air Speed scale. This value indicates that the aircraft is Hying at .78 times the speed of sound. Since Mach umber is dependent lipan the speed of sound, which varies only with temperature, the same Mach Number represents different true air peeds at different temperatures.
Find:
True air speed
True Air Speed From Mach Number and Temperature
In aircraft having a Mach indicator it is possible to get true air speed from Mach Number and temperature.
Example
Given: i\fach Number 1.16
Indicated air temperature +lOoC
Find:
True air speed
Fig. 12
Problems 7
Find true aiv speed:
Calibrated Air Speed
I. 180 i\IPH
3.
271i k ts. %5 k ts.
Prcssu re Al ti tude 5,(l()O' Ili,OOO' 1(),()()(l'
lndic.ued ,\ir 1"(;'11\ I lcr;l tu re
- 5°C
-15°(;
5°C
Fig. 13
1£ outside air temperature is not available it is possible to find true air speed by lIsing reported or estirna led air temperatu re (i n which case the result is only as accurate as the estimate) .
16
17
Use of Double-ended Mach Index Arrow
To find double-ended Mach Index arrow, set the 10 index (outer edge of top disc) ncar the 60 on the base disc. (This setting is made simply as a means of finding [he double-ended arrow quickly.) In the small window below and left of computer center you will sec a two-directional arrow labeled Mach] ndex.
True Air Speed From True Air Temperature
If your airplane is equipped with a Mach indicator. and you know the true air temperature. simply read the indicated Mach Number, and proceed as shown below in Fig. 15.
The double-ended Mach Index arrow relates a "standard atmosphere" altitude with the standard temperature for that altitude. The temperature of the "standard atmosphere" may be of assistance in estimating' outside air temperature.
However, if your airplane is equipped with a conventional air speed indicator instead, it then becomes necessary to first determine the Mach Number. This is done as follows:
Example
Given:
Calibrated Air Speed , .. 280 kts,
Pressure Altitude 14,500'
True Air Temperature _. -15°C
Example Given: Pressure altitude 28,000'
Find:
Find:
Estirna ted free air temperature
Mach Number True Air Speed
First place calibrated ail' speed opposite pressure altitude (as was done in Fig. 12, Page 16) and find the Mach Number, .55 in the Mach Number window.
1
f
-~ .... _-t:
GO:;;: ::..
-::::""-
Now you have the necessary data (true air temp. -15°C and Mach .55) to proceed as shown in Fig. 15 below.
Fig. 14
NOTE: The -40°C obtained in the above example is estimated true a ir temperature. The methods of finding true ail' speed outlined in Figs. 12 and 13 make use oE indicated air temperature. ee the following section for the best method of finding true air speed when true air temperature i available.
Fig. 15
19
18
TEMPERATURE RISE
In flight, particularly at high airspeeds, an outside air temperature thermometer will read higher than the actual free air temperature because of friction and compression of air at the temperature probe. The CR Computer is designed to correct for temperature rise using the two most popular recovery coefficients.
Today's jets are equipped with temperature probes which have recovery coefficients of 1.0, while many older ones have a coefficient of .8. The scale near the center of the computer entitled "TEMPERATURE RISE CO (CT 1.0)" has been designed to reflect the temperature rise indicated by aCT 1.0 temperature probe.
Fig. 16
Problems 8
Find temperature rise and true air temperature: (eT 1.0)
If the temperature rise is desired for a temperature probe with a 0T of . 8, the Or .8 cursor line is used and the value found on the "TEMPERA· TURE RISE CO (CT 1.0)" scale is multiplied by .8.
Calibrated Pressure Indicated Air
Air Speed Altitude Temperature
1. 190 kts. 5,000' OOC
2 . 350 kts. 17,000' -lODe Example
Given:
Calibrated air speed 276 kts.
Pressure altitude 10,000'
Indicated air temperature. . . . . .. OOC
Recovery coefficient 1.0
"OLD" METHOD - TRUE AIR SPEED
Find:
True air temperature
An older method for finding true air speed consists of matching pressure altitude and true air temperature in the small true air speed window near the lower left center of the computer and reading true air speed on the outside scale opposite calibrated air speed on the inside scale. This method does not correct for temperature rise and compressibility and is not suited fa problems involving high-speed aircraft.
20
21
Find:
True Air Speed
~I
Given:
Example
Calibrated Air Speed 166 kts.
Pressure Altitude 5000'
True Air Temperature lOoC
PRESSURE PATTERN
Fig. 17
"Sometimes the longest way 'round is the shortest way home."
See the Jeppesen CR Computer Manualy'Workbook or a good navigation text for further explanation of pre sure pattern navigation. However, if you already know something about it, here's how to find cross-wind component with the CR Computer.
D = radio altimeter reading minus pressure altimeter reading DJ and D~ designate fir~t and second reading' respectively, taken with an intervening time interval.
In the Northern Hemisphere if D~ - D1 is positive, wind is Irorn the right. 1£ D~ - DJ is negative, wind is (rom the left. In the Southern Hemisphere this rule i~ reversed.
When taking FAA written examinations, the "old" method for true air speed questions is recommended. These exams seldom require computations involving temperature rise.
Problems 9
Find true air speed using the method outlined above:
Example
1. 2.
Pressure Altitude 7,000' 10,000'
True Air Temperature
O°C -20°C
Calibrated Air Speed 210 kts, 188 MPH
Given: DI 480'
D2 300'
D istance tra veled between readings _ .I 50 naut, mi.
i'vI id-latitude. _ 41 0
Find:
Cross wind component
22
23
SLIDE RULE USE
"The 4%" diameter CR·2 log scales are approximately equivalent to those of a 12" 'straight rule'. The 8" diameter CR·3 scales are equivalent to those of a 17" straight slide rule and the 3%" CR·S scales equal a 10" rule. "
Multiplication and division are performed on the calculator side of the CR in the same manner as on a straight slide rule. Be careful not to confuse the time index A ' which stands for 80, with the unit index in these problems.
Example: 28 x 15
350N 440N 54°8
Fig. 18
Problems 10
Find crosswind component:
D1 D2 Dist. Flown
Between Readings
1. 20' 100' 130 naut. mi.
2. 210' 380' 152 naut. mi.
3. 605' 520' 125 naut. mi.
24 Average Latitude
fig. 11)
25
Example: 182. -+- 14
2. Opposite unit indell: on Inside ~cale read 13 on outside so;ol ...
Fi.g.20
25 x 12
Example; 19
fig. 21
26
Successive multiplication and division may be done on the CR by using the hairline of the cursor.
NOTE: It is necessary to estimate answer by replacing numbers in problem by numbers that arc dose in value but easier to multiply and divide .. For instance, in problem above, the figures are similar
.25 x 10
to --2-(-)~ , which equals 12.5. Hence the answer above must be
15.8, not 1 58 or 1.58.
The problem might be carried a step farther:
Example:
25 x 12 19 x 69
fig. 22
Problems 11
1. 2. 3.
12.6 x 31 2m ...;.. 15fi 32 x 18 25x 12.8
27
Solution:
Time to Station
= Elapsed time (min.) x 60 Degrees of change
3x 60 ----g-
On calculator side, set 3 on outside scale opposite 9 on inside scale. Opposite 60 (1 :00) on inside scale read answer on outside scale:
Answer: 20 minutes
Problems 12
Given:
1st bearing 2800 at 8:26 2nd bearing 2690 at 8:31 C.S. = 120 mph
Find: 1. Time to station
2. Distance to station
TIMf AND DISTANCf TO STA nON
CONVERTING CLIMB PER MILE TO CLIMB PER MINUTE
Time and distance to a tatiun using two VOR or ADF bearings may be computed on the CR by using the preceding multiplication and division process (see Slide Rule Use, Pg. 25) with the following formulas:
NOTE: These formulas are based on the aircraft flying a heading which is perpendicular to the [irs! bearing to the station.
Some IFR departure procedures require a minimum climb rate to assure proper obstruction clearance. This climb requirement, stated in feet per mile, can easily be converted to feet per minute on a CR.
Given:
120 Knot ground speed
300 feet per nautical mile climb required
Find: Feet per minute climb rate required
Time to Station
Elapsed time (min_l X 60 Degree- of hange
Degrees of change
2. Read climb in feet
per minute over climb per nautical mile.
1. Set speed index under groundspeed in knots
Distance to Station
Elapsed time (min.)
Example
Given: First bearing taken at 10:15 90°
Second bearing taken at 10:1 = 99°
A constant heading is maintained between bearings
Find: Time to station
28 29
Part B WIND SIDE
4. (CR-3 Only) C lock wise ()O thru 3600 scale for ADF relative bearing solutions and other uses.
(3 and 4 above are more fully explained in the new, large Jeppesen CR Computer Manual/Workbook, the BW-2.)
CR·S COMPUTER
The CR-5 is very similar 19 the CR-2 Computer except a few less frequently used [unctions were el irninated in order to mainlain readability with the reduced size, 3% " dia. The modern true ail" speed solution was slightly altered and the wind scale also somewhat reduced to permit this very small computer to [unction.
Your Jeppesen CR Computer is the finest instrument of its kind available at any price ... we sincerely hope that it will become your favorite "cockpit companion."
THE CR "WIND" DISC
I. The "2-value" scale system provides you with an easy way to make accurate calculations, even when solving problems where the wind velocity exceeds 100 knots. The basic solutions are the same wi h either scale ... the only difference is that you have a choice of the scale best suited to the velocities involved in a particular problem. Work each problem with "all small numbered scales" 07" "all in the large numbered scales."
2. Minus (-) and plus {+l signs have been added to facilitate required , corrections" for the more frequent types of application.
3_ (CR-3 Only) Dual. 0° thru 1800 scales for grid navigation problems, adding and subtracting and other uses.
30 31
---_
ADDITION -SUBTRACTION
"Even i r you're a genius at mental ari rh metic you ']] find it relaxin' to let the CR Computer take the work out of addition, su b tra rtion, mul t i pi ica lion a ncl d iv isi on."
"Addition and subtraction of numbers lip to 3GO Gill be <lCC0111- plished on the wind side of the CR-3 Computer, using the outside green scale of the [OP disc and the black scale curving either side of the TC index on the middle disc. On the CR-3 Computer the lane)" sea leca n be read as h igll as 1800 to the left and 36()0 to the righ t, The smaller, CR Computers carry the scale only as high as 30 on each side of the TC index.
Example
Add 8'1 and 29.
WIND SOLUTION ON THE C R
Fig. 23
"The 'wind' side of the CR IS a different luoking gismo, but this is nothing to be shook-up about. Once we've breezed through an illusrrarion. ]'111 sure you'll agrec [hat it's as simple a solution as you've ever used,
"First of a II let's seu.lc this bnsi ne ss of 'AI 1Iy;"el It vs. T'rue', ''\finds arc always givell (except by airport towers) in T'rue and you can't mix 1ll,Igllctic and true ally more than YOIl can oil and oxygen, The CR Computer !4"Cts yOIl over til is hump beuuti fully, by provirl i ng a Nt agnctic- Tvur conuevsion sea it' on ei l her side 01.' the True Course Index • (see Fig, \:!tl) . j ust set the magnetic course on the green scale opposi te the a pplirable variation lind YOll!' true course is autnnnuicall y lined lip opposite the true course index.'
/
-=:-:n
-=-n
.,.,.,.,-::-
OT£: To su btract 29 from 8·1, locate .29 on scale to the lefl ot TC index, and above 29 read .55,
32
Example
G.iven: !llagnetic course 281°
Variation 14 "E
Find: True Course
Tailwind Component
Crosswind Component
TC-GS
Fig. 26
"Remember the good old wind triangle?
fig .. 24
"Thi.~ I~ (he triangle that fits on the CR Compute!"."
True Course
Ground Speed -
- True Heading
True
- AirSpeed
Crab Angle
Fig. 25
"It's a t.i me-honored insu rut ion but it takes both lime and space. You can't put ,<1 wind triangle in your pocket, bill the CR solves the triangle trigonometrically and you ((In put the CR in your pocket.
"In the wind triangle above, if you draw a line lrom the end of the TH·TAS line perpendicular to the TC-GS line, you will have a small triangle ,It the lap of the onginal tri<lngle.
Fig. 27
"This diagram assumes th.u you can add the tailwind component LO the true air speed to get ground speed, and for small crab 'Ingles this i very cit-He to true, any inaccuracy being lOO small
3'1
35
\ '"
NOTE: Two wi lid scales on the horizontal and vertical lines rarl ia ti ng- from the CCIHer of the computer make the CR especially Hcxible tor different types of aircraft. se the large scale (frolll () to SO) i[ the wind i . ., less than AO knots 01' \\1 PH. lise the smail . ca I (rrom 0 to l(jll) i! the wind j more than RO. OI1('e you ha I'C chosen the desired scale, usc it 1 h rOllghollt th problem, laking rarr not to mix the two scales within the s.uuc )11'01; ICIlI.
to bother about. However, lor cr;liJ angles or 10° or more the CR Computer handles the matter with a simple additional step [hal give. addit ioual accurarv. The step will be explained l.uer III ,I sam pie problem."
"Instead of tll'awing :UI'O\,'" on your computer, ;tll tluu is necessary is to place a dot at the spot th.u indicates the end 01' the wind arrow. i\ l ake the dOl sma II for :IC('UHtCY; then d raw a circle around it so YOll Gill lind it again when YOli look [( I' it."
FLIGHT PLANNING WITH FORECAST WINDS
"Lcrs tackle llll.~ wind thing first l'rorn ;J 'Flighl Planning' .~l;11H.l poi 11 L. Oll I' proposed II igh l will be 11I00tle in two Icg~ so that \\T ("0111 dcuronstra tc certain adv:lmages oj YOllr CR Computer. Eilher k nmx or ~I PH ('(111 he used ill (I wind problem, provided the chosen unit of measure i, used cousistcut ly throughout the proiJlun."
Leg No.
Given: 'Trut, .\ir Spccd IKO ,\IPH
:-. [;Iglltti( (;(JlI rse I·IW·
Va ria t ion __ . __ . . I (J0 \ V
\ V i IId . __ . ·1O ;\ f PH Irom I (l()O T'rue
Solution: (Sel' Fig_ ~H)
1. Set the true air speed index ! 011 IX (IHII :-'II'H).
TAS
2. Find the magnetic course, 140°, on the green scale and rotate this scale u mil the HO° is just a hove the 100 westerly variations mark. Your true course, 13{)0, is now just above the. index.
3. ow locate your wind dOL uy first finding the wind direction.
I 00°, on the green sea I e and where th e I 000 "rad ial" intersects the ".10 knot "circle", place your pencil dot.
4. Reading directly down lrom the pencil dot, we see that we have it left crosswind component or 20 lHPH. Now switch to the computer's outer sea I.e and opposite 20 l'v[PH (~O), find the era /; angl« of 60 IJllIs.
5. The pennI dot shows that we have .<1 lefl crosswind, therefore a lefl crab, so we subtract crab angle from rnugncur course to obtain magnetic heading. 1.100 - {IO = J)./o ou r Mngnetic Heading.
leg No.2.
Given: True Air Speed 180 j\JPH
i\ r agnetic Cou rse , .. [860
Varia tion 11 oW
Wind 40Ivl PH lrom 1000 True
Find:
Crab Angle, i\1<lI:pletic Heading and Ground Speed
Solution: (See Fig. 2!1)
1. Keep the true air speed index 011 180 I'll PH arul merely rotate the green stale to line up the new course, 1860 mag·netic. with the variation, I 10 westerly. J i\1 PO RT A· , T! From the SAi\ IE pencil dut. you arc now ready LO read your next crab <lng"!e and headwi ncl or tai lwincl - si I11pJc, isn't it?
6. Returning to the pencil dOL, and reading directly to the right ul' it, we see that we have a headwind or 35 MPH. Subtract headwind Iroui true air speed and you have ground speed. ISO l\rPH - 3.5 l\lPH = 1·1-5 MPH, our Ground Speed ..
2. Readi ng down from the pencil dot. we dererm ine a left crosswind (COlli ponen t) of 39 i\] PH and from the ou tel' scale (at 3Y) , a rral) angle 01 120 plus.
Answer: fl" jeft crab,13·j" magnetic heading'. 145 i\IPH ground speed.
3. i\ f agncLi<: cou rse mi nus left crab, 18{iC - n'o =. 1740, otn Mag. netic Heading.
4. Reading rigllL from the pencil dot, we determine a headwind (component) of 10 MPH. Now, we could just subtract this from our true air speed as we did on our FIRST COURSE and come up with <Ill approximdte ground speed of J.70 MPH - hut if the crab angleexceeds ] 00• always take the following add j. tiona 1 step.
5.
Find the short, bIad. 'cffect ive true :Iir speed' ~("alc just to the ICI't or the A
TilS ! 20 a lid re.ul d j rertl y a hove you r I'ffecl i1'I' lull' nir speed of 176
index. Locate on this scalc your crab ;lllglc of
MPH .. T'his is ih« {igllll' [rrnu wlridl )"1// shault! sulrt nut tlie /U:Ot/ll'IIU/ 01 J(I M PH, to get a II arcu ru te (; ruu nd SllI'l'd (Jf 1M> !'dPH.
Answer:
12° left crab, 1740 llHlg·netic heading, 166 i\lPH ground speed.
Fig. 28
311
39
FINDING WINDS IN FLIGHT
Fig 29
"Quite often, after you get upstairs, you find the wind is not behaving as the weather-guesser said it would. You must hold a different heading from that originally estimated, in order to make good your course, and you are crossing check points ahead of or behind planned time. You know how fast and where you're going (ground . peed and true course) ... also the heading that's geLling you there (true heading) ... but without accurate wind information you can't reestimate the legs ahead. Hence you need to determine the actual wind direc ion and velocity."
I OT£: He sure to lise Effective True Air Speed opposite black section LO left of TAS arrow for all problems involving a crab <Ingle or 100 or greater, In thi .a e. headwind or tailwind must be applied [0 Effective True" Air Speed rather t ha n to rue Air Speed.
Problems 13
Find crals =s!« uiagnetir headinv, ground speed.
r. 2. 3.
'Wind
True J\fagnetic Wind (True)
Air Speed Course Variation Velocity Direction
310kts. ~5-lo (i°E SO k ts. 2-+no
lG5 kts. 1300 SoW 20 kts, 27()O
J 30 ,\IPH :5500 110E 30 J\I PH ~9{)O Let's assume the following:
Given: True air speed
True course ._ True heading Ground speed
180 MPH 1750
1600
144 MPH
Fi.nd: Actual wind direction and velocity
·10
41
6. Now find the crosswind component. Read middle disk (crosswind scale) to 15°. and above find -I'i MPH crosswind component. From the horizontal 'crosswind' line, at the 4-7 ivlPH position, draw a line upward.
Solution: (See Fig. 30)
1. Set the i index on 180 MPH.
TAS
2. Set 1750 at the true course index.
3. Subtract the true heading [rom the true course to gel the crab angle. 175° - 1600 = 15° crab. Since the true heading is less than [he [rue course we know it rnust be 15° lefl crab and hence the wind is from the left.
4. Crab angle is fairly high so we should determine and use "effecrive" true air speed. Find 15° on the short bla k s ale and read directly above ... 174 MPH, our effective true (til' speed.
5. Determine the difference between effective true air speed and actual ground speed. This will be the headwind or tailwind component which you will spOl on your computer. In this example, 174 MPH (ETAS) -144 MPH (C.S.) =30 MPH headwind. From the 30 MPH headwind figure. draw a line to the left. (Left crab ... wind from the left.)
7. Find the point of intersection of the (WO lines yOll have just drawn. This is your \ . vind dot. Its position shows thai we have an actual wind [rorn. 118° [rue fit 55 lHPH.
to me ill determining the actual true course. The lOp disc wi!l Ill.: moved <IRa i Il ~() th,1 L the true course is II rider the 4& index.
3. Locate the wind dot by finding the 1800 line Oil the !{reen scale and marking the point where [hi line intersect the green ·10 1I1PH circle.
4. Reading directly Lip [rom the wind dot we sec that there is a left crosswind component 0[' 39 Mf'H, Looking at the outer scale, find 39 and opposite it read 1-10 crab angle.
TRUE COURSE (TRACK) AND GROUND SPEED
"Sometimes it s mighty interesting to know where you're going and how fast. Your ail' speed and heading are usually available in night. If, in addition, you have some wind information (either reported or forecast) you can easily find true course and ground speed."
Given:
True air speed. . . . . . . .. 156 MPH
Magnetic heading 2890
Variation _ 7°W
Wind .. , 40 MPH from 1800 True
Find: True course and ground speed.
Solution: (See Figures 31 and 32)
1. Set the .1 index on 156 MPH. 2.
Fig,. 31
T"_
Find the magnetic heading, 289°, on the green scale and et it
opposite the variation, 7°W. You now have the true heading (282°) rather than true course under the. index. This setting is only a temporary one to give an approximate crab angle
5. Since the wi nd I~ l rom the IdL the true heilding nrux; be leh oj the true course. Thcrclorc rouuc the LOp disr 1.10 to the left (rrnuucr rlock wisc) un ril the ~8~" true heading is over 1·[ on the IJIa(k ~(_<lIt:. :'\<11" the • index poil1t~ to ~~Ilio.
44
·15
7. H the crab angle had been less rha n 1 no you would add the tailw ind componen t directly [0 the nile a ir speed. However, since the crab angle in this problem is grell tel" than 10°, i.ti, necessa ry to use l'IJer{i7lf I rue air speed in finding grou rul speed. Fi nd 130 Oil the short black sea Ie to the lei t of [he .! index,
TilS
,II1d directly above read the effective 1 rue ,!II" speed, 152 1\ I PH.
6. Looking directly above the wind dot after the above 11l00'C, )I)U now fi nd that the crosswind COlli pOllen t has cha nged [0 31i .\ I PH instead of 39 ]\1 PH. Lora te 3(i Oil the outer sea le and f nd oppo· si re ita crab angle 01 13°. 1L now :1 ppears that 1 he li L>1 crab a nglc of I·J" was I 0 too m uch Therefore, back off 10 of tile adjustment made in step 5, making a true course reading of 2~5 o. A ghlllcC at !hccrosswind rumponeru shows rha t ihe crosswind is still 36: so this is the !-inal c:omp'.lLer ,HIJUSUll(;'11t fnr the problem, and the true course is 2950.
8. Look ing agai n ,1 L the ,dnd dot, note di recti y to the I-igh l of it on the vert lea I K<l Ie tha L there is a 1 7 ;\, P H tai I w inti com po· nent. Add th is to the effective true air speed to give groLlnd speed. 152 ~IPH + I; :'II PH = 169 illPH groLlnd speed,
Answer: True course 295°
Groll nd speed __ .169 ]\1 PH
Fig. 32
Problems 15
Find iruc course and grrnmd speed.
True True
Air Speed Heading
J. 220 j\!PH fi2°
2. 133 kts, 86~
3. 550 kts. 3150 Wind Velocity
Wind (True) Direction
20 ,\IPH 35 k ts, 80 kts.
47
4. Sill re the desi red gro u ncl speed is l Iif knots and t.h ere is a 20- knot headwind component. you know that the true air speed (or effective true air speed if the crab <Ingle is 100 or grealer) must be !(i(i + 20, or 186 knots. Place the ! index (Ill 186.
TAS
5. Directly below the wind dot read ·10 knots on the horizontal right crosswind Kale. Loc(I[e40 011 the aliter scale of the compI! ter alld note that it is dose to ! ~c era b <Ingle on the in ncr scale.
Given:
True course . . . . . . 560
Desired ground speed .. , 166 kts,
Wind " 45 kts. from 1200 True
6. Since the era b angle i . ., grca tel' than I ()o. the figure I Bfi in step '1 il bove must be elff'rliue 11'//(1 nil" .'lIked rather than true air speed. LOGI [I" 120 on the black sea le to the left 01 the
index il nd move the bOLLolTI d isc till 1.86 is opposi re 120 on the black scale. Check to see that the ·W·knot crosswind compo· ncnt on the out er scale is sti J I close to 12° on the j nner sea Ie. I f tile angle opposite ..JD had been changed by the preceding· rornpll tel' movement it would ha ve been ncccssa ry to rna ke a second adj usnuent to line up the elleni ve true Hi r speed with the proper nab angle Oil the black scale, Since -In is still dose to 12° in this problem. no further disc movement is nccess:Hy. Nate tha t the ! index points to .I Y (I YO k riots)
n . s
7. Since the wi nd is from the right. add the ,,~O (THb angle to the true course to get true heading. To do this easily. locate 120 on the black scale to the righl 01 the TC index and above it read sa 0. ihe true head i ng.
TRUE HEADING AND TRUE AIR SPEED
"Have an appointment to keep? Whether it's an important meeting, an airplane to intercept. or a night schedule to make good, there are times when you want to know the true air speed that wilJ enable you to make good a given ground speed. Here's how:"
Answer: True air speed. _ l!.JO knots
True heading.......... .fiBo
Find:
True air speed and true heading,
Solution: (See Fig. 33)
1 . Move top disc until" index points to 56°.
2. Locate wind dot by finding 1200 on green scale and placing a dot on the 120° line half way between the 40 and 50-knot circles.
3. Directly to the left of the wind dot read 20 knots on the vertical headwind scale.
NOTE: II" the crab angle had been less than 10'\ step (-j would have been unnecessary,. <IS the headw j rid compollcn t would ha ve been added [0 the desired ground speed to give the true air speed d irerrly,
48
El!eotivQ True Air Speed 186 Ill,s.
L- -
Off-COURSE CORRECTION
Fig. 33
"Unless 0\1 have the instinct of a homing pigeon, some day youll find yourself oil course. This need !lOl be disrressing if yOu continue on alii original beading until you reach a recognizable check poin r. :\1 easure you r distance ofT call rse, )11 i les flown and miles to destination. Then ["\\'0 easy (om purer adjustments will give you the nu rnlx-r ot degrees to correct your heading to take the shortest route to your de dilation."
Degrees correction LO headi ng to reach destination di recrly.
Solution: (See Fig. :J.J)
1. On wind side of computer place flown) .
TAS
index opposite 40 (miles
.~.
51
50
Answer: gO
Wml]_m-o~
0' 0, ::::
-
2.. Locate 5 miles (50) on the outer scale and opposite it read 70. 'I11i5 is the number of degrees you must correct your heading in order to parallel your intendedcourse.
3. It is now necessary to find the number of degrees additional ?orrection neede.d to r~ach your. de~tination. Place the i. index opposite 16 (160 miles to destination}. -r: .. s
4. Again locate 5 miles (50) on the outer scale. Note that 5 miles (50) is approximately opposite 18° on the inner scale .. However, it is also opposite a point between Pho and 20 on another scale directly inside the one contain ing the 18 o. Thus you must decide whether the next correction should be 180 or 2°. Common sense will tell you that 2° is the logical correction. However, if you are in doubt, remember the rule that 10 of drif't will give approximately 1 mile off course in 60.
5. Add the degrees correction necessary to parallel your course and the additional <:orrection. necessary to reach destination, to get the total correction needed. 70 + 20" = gO.
NOTE: If you are off course to the right, it will be necessary to correct to the left, so subtract the degrees correction from your compass heading. If you are off course to the left, correct to the right by adding the correction to your compass heading.
Fig.34
Problems 17
Find degrees correction necessary to reach destination.
Miles Miles Miles to
Flown Off Course Destination
1. 82 10 140
2. 14 2 115
3. 56 11 100
RADIUS O.f ACTION Radius of action of an aircraft is the greatest distance that it can fly along a certain course under known conditions of air speed, wind and fuel consumption and retum to .the starting point with desired fuel reserve. The "time to tum" in a radius of action problem is the maximum
52
53
True air speed 285 kts.
Wind 30 kts. from 350
Fuel available 3lf2 hrs,
True course outbound 3400
1. Subtract the 18 kt. headwind component from the TAS to get G.S. out. (285 - 18 - 267)
2. Add the 18 kt. tailwind component to the TAS to get G.S. back. (285 + 18 = 303)
3. Add G.S. out to G.S. back (267 + 303 = 570)
4. Place 570 on the outside scale over 3: 30 (fuel available) on the inside scale. (See Fig. 36.)
5. Then, locate 303 (G.S. back) on the outside scale and opposite it read the time to tum, 1: 52.
elapsed time that the aircraft can fly outbound along the assigned track.
If the wind, true course, and true air speed are known, it is possible to work two separate wind problems on the computer to obtain G.S. out and G.S. back. However, since the relation of the wind to the flight track on the inbound flight will be 1800 different from its relation to the outbound flight, you can solve for both ground speed out and ground speed back in one problem. (See Fig. 35.)
Answer:
Time to tum ~ 1: 52 after departure
In this problem the second wind dot has been placed on the computer to demonstrate the fact that if headwind or tailwind component is known for a given course, the component will be the same velocity for a reciprocal course but will be from the opposite direction. Thus, an 18 kt. headwind for G.S. out becomes an 18 kt. tailwind for G.S. back; and a tailwind for G.S. out would become the same velocity headwind for G.S. back. Referring to figure 35, note also that the crab angle will be the same for the course out and the course back, but it will be applied on opposite sides. A right crab angle on the outbound course becomes the same size left crab angle on the inbound course.
Some pilot's operating handbooks include a demonstrated crosswind component. This indicates the maximum crosswind component that was demonstrated for takeoff and landing during aircraft certification testing. Normally, wind acting on an aircraft during takeoff or landing is at some angle between the aircraft's flight path (ground track) and 90Q to the ground track. The headwind component is acting 1 0° to the flight path and the crosswind component is acting 90° to the flight path. Under these circumstances, both the headwind and the crosswind components are somewhat less than the total wind velocity,
For example, if the active runway is 29 (290° magnetic), and the tower has reported a wind of 3300 (winds reported by a tower also are magnetic) at 30 kts, the crosswind and headwind components are determined as follows:
Fig. 35
54
55
Part C
ANSWERS, DEFINITIONS AND HINTS
ANSWERS TO PRACTICE PROBLEMS PROBLEMS 1
3, 1:30
4 ... 270 stat. mi.
1. Se runway heading over the true course (TC) as shown in figure 37.
2. Locate direction of wind.
Proceed inbound along wind line until intersecting the wind velocity, then make a dot.
4. Proceed vertically downward from the dot and read 19 kts. of crosswind on the eros wind line.
S. Moving horizontally from the dot, read the headwind component of 23 kts, on the headwind line.
Definitions in this section conform to common usage in the United States. Some differences will be apparent to pilots accustomed to certain ICAO definitions. For instance, course is normally used in the .S. instead of track; and inches of mercury (in. Hg) are used instead of millibars or hectopascals.
Course (C}-Intended direction of flight in a horizontal plane measured in degrees from nOI1;h_
Track (T)-Actual night path of an aircraft over the surface of the earth, usually expressed in degrees from north.
Heading (H)-Direction in which the longitudinal axis of the aircraft is pointed with respect to north. Tru heading is related to true north. Magnetic heading is related to magnetic north and is true heading corrected for magnetic variation. Compas heading is magnetic heading corrected for compass deviation.
Crab Angle (CA)-The angle (relative to the true C01Jrse) at which an aircraft must be headed into the wi n d in order to make good the desired course. Also called wind correction angle (WeAl.
Drift Angle (DA)- The angular difference between the course and the track as the result of wind effects, when the aircraft. heading is the same as he course. Note: For a given course, wind, and air speed, the crab angle i not exactly equal to the drift angle becau e heading of the aircraft. relative to the direction of the wind is different in the two cases.
Indicated Air Speed (JAS)-The speed of the airplane as observed on a
tandard ail' speed indicator It is the air speed without correction for indicator, position (or installation l, or compressibility errors.
Calibrated Air Speed (CAS)-The air speed indicator reading corrected for position (or installation) and instrument errors. (CAS is equal to TAS at sea level in standard atmcsphere.) The color coding lor various design speeds marked on air speed indicators may be lAS or CAS.
Equlualent Air Speed (EAS)-The ail' speed indicator reading corrected for po ition (or installation), 0)' in trument error, and for adiabatic compressible flow for the particular altitude. (EAS is equal to CAS at ea level in standard atmosphere.)
True Air Speed (TAS)-The air speed of an aircraft relative to undisturbed ail'. It is equivalent air speed corrected for air-density variation from the _ tandard value at sea leveL True air speed increases with altitude when indicated air speed remains the ame.
Effectioe True Air Speed (Elf TAS)-The amount of true air speed to which the headwind or tail wind component is applied to give ground speed. At small crab or drift angles, he effective true ail' speed is so close to the true air speed that they may be considered 'he same. At crab or drift angles of 10° or greater, effective true airspeed will be less than true ail- speed.
Ground peed-The rate of motion over the ground. The result ofinteraction between true air speed and wind speed in their relative directions of motion.
Indicated Altitud (lAJ-Altitude read on a standard altimeter, assuming the altimeter is correctly adjusted to show the approximate heighl of lh,· aircraft above mean sea level ( ISL).
Calibrated Altitude (CA)-Indicated altitude corrected for mechanical errors resulting from complexity of installation.
Pressure Altitude (PAl-Altitude read on a standard altimeter when tilt' instrument is adjusted to indicate the height above the Standard Datum Plane (29.92 inches of mercury, 1013.25 millibars or 1013.25 hectopascnls.t
Density Altitude (DA)-Pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature. Basically air density, as applied to night, is the mea. UI'C of the number of molecules of air per cubic inch which can act upon th e aircraft; surfaces with the resulting forces of lift, drag, etc. Den ity of a uas is determined by pressure and temperature. Density altitude i..; the theoretical density of a tandard atmosphere at that altitude. Aircrnfr performance is directly related to air density; therefore, performance i~ determined by density altitude regardless of indicated 01' actual altitude.
True Altitude (TA)-The true height above sea level. This is usuallv ~! mathematical value determined by computer and, based upon standard or uniform temperature and pressure lapse rates assumed in the enm purer solution. Therefore, the computer solution provide, only an approximate Lruraltitude. If the temperature between the surface and the aircraft does not decrease at the standard rate of 2~C per 1,000 feet, or if the rate of decrease in pressure is nonstandard, reliance on a computer solution to determine obstruction clearance can be hazardous.
Mach-Related to the speed or sound. Mach l.0 is the speed of sound in the atmosphere. All factor other than temperature have practically no effect on the speed of sound, but temperature bas a large effect. Mach 1 is 620 knots at -20°C and 690 knots at +40°C. Therefore, a specific Mach number dues not determine speed in MPH or knots directly, but a specific Macb number has a specific MPH (}I' knots equivalent which is different for each (lifTerl'lll temperature.
Temperature Rise-Increase in temperature indication over true outside air tempera ure resulting form the heat of friction and th heat or compressibility of the air.
tandard Atmosphere-Pressure and temperature values for any given altitude, arbitrarily established as a standard basis to which all problems related to altitude may be compared. The set of standard conditions presently used in the U.S. i kJ10Wn as the International Standard Atmosphere (lSA). It has been adopted by most of the nations and aii-li nes of the world. The ISA actually represents the mean or average properties of the atmosphere; that is, it represents the year-round average of the pressure-height temperatura soundings observed over a period of years, The standard values include sea level pressure of 29.92" Hg and a temperature of 15°C (59°Fl: the standard lapse rates (decrease) are approximately 1" Hg pel' 1,000 feet increase in altitude and 2°C (3.S0F) per 1,000 fe t increase (up to th tropopau e),
58
59
SOME HINTS ON THE CR
by E. B. Jeppesen
H 1ST-Some pik '" are putt ing a mark at 313 on the top disk nut er scale. T'his is used e"<lctly rlre ~dlnc as the sec. index above, hill gives speed in knots [1"0111 SWlilie sert ion lil1l1\.
In my wide experience, both in private and airline flying, 1 have never encountered another computer which could solve so many common everyday Hying problems so simply and quickly as the CR. The follow i ng is a list of a few of the easy methods and alternate approaches for solving common problems, Space is provided Lor noting hints of your 011'11.
H 1ST -If YOl' 11<1 't II permanent index Illnl"k )'oll'd like to add, as rot' power SCI. ling Iur y01l1' p,,,,tlcillar aircraft. a ho: needle jus: ruuched to Ihe desired p"inl wi ll 1113ke 3 sligh,l depression which will hold ink [or a permanem mark.
111.\''1'-,\ lillie \,~I,tlillt, wiped over the rransparcru wind dis], nul only makes it more transparcru. II H1.«1 makes it e,,~i 'I' l<I wipe olT pencil dots, Pencil will go on just '" ea.,)'_ I c ",III nut work fDI" a pen, however,
1 would be pleased LO heal' about any nell' ideas or method' thai you develop with your computer so that they an be passed on to other user of the CR.
E. B. JI':I'I'FSEN
I-/I.\''J"-It"s cas}' I" dereruune the effect of possib!c wind shilh, nail or g-rollnil speed, I" flighl planning, when )o\1'l'e figuring YUl[r load and fuel rather dose, .. sh if': in Ihe wind (11I11t! make a big difference. _lIISI ,pOI Ihc wind tlUI from rcported wind, then rotate tl[(: green disk sa) :!()O or 30· either _,ide of true course a,ul bv reference", (he black g,-it.! )'011 can q nick lj' lei I huw ,c.-i "11.' , in terms of
rah and grvuntl speed. a wind shift will be,
HIST-Yuu never need 10 use the shun blark SCJic (wind si.dc) except for clfect irc T:\S, and then nnlv wirh excessive crab angtc. ". dOIl'1 ICI i hc Iart that ii', based (Ill l!-i~(JllOlnen)' scare 'Oil,
NI.\'T-Fvr winds less than 10 "'11,'11 (01' knots) lei the black g-rid represent [milS of I instead or IIn;I.' of II) to gel the wind dot away frollJ lite center for easier rea<ling.
H/.V"f-.\nlliJ1cr approach will give T-\S "sing t he modern method [rom reported tcrnpcrarure without the nccc"'it)' of "back;T1g oJf" for rcmperarurc ri'~ (nm experienccd in reported tempcra t ures}. Start with C.\S mCI" 1'.\ as in the IIHJllel"ll method solution ami nore Madl 1I1I",I)Cl'_ Then SCI :'olach index (in 1111"1"'- left Si1l;{11 window) ag;t i 11.<1 reported tcmperuuuc. and read agalns. ,\lad1 number Otl outer stale or lOp disk TAoS ill kllol" I'" outer scale of lia,Ie disk,
H IXT -To check ground 'peed against secriun lines set III iles on 1.1a,1:' disk again_'l seconds (Ill top disk and read ,\1 PH al sec. index (al Jf\ (In lUI' disk). Exalllple, for 11 secuon lines ill H ,IC<:OIUL" set :1 on hasc against 43 un top and read :l:il .\11'1-1 at sec, index.