re n d e re da n d th e p u p ils h a v eb e e nin c is e dg iv in g
a n im a tio na n dd ire c tio n
t o
h isg la n c e . S m a ll,
th r e e - d im e n s io n a llyc a rv e d rin g le rs a rra n g e di n
rid y
ro w s
c o m p ris eh is
h a ir.
A
k iltlik e
s k irt
l\'o rn
o v e r
h is
h ip s ,a rm le ts , a n d
a
n e c k la c e
c o m p le teh is c o s tu m e .T h e
n e c k la c ei so fp a r-
r ic u la rjn re re s rn o to n ly fo r irs p r o m in e n c eln d
p la s tic ity
b u t
a ls ob e c a u s etw o
hum an
fa c e s
a p p e a ra sp a rt o f itss tru c tu re ,b e lo w
w h ic h
a re
triritta s
re p re s e n tin e
th e
trip le
g e m
o f
B u d -
tih is m .A
tw o -lin e
in s c r ip tio no n th es c u lp ru re
s a te s th a t itw as "m a d eb yK a n h a d a s a ,ag o ld -
:m ith ,"z o w ho
m ay have b e e n e ith e r th e p a tro n
o r rh e c ra fts m a nw h o e re c u re dth e w o rk .T h e
A num bero fs ite s in th ee a s te mD e c c a n re s io no f
Io d ia .c o rre s p o n d in gm a in lyt o
m o d e rnA n d h ra
P ra d e s h ,
h a v ey ie ld e d th ere m a in so f s c u lp tu re d
B u d d h i'ts rn p a s .
S o m eo f rh e s e .c a rv in g s
s r io n g ly
re s e m b leth o s ei n
e v id e n c ea tS u n g a -p e rio ds ite s
i n
o th e rp a rtso f
In d ia ,s u g g e s tin g th a tth e s e
rv o rk s w e re a ls o c re a te din thes e c o n da n d firs t c e n tu rie sn .c .L ittleis k n o w na b o u tth e e a rly h is - ;o ry
o f
A n d h ra
P ra d e s h ,b u t
e v e n tu a llv .th is
:e g io nbecem eo n eo fth e rn o s rre n o w n c d ;e n tc rs
o f B u d d h is mi n
S o u th A s ia , fa m o u s th ro u s h o u t
th e e n tire B u d d h is tw o rid for irs d is r in e u i.h c d
:e a c h e rsa n d im p o rta n tln o n a s te lie s .
In tro d u c e d
a ta ne a rly d a teb y
A io k a ,
a s v e rifie d
b y
th e
p re s e n c eo f
h ir
m in o r
ro c k
c d ic t a n d
p illa r
ia g m e n ts in th c re g io n -B u d d h is mw a s fo s ie rc d b v th e p a rro n a g eoC a weahhy la iryrh a tflo u r- L h e db o rhb e c a u s eo f d re in la n drra d e a lo n eth e K rrn a
R iv e r.w h e re m any
o f
rh e
im p o ita n t
B u d d h is ts ite s a re lo c a re d ,a n d
th e
s e atra d e .
N oto n lyw a s th es c h o o lo f a rt p ro d u c e d in this re g io n am ong th e m o s t p ro d u c tiv eo f th e e a rly B u d d h is t s c h o o ls ,b u ti t s w o rk s m u s tb e c o u n te d am ong th e m ostb e a u tifu la sw e ll, fo r th cs ttp a s rle re fa c e dw ithm a rv e ]o u sc a rv in g sin a d is tin c - riv ep a leg re e n o r w h itis h
m a rb lc -,w h ic h
m ust
h a v e m ade th e m
d a z z lin gi nth e b rig h tIn d ia n
s u n lig h t.
U n fo rtu n a te ly ,
n o n e
o f
th e
s tu p a s
h a s s u rv iv e din ta c t,a n dth ec a rv in g s m ustb e
s ru d ie dis o ia te dfro m
th e iro r ig in a lc o n te x ts .
T h e e a rly h is to ryo f A n d h rap ra d c s hi s p o o rly
T H r
S U N G AP E R T O DA N D
R E IA T ID
D IV E L O IM T N T S
g 5
p a le o g ra p h yo f th e in s c rip tio nis s im ila rto th a t o f th ein s c r ip tio n so fC aves3a n d4a n d o n th is b a s is it
m ay
b es u g g e s te dth a t th ed w a rfw as
m ade
a ta p p ro x im a te ly
th e
s a u rc tim e .
T h is
s c u lp tu re is u n u s u a lam ong
e a rlyS o u thA s ia n
s to n ec a rv in g sb e c a u s ei t
i sfre e -s ta n d in ga n d
c a rv e di n
th ero u n d .
T h c
fu n c tio n
o f
s u c ha
w o rk
in the ic o n o g r a p h ic p ro g ra m
a tp ita lk h o ra
r su n k n o w n .H o w e v e r,d w a rv e s b e a rin gb o w ls
a to p
th e irh e a d sa red e p ic te da si f
s ta n d in ga t
th e
e n tra n c e w a y st o
s tu p a si r \re lie fsfio m
th e
A n d h raP ra d e s hre g io n(F ig . 9 .2 4 )a n dth e p ita l-
k h o ra
s c u lp tu rem ay docum ent a s im ila rtra d i-
tion inw e s te mIn d ia .
T n l
X e s rrn N D rc c a r.I:T rraA r,ro n rap n a o rs HR rc ro x
h :-s tra ,In d ia .C a.
t . !
cm .
N a tio n a l
::'-k rv a rdfig u re s
* o
m ore th re e -
lE o s ta p p e a rt o
r--h a nfo rm
p a rt
)]l'e r
g a fm e n ts ,
F :
tie st o
o th e r
E :lO r
th e y
w ear
r - :
llo r a l m o tif
c :
a n d"h o n e y -
k
s -o
e le p h a n ts
r : :
th a ti sn o w
g :::e
o f
G a ja -
o :' - - r ee la b o ra te
s ::= e d
th a t th is
L :::q hi t s dam -
: :
it s
o r ig in a l
r - : . :
{io m
th e
r .,::lv le d g e
o f
r .
. : ith e
s ite .
r -
n o
J .,,,f
! c --:n ls u P P o It
r
'- .
c a re fu lly
u n d e rs to o d ,fo r
th e rei s a d e c id e dla c ko f
s p e -
c ific in fo rm a tio n
th a t s h e d slig h to n th ep a r6 n -
a g ea n dc h ro n o lo g y
o f th em o n u m e n tsi n
th e
re g io np d o r to rhes e c o n dc e n tu ry ,a .l.H o w e v e r,
s tro n gs ty lis tic p a r a lle lsw irh
tre n d si n
o th e r
p a rtso f S o u th A s ias u g g e s tth a tth e s ro n ec a rv rn g
tra d itio n
w a s in itia te di n
th e6 rs tc e n tu ryL c .
T h is
e a rlys c u lp tu ra ls ty le
m ay
b e
s e e ni n
a
num ber o fre lie fsth a t h a v e b e e n re c o v e re dfro m th c s ite o fJ a g g a y y a p e ta ,lo c a te d a lo n g a trib u ta ry o f th eK rs n a R iv e r. A lth o u g h
th eo iig in a lfo rm
o t
th e
m o n u m e n ts ,w h ic h
in c lu d e d
a
la rg e
s .tu p a ,s e v e ta l s r n a lle r s tu p a s ,a n do th e rb u ild in g s , i s not known,a s th es ite w a s a lm o s t c o m p l" te ly in r u in sw heni tw a s d is c o v e re di nth e n in e le e n th c e n tu ry ,th es ty leo f th es c u lp tu re sa n dp a le o - g ra p h yo f som e o f th ein s c r ip iio n s fo u n d
th e re
s u g g e s tth a t a t le a s tsom ep o rtio no fth ee s ta b lis h _
m ent w a s b u iltd u rin g th e first c e n tu ry B .c .
A
r e lie f re p re s e n ting a c a k ra u a fiin ,o r u n iv e rs a l
m o n a rc h ,
,fro m
J a g g a y y a p e tai s
s ty lis tic a lly
re la te dt oS u n g a -p e rio d s c u lp tu re s fro m
S a ic i,
B h a rh u t,a n d o tle r
s ite s (F ig .5 .3 0 ).T h e
w h ite
m a rb le -s la bb e a rss h a llo wc a rv in g sof a s ta n d in g
m a le
fig u re ,
th e
c a k ra u a ftin ,
"n d
h is
s e v .i
p re c ro u sp o s s e s s io n s :a
h o rs e , e le p h a n t, w iG ,
m in is te r,g e n e ra l, th e
d h a rm a (re p re s e n te db y
th e c a k tao tw h e e l), a n d ric h e s (re p re s e n te db y
th c s q u a reg e m s y rn b o ls u p p o rre db y
a
p illa r )
T h e m a infig u re p ro b a b ly -ie p re s e n
r s rh e 'ra A ra -
u a rtin
M ? J td h ? jj,
th e
m a in
c h a ra c te r
in
th e
8 5
p llr o l
o rr rlll.
L A lt.t
D y N A s ttrs
:;6 .
C d l:ta rc rru rrr:lic i. lro n r
.la g g rr\irp c tr, A n d h r,r
l'rrd ts b .
h d ir.
C .r. lirstrc rtu r,r'L c .
\irh itc
m u rb lc .
H :
r ro c l]r. N 4 rd rrs C irv cr r r r cr r r N lrr\c L t.r.\lird rir\.
M a td lL a tnja fa fta ,rr.h o rv a s c n tlo lv c c l rv ith
rh c
S c v c r |re c io u s P o s s e s s io n s
ln c l th eF o u rS u p c r- n a tu rx iP o \\,c rs "a n d rv h o c o u ld c rc a tca show cr , ' f.' ,
I l i ,. { . . . , ' ,.t . r . , r '1 ,1 ,,
L v. . . r c li r- .rr.
l , f r
r . r r , l. ' r r ' lrn rr(rr'r'r
i r' . ri r l 'r r i r.grr. Ir r c
s q n e reo \c c ts
firllirrg fro m
e b o i'c rn d rc re lic f
n la l
rc p rc s e n ts u c hx
s h o w c r.J {a rh c r th :in
g lo r ifv in g
tL rc rL riv c rs e ln lo rx rc h ,
Ilo w e v e r,
t l l i
-
r\ i.. r . r l r, r ' r r i . r r,^ ..i
r . tj f 1
l .\ \ r. r
w a s th c c v e n tllx lc lo u n lilio l M e rc lh e ta .
T \t
c rtk n p a rths tln d sin ,r s o m c \1 h rta n g u lx r
p o s c th x t. a lo n gtv ith h isc l o r r q . r t c d , r r n r s a ld
. . . :rrl.v .-iz ,,l
. t .
rrr.i, r . . . r r o r \r r r r r .,-
p L :r 'io .1r c lie lsh o n i
S lic i
lrc l
IJ h a rh irr.T h c
f l l t
io rm s o f h is b o d 1 .i i l r . l tire o th c r c la n lc n ts
i n
th c c o n p o s irio n e rt
a ls o \u g g e s tiv co t th is
e a rrlvp h is co f s c u lp rrirc .
T h c s c v c nrrc ils u rc sa rc
J r'.tr'. . l
. '
I
. r
t L t l t n r r tr ._ r - .
1 ..
- . r , r t ,. , i
s p iL tia llo q ic
e n ,lth c le
i s
1 1 o rrtc n rp t
t o
L rlrifv
e llth c
c o n rp o rrc rtso i
th c
s c c n e in ro
l
lo g ic :rl
rv h o lc . A rr u ln b r e lil
,rb o rrctb ch c rrl o ith c n rrrin
fiq u rc
s v m b o liz c sh isrrn k .
b u r
rh is .to o . isr:lc -
p ic tc d
rv rth o u t
x 1 t itttc rllp t
t o
c o n r.c r.s p :rti:r1
c lrritl'.
T h c
l , i l c
is e d o rn c tl rv ith
h c a v y rn k lc ts ,
a b c :L tlc c l
q ir c llc ,s q L L a rcc x lr ir lq s , :ln d es c a rfo v c r
h c rh c a d , r c c e llin gfo rrls
s c e ne t ts h a rlrtt. T h c
,r . , . . -lr.'y n ,.
r r . r r lo rrll)( r.,!rl. ^
rlr( llq rr\.
is te n r in is c c n to { e s ir n illrc o n v c n tio na t llh :L rh u t.
O lh c r
fe 'x tL lrc s ,
s u c h e s th c
c lo u b lc - ilc is c dlin e s
o f
rh c rlrrfcrv
a n d ilu c c l h c n r so f
th cd / r o r t s: i m l
h rq c
rL rrb ln so f
th crn a lc fig L rr-c s .
a rc e rs os e c n
' :
c ls c \\'lra rct1 l J u n g x -p c Ilo d
s to ic
iu t.
O nc
o { th c
n ro s rirD p o ltlllt
lir r c lL lliis rs ir c s in
A rrd lrrl
lrrlJ c s h
i s A n ra le v a ti.l.h ic h ,
i n
ln c ic n t
tilrrc \, \\'a sp a rt o f D h a n y lk .rta k a ,th c c lp ite lo f
t l l c
ie tc l
S ite v a h a n e s ,rv h o
rv c rc
p ro b a b ly
1
l
, ' . ' l
'
l' r
rr.u c lo l
rh .
. r r r i . 1 i 1 . 1 s 1 1 y j 1 1 .
tlre rc
i n
t l i c
s c c o rc lc c n tirry
a .n .
H a n c l to o ls
o f
th cl : r l l l
S to n c A g e
a n dc v ir lc n c c
o l. n ic q a lith ic
b rrri:rlsfb L rn ti x t
A n la ra la ri
in d ic a tc ,h o rv c v c r,
th rt
rh cs itc h a c l lo lg
b c c n in ir a b ite c l.A
fle g m c n t
o i
: r
p o lis h c d
p illa r
b c a rin s
r n
A (o k e n
c d ic r
' !
" i
f :
l
* l
1 1
: : t \u20ac
. - , '. t r
) . : 7
l).\o tio D
t o
tL c lo J /ii rrcc ll d
r,,? /,a J .rr,i
irr U o d h
C l.rrl. F ro n r
, \ , . r r i \ : r ! i ,
A n d h r.r
l,n d c s h
In d i:r. C :r
h rs r.c d n lr\
r . . r . W h ir.
rn :rr:b ]c .
H :
rtr6 .jc n l
llriris h
,\'lu s c L rr,,
L o ld o r.
T H E S U N G A P E R IO D A N D
R E L A T E DD E V F IO P M E N T S
8 7
h h e a rrya n lle ts ,
a n d a s c a rfo v e r
rr B h a rh u t.T h e
[' oi th e fig u re s
rrio na tB h e rh u t.
L b le - in c is e d
lin e s
ri rhe/io rtsa n d
e r.a rc a ls os e e n
ea rt.
B u d d h is t s ite s in
s h ic h , ina n c ie n t
;a . th e c a p ita lo f
rs e re
q ro b a b ly
a rtis tic
a c tiv ity
p .H a n d to o lso f
n c eo f m e g a lith ic
riic a te ,h o w e v e t,
b ite d .A
fra g m e n t
a r
A io k a n
e d ic t
d i s c o v e r e d a t A m a r e v a t i s u g g e s t sa f o u n d a t i o n
fo r
th e
n ra in
s tu la
a t \e a s t b y
M a u ry a
tim e s .
S h o rtly
a fte r
th a t
tim e ,
a
s to n er a ilin g
w as
e re c te d ,b u t m o s t o fth e
e le m e n tsw e r e le ft p la in
c x c e p t fo rd o n a tiv e in s c rip tio n sfio m
a ro u n d th e
s e c o n d c e n tu ry B .c . In
s u c c e e d in gp e rio d s , th e
s trp a w a s e n la rg e d ,a n d c a rv e d s to n e d e c o ra tio n s w e rea d d e d . S o m e o f th e s u rv iv in g s to n e fra g - m e n ts b e a r s c u lp tu re s re m in is c e n t in
s ty lc
t o
S u rig a ty p c s . T h e .c
"c u lp tc d
s c c n c ss o n re rirn e s
h a v e i n s c r i b e d l a b c l s s u g g e s t i n g a c o m p a r a b l e d a t e to th e S u ig am a te ria ls (a n a s s u m p tio ns u p p o rte d b y p a le o g ra p h y )fo r th e p ra c tic e o fla b e llin g th e s u b j e c t ss e e m st o h a v e b e e n l o s t i n l a t e r a r t . 2 1
A
p a n e l s h o w in g
d e v o tio n
a t th eb o d h i tre e a t
B o d h
G aya m ay
haveb e e n m aded u rin g
th is
p h a s e ,p e rh a p s a ro u n d
th e
firs t
c e n tu ry
n .c .
F ig . s .:z ). tik .
i-"g e s
o fth isa p p ro x im a te d a te ,
-J re w o rk
is
c o n c e iv e d
w ith
lirn ite d
p ic to ria l
c e p th a n dis c a r v e d in
a s h a llo w - r e lie f s r y le .z z
T h em a le d e v o te e s a r e s im ila r to
th o s es e e n a t
S a n c ia n d
B h a rh u t,
c lo th e d
i n
th e ir
tu rb a n s ,
b u lk y
e a rrin g s , a n d
h e a v y je w e lr y
a n d
w ith
ie ir
s m ilin g fa c e s .T h is
r e lie f is
s o m e rim e s
:je n tifie d
a s th e e n lig h te n m e n t s c c n eof Sakya- :ro n iB u d d h a a n d th e a b s e n c eo f th e fig u reo f S akyam unih ir n s e lf is e x p la in e d b y th e p o p u la r , iu t
p e rh a p sin c o rre c t,th e o ry o f a n ic o n is mi n
= rly
B u d d h is ta r t. H o w e v e r , it is m o r e lik e ly
--:a tth e
s c e n c re p re s e n tsth e
t t r t r 4
o f
B o d h
G a v a ,t h es a c re db o lh tre e u n d e r w h ic h th eB u d -
:l-a sattoa c h i e v e h i s e n l i g h t e n m e n t ,a n d h i ss e a t,
- - : - eu a jr d s a n a , r e c e iv in g
d e v o tio n s
fro m
la y
'*o rs h ip e rs a t s o m e tim e a fte r th e e v e n t its e lf.
I t e
u e d ik as u rro u n d in g th e tre e , th e p la tfo rm
: :
"th ro n e ,"u ra b re lla s ,a n d e v e n th e fo o tp rin ts
_ -rh a p sa
c a rv in g ) n a y
have beene le m e n ts
- ia lle d
a tth e
s ite d u rin g
a n e a rly p e rio da s
::c o rd e dh e re .
W h ile th e m a jo rityo f s c u lp tu re sfio m
A n d h ra
? :e d e s hd u rin g
th is
e a rly p e rio d
m ay
b c
a s -
::c ia te d
w ith
B u d d h is t
s tru c tu re s , e s p e c ia lly
-;:.:d ,r, tra c c so f
H in d u
E ro n u m e n ts a re
a ls o
:::je n t.
O n e o f t h e n - r o s ti r n p o r t a n t d o c u m e n t s
: :
e a rlyS a iv is m in
S o u th A sia is the fa m o u s
.:;.a 'ap re s e n tly e n s h r in e d in
a te m p le o f a la te r
:e rio d
a t th c v illa g eo f G u {im a lla ra ( F ig . 5 .3 8 ).
K 'h ile
e s tim a te so f th e d a teo f th is in a g e
h a v e
:a n g e d fro m
th e firs t c e n tu ry n .c . to th e s e v e n th
. : . : . '
; : ; : : ;
. , . . : ,. ,, :
. :
'- :: : .2 -,d 1 td
at Bodh
- :- : : :
.:. In d ia . C a .
:
, : '
j
c m . B ritis h
i\ . , .
'
- , ! :
. . :
of 00
File0003
173 Reads
Info and Rating
| Category: | Uncategorized. |
| Rating: | |
| Upload Date: | 12/05/2009 |
| Copyright: | Attribution Non-commercial |
| Tags: |
Leave a Comment